Grammar Book SP3 semesters 1 &2

Isabel Vogt

El Preterito Preterite Triggers Car.Gar.Zar Spock Verbs Snake and Snakey Cucaracha Verbs El Imperfecto Imperfect Triggers Imperfect Irregulars Preterite vs. Imperfect Verbs like Gustar Comparatives and Superlatives Comparative/Superlative Irregulars Estar Ser Transition Words El Futuro Triggers for Future Future Irregulars Por Para

Table of Contents- first semester

Conditional present prefect tenses -past - present perfect-irregular -subjunctive perfecto Tan y tanto Impersonal “se” Saber vs conocer Commands Subjunctive Impersonal expressions Expressions of emotions Conjunctions of time Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns

Table of contents- second semester

Preterite is used when you are talking about the past -ar é

asteóamosasteisaron

Er/ir í

isteióimosisteisieron

Ex. Ella caminó por el parque.

Preterite

Words that are used with the preterite to signal the preterite is being used.

Ayer Anteayer Anoche La semana pasada Ex. Ayer lavé mi carro

Trigger words

Irregular preterite -car –gar –zar only take place in the “yo” form,

otherwise use the regular preterite conjugation Verbs that end in –car conjugate to qué Ex. Sacar saqué, sacaste, sacó, sacamos, sacaron Verbs that end in –gar conjugate to gué Ex. Llegar llegué, llegaste, llegó, llegamos, llegaron Verbs that end in –zar conguate to cé ex. Cruzar crucé, cruzaste, cruzó, cruzamos,

cruzaron

-car –gar –zar

The “hand” irregulars Ir- fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron Ser- fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron Dar- di, diste, dio, dimos, dieron Ver- vi, viste, vio, vimos, vieron Hacer- hice, hizo, hicimos,hicieron

Spock Irregular Verbs

Snake (e>i) pedir, preferir, competir, reptir, servir.

(o>u) dormir, morir, sirvió durmió Snakey Leer, creer, oir I changes to y in 3rd person Leyó Creyó oyó

Snakey + snake verbs

Andar anduv- Estar estuv- Poder pud- Poner pus- Querer qurs- -e (yo), -iste (tú), -o (el, ella, ud.) Saber sup- -imos (nostros), -ieron (ellos, ellas, uds.) Tener tuv- Venir vin-

Conducir conduj- Producir produj- Traducir traduj- -no i Decir dij Traer traj

Cucaracha Verbs

Indicates a continuous action Imperfected time Very distant past

El Imperfecto

ía íamos

ías íais

ía ían

-AR -er/ir

aba abamos

abas abais

aba aban

Imperfect Triggers

• siempre• A veces• Cada dia• Todos los dias• Mientras• A menudoImperfecto

Imperfect Irregularsiba ibamos

ibas ibais

iba iban

era éramos

eras erais

era eran

veía veíamos

veías veíais

veía veían

IR

SER

VER

Definite time in the past

definite beginning and endingPerfected Time

“snapshot”

Preterite

Very distant past

No definite beginning and endingImperfected time

“movie”

imperfect

Preterite vs. Imperfect

Verbs like GustarEncantar- to love

• Faltar- to fail

Doler- to hurt

• Disgustar- to disgust • Gustar- to like• Interesar- to interest • Molestar- to bother

-Used in the conditional tense to soften a request/ command-When followed by one or more infinitives, singular is used

Comparatives & superlatives menos adjecti

ve que

adjective

más que

El/la más adjective

de

el menos adjective de

Comparative/Superlative Irregulars

Bueno- mejor

Malo-peor

Viejo-mayor

Joven-menor

Comparative/Superlative Irregulars

Estoy Estás Está Estamos Están Use estar when you are talking about the following… H-health E-motion L-location P-resent condition I- Identification N-ar = ando G- er/iedno Ex. La manzana está verde.

Estar

Soy Eres Es Somos Son Use Ser when you are talking about the following…. D- description O-origin C- characteristics (personality) T- time O-occupation R-relationship P-possession E-events D-dates Ex. Ella es callada.

Ser

A pesar

de

•In spite of

aunque

•Even though

mientras

•while

Transition words

pero

•but

Por lo tanto

•therefore

Sin embargo

•nevertheless

No obstante

•nevertheless

También

•also

Infinitive plus ending -ar, -er, & -ir all the same I will, you will, he/she will, they will, we will

Future

-é -emos

-ás -éis

-á -an

El proximoMañanaEn

Triggers for Future

Caber—cabr Decir—dir Haber—habr Hacer—har Hay—habrá Poder—podr Poner—pondr Querer—querr Saber—sabr Salir—saldr Tener—tendr Valer—valdr Venir--vendr

Future Irregulars

Passing through..PORtal General rather than specific

location..PORtugal How long something lasts..PORever An exchange Doing something in place of or instead of

someone else..I'm POoR, pay for me Means of transPORtation

Por

For whom something is done..surprise PARAty

Destination.. PARAguay The purpose of which something is

done..PARAsite To express an opinion…PARAdon me To contrast of compare To express idea of deadline… PARAmedic

Para

When do I use it? I use it when… possibility, probability, wonder, “would, could, must

have, probably” Irregulars Caber- cabría Poner- pondría Decir- diría Haber-habría Salir- saldría Hacer- haría Poder- podría Tener- tendría Querer- querría Valer- valdría Saber-sabría Venir- vendría

Conditional

Conjugations conjugations

ía íamos

ías

Ía ían

Present perfect is a compound tense When and how to use present perfect… To tell what you have or have not done When speaking about something (like an

action) that was true in the past and is still true in the present

To indicate an action was completed recently

Present Perfect

Endings

AR-ADO

ER-IDO

IR-IDO

haber conjugations

he hemos

has

ha han

Past perfect Two verbs are necessary because the past

perfect is a compound tense. These verbs are the main verb and the auxiliary verb

Combine the auxiliary verb “had” with the past participle

haber conjugations

había habíamos

habías

había habían

Abrir- abierto Cubrir-cubierto Decir-dicho Escribir-escrito Hacer-hecho Morir-muerto Poner-puesto Resolver-resuelto Romper-roto Ver-visto Volver-vuelto Ir-ido

Present perfect irregulars

The present subjunctive is used when the dependent clause is in the present or future, while the present perfect subjunctive is used when the dependent clause is in the past

Used when a verb or expression requiring the subjunctive in the main clause is in the present, future, or present perfect

Ex. Dudo que lo hayas hecho

subjunctive perfecto

Haber +

past participle

haya hayamos

hayas

haya hayan

Tanto + noun + como (-a,-os,-as) Example: Talia tiene tanto dinero como

Isabel Tan + adjective or adverb + como Example: la pelicula es tan bueno como el

libro

Tan y tanto

Se can be used in all tenses Use se to avoid talking about a specific person who is doing the action of the verb

Using se, the verb is always in 3rd person

“Se” Impersonal

Saber- facts and information Conocer- places, literature, people

Saber vs Conocer

Saber conjugations

sé sabemos

sabes

sabe saben

conocer conjugations

conozco conocemos

conoces

conoce conocen

Put it in the yo form Drop the –o and add the opposite vowel

ending Ar-e Er/ir-a To make it plural add –an Hablar- hable(n) Comer- coma(n)

Commands- formal Ud. & Uds.

T.V.D.I.S.H.E.S Tener- tengo-tengue(en) Venir-vengo-venga(n) Decir/Dar-diga(n) or dé(n) Ir-voy-vaya(n) Ser-sea(n) Hacer-hago-haga(n) Estar-estoy-esté(n) Saber-sepá(n)

Commands- formal Ud/Uds irregular

Conjugate the verb in the tú form Drop the –s Example: hablar- habla Comer- come

Commads- Tú affirmative

Decir- di Hacer-haz Ir- ve Poner-pon Salir-sal Tener-ten Venir-ven

Commads- Tú affirmative Irregular

Put it in the yo form and drop the –o Add the opposite tú ending Example: hablar- no hables Comer- no comas

Commands- negative tú

Tener- tengas Venir- vengas Decir- digas Ir-vayas Ser-sayas Hacer-hagas Estar-estes Saber-sepas

Commands- negative tú irregular

Put it in the yo form of the present tense verb and drop the –o

Add opposite nosotros ending Example: hablar- hablemos With reflexive verbs, drop the –s on the

command form before attaching the reflexive pronoun

Levantemos- nos levantémonos

Commands- nosotros

Object pronouns are directly attached to the end of the imperative form of the verb

Ex: cómprelo If both direct and indirect object pronouns are attached, the

indirect object pronoun comes before the direct object pronoun Ex: cómprelo Ud.- cómpremelo Ud. Negative commands The object pronouns come before the imperative form of the verb Ex. No lo compre If both there are both direct and indirect object pronouns, the

indirect object pronoun comes before the direct object pronoun Ex: no me lo compre

Commands- IOP/DOP Placement

Present Subjunctive

FactsReal Definite

Indicative DoubtDisbeliefuncertainty

Subjunctive

Infinitive Yo form Drop –o & add

opposite vowel

Irregulares

TVDISHES

Tener, Venir

Estar Saber

Ser Hacer

Decir, Ir

Impersonal Expressions

Es bueno que..

Es malo que..

Es mejor que..

Es importante que..

Es necessario que..

Es urgente que..

Example: nos alegramos que te gustan las floras

Subordinate clause: use subjunctive

Main clause: hope, fear, pity or

surprise

Expressions of Emotions

When there is not a change in subject, use the

infinitiveExample: temo llegar tarde

Examples of expressions of emotions: alegarse,

esperar, sentir, es triste

Expressions of emotions

Take the indicative when the action in the subordinate clause is either habitual or in the past. The subjunctive is used when the main clause is a command or in the future.

Example: trabajé hasta que mis niños me llamaron.

Conjugations of Time

Así que As soon as

cuando when

Despues de que after

En cuanto As soon as

Hasta que until

Luego que As soon as

Tan pronto como As soon as

This, that, these, those Ejemplos: Adjectives: Este libro es mal- this book is bad Yo quiero esta taza Pronouns: Yo quiero este- I want that ¿Que es ese?

Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns

Plural

Male Female

Estos estas (this)

Esos esas (That)

Aquellos aqueallas (that over there)

singular

Male Female

Este esta (this)

Ese esa (That)

Aquel aquealla (that over there)