Grammar book sp2 h pp2
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Transcript of Grammar book sp2 h pp2
Grammar Book
By: Jazmin Watley
Table of Contents• Nationalities• Stem changers• Object Pronoun Placement• Indirect Object Pronouns• Gustar• Affirmative/ Negative Words• Superlatives• Reflexives• Affirmative tu
commands+irregulars+pronoun placement
• Negative tu commands+irregulars+pronoun placement
• Sequencing Events
• Trigger Words• -car,-gar,-zar• Deber+Infinitive• MODAL verbs• Present Progressive• Adverbs• Preterite• Demonstrativos• Ordinal Numbers• Preposition • El Futuro• Imperfect• Possessives• Reflexives
Nationalities
Stem changers• Boot verbs change only inside the boot
O-ue • Contar Cuento
E- ie• Pensar Pienso
E- i• Pedir Pido
U- ue•Jugar Juego
Almuerzo AlmorzamosAlmuerzas AlmorzaisAlmuerza Almuerzan
Boot verbs change only inside the boot:
Pronoun Placement
Attach pronoun to a progressive tense
Attach a pronoun to an affirmative command Ex: dimela
Attach the pronoun to the infinitive Ex: comprarle
Place the pronoun before a conjugated verb Ex: le compra
IOP
Yo - Me Nosotros - Nos
Tu - Te Vosotros - Os
Ellas, Ellos, Uds. - LesEl, Ella, Ud. - Le
Gustar Singular
Yo:Me gusta
Tu:Te Gustan
Nosotros:Nos gustan
El, Ella, Ud:Le gustan
Vosotros:Os gustan
Ellos, Ellas, Uds.:Les gustan
Plural
Tu:Te gusta
El, Ella, Ud.:Le gusta
Nosotros:Nos gusta
Vosotros:Os gusta
Ellos, Ellas, Uds.:Les gusta
Yo:Me gustan
Affirmative/ Negative words Affirmative Negative
Algo- Something
Alguien- Someone
Algun/Alguno- Same
Siempre- Always
Tambien-Also
Nada-Nothing
Nadie-No one
Ningun/Ninguno-None/ Not only
Nunca- Never
Tampoco-Neither
Superlatives
-isimo, -isimos, -isima, & -isimas are added to adverbs and adjectives
Adjectives & Adverbs ending in C,G, or Z change spelling to –qu, - gu, & -c respectively. Ex: Rico--- Riquisimo
Adjectives and adverbs ending in –n or –r form by adding –cisimo(a). Ex: Joven--- Jovencisimo
ReflexivesCan come before a conjugated verb or attached to an infinitive. Ex: se lava or lavarse
Yo- Me
Tu- Te
El, Ella, Ud.- Se
Nosotros- Nos
Vosotros- Os
Ellos, Ellas, Uds.- Se
Affirmative tu commands+irregulars+pronoun
placement
Rules:1) Drop the “s”
Venir VenTener TenPoner PonSalir SalHacer HazDecir DiIr VeSer Se
Negative tu commands+irregulars+pronoun
placement
Rules1)Put into Yo form2) Chande the vowel3)Add “s”
Venir no VengasTener no TengasPoner no PongasSalir no SalgasHacer no HagasDecir no DigasIr no VegasSer no Seas
Sequencing eventsPrimero:First
Entonces: Then
Luego/Despues:After
Por Fin:Finally
Antes de/ Despues de:Before/ After
Los Lunes, etc:On… (a day)
Por la manana/ tarde/ noche:In/ during the…
Trigger wordsUn diaUna vezAyerA nocheHace un añoYaEl mes pasadoAnteayerPor una horaPor finA las ochoEl cinco de febrero
One dayOnceYesterdayAt nightA year agoAlreadyLast monthDay before yesterdayFor one hourFinallyAt eightOn February 5th
-car, -gar, -zarThey are irregular preterites
-car qué in the yo form. Ex: tocar toqué
-gar gué in the yo form. Ex: jugar jugué
-zar cé in the yo form. Ex: almorzar almorcé
Deber + Infinitive• Deber= should(ought to)• Conjugate deber. Do not conjugate the verb after
deber.
Yo:Debo
Tú:Debes
él/ella/ud.:Debe
Nosotros:Debemos
Ellos/Ellas/ Ustedes:Deben
MODAL verbs• In a modal combination, the second verb should not
be conjugated.
Deber
Desear
Necesitar
Poder
Querer
Saber
Soler
Should, ought to
To desire
To need
Can, could, might, be able to
Want, would like to
Know, know how to
Usually, used to
Present Progressive
-ar -andoEx: pasar pasando
-er -iendoEx: barrer barriendo
3 vowels yendoEx: leer leyendo
Present Progressive= -ing words
Must include estar before the present progressive.
AdverbsUsed to describe how something is done.
When an adjective ends in –e, -l, or –z, add –mente to the end.
If the adjective ends in –o, change it to feminine and add –mente.
If 2 adverbs modify the same verb, only the 2nd adverb ends in –mente.
Examples Lento lentamente Feliz Felizmente Especial Especialmente
Preterite• Preterite= past tense
-ar: -er/-ir:-éEx: hablé
-asteEx: hablaste
-óEx: habló
-ióEx: comió
-amosEx: hablamos
-ieronEx: comieron
-aronEx: hablaron
-íEx: comí
-isteEx: comiste
-imosEx: comimos
Demonstratives• They agree in gender and number.• Esto, Eso, & Aquello= NEUTER( if you don’t know
gender)
Singular
Plural
Este/Esta= thisEse/ Esa= thatAquel/ Aquella= that over there
Estos/ Estas= theseEsos/ Esas= thoseAquellos/Aquellas= those over there
Ordinal Numbers
Primero(a) First
Segundo(a) SecondTercero(a) ThirdCuarto(a) Fourth
Quinto(a) Fifth
Sexto(a) Sixth
Séptimo(a) Seventh
Octavo(a) Eighth
Noveno(a) Ninth
Décimo(a) Tenth
•Must agree with number and gender•Primero and tercero- drop the o before a masculine singular noun.
PrepositionsAbajo down
Arriba Up
Debajo Beneath
Dentro de Within
Encima de Above
Fuera de outsideEntre between
Enfrente In front
Por for
Sin without
Con with
en in
Sobre over
A to
Antes de before
El Futuro• -ar, -ir, and –er all have the same endings.
-e Infinitive+ -as -emos -an IrregularsDecirHacerPonerSalir
TenerValerPoderQuererSaber
DirHarPondrSaldr
TendrVendrPodrQuerrSabr
ImperfectThe describe unspecific things in the past
-ar -er -ir
-aba-abas-ába-ábamos-abais-aban
-Ía-Ías-Ía-Íamos-Íais-Ían
-Ía-Ías-Ía-Íamos-Íais-Ían
Ser ir ver
Irregulars
EraErasEraÉramosEraiseran
ÌbaÌbasÌbaìbamosÌbaìsìban
VeìaVeìasVeìaVeìamosVeìaìsveìan
Possessives• Used for emphasis of possesion.
MÍo(a)Tuyo(a)Suyo(a)
Nuestro(a)Vuestro(a)Suyo(a)
MÍos(as)Tuyos(as)Suyos(as)
Nuestros(as)Vuestros(as)Suyos(as)
Long form- singular Long form- plural
MÍTuSu
Nuestro(a)Vuestro(a)Su
Nuestros(as)Vuestros(as)Sus
MÍsTusSus
Short form- singular Short form- plural
Reflexives
• Same person, place, or thing as the subject.
Me escondo Nos escondemos
Te escondes Os escondéìs
Se esconde Se esconden