Helvia Veith 2nd periodGRAMMAR BOOK

Table of contents • Nationalities……………1• O-UE stem changing verbs…………..2• Para…………3• Adjectives …………4• Object Pronoun placement …………5• Direct Object Pronouns ………….6• Indirect Object Pronouns…………..7• Ser vs. Estar……….8• Isimo………..9• Verbs like gustar……….10• Affirmative and Negative Words……….11• Pero vs. Sino ………..12• DOP/IOP/SE…………….13• Reflexive Verbs……………..14• TU commands: Aff. Neg. and Irregulars………..15• Los adverbos………….16 • Deber+ other modal verbs………………17• Past Participles as adjectives…………18• Preterite…………………….. 19 • present progressive………………20

Nationalities • Mexicano/a• Guatemalteco/a• Hondureño /a• Salvadoreño/a • Nicaragüense• Costarricense • Panameño/a• Cubano/a• Dominicano/a• Puertorriqueño/a• Venezolano/a• Colombiano/a • Ecuatoriano/a

• Peruano/a• Paraguayo/a• Boliviano/a• Chileno/a• Argentino/a• Uruguayo/a• Español /a• Guineano/a • Canadiense • Estadounidense• Norteamericano/a • Italiano/a • Frances• Ingles

Stem Changing Verbs

costar To costcuesto costamoscuestas costaiscuesta cuestan

Querer To wantquiero queremo

squieres queréisquiere quien

E-IE

Repetir To repeat

repito repetimos

repitas repetísrepite repiten

O-UE

E-I No ChangeBailer To

dancebailo Bailemos bailes bailéisbaile bailen

Para• Para- For• Can be used with Indirect Object pronouns. • EX: Ella compra las joyas para su hermaña.She buys the jewelry for her sister.• EX: Es regalo es para Juan.The gift is for Juan. • Does NOT conjugate, because it is NOT a verb, but

a preposition.

Adjectives • An adjective can describe nouns, pronouns, and adverbs• In spanish you have to change the end of the adjective to match the noun.

• EX: El ella alto es muy fabuloso• Alto and fabuloso need to match the gender of EllaEX: El ella alta es muy fabulosaSOME COMMON ADJECTIVIES THAT DESCRIBE PEOPLE:Bonita/o, guapo/a, alta/0, SOME COMMON ADJECTIVES THAT DESCRIBE THINGS:Oro/a, plata/o, dulce, caliente, delicioso/a, rico/a, picante

Ella es muy bonita.

Object Pronoun Placement • The Direct Object comes before the verb • EX: mi abuela las compra • The Direct Object also receives the action of the verb.• Answer the question what or whom?• When the pronoun replaces the noun the following pronouns should be used

• The pronoun can also be attached to the end of the verb• Kitri quiere comprarlo

Me NosTe OsLa/Lo Las/

Los

Direct Object Pronouns verbo DO

Ella compra la bolsa.

Ella compra la bolsa.

Ella la compra (she buys it)

LaDOP’s always go BEFORE the verb

ME NOS

TE OS

LA/LO LAS/LOS

Indirect object Pronouns

Yo compro la bolsa por mi mamaYo compro la por le

Yo la le comproYo se le compro

Verbo DOP IOP

ME NOS

TE OS

LE LESMi mama changes to le

DOP’s ALWAYS go in front of the IOP

If your IOP and you DOP both start with L, you change the DOP to se

Ser vs. Estar

• Means “To be”

Singular Plural Soy SomosEres sois

Es son

Both are irregular

Singular PluralEstoy Estamos

Estas Estais

Esta Estan

• Use Ser when you’re talking about what something is

• Use estar when you’re talking about how someone is.

EX: What is she like?She is quiet Ella es callada.

EX: How is she actingShe is being quiet Ella está callada.

Isimo • To express extreme interest with adjectives add isimo. • 3 steps:1. La sopa es muy deliciosa (pick your adjective, and

drop the final vowel)2. La sopa es muy deliciosisimo (add isimo to the end)3. La sopa es muy delicadísima (make sure it it matches

the gender and number with the noun it modifies) IRREGULARS:• When the last consonant is a C G or Z the spelling

changes:C changes to QU- Rico RiquísimoG changes to GU- largo LarguísimoZ changes to C- Feliz Felicísimo

Verbs like gustar EXAMPLES:I like teaMe gusta el teWe like teaNos gusta el te• A indirect object pronoun has to be used with gustar• Gustar only conjugates to the singular and plural 3rd

person form. • EX: Me gusta comida• EX: Nos gustan la comidas VERBS USED LIKE GUSTAR:Aburrir- to bore fascinar-to be fascinating toBastar-to be sufficient importar-to be important tocaer bien-to not suit interesar-to be interesting todar asco-to be loathsome molestar-to be a botherDisgustar-to hate something parecer-to appear to bedoler (o-ue)-to be painful picar-to itchEncantar-to love something quedar-to be left overFaltar-to be lacking somethingvovler (o-ue)-to be crazy about

Affirmative and Negative Words• Used to show positive words

• EX: always “siempre”

•Used to show negative words•EX: Without “sin”

Algo Something

Alguien someoneAlguno/a someone,

some Algun Some,any Siempre Always Tambien Also,tootodavía still

Nada NothingNadie No one,

nobodyNinguno/a

None, not any

Nunca Never Sin Without Nada Nothing

pero vs. Sino

•Both mean “but”

•Used when joining 2 contrasting ideas

•EX: Hace frio, pero tambien sol.

•Used in negative sentences when the 2nd phrase corrects the first.

•EX: No voy estudiar ingles, sino historia.

•If sino sepereates 2 conjugated verbs use “sino que”

•No voy a la tienda, sino que nadan con mis amigos

DOP/IOP/SE• When you have both DOP and IOP in the same sentence, the IOP comes first.

• EX: Ellos me los compra.• If both pronouns begin with “L” the first pronoun changes to “Se”

• EX: Le Lo Se Lo• EX: Nunca compra regalos para Carlos

• Nunca le los compra • Nunca se los compra.

Le

los

Reflexive verbs• Reflect the action back onto one self• EX: bathe – banarse• You are bathing yourself, if someone else was bathing you, it would not be reflexive.

• If you want to say “I take a bath”Bañarse

BañaBaño

Me baño

Take off the “arse”Conjugate it to

the form you are saying it in

Add the corresponding pronoun

If you are telling someone to take a bath, you follow the same rules for regular tu commands, but you attach the pronoun to the back of the verb and put an accent on 3rd vowel from the back.

If you are telling someone don’t take a bath, you follow the same rules for negative tu commands and add the pronoun to the front.

Tú commands affirmative + negative + irregularsAFFIRMATIVEIf you want to tell some one to DANCE!

• Bailar- to dance• Bailas- conjugate to tu form

• Baila!- drop the “s”

NEGATIVEIf you want to tell someone NOT to dance!

• Bailar • Bailo- conjugate to “yo” form

• Baile- swith to the opposite vowel(ar-er and ir and er- ar)

• No bailes!- add the “s”

IRREGULARS

AFF.DiHazVePonSalSeTen ven

NEG.T VDISHES

Los Adverbios • To make an adjective an adverb, add “Mente”• If an adjective ends in an “o” change to the feminine form and add mente

• EX: lento lenta lentamente• If you have 2 adverbs the 2nd on takes the mente• Irregulars: • Muy- good• Mal- bad• Bastante- enough • Va- already • Tan-so

Deber + Other Modal Verbs • Act like a helping verb • The verbs are “combined”• The 2nd verb is not conjugated Examples of modal verbs:• Deber- should • Desear- to need • Poder- to be able to • Querer- to want Ir + infintive = going to do something EX: ir bailar= going to dance Deber+ infinitive= to have to do something EX: Deber nadar= to have to swim

Past Participles as adjectives • To make participles into past tense adjectivies, use these rules:

FOR AR-• Drop the AR ending • Add ado • EX: hablar habl hablandoFOR ER OR IR- • Drop the er or ir ending • Add ido • EX: decir dec decido

Preterite• Has a definite time in the past • Has a beginning and/or end • COJUGATIONS:

é Amos

Aste Asteís

O Aron

í imos

iste isteís

ió Ieron

AR

ER

í imo

Iste isteís

ió Ieron

IR

present progressiveTo form the present progressive tense you:• Combine a form of estar with the present participle• EX: estoy hablando (I am talking)• EX: Kitri esta escribiendo una carta.(Kitri is writing a letter)• Only applys to things in the present tense (happening now).

• If you say I am going to the movies later, it is NOT a present progressive.