Grammar and Conversation II

8/17/2019 Grammar and Conversation II

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GRAMMAR ANDCONVERSATION II


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INFINITIVES After certain adjectives and certain nouns


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Grammar rules

Which adjectives will be followed by an infinitive?

Adjectives that describe a feeling about the action.

They were eager to try.

I am happy to see you.

He was glad to hear about you.

adjective infinitive


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Which adjectives will be followed by aninfinitive?

Adjecives that describe praise or blame.

“I was wrong to leave”

“They were sorry to see him that way .”

“We are corageous enough to continue”

adjective

infinitive


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Which adjectives will be followed by aninfinitive?

Adjectives that show the order of actions.

“I am the first to tell you”

“You were last to marry ”

adjective infinitive


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It´s easy for us to understand!

“ It´s Smart of you to make that choice”

“It´s weird for her to pray before eating”

“It´s better for you to stay ”

Use it´s + adjective + of/for + noun/pronoun + infinitiveto make general observations.

Use it´s + adjective + infinitive to make generalobservations.

“It´s difficult to study french and english at the sametime”


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Noun + Infinitive

When is the infinitive preceded by a noun?

To express advisability or necessity.

“I have many chapters to read for my biology class”

“The principal is the person to ask about admissions”

Some other nouns are popular for preciding theinfinitive.

Time, right, decision, Price, permission.


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INFINITIVESWith Too and enough


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Too+ adjective/adverb +infinitive Adjective/adverb + enough + infinitive

Use this structures to give a reason.

“I´m too busy to help you”

“Now it´s too late to try to study ”

“She isn´t old enough to drive”

He didn´t ran fast enough to scape”

NOTE:

If the context is clear you won´t need the infinitive.

“I can´t drive a car because of my age, I am tooYoung/I am not old enough”


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For + noun/object pronoun + infinitive

“That is too difficult for my students tounderstand ”.

“That is too difficult for them to understand ”.


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INFINITIVESOf Purpuse


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INFINITIVE TO EXPLAIN PURPOSE.

Use infinitive to explain the purpose of an action, to

answer the question why?

“ Why are you studying english?”

I am studying english to pass the TOEFL test.

You can also answer with an incomplete sentence.

“ Why are you studying english?”

“To pass the TOEFL test.”


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In order + infinitive

A more formal way of explaining purpose is using“in order to”.

“I am studying english in order to pass the TOEFLtest”.

It is more common to use only the infinitive whenwe are talking on an informal not written way.

“ I´ll run everyday to get a healthier body ”.

NOT “ I´ll run everyday in order to get a healthier

body ”.


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How to use “in order to” to saysomething negative.

“I will use my dictionary in order not to makemistakes”.

“clean the house in order not to find a mess whenI´m back”.


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Add noun/ pronoun before the infinitiveto express the purpose of an object.

“I really like your new binder ”

Thanks, I bought it to organize my documents.

Your tennis are not very pretty.

I know, but I use them to walk very longdistances.


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REVIEW


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Geround. As subject.

“Smoking is not good for you”.

*** The verb in geround becomes a noun, use it always in third person.

“Smoking makes you sick”

As object. (Acting as a noun affected by the verb).

“I´ll try to quit smoking”

As the name of an activity. Go + geround.

“I go swimming every Thursday ”

“He went shopping”.


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Geround.

As a noun following a preposition.

“ I´m afraid of losing you”

“I was not counting on finding him”

***Identify when “to” is a preposition or part of theinfinitive, because if it´s a preposition it will be correct to find “to” before a geround.

“I am accostumed to eating pizza every day ”.

REMEMBER TO LEARN THE MOST POPULAR EXPRESSIONS VERB+PREPOSITION AND ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION.


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INFINITIVE

Verb + infinitive. (Some verbs are usually followed by theinfinitive)

“I want to get married ”

Verb + object + infinitive. (some verbs always need anobject before an infinitive)

“I encouraged her to study ”

Some verbs work with or without an object before theinfinitive, but the meaning changes.

“He needs to stay ”

“He needs me to stay ”


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Be careful with negatives, decide whether to change themain verb or the one on infinitive, because the meaningchanges.

“She begged me not to leave”

“She didn´t beg me to leave”

INFINITIVE


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INFINITIVE Adjective + infinitive. Some adjectives can be followed by

the infinitive.

** Many of these adjectives describe a feeling about theverb in infinitive.

“He was happy to see him”

**The adjective might exprees praise or blame.“They were corageous to tell the truth”

** The adjective might express the order of actions.

“She was last to finish”


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INFINITIVE It´s + adjective + infinitive. This structure is to give

general observations, there isn´t an explicit subject.

“It´s great to take care of your health”

NOUN + infinitive.

“It´s a high price to pay ”

*** it´s common to find noun+ infinitive to expressadvisability or necessity.

“Don´t bother me, I have a problem to solve”


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INFINITIVES

To give a reason.

“It´s late to start my homework”

** Exagerate the reason with too or enough, remember that“too” goes before the adjective or adverb and “enough” goesafter.

“It´s too late to start my homework”

“It isn´t early enough to start my homework”

** Use of or for + object in the middle of the adjective/adverband the infinitive, to be more specific.

“It´s too early for them to wake up, but not for me”


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INFINITIVES.

To answer the question “Why ?”

“I went to the pet store to buy some food for my dog.”

*** Make your language more formal by using “in order to”.

“I went to the pet store in order to buy some food for mydog.”

Also use infinitive to explain the function of something.

“I need a TV to watch my favorite movies”


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Infinitives and gerounds.

Sometimes it is correct to use geround or infinitive and get the same meaning.

“She loves meeting new people” “She loves to meet new people”

But sometimes the meaning changes.

“ Martha stopped to eat ice cream”.

“Martha stopped eating ice cream”

*** You may get a clue if yout think of the verbs in infinitiveas tasks, and gerounds as regular activities.

“He forgot mailing Richard”

“He forgot to mail Richard”


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BASE FORM OF THE VERB

It´s not very common tu use the verb in base form, but use it to talabout things that one person requires, permits or causes to another

person

My grandmother makes me take a healthy breakfast. (Requireme

obligation) She has me think about the importance of eating healthy. (causes

after a suggestion or advice.)

I think it´s unfair because she lets my brother eat whatever hewants. (gives permission)

He helped me understand the homework/ He helped me tounderstand .

MakeHave

LetHelp**

objectVerb in base

form

complement

My mom had my brother pay for the car´s damagesafter he crashed it. (causes after suggestion or advice)

My mom got my brother to pay for the car´s damages.(persuades or convince)

Both expressions are similar, be careful and useinfinitive with “ got”.


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2nd test


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QUANTIFIERS

Expressions of quantity

Use them before a noun. (or use them alone if you have previously talked about the noun.)

A:We used a lot of wáter last summer.

B: Yes, I couldn´t believe it, it was really a lot!

Use some, enough, a lot of and any for count and noncount nouns.

I have some strawberries and some milk in the fridge.

I have enough rice for everybody, but not enough tortillas.

I have a lot of cups and a lot of coffee for all the guests.

I don´t have any apples or any sugar for the pie you want.

“A f l d ”


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“A few, several and many”

Use this expressions only with count nouns and waffirmative sentences.

“ A few friends of mine are coming.”

“a Little, a great deal of and much” with noncount nouns and with affirmative sentences.

“A great deal of love must be involved to donateone of your body organs.”

“There was a little sand on her shoes.”

Much vs a lot of vs many


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Much vs a lot of vs many.

They have a similar meaning.

A lot of for count and noun counts, many only for

count nouns, and much only for non count nouns. Use much when you need to talk really formaly, and

remember that many is more formal than a lot of .

He paid a lot of money for my college, mom.

He paid much money for my college, mr President.

I have a lot of ideas for our next trip.

I have many ideas for my next project, teacher.

F d Littl f d Littl


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Few and Little vs a few and a Little.

Few means not enough, a few means not a lot, but probably enough. (Count nouns)

Little means not enough, a Little means not a lot, but

probably enough. (Non count nouns)

I know a few things about you, your name, favorite colorand favorite artist.

I know few things about you, I need to know your better.

I had a Little faith on you, I lost it when you droppedschool.

I had Little faith on you, so don´t worry you didn´tdissapoint me.

Many, any and much for questions and


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Many, any and much for questions andnegative sentences.

For negative sentences: Many and much = alot. Any= cero.

“How many people did you see?”

I didn´t see many . / I didn´t see any.

“How much oil do you need for that dish?”

I don´t need any /I don´t need much.


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Use some to make offers

“Would you like some water ?”


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Articles: Indefinite and definite

You will use an indefinite article before an indefinite


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You will use an indefinite article before an indefinitenoun, and a definite article before a definite noun.

INDEFINITE NOUN : When you dont´talk about an

specific noun, you don´t have a particular person orthing on mind.

DEFINITE: You talk about a specific noun, you knowthe person, thing or place or you previously mentionit.

“I´m gonna buy a house next year ”

“I´m gonna buy the house that belonged to my parents”

A/AN


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A/AN

For indefinite count, singular nouns.

“I saw a shooting star ”

“I want a can of coke with no sugar please.”

“I think I need to buy a car.”


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Remember that “a” preceeds consonant sounds, and“an” vowel sounds.

“ A universe, a hostess, an honest person”

For indefinite plural count nouns use some or noarticle.

“I saw some lions at the zoo”/ “I saw lions at the zoo” “He bought some balloons for the party ”


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“THE” For count and non count, singular and plural nouns that

are definite.

When something is mentioned for the second time:

“I bought an apple and a sandwich, the apple was really good but the sandwich was disgusting.”

When you specify wich noun:

“The girl with the blue dress is my sister .”

When there is only one of its kind:

“The president, the sun, the moon.”


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The context makes clear the noun you arerefering:

“Could you please turn on the light?”

When you use and adjective to specify wich:

“The first car I had ”

“the best chicken I´ve ever tried ”


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Use no article to define things and to give

general statements.

“What are these?”

They´re tickets for the game

“Elephants are big animals”


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Singular count nouns cannot be alone. Be sure towrite an article, a pronoun, one or this, that,etc.

“Can I have that ball please?”

“I need to buy a ball.”

“I need just one ball.”


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REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS ANDRECIPROCAL PRONOUNS

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS:


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REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS:

Use them when the subject and object of a sentence referto the same people or things.

“Sara looked at herself in the mirror ” ( Sara looked at Saraat the mirror).

Remember that yourself is for singular, and yourselves is for more tan one person.

“You can´t see yourselves with clarity, girls”

“You can´t see yourself with clarity , Ana”

Use a reflexive pronoun to emphasize a noun. Place itdirectly next to the noun


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directly next to the noun.

“Ana organized a party and it was a disaster, Ana herself wasbored ”

By + reflexive pronoun means alone or without help.

“She lives by herself ”

“I fixed my car by myself ”

Be + reflexive pronoun means act in the usual way.

“ He wasn´t himself after his mother´s dead ”

“ Just be yourlsef and he will love you”

RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS:

EACH OTHER/ ONE ANOTHER


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EACH OTHER/ ONE ANOTHER

The subject and the object of the sentence refer to the samepeople, and these people have a two-way relationship.

“Ana and Pedro fight sometimes, but they love each other”

(Ana loves Pedro, Pedro loves Ana)

****Use each other if your subject is 2 people.

“We all said our names to each other” “We all said our names to one another”

(each person gave its name to every other person)

****Use each other or one another if the subject is more tan 2people.

Reciprocal pronouns and prlural reflexive pronouns


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Reciprocal pronouns and prlural reflexive pronounshave different meanings.

“Fred and Jane talked to each other.”

“Fred and Jane talked to themselves.”

There are possessive forms for reciprocal pronouns.

“Emma and Pablo took each other´s hands”

Grammar and Conversation II

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