Grammar All in One

8/3/2019 Grammar All in One

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DEFINITION


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THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

POSITIVEFORM2

I PLAY I WATCH Ponekad, radi izgovora,

YOU PLAY YOU WATCH dodajemo ES na krajHE PLAYS HE WATCHES glagola. To inimoSHE PLAYS SHE WATCHES kada glagol zavrava sa:IT PLAYS IT WATCHES CH, SH, X, SS ili O.WE PLAY WE WATCH Npr.YOU PLAY YOU WATCH Match= MatchesTHEY PLAY THEY WATCH Wash = Washes

Fix = Fixes Kiss = Kisses Go = Goes

NEGATIVE

FORM4

I DO NOT PLAYYOU DOHE DOESSHE DOESIT DOESWE DOYOU DOTHEY DO

QUESTION

FORM3

DO I PLAY ?DO YOU ?DOES HE ?DOES SHE ?DOES IT ?

DO WE ?DO YOU ?DO THEY ?

SUBJECT + MAIN VERB

(SUBJEKT + GLAVNI GLAGOL)

SUBJECT + DO/DOES + NOT + MAIN VERB

(SUBJEKT + DO/DOES + NOT + GLAVNI GLAGOL)

DO/DOES + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB

(DO/DOES + SUBJEKT + GLAVNI GLAGOL)


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Simple Present Tense positive form only

1) We never ________________ (study) after 11:00.2) Mark always ______________ (study) in the morning.3) You _________ (love) your husband.4) I ________________ (make) my bed every morning.

5) Kathy ________________ (make) her bed.6) Kathy and I ____________ (sit) together in the same class and we____________(walk) home together.

7) Barbara's dad _____________ (work) in Rijeka.8) Your dog ___________ (eat) a lot.9) The buses in Zadar ___________ (run) on time.

They never __________ (arrive) late. Our school bus usually__________ (come) late in the mornings.

10) Vesna's children __________ (go) to daycare. ____ 13

Simple Present Tense positive, negative, question form

1) We never ________________ (study) after 11:00.2) Mark always ______________ (study) in the morning.3) _______ you _________ (love) your husband?

Yes, I __________.4) I ________________ (make, not) my bed every morning.

5) Kathy ________________ (make, not) her bed either.6) Kathy and I ____________ (be) in the same class and we ____________

(walk) home together.7) _______ Barbara's dad _____________ (work) in Zagreb or Rijeka?8) _______ your dog ___________ (eat) a lot?

No, he _____________.9) The buses in Zadar ___________ (run) on time.

They _________ (be) never late.Our school bus ___________ (be) usually late in the mornings.

10) ________ Vesna's children __________ (go) to daycare? ____ 15

Practise examples using theSimple Present Tense:

1) My friend, Mary, always ________________ (give) me good advice when I need it.2) I always ______________ (keep) my promises.3) This dog ____________ (sleep) a lot!4) _______ you ____________ (have) a brother or sister?

5) Susan ____________ (gossip) a lot in school. I ______________________ (like, not) that.6) I never _________ (go) to bed before 10:00pm. Marko always _____________ (go) to bed at9:00pm!7) _________ Benjamin ____________ (work) in Zagreb or Rijeka? He ___________ (work)in Zagreb.

_____


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DEFINITION: a) The Present Continuous expresses an activity that is in progress at

the moment of speaking.

(Present Continuous je sadanje vrijeme koje se koristi kada govorimoo neemu to se dogaa upravo sada u trenutku govorenja.)

EXAMPLES: 1. We are sitting in class right now.

2. I am listening to the teacher.

3. He is writing in his notebook.

DEFINITION b) Often, the activity is generally in progress: this week, this month,this year, etc.

(esto, radnja je u toku: ovaj tjedan, ovaj mjesec, ove godine, itd.)

EXAMPLES: 1. Marija is studying hard for her math test this week.

2. We are preparing for our football tournament.

PRESENT

PAST FUTURE

KEY WORDS:

Now This morningRight now This afternoonAt this moment This eveningAt this time This week Look! This monthShhh! This year

Etc.

What are you doing?

What is he doing?


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THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

POSITIVEFORM4

I AM PLAYING

YOU AREHE ISSHE ISIT ISWE AREYOU ARETHEY ARE

NEGATIVE

FORM5

I AM NOT PLAYINGYOU ARE

HE ISSHE ISIT ISWE AREYOU ARETHEY ARE

QUESTION

FORM4

AM I PLAYING ?ARE YOU ?IS HE ?IS SHE ?IS IT ?ARE WE ?ARE YOU ?

ARE THEY ?

SUBJECT + VERB TO BE IN THE PRESENT + MAIN VERB + ING

(SUBJEKT + GL. BITI U SADANJOSTI + GL. GLAGOL + ING)

SUBJECT + VERB TO BE IN THE PRESENT + NOT + MAIN VERB + ING

(SUBJEKT + GLAGOL BITI U SADANJOSTI + NOT + GL. GLAGOL + ING)

VERB TO BE IN THE PRESENT + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB + ING

(GLAGOL BITI U SADANJOSTI + SUBJEKT + GLAVNI GLAGOL + ING)


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SIMPLE PRESENT VS. PRESENT CONTINUOUS

1. I watch TV. 1. I am watching TV.(Ja gledam televiziju.) (Ja gledam televiziju.)

2. Marija makes her bed. 2. Marija is making her bed.(Marija pravi svoj krevet.) (Marija pravi svoj krevet.)

** Ovo se dogaa svaki dan, openito, itd. ** Ovo se dogaa upravo sada.

** Na hrvatskom jeziku morate naglasiti je li radnja svakodnevna (openita, tjedna, itd.) ili sedogaa upravo sada.

Ali, na engleskom jeziku, po sastavu reenice, moete prepoznati kada se radnja dogaau sadanjosti.

SIMPLE PRESENT vs. PRESENT CONTINUOUS

(Wait) 1. They _________________ for the bus right now.(Want) 2. I __________ to go to Greece this summer.(Leave) 3. Mary _____________ for school at 7:30a.m. every morning.(Ring) 4. Listen! I think the telephone ___________________.

(Eat) 5. A: Hi John! What are you doing?B: I ________________ a hamburger.

(Play) 6. A: What do you do every Monday and Wednesday after school?B: I ________________ tennis at the Sports Center.

(Watch) 7. Sandra ____________________ CSI New York right now. I think thatshe ________________ this TV show every Sunday night.

(Study) 8. Shhh! Katarina __________________.

SIMPLE PRESENT vs. PRESENT CONTINUOUS

1. Mary (go) _____________ to basketball practise twice a week. Right now, she (drive)____________________ to a tournament in Zagreb.

2. In my home right now, Ivica (play) __________________ computer games, Anela and Marija(study) __________________ and Antonio (watch) ____________________ Teletubbies on TV.

3. ________ Caroline (like) ________________ the opera?

4. Katherine (have, not) ______________________ any brothers or sisters. She (be) __________ anonly child. How many brothers and sisters ________ you (have) _____________?

5. I (understand, not) ______________________English grammar. Right now,I (study) _______________________ for Friday's test.

6. Look! Those kids across the street (fight) __________________________!


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M I N I T E S T #1

Use the simple present or the present continuous to complete the sentences.

1. I always (do) ________________ my homework.

2. Katarina (pay, not) ____________________ her telephone bill on time every month.

3. Shhh! The baby (sleep)_____________________.

4. A: __________ Martina and Sarah (fight) __________________ in the classroomnow?

B: No, they (fight) ______________________.They (discuss) _________________________ something.

5. _________ you (wait) __________________ for the bus every morning? ______ 10

6. My mom (make) _____________________ lunch everyday for us.

7. Dennis usually (drink) _________________ coffee for breakfast, but this morninghe (drink) _________________ tea instead.

M I N I T E S T #1bGroup A


1. Marko rarely (do) ________________ his homework.

2. I (try) ____________________ to pay my telephone bill on time every month.

3. Look! The baby (crawl)_____________________.

4. A: __________ Barbara and Sarah (argue) __________________ in the classroom ______

now? 10B: No, they (discuss) ______________________ something. But, very loudly.

5. _________ you (ride) __________________ your bike to school every morning?

6. My grandma (make) _____________________ lunch for us everyday.

7. Kathy and Emil usually (drink) _________________ coffee for breakfast, but this morningthey (drink, not) _________________ anything. They (be) _________ ill.

M I N I T E S T #1bGroup B


1. I seldom (make) _____________ my bed in the morning.

2. My mom and dad (try) ____________________ to go to church every Sunday.

3. Oh my God! Look outside! That man (fall) _____________________ from that building!

4. A: __________ you (watch) __________________ the news right now? ______ 10

B: No, I (wash) ______________________ the dishes.

5. _________ John (go) __________________ to work by car or by bus every morning?

6. My grandma (make, not) _____________________ lunch for us everyday.Sometimes, we (buy) _______________ our lunch.

7. I (love) _________________ coffee for breakfast, but this morningmy sister and I (drink) _________________ tea instead. She asked me to try it.


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SPELLING OF ing FORM

END OF VERB SIMPLE FORM -ING FORM

-e dance dancing

2 consonants help helping

2 vowels + 1 consonant rain raining

1 vowel + 1 consonant stop (1 syllable) stoppingvisit (2 syllable) visiting

prefer (2 syllable) preferring

-y play (vowel + y) playingstudy (consonant + y) studying

-ie die dying


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NONCONTINUOUS VERBS

Some verbs are noncontinuous. They are not used in any of the continuous tenses. These verbsdescribe a mental state, emotional state, possession, sense perception or some other types of states.

The verbs that are noncontinuous are:

Mental State: know, realize, believe, feel, imagine, doubt, want, need, understand,suppose, remember, prefer, recognize, forget & mean.

Emotional State: like, dislike, love, hate, fear, envy, mind, care & appreciate.

Possession: possess, own & belong.

Sense Perceptions: hear

Other Existing States: seem, cost, owe, exist, consist of, contain & include.

The following verbs can be used in the continuous and noncontinuous state, but with adifference in meaning:

NONCONTINUOUS (existing state) CONTINUOUS (activity in progress)

Think I thinkhe is a kind man. I am thinking about this grammar.Have I have 4 children. He is having a good time at the party.Taste This food tastes good. The cook is tasting the sauce.

Smell These flowers smell good. Mary is smelling the flowers.See I see a butterfly on the window. The doctor is seeing a patient.Feel I feel sick. Sandra is feeling the cat's fur.Look She looks tired. I am looking out the window.Appear He appears to be asleep. The actor is appearing on the stage.Weigh He weighs a lot. He is 120kg! The grocer is weighing the bananas.Be I am hungry. Tom is being foolish. (Tom is actingfoolish.)


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Definition: The Simple Past is used to talk about something that happened in the past. The activity orsituation began and ended before now (in the past) and it happened at one

particular time in the past.

(Simple Past je prolo vrijeme koje se koristi kada govorimo o neemu to sedogodilo u

prolosti. Aktivnost ili situacija poela je i zavrila prije sada (u prolosti)i dogodila se

u jedno odreeno vrijeme u prolosti.)

****Ovo vrijeme koristi pravilnei nepravilne glagole.

Pravilniglagoli su jednostavni jer samo nadodate ed na kraj glagola.Nepravilni glagoli su teki jer ih morate nauiti napamet(2. red

tablice)

Examples: Regular verbs: 1) I watched a good movie last night.2) We played soccer yesterday.

Irregular verbs: 1) Kathy went to Meugorje last summer.2) I bought a new car.

PRESENT

PAST FUTURE

KEY WORDS:

YESTERDAY LAST AGO (PRIJE) IN

Yesterday **Last night 5 minutes ago In 1998

Yesterday morning Last week 2 hours ago In September

Yesterday afternoon Last month 10 days ago In the wintertime

**Yesterday evening Last year 3 weeks ago Etc.

Last summer 6 years ago

**Nemoj rei Last Monday 1 month ago


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yesterday night Etc. A month ago

THE SIMPLE PAS T (Regular verbs)

POSITIVE

FORM3

I PLAYED

YOUHESHEITWEYOU

THEY

NEGATIVEFORM4

I DID NOT PLAY

YOUHESHEITWEYOUTHEY

QUESTIONFORM3

DID I PLAY ?YOU ?HE ?SHE ?

IT ?WE ?YOU ?THEY ?

SUBJECT + MAIN VERB + ED

SUBJEKT + GLAVNI GLAGOL + ED

SUBJECT + DID + NOT + MAIN VERB (infinitive)

SUBJEKT + DID + NOT + GL. GLAGOL (infinitiv)

DID + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB (infinitive)

DID + SUBJEKT + GLAVNI GLAGOL (infinitiv)


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THE SIMPLE PAS T (Irregular verbs)

POSITIVEFORM2

I WENT

YOUHESHEITWE

YOUTHEY

NEGATIVEFORM4

I DID NOT GOYOUHESHEITWEYOUTHEY

QUESTIONFORM3

DID I GO ?YOU ?HE ?SHE ?IT ?WE ?YOU ?THEY ?

SUBJECT + MAIN VERB IN THE PAST (2nd row of the chart)SUBJEKT + GLAVNI GLAGOL U PROLOSTI (2. red tablice)

SUBJECT + DID + NOT + MAIN VERB (infinitive)

SUBJEKT + DID + NOT + GL. GLAGOL (infinitiv)

DID + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB (infinitive)

DID + SUBJEKT + GLAVNI GLAGOL (infinitiv)


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Practise examples for the simple past (regular verbs only):

(Change) 1. We _______________ planes in Vancouver 2 hours ago.(Visit) 2. Mary _______________ her grandmother last Sunday.(Visit, not) 3. She _____________________ her cousins then.(Mail) 4. ________ you ____________ your letter yesterday morning?(Arrive) 5. I ______________ late for class yesterday.

Practise examples for the simple past (irregular verbs only):

(Write) 1. I stayed home last night and ____________ several letters.(Sell) 2. Mr. Rice finally _______________ his house yesterday.(Speak, not) 3. Mario _____________________ to me last week because he was angry with me.(Come) 4. _________ Karolina and Marija _________________ to your party last night?

(Read) 5. I ____________ that novel 2 months ago.

THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE

1) I _________ (have) a great time at the party last night.2) John, finally, __________ (fix) his car yesterday.3) My brother _________ (eat) a big sandwich for lunch.4) Mary _________ (be) very tired in class today.5) I __________ (phone) my friend Robert and we __________ (talk) on the phone for 1 hour.

6) My grandma __________ (write) me a letter from Canada.7) We __________ (see) a great film last night.8) Sandra __________ (call) the police. _____ 9) John and Steve _____________ (understand) the whole lesson. 10

THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE

1) I ___________ (sleep) for 10 hours yesterday!2) My dad and I _____________ (drive) to Dubrovnik last summer. We _________ (be) very

tired when we ___________ (arrive).

3) Barbara __________ (wait) for me at the bus stop this morning.4) I __________ (walk) home from school yesterday afternoon.5) Martin ________ (do) all of his homework.6) Our teacher __________ (work) all day yesterday.7) We ___________ (go) to a great part last weekend. _____ 8) My sister ___________ (drink) a lot of coffee last night. 10

MINI-TEST OF THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE

(catch) 1. The police ______________ the thief last night.(know) 2. Jennifer _____________ all the answers in class yesterday.(take) 3. Alan _____________ a long vacation last summer.(wait) 4. They ________________ for John for 2 hours last night.(come, not) 5. He _____________________ to the party at Karlo's house.(be) 6. Marko ____________ president of the class 3 years ago.(have) 7. _______ everyone ___________ a good time at the picnic last Sunday?


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(sleep, not) 8. I ______________________ a wink last night. _____(work) 9. ________ you ____________ late today? You look tired. 9

SIMPLE PRESENT vs. SIMPLE PAST

1. My son ___________ (go) to a basketball game yesterday.2. I _________ (love) school.3. Matija ___________ (walk) to school every morning.4. Sometimes, the dogs __________ (sleep) in the house.5. Mrs. Jones ____________ (call) the police last night.6. We _____________ (write) a big test last week.7. Nenad ____________ (fix) cars. He is a mechanic.

8. We ___________ (drink) a lot of Cola last night.9. My grandpa ____________ (help) me fix the car yesterday.10. I usually __________ (drink) a lot of Cola.11. Susan __________ (walk) home from school everyday.12. My parents __________ (have) a great time at the party last Saturday night.13. John ___________ (kiss) his wife every morning.14. Usually the students _____________ (sit) in class quietly.

15. My grandma ____________ (cook) a beautiful cake last Sunday.16. My grandma always ____________ (make) delicious desserts.17. I ___________ (be) in Dubrovnik last summer.18. Robert _____________ (watch) the news every night at 7:30pm.19. We _____________ (listen) to our teacher everyday.20. My cats ____________ (eat) a lot every morning for breakfast.21. I _____________ (do) all of my homework last night.

22. Ante ____________ (go) hunting every weekend.23. Last weekend, we _____________ (see) a big bear in the zoo.24. Animals _____________ (hunt) for food.25. I _____________ (know) all of the answers on yesterday's history test.26. I ____________ (wait) for my friend at the bus stop every morning at 7:00am.27. Tamara usually ______________ (come) to my house after school.

28. It _____________ (rain) a lot last week.


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M I N I T E S T #2

USE THE SIMPLE PRESENT, PRESENT CONTINUOUS OR SIMPLE PAST(REGULAR VERBS)

1. I (walk) __________________ to school yesterday.

2. I (sit) __________________ in class right now.

3. I usually (go)________________ to bed at eleven o'clock every night.

4. Sally (finish)________________her homework at ten o'clock last night.

5. I (study)________________at the library yesterday.

6. I (study)________________English every day.

7. I am in class right now.I (study)________________English.

8. I need an umbrella because it (rain)________________right now.

9. It (rain)_______________yesterday morning.

10. My roommate (help)_______________me with my homework last night.

11. We can go outside now.The rain (stop)________________a few minutes ago.

12. The children are in the park.They (play)________________basketball.

13. I (play)_________________ soccer last week.

14. Yesterday morning I (brush)__________________ my teeth,(wash)__________________my face,and (shave)_______________ .

15. Ann is in her living room right now.She (watch)_________________ television.

16. Ann usually (watch)________________TV in the evening.

17. She (watch)_______________ a good program on TV last night.

18. We (do)________________ an exercise in class right now.We(use)_________________verb tenses in sentences.

19. I (arrive)_________________ in the United States a month ago.

20. Tom's airplane (arrive)_________________ at the airport at 6:05 p.m yesterday.


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MINI TEST #3

USE THE SIMPLE PRESENT, PRESENT CONTINUOUS OR SIMPLE PAST(REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS)

1. I (get) ____________ up at 8:00 yesterday morning.

2. Mary (talk) ______________ to John on the phone last night.

3. Mary (talk) ______________ to John on the phone right now.

4. Mary (talk) ______________ to John on the phone everyday.

5. Jim and I (eat) _____________ lunch at the cafeteria 2 hours ago.

6. We (eat, not) ____________________ lunch in the cafeteria everyday.

7. I (go) ___________ to be early last night.

8. Usually, I (go) ___________________ to bed at 8:00pm.

9. My roommate (study) ___________________ Spanish this year.

10. _________ you (study) ________________ Spanish or French this year?

11. Sue (write) ____________ a letter to her parents yesterday.

12. She (write) ____________ to her parents once a week.

13. Last week, she (be) _________ very busy and she (write, not) __________________________________ them a letter. They (call) _____________ her becausethey (be) _____________ very worried.

14. Alice (smoke) __________________ Craven A cigarrettes.

15. ________ Mark (come) ____________ home at midnight last night?

16. Our teacher (stand) __________________ in the middle of the room right now.She usually (sit) ________________ at her desk when talking to us.

_______20


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MINI-TEST #3c

Complete the sentences using the Simple Present, Present Continuous or Simple Past:

1) My mom ______________ (be) in Germany in 1964.2) Marko ___________ (sleep) well at night.3) We _________________ (correct) a test right now.4) John and Mary _____________ (be) in Tunis last summer.5) Mary ___________________ (stay) up all night last night writing her essay.6) Susan ___________________ (attend) Zagreb University this year.7) Martin __________ (love) school.8) Joseph and Tomas_____________ (work) at the Coca-Cola company.9) Look! Nancy ______________ (drive) in a new car?!

10) My grandma ______________ (talk) to my other grandma for 1 houryesterday.

Test A ________ 10

MINI-TEST #3c


1) We ____________ (arrive) in America in 1950.2) Janice ______________ (write) beautiful poems.3) Marija and Nikolin ___________ (go) to be late every night.4) Shhh! My son ________________ (sleep) at the moment. He is very tired.5) My dad and I ___________________ (see) Steve at the party last weekend.6) Sandra _____________________ (attend) a sports camp last summer.7) I _____________ (walk) to school every morning.8) We ______________ (be) in grade 7 last year.9) My brother and sister _________________ (drive) to school together yesterday.10)The dogs ______________ (eat) now. Don't disturb them.

Test B ________ 10


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MINI-TEST #3b


1) James Cook ______________ (come) to Australia in 1778.2) ________ you ____________ (dream) every night?3) We _________________ (write) a test right now.4) Agatha Christie _____________ (be) a famous writer.5) Mary ___________________ (sleep, not) at all last night.6) Kathy and Bobby ___________________ (attend) Zagreb University this year.7) ________ Martin ___________ (go) to Sally's party last Saturday?8) Joseph _____________ (work) for the Coca-Cola company.

9) Look! _________ that Nancy ______________ (drive) a new car?!10) My mom and I ______________ (talk) on the phone for 2 hours yesterday.

Test A ________ 10

MINI-TEST #3b


1) The Puritans ____________ (arrive) in America in 1620.2) Agatha Christie ______________ (write) detective novels.3) ________ Marija ___________ (go) to bed late every night?4) Tony ________________ (sleep) at the moment. He is very tired.5) My dad and I ___________________ (see, not) Steve at the party last weekend.6) Sandra _____________________ (attend) a sports camp this summer.7) _______ you _____________ (walk) to school yesterday morning?8) We ______________ (be) in grade 7 last year.9) My brother and sister _________________ (drive) to school together every morning.10) Shhh! _________ someone _____________ (knock) at the door?

Test B ________ 10


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IRREGULAR VERBS

INFINITIVE PAST TENSE PAST PARTICIPLE

BeBecomeBeginBreakBringBuyCatchChooseComeCut

DoDrinkDriveEatFallFeelFindFlyGetGiveGoHaveHearHideKeepKnowLeaveLoseMakeMeetPay

PutReadRideRingRunSaySeeSellSendSitSteal

SwimTakeTellThinkUnderstandWear


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WinWrite

Definition: a) The past continuous shows that an activity was in progress (was happening) at a particulartime in the past when another activity took place. In other words, 2 actions occurred at thesame time, but one action began earlier and was in progress when the other actionoccurred.

(Ovo je prolo vrijeme koje pokazuje da je neka radnja bila u toku u odreeno vrijemeu prolosti kada se je druga radnja dogodila. Drugim rijeima, 2 radnje su se dogodileu isto vrijeme, ali jedna radnja je poela prije druge radnje i bila je u toku kada se jedruga radnja dogodila.)

Examples: 1. While I was talking on the phone, someone knocked at the door.(Dok sam razgovarala na telefonu, netko je pokucao na vrata.)

2. I was walking home from school when it began to rain.(etala sam kui iz kole, kada je poelo kiiti.)

PRESENT

PAST FUTURE

Definition: b) Sometimes, the past continuous is used in both parts of a sentence when 2 actions are inprogress simultaneously.

(Ponekad se past continuous koristi u oba dijela reenice. To se dogaa kada su 2 radnjeu toku istodobno.)

Example: 1. While I was preparing dinner in the kitchen, Ivica was watching TV in theliving room.

(Dok sam pripremala veeru u kuhinji, Ivica je gledao televiziju u dnevno sobi.)

Definition: c) In some cases, the simple past and the past continuous have almost the same meaning.

(U nekim sluajevima, simple past i past continuous imaju skoro isto znaenje.)

Examples: 1. It snowed this morning.2. It was snowing this morning.

Key Words:

WhileWhenAs


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What were you doing?What was he doing?

THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

POSITIVEFORM4

I WAS PLAYING

YOU WEREHE WASSHE WASIT WAS

WE WEREYOU WERETHEY WERE

NEGATIVEFORM5

I WAS NOT PLAYINGYOU WEREHE WASSHE WASIT WASWE WEREYOU WERETHEY WERE

QUESTIONFORM4

WAS I PLAYING ?WERE YOU ?WAS HE ?WAS SHE ?WAS IT ?WERE WE ?WERE YOU ?WERE THEY ?

SUBJECT + VERB TO BE IN THE PAST + MAIN VERB + ING

(SUBJEKT + GL. BITI U PROLOSTI + GL. GLAGOL + ING)

SUBJECT + VERB TO BE IN THE PAST + NOT + MAIN VERB + ING

(SUBJEKT + GLAGOL BITI U PROLOSTI + NOT + GL. GLAGOL + ING)

VERB TO BE IN THE PAST + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB + ING

(GLAGOL BITI U PROLOSTI + SUBJEKT + GLAVNI GLAGOL + ING)


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PRESENT CONTINUOUS VS. PAST CONTINUOUS

I am studying. I was studying.He is studying. He was studying.We are studying. We were studying.

What am I doing? What were you doing?What are you doing? What was he doing?What is he doing?

Radnja (jedna) se dogaa Dvije radnje su se dogodileupravo sada. istodobno, ali jedna je poela

prije druge i ta druga radnjaje presjekla prvu.

SUBJEKT + GLAGOL BITI + GLAVNI + INGU GLAGOL

SADANJOSTI

SUBJEKT + GLAGOL BITI + GLAVNI + INGU GLAGOL

PROLOSTI


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Ako dobijete 2 glagola u jednoj reenici, kako ete znati gdje se glagol pie u

Past Continuous-u a gdje u Simple Past-u?:

While I _________________ (drive) home, I _________________ (witness) anaccident.

** Ako je kljuna rije WHILE (ili AS), onda na prvu praznu crtu (premadesno) piete glagol u PAST CONTINUOUS-u a onda na drugu praznu crtu

piete glagol u Simple Past-u.

To jest:While I was driving (drive) home, I witnessed (witness) an accident.

==========================================================

I ____________________ (drive) home, when I _________________ (witness)an accident.

** Ako je kljuna rije WHEN, onda na prvu praznu crtu (prema desno) piete glagolu SIMPLE PAST a onda na drugu praznu crtu piete glagol u Past Continuous-u.

To jest:I was driving (drive) home, when I witnessed (witness) an accident.


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PRACTISE EXAMPLES USING THE PAST CONTINUOUS:

(eat) 1. While Robert ________________________ dinner, Ann came through the door.

(shovel) 2. While John ________________________ snow in his driveway, his wife brought hima cup of coffee.

(argue) 3. When I walked into the room, my brother and sister __________________________about something.

(climb) 4. Stanley ___________________________ the stairs when he tripped and fell.

MINI TEST #4AUSE THE SIMPLE PRESENT, PRESENT CONTINUOUS, SIMPLE PAST OR PAST CONTINUOUS:

(go) 1. Yesterday, Martin ______________ to Europe.(write) 2. I ________________ a test right now.

(rain) 3. It ________________ when I left home.

(greet) 4. Henry ________________ Mrs. Smith last night at the meeting.

(snow) 5A: ________ it _______________ when you arrived?B: No, it __________________ when I arrived.

(help) 6. Joanna _____________ her mother in the kitchen everyday after school.

(pray) 7. I ______________ for my family in church last Sunday.

(visit) 8. _______ Karlo ____________ Dubrovnik two summers ago? _____ 10

(eat) 9. They _____________ a big dinner last night.

MINI TEST #4BUSE THE SIMPLE PRESENT, PRESENT CONTINUOUS, SIMPLE PAST OR PAST CONTINUOUS:

(have) 1. We ____________ a great time at the part last night.

(type) 2. At this moment, I __________________ a test for my grade 8 students.

(rain) 3. A: _________ it ______________ when you left home?B: No, ____________________ when I left my house.

(wash) 4. Joanna __________________ the dishes when she cut her finger on a knife.

(help) 5. Martin ______________ his dad fix the car yesterday.

(work) 6. My mom __________ very hard everyday.

(pray, not) 7. I _________________ every night before I go to bed, but I should.

(see) 8. ________ you _________ our biology teacher yesterday? _____She looked terrible! 10


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(be) 9, They __________ in the Bahama's 3 years ago.

DEFINITION: A) The Present Perfect expresses that an activity or situation (something) happened

(or did not happen) before now, at an unspecified time in the past. The exacttime it happened is not important. If there is a specific mention of time, thenthe Simple Past is used.

(Present Perfect govori o situaciji koja se dogodila (ili nije dogodila) prije sada,u neodreenom vremenu u prolosti. Nije vano znati ili naglasiti kada se je netotono dogodilo. Ako se spominje tono vrijeme dogaaja, onda se koristiSimple Past vrijeme.)

PRESENT

PAST FUTURE

EXAMPLES: 1. I have seen that movie before. (Vidio sam taj film prije.)2. Kathy has already eaten lunch. (Kathy je ve ruala.)3. We have never been to China. (Nikada nismo bili u Kini.)

DEFINITION: B) The Present Perfect often expresses that an activity was repeated several times or many times in the past. The exact time of each repetition is not known and

it is not important.

(Present Perfect se takoer koristi kada govorimo o situaciji koja se je ponovilaee ili vie puta (najmanje 2x) u prolosti. Tono vrijeme ponavljanja se ne

zna i nije vano.)

PRESENT

PAST FUTURE

EXAMPLES: 1. We have read 4 novels since the beginning of this school year.(Proitali smo 4 lektire od poetka ove kolske godine.)

2. Sandra has been to Germany 5 times. (Sandra je bila u Njemakoj 5 puta.)3. I have seen that movie several times. (Vidio sam taj film vie puta.)


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DEFINITION C) When the Present Perfect is used with SINCE or FOR, it expresses a situation that began in the past and continues to the present.

(Kada se rijei SINCE ili FOR koriste sa Present Perfect, onda topokazuje da je

radnja ili situacija poela u prolosti inastavlja do sadanjosti.)

PRESENT

PAST FUTURE

EXAMPLES: 1. I have known Sabrina since grade 1. (Poznajem Sabrinu od prvog razreda.)2. Prof. Rose Doen has lived in Gospi since 1998. (Prof. Rose Doen iviu Gospiu od 1998. godine.)3. She has been here for 12 years, (Ovdje je 12 godina.)4. I have had this same pair of shoes for 3 years. (Imam ove iste cipele

3 godine.)

KEY WORDS:

Since Many timesFor Several times

A couple of times

Before OnceAlready TwiceJust 3 times, etc.YetIn my lifetime Never

Have you ever? (Jesi li ikada.?)

How long have you ..? (Koliko dugo.?)


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THE PRESENT PERFECT -- REGULAR VERBS

POSITIVEFORM4

I HAVE PLAYED

YOU HAVE HE HAS SHE HAS IT HAS

WE HAVE YOU HAVE THEY HAVE

NEGATIVEFORM5

I HAVE NOT PLAYEDYOU HAVE HE HAS SHE HAS IT HAS WE HAVE YOU HAVE THEY HAVE

QUESTIONFORM4

HAVE I PLAYED ?HAVE YOU ?HAS HE ?HAS SHE ?HAS IT ?HAVE WE ?

SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE (VERB + ED)

SUBJEKT + HAVE/HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE (GLAGOL + ED)

SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + NOT + PAST PARTICIPLE

SUBJEKT + HAVE/HAS + NOT + PAST PARTICIPLE

HAVE/HAS + SUBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE

HAVE/HAS + SUBJEKT + PAST PARTICIPLE


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HAVE YOU ?HAVE THEY ?

THE PRESENT PERFECT -- IRREGULAR VERBS

POSITIVEFORM3

I HAVE SEEN

YOU HAVE HE HAS SHE HAS IT HAS

WE HAVE YOU HAVE THEY HAVE

NEGATIVEFORM

4

I HAVE NOT SEENYOU HAVE HE HAS SHE HAS IT HAS WE HAVE YOU HAVE THEY HAVE

QUESTIONFORM3

HAVE I SEEN ?HAVE YOU ?HAS HE ?HAS SHE ?HAS IT ?

SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE (3rd ROW)

SUBJEKT + HAVE/HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE (3. RED TABLICE)

SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + NOT + PAST PARTICIPLE

SUBJEKT + HAVE/HAS + NOT + PAST PARTICIPLE

HAVE/HAS + SUBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE

HAVE/HAS + SUBJEKT + PAST PARTICIPLE


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HAVE WE ?HAVE YOU ?HAVE THEY ?

PRACTISE EXAMPLES USING THE PRESENT PERFECT

(know) 1. Bob and Jane are old friends. They ___________________ each other fora long time.

(live) 2. I _____________________ in Gospi for 3 years.(be) 3. Mario _________ never __________ to Germany.(see) 4. ________ you ____________ that film before?(work) 5. She ____________________ for him many times.(speak) 6. _________ Alan ever _____________ to Professor Alston?(have) 7. I _____________________ several part-time jobs.(do, not) 8. In my lifetime, I ___________________ many good things.(write) 9. Since the semester began, we ___________________ 4 tests.(buy, not) 10. Patricia _______________________ any new clothes for a long time.

M I N I T E S T #6

SIMPLE PRESENT PRESENT CONTINUOUS SIMPLE PAST ( REGULAR & IRREGULAR VERBS ) PAST CONTINUOUS PRESENT PERFECT

( BLOW ) 1. The wind _________________ hard when I came to work this morning.

( READ ) 2. I ________________ two books last week.

( WEAR ) 3. Jacqueline ___________________ that coat many times.

( FLY ) 4. Mr. Mlinarevi ______________ to Dallas right now.

( PLAY) 5. _________they ________________ soccer with us before?(SIT ) 6. I ________________ at this table usually.

( MOVE ) 7. __________ Mark and Mary ____________ into their new house lastMonday?

( BE ) 8. I ________________ to Zadar 5 times.

(BE) 9. I _____________ in Zagreb last weekend.

(GO, NOT)10. Sarah ___________________ to the party last night.

(LIKE) 11. Ilija _____________ Ana, but Ana (LIKE, NOT) __________________ Ilija.

(TAKE) 12. The Anderson family _______________ a long vacation last summer.

(STUDY) 13. While my friends ________________________ for the test, I was at themovies. That is why I failed the test!

(CALL) 14. ___________ you _______________ me a few minutes ago?


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(WAIT) 15. ___________ your brother ___________ for us now? ______ 16

DEFINITION: A) The Present Perfect Continous is used to indicate the duration of an activity that began in the past and continues to the present. With this tense, a person wishes

tostress the duration of time.

(Present Perfect Continuous koristi se kada elimo naglasiti koliko dugo neka radnjatraje. Radnja je poela u prolosti i traje do sadanjosti.).

EXAMPLES: 1. I have been sitting here for 3 hours waiting for the doctor!

2 .It has been raining all day!

PRESENT

PAST FUTURE

DEFINITION: B) When this tense is used without any specific mention of time, it expresses ageneral activity in progress recently (lately).

(Kada se PPC koristi u reenici, a odreeno vrijeme se ne spominje u reenici, ondaradnja ili aktivnost je u toku od neodavno.)

EXAMPLES: 1. I have been thinking about changing the date of my party. Maybe Friday evening

is not a good day. Saturday is probably better.

2. Mark has been sleeping on the floor lately because his back hurts and his bed is toosoft.

PRESENT

PAST FUTURE

DEFINITION: C) With certain verbs (especially live, workand teach), there is little or no difference in meaningbetween the two tenses (present perfect and present perfect continous) whensince orforis used.

(S nekim glagolima LIVE, WORK i TEACH nema velike razlike u znaenju bez obzirada li se koristi Present Perfect ili Present Perfect Continuous kada se rijei SINCE ili

FOR

koriste u reenici. Bolje je koristiti PPC kada se ovi glagoli spominju u reenici.)

KEY WORDS:

SinceFor


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All morningAll dayAll week

Etc.

THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

POSITIVEFORM5

I HAVE BEEN STUDYING

YOU HAVE HE HAS

SHE HAS IT HAS WE HAVE YOU HAVE THEY HAVE

NEGATIVE

FORM6

I HAVE NOT BEEN STUDYINGYOU HAVE HE HAS SHE HAS IT HAS WE HAVE YOU HAVE

THEY HAVE

QUESTIONFORM5

HAVE I BEEN STUDYING ?HAVE YOU ?HAS HE ?HAS SHE ?HAS IT ?

SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + MAIN VERB + ING

SUBJEKT + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + GLAVNI GLAGOL + ING

SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + NOT + BEEN + MAIN VERB + ING

SUBJEKT + HAVE/HAS + NOT + BEEN + GLAVNI GLAGOL + ING

HAVE/HAS + SUBJECT + BEEN + MAIN VERB + ING

HAVE/HAS + SUBJEKT + BEEN + GLAVNI GLAGOL + ING


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HAVE WE ?HAVE YOU ?HAVE THEY ?

Practise examples using the present perfect continuous tense:

(Play) 1. The boys are playing soccer right now. They ________________________ for almost2 hours. They must be getting tired.

(Talk) 2. Alex is talking on the phone. He ______________________ on the phone for over an hour!Who is he talking to?!

(Try) 3. I am trying to study. I _______________________ to study for the last half hour,butsomething always seems to interrupt me. I think it would be best if I just went to the

library.

(Wait) 4. This is ridiculous! Sandra and I _________________________ for the secretary for morethan an hour.

M I N I T E S T #8a

SIMPLE PRESENT PRESENT CONTINUOUS SIMPLE PAST ( REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS ) PAST CONTINUOUS PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

( WATCH ) 1. Sarah _____________________ TV at the moment.

(LIVE) 2. Caroline _______________________ in California since October. She loves it there.

( STUDY ) 3. I _________________ chapter 2 last week.

( STUDY, NOT ) 4. I _________________________ yet __________________ chapter 3.

( WORK ) 5. While Mark __________________, the electricity went out.

(HAVE) 6. _________ you ever _____________ the chicken pox?

( DO, NOT ) 7. Helen ______________ all her chores yesterday.

(HELP) 8. Mary always _____________ her mom bake cookies.

( LIKE ) 9. A: ___________ she __________ Mark ?B: No, she ________________________ Mark. She __________ Tom.

( BE ) 10. A: ____________ you ever ______________ to Africa ?B: Yes,I __________ . I ( go ) _________ in 1966.

( WALK ) 11. We ___________________ down the street, when it began to rain.

(DRINK) 12. Hurry up! You ________________________ that coffee for an hour! When are yougoing to finish it?.


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DEFINITION: The Simple Future talks about something that will happen or is intendedto happen. WILL and BE GOING TO are used to express thefuture time.

(Simple Future je budue vrijeme koje pokazuje da e se neto dogoditiili se namjerava dogoditi u budunosti. WILL i BE GOING TOkoriste se za budue vrijeme.)

WILL se koristi kada e se neto 100% dogoditi u budunosti.BE GOING TO koristi se kad se neto namjerava dogoditi u

budunosti.

EXAMPLES:1a. I will buy a new sweater tomorrow.1b. I am going to buy a new sweater tomorrow.

2a. Sandra will celebrate her birthday today.2b. Sandra is going to celebrate her birthday today.

PRESENT

PAST FUTURE

KEY WORDS:

TOMORROW NEXT IN

Tomorrow morningafternooneveningnight

Next weekmonthyearwinterMonday

etc.

In 2 minutes4 hours7 days1 week9 months3 years

etc.

*Tonight *Later ontoday

*This evening tonightafternoon etc.evening


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etc. *From now on

THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE -- WILL

POSITIVEFORM3

I WILL PLAY

YOUHESHEIT

WEYOUTHEY

NEGATIVE

FORM4

I WILL NOT PLAYYOUHESHE ** Will not = Won'tITWEYOUTHEY

QUESTION

FORM3

WILL I PLAY ?YOU ?HE ?SHE ?IT ?WE ?YOU ?

SUBJECT + WILL + MAIN VERB

SUBJEKT + WILL + GLAVNI GLAGOL

SUBJECT + WILL + NOT + MAIN VERB

SUBJEKT + WILL + NOT + GLAVNI GLAGOL

WILL + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB

WILL + SUBJEKT + GLAVNI GLAGOL


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THEY ?

THE SIMPLE FUTURE -- BE GOING TO

POSITIVEFORM4

I AM GOING TO PLAY

YOU AREHE ISSHE ISIT IS

WE AREYOU ARETHEY ARE

NEGATIVE

FORM5

I AM NOT GOING TO PLAYYOU AREHE ISSHE ISIT ISWE AREYOU ARETHEY ARE

QUESTION

FORM4

AM I GOING TO PLAY ?ARE YOU ?IS HE ?IS SHE ?IS IT ?ARE WE ?ARE YOU ?

Subject + verb to be in the present + going to + main verb

(Subjekt + glagol biti u sadanjosti + going to + glavni glagol)

Subject + verb to be in the present + not + going to + main verb

(Subjekt + glagol biti u sadanjosti + not + going to + glavni glagol)

Verb to be in the present + subject + going to + main verb

(Glagol biti u sadanjosti + subjekt + going to + glavni glagol)


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ARE THEY ?

POSITIVE Subject + verb to be in the present + going to + main verbFORM (Subjekt + glagol biti u sadanjosti + going to + glavni glagol)

I AM GOING TO DRINK

YOU ARE GOING TO TAKE

HE IS GOING TO GO

NEGATIVE Subject + verb to be in the present + not + going to + main verbFORM (Subjekt + glagol biti u sadanjosti + not + going to + glavni glagol)

I AM NOT GOING TO SING

YOU ARE NOT GOING TO SLEEP

HE IS NOT GOING TO BE


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Practise examples using the simple future tense (will):

(Buy) 1. Sabrina ______________________ a new car this month.

(Have) 2. ________ you ___________ enough money for your car insurance next month?

(Be) 3. Sarah ______________________ at home tomorrow evening.

(Watch, not) 4. I __________________________ that dumb movie tonight!

(Visit) 5. John and Kathy ___________________________ thier grandmother next Sunday.

Practise examples using the simple future tense (be going to):(Buy) 1. Sabrina ______________________ a new car this month.

(Have) 2. ________ you ___________ enough money for your car insurance next month?

(Be) 3. Sarah ______________________ at home tomorrow evening.

(Watch, not) 4. I __________________________ that dumb movie tonight!

(Visit) 5. John and Kathy ___________________________ thier grandmother next Sunday.

M I N I T E S T #6

SIMPLE PRESENT PRESENT CONTINUOUS SIMPLE FUTURE ( WILL & BE GOING TO )

( BUY,BE GOING TO ) 3. Jacqueline _______________________ that coat tomorrow.


( PLAY,BE GONIG TO ) 5. ______________ they ________________ soccer with ustonight?

(SIT ) 6. I ________________ at this table usually.

( BE ) 8. Tomorrow, I ________________ in Zadar at 10:00.

(BE, NOT, BE GOING TO) 9. I __________________________ in Zagreb tomorrow.

(ATTEND, NOT, BE GOING TO) 10. Sarah ________________________ class next week



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(CALL) 14. ___________ you _______________ me tomorrow night?

(WAIT) 15. ___________ your brother ___________ for us after the show finishestonight?

M I N I T E S T #6

SIMPLE PRESENT PRESENT CONTINUOUS SIMPLE PAST ( REGULAR & IRREGULAR VERBS ) PAST CONTINUOUS SIMPLE FUTURE ( WILL & BE GOING TO )

( BLOW ) 1. The wind _________________ hard when I came to work this morning.

( READ ) 2. I ________________ two books last week.

( BUY,BE GOING TO ) 3. Jacqueline _______________________ that coat tomorrow.


( PLAY,BE GONIG TO ) 5. ______________ they ________________ soccer with ustonight?

(SIT ) 6. I ________________ at this table usually.

( MOVE ) 7. __________ Mark and Mary ____________ into their new house lastMonday?

( BE ) 8. Tomorrow, I ________________ in Zadar at 10:00.

(BE, NOT, BE GOING TO) 9. I __________________________ in Zagreb tomorrow.

(ATTEND, NOT, BE GOING TO) 10. Sarah ________________________ class next week


(TAKE) 12. The Anderson family _______________ a long vacation last summer.

(STUDY) 13. While my friends ________________________ for the test, I was at themovies. That is why I failed the test!

(CALL) 14. ___________ you _______________ me tomorrow night?

(WAIT) 15. ___________ your brother ___________ for us after the show finishestonight?


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DEFINITION: The Past Perfect expresses that an activity was completed (began and finished)before another activity (or time) in the past.

(Past Perfect pokazuje da se jedna radnja dogodila (poela i zavrila)prije druge

radnje ili vremena u prolosti.)

EXAMPLES: 1. My parents had already eaten lunch by the time I got home. (Moji roditelji su ve ruali dok sam ja doao kui.)

2. Sam had finished his homework by the time Joseph came over.(Sam je zavrio svoju zadau dok je Josip doao k njemu.)

3. I had finished making lunch by 1:00.(Zavrila sam praviti ruak do 13:00.)

PRESENT

PAST FUTURE

KEY WORDS:

AlreadyBy the time

* Before* After

* Ako se before ili afterupotrebljavaju u reenici, onda nije potrebno koristitiPast Perfectjer se zna da

se je neto dogodilo prije neke druge radnje. U tom sluaju, moe se Simple Pastupotrebiti.

Npr. a) Sam had left before we got there.b) Sam left before we got there.

c) After the guests had left, I went to bed.


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d) After the guests left, I went to bed.

THE PAST PERFECT -- REGULAR VERBS

POSITIVEFORM4

I HAD PLAYED

YOU HE SHE IT WE

YOU THEY

NEGATIVEFORM5

I HAD NOT PLAYEDYOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY

QUESTIONFORM4

HAD I PLAYED ? YOU ? HE ? SHE ? IT ? WE ? YOU ?

SUBJECT + HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE (VERB + ED)SUBJEKT + HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE (GLAGOL + ED)

SUBJECT + HAD + NOT + PAST PARTICIPLE

SUBJEKT + HAD + NOT + PAST PARTICIPLE

HAD + SUBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE

HAD + SUBJEKT + PAST PARTICIPLE


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THEY ?

THE PAST PERFECT -- IRREGULAR VERBS

POSITIVEFORM3

I HAD SEEN

YOU HE SHE IT WE

YOU THEY

NEGATIVEFORM4

I HAD NOT SEENYOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY

QUESTIONFORM3

HAD I SEEN ? YOU ? HE ? SHE ? IT ? WE ?

SUBJECT + HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE (3rd ROW)SUBJEKT + HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE (3. RED TABLICE)

SUBJECT + HAD + NOT + PAST PARTICIPLE

SUBJEKT + HAD + NOT + PAST PARTICIPLE

HAD + SUBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE

HAD + SUBJEKT + PAST PARTICIPLE


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YOU ? THEY ?

M I N I T E S T #8

SIMPLE PRESENT PRESENT CONTINUOUS SIMPLE PAST ( REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS ) PAST CONTINUOUS SIMPLE FUTURE ( WILL AND BE GOING TO ) PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT

( WATCH ) 1. Sarah _____________________ TV at the moment.

( LEAVE ) 2. The students _____________________ by the time the teacher arrived.

( STUDY ) 3. I _________________ chapter 2 last week.

( STUDY, NOT ) 4. I _________________________ yet __________________ chapter 3.

( WORK ) 5. While Mark __________________, the electricity went out.

( BE ) 6. _________ you ____________ home tomorrow night.

( DO ) 7. Helen ______________ all her chores yesterday.

( FINISH ) 8. A: ______________ you _______________ your work by the time yourparents got home ?

B: No, I __________________ my work by the time they got home.

( LIKE ) 9. A: ___________ she __________ Mark ?B: No, she ________________________ Mark. She __________ Tom.

( BE ) 10. A: ____________ you ever ______________ to Africa ?B: Yes,I __________ . I ( go ) _________ in 1966.

( WALK ) 11. We ___________________ down the street, when it began to rain.

( WAIT, BE GOING TO ) 12. I ________________________ for you after school today.

( LEND ) 13. ___________ John ____________ Joseph 500 kn yesterday ?

( TAKE ) 14. _______ Andrea ____________ a shower now ?

( FIX, NOT ) 15. I ______________________ your car later on today .I'm too busy.

_________


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20


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SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PAST PRESENT CONTINUOUS PAST CONTINUOUS -- sadanje vrijeme koje

pokazuje to radimo svakidan, ponekad, inae, itd.

-- pria o injenicama inavikama.

-- prolo vrijeme koje pokazujeda se je neto dogodilo u1 odreeno vrijeme uprolosti.

-- dogaaj je poeo i zavrio.

-- znate kada se je netodogodilo.

**koristi pravilne inepravilne glagole.

-- sadanje vrijeme kojepokazuje da se netodogaa upravo sada(u trenutku govorenja).

-- esto, neka aktivnost moebiti u toku: ovaj tjedan, ovajmjesec, itd.

-- prolo vrijeme koje pokazujeda su se 2 radnje dogodileistodobno u odreeno vrijeme,ali 1 radnja je poela prije 2.i bila je u toku kada se je2. radnje dogodila.(esto je 2. radnja presjekla1. radnju.)

-- moe se dogoditi da su se 2radnje dogaale istodobno,ali nijedna nije presjekladrugu.

-- Everyday, every week, .....

-- Always, usually, often,sometimes, seldom, rarely,never.

-- Once, twice, 3 times, .....

-- How often do you...?How often does he...?

-- Yesterday, yesterday morningyesterday afternoon, .......

-- Last night, last week,last Monday, ........

-- A month ago, 2 weeks ago,10 days ago, .......

-- In 1995, in March, in thewintertime, .......

-- Now, right now, at this time,at this moment.

-- Look!, Listen!, Shhh!

-- What are you doing?What is he doing?

-- While

-- As

-- When

-- What were you doing?-- What was he doing?


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SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PAST PRESENT CONTINUOUS PAST CONTINUOUS

Subjekt + glavni glagol

IYouWe workThey

HeShe works/kissesIt

Subjekt + do/does + not + glavni glagol

IYou do not workWeThey

HeShe does not workIt

Do/does + subjekt + glavni glagol

IDo you work.....?

we

they

heDoes she work.....?

It

Za pravilne gl. (poz. oblik):

Subjekt + glavni glagol + ' ed'IYouHeShe workedItWeYouThey

Za nepravilne gl. (poz. oblik):

Subjekt + 2. red tabliceI

YouHeShe wentItWeYouThey

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Njeni i upitni oblik pravilnihi nepravilnih glagola

Subjekt + did + not + glavni glagolIYouHeShe did not workIt did not goWeYouThey

Did + subjekt + glavni glagolI

youhe

Did she work...?Did it go.....?

weyouthey

Subjekt + am/is/are + glavni glagol + 'ing'

I am working

HeShe is workingIt

WeYou are workingThey

Subjekt + am/is/are + not + gl. glagol + 'ing'

I am not working

HeShe is not workingIt

WeYou are not workingThey

Am/is/are + subjekt + gl. glagol + 'ing'

Am I working......?

he

Is she working......?it

weAre you working......?

the

Subjekt + was/were + gl. glagol + 'ing'

IHe was workingSheIt

WeYou were workingThey

Subjekt + was/were + not + gl..glag. + 'ing'

IHe was not workingSheIt

WeYou were not workingThey

Was/were + subjekt + gl. glagol + 'ing'

IWas he working......?

sheit

weWere you working......?

they


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PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS SIMPLE FUTURE PAST PERFECT -- pokazuje da se je neto

dogodilo (ili nije) uneodreenom vremenu u

prolosti.-- Nije vano znati kada se je

neto dogodilo.-- PP esto koristimo kada

govorimo o situaciji kojase je ponovila ee ili vieputa u prolosti. Nije vanonaglasiti kada.

-- kada se SINCE i FORkoriste s PP onda to

pokazuje da je radnja ilisituacija poela u prolosti

i traje do sadanjosti.

-- radnja je poela u prolostiali jo traje. Sa PPC elinaglasiti koliko dugo nekaradnja traje.

**Kada se koriste glagolilive, worki teach onda

je bolje koristiti PPCumjesto PP, iako imajuisto znaenje.

-- budue vrijeme

-- koristi se kada govorimo o onome toemo 100% raditi ili to namjervavmoraditi.

-- WILL = 100% raditi-- BE GOING TO = namjeravamo raditi

-- -- pokazuje da se jedna radnjadogodila (poela i zavrila)

prije druge radnje (ili vremena)u prolosti.

-- Since, For-- Before, already, just, yet,

in my lifetime, .......-- Many times, several times,

a couple of times, once,twice, 3 times, ........

-- Never-- Have you ever ....?-- Has he ever ......?-- How long have you .....?-- How long has he ......?

-- Since-- Since 8:00!

-- For-- For 3 hours!-- For 2 weeks!

-- All morning!-- All day!

-- Tomorrow -- Later onTomorrow morning Later on todayTomorrow evening etc.

etc-- Next week -- From now on

Next monthNext year

etc.-- In 2 minutes

In 5 daysetc.

-- Already-- By the time

* -- Before* -- After

_____________________ ______________________


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PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS SIMPLE FUTURE PAST PERFECT Za pravilne glagole:

Subjekt + have/has + gl.glagol + 'ed'IYou have workedWeThey

HeShe has workedIt

Subjekt + have/has + not + gl.glagol + 'ed'IYou have not workedWeThey

HeShe has not worked

ItHave/has + subjekt + gl.glagol + 'ed'I

Have you worked...?wethey

heHas she worked...?

ItZa ne pravilne glagole:Subjekt + have/has + 3. red tablice

IYou have goneWeThey

HeShe has goneIt

Subjekt + have/has + not + 3.red tabliceI

You have not goneWeThey

HeShe has not goneIt

Have/has + subjekt + 3. red tabliceI

Have you gone...?we

theyhe

Has she gone...?it

Subjekt + have/has + been + gl.gl. + 'ing'

IYou have been workingWeThey

HeShe has been workingIt

Subj. + have/has + not + been + gl.gl. + 'ing'

IYou have not been workingWeThey

HeShe has not been workingIt

Have/has + subjekt + been + gl.gl. + 'ing'

IHave you been working...?

wethey

heHas she been working..?

it

Will:Subject + will + glavni glagol

IYouHeShe will workItWeThey

Subject + will + not + glavni glagolIYouHeShe will not work **Will not = Won'tItWeThey

Will + subject + glavni glagol

Iyouhe

Will she work......?It

wethey

Be going to:Subject + glagol biti u + going to + glavni glagol

sadanjostiI am going to work

HeShe is going to workIt

WeYou are going to workThey

Subject + glagol biti u + not + going to + gl. glagolsadanjosti

I am not going to workHeShe is not going to workItWeYou are not going to workThey

Glagol biti u + subject + going to + gl. glagolsadanjosti

Am I going to work .....?he

Is she going to work .....?itwe

Are you going to work......?they

Za pravilne glagole:Subjekt + had + glavni glagol + 'ed'

IHeSheIt had workedWeYouThey

Subjekt + have/has + not + gl.glagol + 'ed'IHeShe had not workedItWeYouThey

Have/has + subjekt + gl.glagol + 'ed'Ihe

Had she worked...?it

weyouthey

Za ne pravilne glagole:Subjekt + had + 3. red tablice

IHeSheIt had goneWeYouThey

Subjekt + had + not + 3.red tabliceI

HeShe had not goneItWeYouThey

Had + subjekt + 3. red tabliceI

heHad she gone...?

itweyouthey


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LIST OF COMMON ADVERBS

An ADVERB modifies a verb. It helps tell how, when or where the action tookplace. For example, She ran quickly., She ran yesterday. or She ran to the store.An adverb can also modify another adverb. For example, She ran very quickly to thestore.

Adjective Adverb Adjective Adverb Adjective Adverbaccident accidentally glad gladly regular regularlyalmost graceful gracefully repeated repeatedlyalways greedy greedily rough roughlyangry angrily happy happily rude rudelyannual annually hasty hastily sad sadlyanxious anxiously honest honestly safe safelyawkward awkwardly hour hourly seldom

bad badly hungry hungrily selfish selfishly

blind blindly innocent innocently serious seriouslybold boldly irritable irritably shaky shakilybrave bravely joyous joyously sharp sharplybrief briefly just justly shy shylybright brightly kind kindly silent silentlybusy busily lazy lazily sleepy sleepilycalm calmly less slow slowlycareful carefully loose loosely smooth smoothlycareless carelessly loud loudly soft softlycautious cautiously mad madly sometimescheerful cheerfully merry merrily soonclear clearly month monthly speedy speedilycorrect correctly more successful successfullycourageous courageously mysterious mysteriously sudden suddenlycruel cruelly near nearly suspicious suspiciouslyday daily neat neatly tender tenderlydeliberate deliberately nervous nervously tense tenselydoubtful doubtfully never thoughtful thoughtfullyeasy easily noisy noisily tight tightlyelegant elegantly not tomorrowenormous enormously obedient obediently too

enthusiastic enthusiastically obnoxious obnoxiously truthful truthfullyequal equally often unexpected unexpectedlyeventual eventually only only veryexact exactly painful painfully violent violentlyfaithful faithfully perfect perfectly warm warmly

far polite politely weak weaklyfast fast poor poorly weary wearilyfatal fatally powerful powerfully good wellfierce fiercely prompt promptly wild wildlyfond fondly quick quickly yearlyfoolish foolishly quiet quietly yesterday

fortunate fortunately rapid rapidlyfrantic frantically rare rarelygentle gently reckless recklessly

**More adverbs exist and you can add them to this list.


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ARTICLES: A/AN THE 0

The difference between A and AN (Razlika izmeu A i AN):

A is used in front of a singular count noun or an adjective that begins with a consonant.(A se koristi ispred brojne imenice u jednini ili ispred pridjeva koji poinje sa suglasnikom).

Example: 1. a pencil 3. a dog2. a book 4. a yellow banana

AN is used in front of a singular count noun or an adjective that begines with a vowel.(AN se koristi ispred brojne imenice u jednini ili ispred pridjeva koji poinje sa samoglasnikom).

Example: 1. an apple 3. an ice cream 5. an ugly dog2. an egg 4. an orange

** Izuzeci: A universityAn hourAn honest man

A (or AN) is used with a singular count noun when talking about one thing (or person) thatis

not specific or it is mentioned for the first time in a sentence.(A ili AN se koriste ispred brojne imenice u jednini kada pria o 1 stvari (ili 1 osobi) koja jeneodreena ili se prvi put spominje u reenici.

Example: 1. I saw a dog in my backyard. (Vidio sam psa u dvoritu.)

(The speaker is saying that he saw 1 dog in his backyard. It is only 1 out of the

whole group of animals called dogs. The speaker does not know this dog.It was not a specific dog.)(Govornik je vidio 1 psa u dvoritu. To je 1 iz cijele skupine pasa. Govornikne poznaje tog psa. Pas nije odreen.)

2. A dog is a good pet. (Pas je dobar ljubimac.)

(The speaker is making a generalization. He is talking about any dog, all dogs,dogs in general. Not one dog specifically.)(Govornik generalizira. Govori o bilo kojem psu, svim psima, openito o

psima. Ne govori o jednom odreenom psu.)


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THE is used in front of a singular count noun (ex. the dog), a plural count noun (ex. thedogs) and a noncount noun (ex. the money) when the speaker and the listener are thinking about thesame specific thing.

(THE se koristi ispred brojne imenice u jednini (npr. pas), brojne imenice u mnoini (npr. psi) inebrojne imenice (npr. novac) kada govornik i sluatelj misle o istoj odreenoj stvari i osobi.)

Example: 1. The dog is in my yard again! (Pas je opet u mom dvoritu!)

(The listener and speaker are thinking about the same specific dog thatwas

mentioned before.)(Sluatelj i govornik misle na istog psa koji je ranije spomenut.)

2. Please turn off the lights. (Molim te, ugasi svijetla.)

(The lights are not mentioned a second time, but the listener knows which

lights the speaker is talking about.)(Svijetla nisu spomenuta po drugi put , ali sluatelj zna o kojim svijetlimapria govornik.)

THE is also used with / THE se takoer koristi sa:

a) ordinal numbers / rednim brojevima: the first, the second, the third, the fourth...

b) names of seas / imenima mora: The Adriatic Sea, The Black Sea...c) names of oceans / imenima oceana: The Atlantic Ocean, The Pacific Ocean...d) names of rivers / imenima rijeka: The Sava River, The River Gacka ...e) names of people (as a group) / imenima ljudi (kao skupina):

The Pairoa, The Incas ...f) names of island chains / imenima lanaca otoka: The Bahamas, The Island of Krk,

The 1000 Islands, The Canary Islands ....g) names of mountain ranges / imenima lanaca planina:

The Rocky Mountains, The Velebit...h) names of deserts / imenima pustinja: The Sahara Desert, The Atacama Desert ...i) names of some countries / imenima nekih drava:The USA, The Netherlands, The Philippines,

The Dominican Republic, The UnitedKingdom

j) names of geographical areas / imenima geog. podruja:The Middle East, The West...

k) points on the globe / tokama na globusu: The Equator, The North Pole...l) names of forests / imenima uma: The Black Forestm) names of gulfs / imenima zaljeva: The Persian Gulf, The Gulf of Mexico...n) names of peninsulas / imenima poluotoka: The Balkan Peninsula, The Iberian Peninsula...o) names of a group of lakes / imenima skupine jezera:

The Great Lakes


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NO ARTICLE (0) is used with a plural count noun (ex. dogs, pencils,) and with anoncount noun (money, fruit,).

(LANOVI se ne koriste s brojnim imenicama u mnoini (npr. psi, olovke...) i s nebrojnimimenicama (novac, voe...).

The speaker is making a generalization. He is talking about any dog, any fruit, all dogs, all fruit, dogsin general, fruit in general. The speaker is not talking about something specific.

(Govornik generalizira. Govori o bilo kojem psu, bilo kojem vou, svim psima, svakom vou,openito o psima, openito o vou. Ne govori se o odreenoj stvari ili osobi).

Example: 1. Dogs are good pets. (Psi su dobri ljubimci.)

2. Fruit is good for you. (Voe je dobro za vas.)

NO ARTICLE (0) is also used with / LANOVI se ne koriste sa:

a) names of most countries ili territories / imenima drava ili teritorija:Italy, Mexico, Bolivia, Croatia...

b) names of cities / imenima gradova: Zagreb, Gospi, Toronto....c) names of states or provinces / imenima savezni drava ili provincija:

California, Ontario...d) names of lakes / imenima jezera: Lake Michigan, Lake Ontario...e) names of mountains / imenima planina: Mount Everest, Mount Fuji...f) names of continents / imenima kontinenata: Europe, Asia, North America...g) names of islands / imenima otoka: Maui, Key West...


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AUXILLIARY VERBS POMONI GLAGOLI

VERB TO BE VERB TO DO VERB TO HAVE

Present Present PresentI am I do I haveYou are You do You haveHe is He does He hasShe is She does She hasIt is It does It hasWe are We do We haveYou are You do You have

They are They do They have

Past Past PastI was I did I hadYou were You did You hadHe was He did He hadShe was She did She had

It was It did It hadWe were We did We hadYou were You did You hadThey were They did They had

Future Future FutureI will be I will do I will have

You will be You will do You will haveHe will be He will do He will haveShe will be She will do She will haveIt will be It will do It will haveWe will be We will do We will haveYou will be You will do You will haveThey will be They will do They will have


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COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES KOMPARACIJA PRIDJEVANumber of

syllables Adjective Comparative form Superlative form

1syllable

Fast

Small

Faster than

Smaller than

The fastest

The smallest

3+syllables

Interesting

Expensive

More interesting than

More expensive than

The most interesting

The most expensive

2syllables

Happy

Yellow

Happier thanor

More happy than

Yellower thanor

More yellow than

The happiestor

The most happy

The yellowestor

The most yellow

IrregularAdjectives

Good

Bad

Far

Little

Better than

Worse than

Farther/Further than

Less than

The best

The worst

The farthest/furthest

The least


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Much

Many

More than

More than

The most

The most

FIRST CONDITIONAL

DEFINITION: It is used if the sentence is TRUE and in the FUTURE.(Koristi se ako je reenica ISTINITA i u BUDUNOSTI.)**to namjeravamo raditi ili to e se dogoditi u budunosti.

TVORBA 1. KONDICIONALA:

IF _______________________, ________________________(simple present) (simple future)

EXAMPLES:

1. If I have enough time tomorrow, I will write to my parents.(Ako imam vremena sutra, ja u pisati svojim roditeljima.)

2. If I don't eat breakfast tomorrow morning, I will get a headache.(Ako ne dorukujem sutra ujutro, zaboljeti e me glava.)

Exercises:

1. If Melissa studies hard, she ______________ (pass) her finals.2. If I finish my work in time, I _____________ (go) to the concert.3. If I see Henry, I ______________ (give) him your message.

4. If he works hard, he ____________(get) the raise.5. If you don't hurry, we ______________(be) late for class.6. If he tries hard, he ___________(find) a job somewhere.7. If he fails the test, he ______________ (have) to repeat the course.8. If the weather is nice tomorrow, we _____________ (go) to the beach.9. If Naomi arrives on time, I ______________ (talk) to her.10. If I have time tomorrow, I _____________ (go) shopping with you.

11. If I _________(find) the book, I will give it to you.

12. If the weather _________ (be) warm, we will go to the park tomorrow.13. If you _________ (turn) out the light, we will be in the dark.14. If you _________ (save) your money, you will be able to go on a

vacation.15. If you _________ (drive) slowly, you won't have any accidents.


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16. If Jack ________ (call), I will speak to him.17. If you __________ (learn) how to swim, you will be able to go with us

to the beach on Sundays.

SECOND CONDITIONAL

DEFINITION: It is used if the sentence is UNTRUE in the PRESENT orFUTURE.(Koristi se ako je reenica NEISTINITA u SADANJOSTIili BUDUNOSTI.)**2. kondicional se koristi kada sanja, mata, eliNai izgovor ili eli ispasti poten kao kada reetenekome da be im posudili novaca da ih imate ali ustvarnosti, nemate ih.


IF ________________________, _______________________________(simple past) (modalni glagol + infinitiv)

inae WOULD

EXAMPLES:

If I had enough time now, I would write to my parents.(Da imam vremena sada, pisala bih roditeljima.)

**U stvarnosti, nemam vremena i zato neu pisati njima.

If I owned a car, I would take a trip to Italy.(Da imam auto, otila bih na putovanje u Italiju.)

**U stvarnosti, nemam auto i zato ne mogu ii u Italiju.

Exercises:

1. If I knew her well, I ________________ (speak) to her.2. If he attended class regularly, he ______________(make) good progress.3. If we had the money, we _____________ (take) a trip to South America.4. If he went to bed earlier, he _________ not __________ (feel) so tired.5. If he drove more carefully, he _________________ fewer accidents.6. If John paid he debts, people ________________ (respect) him more.7. If I knew English better, I _______________ (read) some English novels.8. If he prepared his homework every night, he _______________ (get) better grades.

9. If I _____________ (own) an automobile, I would take a trip toCalifornia.

10. If she ____________ (work) harder, she would probably get a bettersalary.

11. If I _____________(know) how to drive, I would buy a car.


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12. If Louis ____________ (know) more grammar, he would make fewermistakes.

12. If he __________ not ____________ (waste) so much time in class, hewould make better progress.

THIRD CONDITIONAL

DEFINITION: It is used if the sentence is UNTRUE in the PAST.

(Koristi se ako je reenica NEISTINITA u PROLOSTI.)


IF __________________, _______________________________________(past perfect) (would have + past participle)

EXAMPLES:

If I had had enough time, I would have written to my parents yesterday.(Da sam imao dosta vremena, pisao bih roditeljima juer.)

**U stvarnosti, nisam imao vremena i nisam pisao roditeljima.

If they had studied, they would have passed the exam.(Da su oni uili, proli bih na ispitu.)

**U stvarnosti, nisu uili i nisu proli na ispitu.

Exercises:

1. If I had known her, I _______________________ (speak) to her.2. If he had learned the truth, he ___________________ (be) very angry.3. If I had known that you needed me, I ___________________ (come) at once.4. If they had invited us, naturally we ______________________(go) to the party.5. If you had worn your overcoat, you ______________ not _________________

(catch) a cold.6. If I had had your address, I _____________________ (write) to you.7. If yesterday had been a holiday, I _______________________ (go) to the beach.8. If you had asked me, I _____________________ (help) you.

9. If I ___________________ (know) about this yesterday, I would haveworried all day long.10. If the weather _________________ (be) nice yesterday, we would have

gone to the beach.11. I would have looked you up if I ___________________(know) you

were living in Kansas.


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12. I wouldn't have gotten wet if I ___________________ (wear) a raincoat.13. If he ___________________ (study) more, he would have gotten better

grades.

ZERO CONDITIONAL

DEFINITION: It is used if the sentence is TRUE in the PRESENT.(Koristi se ako je reenica ISTINITA u SADANJOSTI.)**Zero conditional se koristi kada se pria o istinitoj situacijiili injenici kada stvarno neto radi).

The simple present is used in the result clause to express ahabitual activity/situation OR to express a predictable fact.(Simple present se koristi u drugom dijelu reenice da izrazi

neku naviku ILI oekivanu injenicu.)

TVORBA 0 - KONDICIONALA:

IF _______________________, _______________________(simple present) (simple present)

EXAMPLES:

(HABITUAL ACTIVITY): If I have enough time, I write to my parentsevery week.(Ako imam vremena, ja piem svojim

roditeljima svaki tjedan.)

(FACT): If I don't eat breakfast, I get a headache.(Ako ja ne dorukujem, zaboli me glava.)


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CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 1st and 2nd

1. If Melissa _____________(study) hard, she ______________ (pass) her finals.

2. If I ___________ (finish) my work in time, I ______________ (go) to theconcert.3. If I ____________ (know) her well, I _______________ (speak) to her.4. If we ____________ (have) the money, we _____________ (take) a trip

to South America.5. If I ____________ (see) Henry, I ______________ (give) him your message.

6. If he __________ (work) hard, he ____________(get) the raise.7. If you ______________ (hurry, not), we ______________(be) late for class.8. If he ______________ (attend) class regularly, he ______________(make) good

progress.9. If he ________________(prepare) his homework every night,

a. he _______________ (get) better grades.10.If he ____________ (try) hard, he ___________(find) a job somewhere.11.If he ____________ (fail) the test, he ______________ (have) to repeat

the course.12. If I _____________ (own) an automobile, I ________________ (take) a tripto California.13. If he ______________ (drive) more carefully, he _________________ (have)fewer accidents.

14.If the weather _________ (be) nice tomorrow, we _____________ (go) tothe beach.

15. If John __________ (pay) he debts, people __________________ (respect) himmore.16. If Louis ____________ (know) more grammar, he _______________ (make)a. fewer mistakes.17. If Naomi ____________ (arrive) on time, I ______________ (talk) to her.18. If I ___________ (have) time tomorrow, I _____________ (go) shopping withyou.

19.If she ____________ (work) harder, she ______________ (get) a bettera. salary.

20.If I _________(find) the book, I ________________ (give) it to you.21.If the weather _________ (be) warm, we _______________ (go) to the

park tomorrow.22. If you _________ (turn) out the light, we _______________ (be) in the dark.

23.If I ____________ (know) English better, I _________________ (read)some English novels.

24. If you _________ (drive) slowly, you ___________________ (have, not) any

accidents.25. If I _____________(know) how to drive, I _________________ (buy) a car.26.If Jack ________ (call), I _________________ (speak) to him.

27. If he ___________ (go) to bed earlier, he _________ not __________(feel) sotired.


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28.If he __________ not ____________ (waste) so much time in class, hea. ___________________ (make) better progress.

COUNT AND NONCOUNT NOUNS BROJNE I NEBROJNE IMENICE

SINGULAR PLURAL

COUNTNOUN a chairone chair chairs1 chairs2 chairs

some chairsseveral chairsa lot of chairsmany chairsa fewchairs

Some nouns are called count nouns:1) In the singular, they can bepreceded by a/an or one.

2) They have a plural form:-s or -es.

NONCOUNT

NOUN

furniture

some furniturea lot of furniture much furniture a little furniture

Some nouns are called noncount

Nouns:1) They are not immediately

preceded by a/an or one.2) They do not have a plural

form (no final s is added).

MUCH and MANY.

How many apples did you buy?How much money did you spend?

Many is used with count nouns.Much is used with noncount nouns.

A FEW and A LITTLE

A) I bought a fewapples.B) I bought a little fruit.

A few is used with count nouns.A little is used with noncount nouns.

SOME and ANY.

I tooksome books home with me.I tooksome fruit from the table.I did not take any books home with me.I did not take any fruit from the table.

Some is used in positive sentences.

Any is used in negative sentences.

THERE IS and THERE ARE


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A) There are a lot ofvegetables on the table.B) There is a lot offruit on the table.

There are is used with count nouns.There is is used with noncount nouns.

COMMON NONCOUNT NOUNS

Whole groups made up of individual parts:Clothing Change History CornEquipment Postage Literature Dirt

*Food Scenery Music DustFruit Stuff Poetry Floor Furniture Traffic Psychology GrassGarbage Homework Engineering *Hair Hardware Housework Biology *Pepper Jewellery *Work Chemistry Rice

Machinery Advice Physics, etc. SaltMail Information English, etc. Sugar Make-up *Gossip Grammar WheatMoney News SlangCash *Noise Vocabulary

Liquids: Solids: Gases:*Beer Bread Chalk Air

Blood Butter Copper Fog*Coffee Cheese Cotton Oxygen

Cream Ice *Glass Hydrogen

Gasoline Ice cream Gold PollutionHoney Lettuce *Iron SmogJuice Margarine *Paper SmokeMilk Meat Rubber SteamOil Bacon Silver Shampoo *Chicken SoapSoap *Fish TinTea Ham, etc. ToothpasteWater Toast *WoodWine Cement Wool

Natural phenomena:Weather Rain DaylightDew Sleet MoonlightFog Snow SunlightHail Thunder SunshineHeat Wind ElectricityHumidity Darkness *FireLightning *Light Gravity

Things you cannot touch (abstractions):Anger Fun Ignorance PovertyBeauty Generosity Intelligence PrideConfidence Greed Justice ProgressCourage Happiness Knowledge RecreationCowardice Hate Laughter *Space

*Education Health *Love StupidityEnjoyment Help Luck *Time


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Entertainment Honesty Patience Violence*Experience Hospitality Peace Wealth

* A noun can be both COUNT and NONCOUNT


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DIRECT (QUOTED) SPEECH INDIRECT (REPORTED) SPEECHVerb to be

Simple Present

Present ContinuousPast ContinuousSimple PastPresent PerfectPast PerfectSimple Future (will)

Simple Future (be going to)

She said, I am hungry.She said, The world is round. (injenica)She said, I watch TV everyday.She says, I watch TV everyday.She said, I don't like chocolate ice cream. (injenica)She said, I am watching TV.She said, I was watching TV.She said, I watched TV.She said, I have watched TV.She said, I had watched TV.She said, I will watch TV.

She said, I am going to watch TV.

She said (that) she was hungry.She said (that) the world is round.She said (that) she watched TV everyday.She says (that) she watches TV everyday.She said (that) she doesn't like chocolate ice cream.She said (that) she was watching TV.She said (that) she had been watching TV.She said (that) she had watched TV.She said (that) she had watched TV.She said (that) she had watched TV.She said (that) she would watch TV.

She said (that) she was going to watch TV.CanMayMightMustHave toShouldOught to

She said, I can watch TVShe said, I may watch TVShe said, I might watch TVShe said, I must watch TVShe said, I have to watch TVShe said, I should watch TVShe said, I ought to watch TV

She said (that) she could watch TV.She said (that) she might watch TV.She said (that) she might watch TV.She said (that) she had to watch TV.She said (that) she had to watch TV.She said (that) she should watch TV.She said (that) she ought to watch TV.

Commands (zapovijedi) She said, Clean your room!She said, Don't leave the light on!

She told me to clean my room.She told me not to leave the light on.

Questions She said, Do you watch TV?She asked, Where did you buy this dress?She asked, What is the size of this dress?She said, Is there a post office nearby?

She asked (me) ifI watched TV.She asked (me) where I had bought that dress.She asked (me) what the size of that dress was.She wants to know/asked (me) ifthere is a post office.....

**If the reporting verb (for example, said) is in the past, then the verb in the noun clause will usually also be in the past form.**Immediate reporting: A: What did the teacher just say? I didn't hear him. Later reporting: A: I didn't go to class yesterday.

B: He said (that) he wants us to read Chapter Six. Did Mr. Smith give us anyhomework?

B: Yes. He said (that) he wanted usto read

Chapter Six.**Sometimes you must change the time/place in the sentence. For example:

now ---- then, at the time this week ---- that week today ---- that day last week ---- the week before, the previous week yesterday ---- the day before, the previous day here ---- there


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tomorrow ---- the next day, the following day this ---- thatthese ---- those


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Change the quoted speech (direct speech) to reported speech (indirect speech):

1. Jim said, I am sleepy. ______________________________________________

2. Sally said, I don't like chocolates. _____________________________________

3. Mary said, I am planning to take a trip. __________________________________

4. Tom said, I have already eaten lunch. ___________________________________

5. Linda said, I called my doctor. _________________________________________

6. Mr. Rice said, I'm going to go to Chicago. _______________________________

7. Fred said, I will come to the meeting. ___________________________________

8. Jean said, I can't afford to buy a new car. _________________________________

9. Martha said, I may go to the library. ____________________________________

10. Ted said, I have to finish my work. ____________________________________

11. Sue said, I must talk to Prof. Reed. ____________________________________

12. Alice said, I should visit my aunt and uncle. ______________________________

13. Carolyn said, I will be here at noon. _____________________________________

14. David said, The plane will probably get in late. _____________________________

15. The boss said, I have to finish this report by tonight. _________________________

16. The doctor said, She'll get well quickly. __________________________________

17. The teacher said, Everyone has to write a report. ____________________________

18. Richard said, I saw that movie last week. _________________________________

19. Janie said, I've read that book. __________________________________________

20. Suzanne said to her boyfriend, I can't go tonight. ____________________________

21. William said to me, I'll finish this tomorrow. _______________________________

22. She said to him, The lights aren't working. ________________________________

23. I said to the waitress, This bill is wrong. __________________________________

24. The boy said to me, I'm only 8 years old. _________________________________


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GERUNDS

A) Agerundis the ing form of a verb. It is used as a noun. For example,

Listen (verb) listening (noun)Dance (verb) dancing (noun)

The object of a verb can also be a gerund.

Example: I enjoy music.noun

I enjoy listening to music.gerund

I enjoy listening to music. gerund phrase

Common verbs followed by gerunds:

1. Enjoy 7. Keep 13. Like2. Finish 8. Keep on 14. Hate3. Stop 9. Consider 15. Start4. Quit 10.Think about 16. Begin5. Postpone 11.Discuss6. Put off 12.Talk about

**5/6, 7/8, 9/10, and 11/12 have the same meaning.

B) VERB + PREPOSITION + GERUND

Be fond ofGet bored withGive upBe happy about doing somethingLook forward to gerundBe good atBe bored with


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MODAL AUXILIARIES MODALNI GLAGOLI

AUXILIARY USES PRESENT/FUTURE PAST

May 1) polite request2) formal permission3) less than 50% certainty

1) MayI borrow your pencil?2) You maygo to the bathroom.3) Where's Kathy?

She maybe in the park.3) She mayhave been in the

park.Might 1) less than 50% certainty

2) polite request (rare)

1) Where's Kathy?She might be in the park.

2) MightI borrow a cup ofsugar?

1) She might have been in thepark.

Should 1) advisability

2) 90% certainty

1) I shouldstudy tonight.

2) I should do well on the test.(future only)

1) I should have studied lastnight.2) I should have done well on

the test.Ought to 1) advisability

2) 90% certainty

1) I ought to study tonight.

2) I ought to do well on the test.(future only)

1) I ought to have studied lastnight.

2) I ought to have done well onthe test.

Had better 1) advisability with threatof bad result

1) You had better be readyor I will leave without you.

Be supposed to 1) expectation 1) The movie is supposed tobegin at 9:00p.m.

1) The movie was supposed tobegin at 9:00p.m.

Be to 1) strong expectation 1) You are to be here at 8:00. 1) You were to be here at 8:00.

Must 1) strong necessity2) prohibition (negative)3) 95% certainty

1) I must go to school today.2) You must not open that door.3) Kathy isn't in class.

She must be ill today.

1) I had to go to school today.

3) Kathy must have been illyesterday.

Have to 1) necessity

2) lack of necessity (neg.)

1) I have to go to school today.

2) I don't have to go to schooltoday.

1) I had to go to schoolyesterday.

2) I didn't have to go to schoolyesterday.

Have got to 1) necessity 1) I have got to go to schooltoday.

1) I had to go to schoolyesterday.

Will 1) 100% certainty2) willingness

3) polite request

1) Kathy will be here at 8:00.2) The phone is ringing.

I will get it.3) Will you please pass the salt?

Be going to 1) 100% certainty

2) definite plan

1) Kathy is going to be hereat 8:00.

2) I am going to build a garage. 2) I was going to build agarage, but I ran out of money.

Can 1) ability/possibility

2) informal permission3) informal polite request4) impossibility (neg.)

1) I can run fast.

2)You can use my car tomorrow3) Can I borrow your pen?4) That can't be true

Grammar All in One

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