Grambk provised
Transcript of Grambk provised
TABLA DE CONTENIDOS1. Title page
2. Tabla de Contenidos
3. Present tense
4. Ser vs. Estar
5. Stem changers
6. Irregular “yo”
7. Saber vs. Conocer
8. Reflexives
9. “Se” Impersonal
10. Verbs like Gustar
11. Dipthongs with accents
12. Verbs like Uir/Guir; Cer/Cir; Ger/Gir
13. Hacer Expressions
14. Imperfecto
15. Preterite
16. Los Irregulares Preterite (Car/Gar/Zar)
17. Cucaracha verbs
18. Spock verbs
19. Snake/Snakey
20. Comparatives
21. Superlatives
22. El Futuro
23. El Futuro Irregulares
24. Preterite vs. Imperfect
25. Future vs. Conditional
26. Por
27. Para
28. Por vs. Para
29. Commands
30. Present Perfect Tense
31. Present Perfect Irregulars
32. Double Object Pronouns
33. Adverbs
34. Subjunctive
35. Progressive w/Ir, Andar, & Seguir
PRESENT TENSE To use present tense change the ar/er/ir
ending to the following conjugation:
Yo- o Nosotros- amos
Tu- as
El/Ella/Usted- a
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes- an
Yo- o Nosotros- emos/imos
Tu- es
El/Ella/Usted- e
Ellos/Ella/Ustedes- en
Yo- o Nosotros- imos
Tu- es
El/Ella/Usted- e
Ellos/Ella/Ustedes- en
Er-
Ar- Ir-
STEM CHANGERS
•Quiero•Quieres•Quiere•Queremos•Quieren
e=>ieQuerer
•Pido•Pides•Pide•Pedimos•Piden
e=>IPedir
•Duermo•Duermes•Duerme•Dormimo
s•Duermen
o=>ueDormir
•Juego•Juegas•Juega•Jugamos•Juegan
u=>ueJugar
Everthing changes except in nosotros
form!
IRREGULAR “YO” FORM
• Conoce-conozco
• Obedecer-obedezco
• Ejercer-ejerzo• Cocer-cuezo
• Recoger-recojo• Escojer- escojo
• Hacer-haigo• Decir-digo
-Go verb
s
G-J
C-ZC
C-Z
Stem Changers: EIEPensar-Pienso-Piensas-Piensa-Pensamos-PiensanOUEPoder:-Puedo-Puedes-Puede-Podemos-PuedenE IPedir:-Pido-Pides-pide-Pedimos-PidenHaveastem change inallforms wit
These verbs will change its conjugation in the “yo” form.
SER VS. ESTAR
D
•Descriptions
O
•Origin
C
•Characteristics
T•T
ime
O
•Occupation
R
•Relationships
P
•Possesion
E
•Events
d•d
ates
• ealthH• motionsE• ocationL• Present conditionP• Ar-ando• Er/ir-iendo
yendo
ING
SABER VS. CONOCER
Saber: expresses
knowledge of information
about something
Conocer: to express
knowing or being familiar with someone
REFLEXIVES Reflects action of the verb back to the
subject.Pronouns: me, te, se, nos, se
Ex- Me rasco el brazo - (I scratch my arm)
Ex- Te rascas el brazo – (You scratch your arm)
Ex- Se rasca el brazo – (He/She scratches his/her arm)
Ex- Nos rascamos los brazos – (We scratch our arms)
Ex- Se rascan los brazos – (They scratch their arm)
“SE” IMPERSONAL We use the impersonal “se” to get around
specifying the person doing the action. Using “se” impersonal is always used in
the 3rd person. Example:
Se nadar bien en el lago One swims well in the lake.
Can be used in all tenses Se hizo mucho Se hara mucho Se habia hecho
LOS VERBOS COMO GUSTARYo (Me) Encantar
Tu (Te) Fascinar – to be fascinating to
Mi amigo/a (Le) Molestar – to be a bother
Mi amigos/as (Les) Faltar – to be lacking something
Usted (Le) Parecer – to appear to be
Ustedes (Les) Disgustar – to hate something
Nosostros (Nos) Importar – to be important to
DIPTHONGS WITH ACCENTS Combination of two vowel sounds to
make a strong syllable.Made up of weak and strong vowels
Usually i, y, & u are weak vowels and a ,e ,& o are strong
AI: Baile
dance
UE: Puestopost
UA: Guatemala
(country)
VERBS LIKE UIR/GUIR, CER/CIR, GER/GIR Changes in the “yo” form
Dirijo Dirigimos
Diriges
Dirige Dirigen
Extingo Extinguimos
Extingues
extingue extinguen
Convenzo Convencemos
Convences
Convence Convencon
Convencer – to convince
Extinguir – to extinguish
Dirigir – to directRecojo Recogemos
Recoges
recoge Recogen
Recoger – to pick up
Reconstruyo
Reconstruimos
Reconstruyes
Reconstruye Reconstruyen
Digo Decimos
Dices
Dice Dicen
Decir – to say/ tell
Reconstruir – to reconstruct
HACER EXPRESSIONS
Use this equation to express time Ex- Hace dos dias que bebo kool-aid.
Two days ago I drink kool- aid.
Hace + time + que + present verb
IMPERFECT No definite beginning or ending Uncompleted action in the past
Trigger Words: Nunca(never)
A veces(sometimes)
Todo a tiempo(all the time)
A menudo(often)
aba abamos
abas abias
aba aban
ia iamos
ias iais
ia ian
Ar-
Er/Ir-
PRETERITE
Past tense Known beginning and or ending “snapshot” of time
Trigger Words: Ayer (yesterday)
Anoche (last night)
Anteayer (day before yesterday)
La semana pasada (last week)
-ar -er/ir
e i
aste iste
o io
amos imos
aron ieron
LOS IRREGULARES PRETERITE
Car/gar/zar- change the “yo” form to que/gue/ce
• Toque• Tocaste• Toco• Tocamos• tocaron
• Jugue• Jugaste• Jugo• Jugamos• jugaron
• Comence• Comenzaste• Comenzo• Comenzamo
s• comenzaron
Tocar Comenzar
Jugar
SPOCK VERBS
HacerVeo
Dar
Ser
Ir
Dar
• Di• Dio• diste• Dimos• dieron
Ver
• Vi• Viste• Vio• Vimos• vieron
Hacer
• Hice• Hiciste• Hizo• Hicimos• Hicieron
Ir & Ser
• fui• Fuiste• Fue• Fuimos• fueron
CUCARACHA VERBSAndar Anduve-
Estar Estuve-
Poder Pud-
Poner Pus-
Quere Quis-
Saber Sup-
Tener Tuv-
Venir Vin-
Conducir Conduj-
Producir Produj-
Traducir Traduj-
Decir Dij-
Traer Traj-
-e -imos
-iste -isteis
-o -ieron
Take off the “I”
SNAKE
DormirDormiDormimosDormisteDurmioDumieron
LeerLeiLeimosLeisteLeyoLeyeron
Stem Changers
Y Changer
s
SNAKEY
COMPARATIVES Mas/menos + adj + que
adv
noun Me acuesto mas tarde que tu I go to bed later than you
To use equality use: Tan- so Tanto- so much Tantos/as- so many
*If using a number you use “de” instead of “que”.
:comparison of one thing to another using (more, less, or as…as)
IrregularsAdjective Comparative
Bueno Mejor
Malo Peor
Grande mayor
Pequeno menor
SUPERLATIVES
Definite article + noun + mas/menos + adj + de
Miguel es el chico mas inteligente de la clase Michael is the smartest boy in the class.
:indicates the noun that is least, worst, most, or best of all.
IrregularsAdjective Superlative
Bueno El/la mejor
Malo El/la peor
Grande El/la meyor
Pequeno El/la menor
EL FUTURO Infinitive + ending Ex: vivir – vivire
Comer – comereHablar – hablareCaminar - caminare
Ir + a + infinitve ( the immediate future)
e
as
a
emos
an
EL FUTURO IRREGULARS Decir – dir Haber – habr Hacer – har Poder – podr Poner – pondr Querer – querr Saber – sabr Salir – saldr Tener – tendr Valer – valdr Venir - vendr
e
as
a
emos
an
Infinitive +
PRETERITE VS. IMPERFECT Preterite: past tense for an action with
a known beginning and or ending. Imperfect: uncompleted action in the
past without a known beginning or ending.
FUTURE VS. CONDITIONAL Future is used to tell
what will happen. Conditional is used to
tell what would, should, or could happen.Ar, Er, and Ir use the
same endings.Use the same irregular
stem from the future with the conditional.
é
ás
á
emos
án
Decir – dirHaber – habrHacer – harPoder – podrPoner – pondrQuerer – querrSaber – sabrSalir – saldrTener – tendrValer – valdrVenir - vendr
ía
ías
ía
íamos
ían
POR Portal- the idea of passing through
Portugal- general rather than specific location
“Por”ever- how long something lasts
Porpose- the cause of something
Import/Export- an exchange
I’m por, pay for me- doing something in place of or instead of someone else
Transportation- a means of transportation
PARA Surprise paratay- for whom something is done
Paraguay- destination
The purpose for which something is done
Paragotive- to express an opinion
Comparason- to contrast or compare
Paramedic- to express the idea of a deadline
POR VS. PARA “Para” expresses:
Destination Deadline or specific time in future Purpose or goal + infinitive Recipient for something Comparison with others or an opinion In the employ of
“Por” used to indicate: Motion or general location Duration of an action Reason or motive for an action Means by which something is done Exchange or substitution Unit of measure
*they are not interchangeble
COMMANDS Tu affirmative (+)-
Drop the ‘s’ Tu negative (-)-
Put in the ‘Yo’ form & change to opp. verb, the add an ‘s’
Ud./Uds. (+/-)-Put in the ‘Yo’ form & change to opp. verb
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
This tense is frenquently used for past actions that continue to affect the person in the present.
Haber & ARER/IR => ido
=> ado
He
Has
Ha
Hemos
Han
PRESENT PERFECT IRREGULARS
Abrir- abiertoCubrir- cubiertoDecir- dichoEscribir- escritoHacer- hechoMorir- muertoPoner- puestoResolver- resueltoRomper- rotoVer- vistoVolver- vueltoIr- ido
DOUBLE OBJECT PRONOUNS
The order of the sentence would have the indirect object before the double object pronoun.
Subject + Indirect object pronoun + Direct object pronoun + Verb
IOP:me, te, el, le, nos,
os, lesDOP:
me, te, él, lo, la, nos, os, los, las
*You typically place it either directly before or attached to an infinitive.
Example:Yo me la quiero comprar “I want to buy it for myself”
*If “l” occurs before both the
indirect and direct object pronoun,
change the indirect to “se”
ADVERBS To form an adverb: If the adjective you
wan to change into an adverb ends in any other letter (besides O) you just add –mente to the end. (The accent mark stays if there is one)
Example:Frecuente – frequentementeGeneral - generalmente
Bastante-quiteDemasiado-too
Mal-badlyMucho-a lotMuy-very
Nunca-neverPeor-worsePoco-little
Siempre-always
*Adverbs that don’t follow the same pattern:
SUBJUNCTIVES Subjunctive mood: used to state
attitudes, uncertain, hypothetical. Impersonal expressions: Es bueno que,
es malo que, es necesario que, es mejor que, es importante que, es urgente que, es ojala, que
*Not a tense but a mood.
Estar
Saber
Dar Ser
Ir
5 Irregular Verbs
Ar• -e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -
enEr & Ir
• -a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an
Conjugation :