Grain Crops Topic #2085 Josh Miller. Crops and Use Grain Grain Seed of a cereal grain plant Seed of...
-
date post
21-Dec-2015 -
Category
Documents
-
view
225 -
download
0
Transcript of Grain Crops Topic #2085 Josh Miller. Crops and Use Grain Grain Seed of a cereal grain plant Seed of...
Crops and UseCrops and Use
GrainGrain Seed of a cereal grain plantSeed of a cereal grain plant Grain kernels have a high starch contentGrain kernels have a high starch content
Grain has been used for food for Grain has been used for food for thousands of yearsthousands of years
Grain domesticated about 9,000 bcGrain domesticated about 9,000 bc KernelKernel
Part of an individual grain within the Part of an individual grain within the seed coatseed coat
Grain Crops GrownGrain Crops Grown
Major grain crops in USMajor grain crops in US Wheat, corn, and riceWheat, corn, and rice
Other important cropsOther important crops Oats, barley, rye, grain sorghumOats, barley, rye, grain sorghum
World leading grain cropsWorld leading grain crops Wheat, Corn, RiceWheat, Corn, Rice
Corn is most important to USCorn is most important to US
Grain Crop #1 #2 #3
Wheat Kansas North Dakota Montana
Corn Iowa Illinois Nebraska
Oats Wisconsin North Dakota Minnesota
Barley North Dakota Montana Idaho
Rice Arkansas California Louisiana
Rye Texas Georgia North Dakota
Grain Crops cont.Grain Crops cont.
Grain UseGrain Use
Primary used for human consumptionPrimary used for human consumption Also used as animal feed which Also used as animal feed which
intern is consumed by humansintern is consumed by humans CornCorn
Most versatile grainMost versatile grain Cattle, hogs, poultryCattle, hogs, poultry Humans – bread, chips, oilHumans – bread, chips, oil
Uses of Selected GrainsUses of Selected Grains
CornCorn Cooking oil, bread, breakfast cereal, livestock Cooking oil, bread, breakfast cereal, livestock
feed, fuel, cosmetics, medicinefeed, fuel, cosmetics, medicine WheatWheat
Bread, pasta, livestock feed, alcohol, Bread, pasta, livestock feed, alcohol, manufacturingmanufacturing
RiceRice Main meal, side dish, breakfast cerealMain meal, side dish, breakfast cereal
OatsOats Breakfast cereal, livestock feedBreakfast cereal, livestock feed
Uses of Selected Grain cont.Uses of Selected Grain cont.
BarleyBarley Malting, livestock feedMalting, livestock feed
RyeRye Bread, livestock feedBread, livestock feed
Grain sorghumGrain sorghum Livestock feedLivestock feed
Selecting Crops and VarietiesSelecting Crops and Varieties
Things to consider when selecting Things to consider when selecting grain crops to growgrain crops to grow ClimateClimate
Average weather condition over a long period Average weather condition over a long period of timeof time
A variety must be selected so that the crop A variety must be selected so that the crop can mature before it frostcan mature before it frost
Soil and WaterSoil and Water Must be within the range of the requirements Must be within the range of the requirements
of the crop to be grownof the crop to be grown Rice requires large amounts, wheat requires Rice requires large amounts, wheat requires
littlelittle
Selecting Crops cont.Selecting Crops cont.
Market Market Grain marketing includes all the processes Grain marketing includes all the processes
that connect the producer and the consumerthat connect the producer and the consumer The closer the producer is to the market the The closer the producer is to the market the
cheaper it is to producecheaper it is to produce TechnologyTechnology
Equipment, fertilizer, improved seed, pest Equipment, fertilizer, improved seed, pest controlcontrol
Personal skillsPersonal skills Knowledge/skill of the producerKnowledge/skill of the producer Skill level of available laborSkill level of available labor
Scientific Names of Selected CropsScientific Names of Selected Crops
Corn – Corn – Zea maysZea mays Oats – Oats – Avena sativaAvena sativa Rye – Rye – Secale cerealeSecale cereale Wheat – Wheat – Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivum Rice – Rice – Oryza sativaOryza sativa
Corn ProductionCorn Production
70 million acres planted each year in 70 million acres planted each year in USUS
750,000 acres planted to sweet corn750,000 acres planted to sweet corn Average corn yield in the US is 123 buAverage corn yield in the US is 123 bu Most corn grains are:Most corn grains are:
65% carbohydrates65% carbohydrates 10% protein10% protein 25% moisture, ash, other materials25% moisture, ash, other materials
Corn Production cont.Corn Production cont.
Dent corn – major type grown for grainDent corn – major type grown for grain So widely grown it is know as field cornSo widely grown it is know as field corn Grains are flat with indentation in the crownGrains are flat with indentation in the crown Livestock feed, human use and oil productsLivestock feed, human use and oil products
Flint corn – more rounded than dentFlint corn – more rounded than dent Shorter time to maturityShorter time to maturity Grown in Northern United StatesGrown in Northern United States
Floury corn – soft and first corn grown in Floury corn – soft and first corn grown in USUS
Corn Production cont.Corn Production cont.
Sweet corn – planted for human useSweet corn – planted for human use High sugar content and low starch High sugar content and low starch
contentcontent Popcorn – food that many people Popcorn – food that many people
enjoy as a snackenjoy as a snack Kernels are smaller than other cornKernels are smaller than other corn Each stalk may grow several earsEach stalk may grow several ears
Corn Production cont.Corn Production cont. VarietiesVarieties
Height 2 to 20 feet average is 6 to 8Height 2 to 20 feet average is 6 to 8 Maturity ranges from 50 days to 330 daysMaturity ranges from 50 days to 330 days Some good for silage other better for grainSome good for silage other better for grain
PlantingPlanting Occur after the threat of frostOccur after the threat of frost
February in southern TexasFebruary in southern Texas Mid-May in Northern StatesMid-May in Northern States
Ground temperature should be at least 50Ground temperature should be at least 50 Seeds should be planted about 2” deepSeeds should be planted about 2” deep
Corn Production cont.Corn Production cont. Degree Days Degree Days
Is a measure of the temperature Is a measure of the temperature requirements for best corn growthrequirements for best corn growth
Daily high + Daily low divided by 2 minus 50Daily high + Daily low divided by 2 minus 50 Ex. 80+60=140/2=70-50= 20 GDDEx. 80+60=140/2=70-50= 20 GDD
SeedbedSeedbed Corn is normally planted in 20 to 40 inch Corn is normally planted in 20 to 40 inch
rowsrows Normally 30 inch rowsNormally 30 inch rows
Plant population – is the number of seeds Plant population – is the number of seeds planted in a acre (24,000 to 32,000)planted in a acre (24,000 to 32,000)
Corn Production cont.Corn Production cont.
FertilizationFertilization Research has found that to produce 150 Research has found that to produce 150
bu corn you need to applybu corn you need to apply 170 lbs N170 lbs N 35 lbs P2O535 lbs P2O5 175 lbs K2O175 lbs K2O Soil pH 5.0 to 8.0Soil pH 5.0 to 8.0
Pest controlPest control Pest include weeds, insects, nematodesPest include weeds, insects, nematodes
Corn Production cont.Corn Production cont.
HarvestingHarvesting Starts when the kernel moisture is Starts when the kernel moisture is
between 20% and 28%between 20% and 28% Corn with more than 15.5% will need to Corn with more than 15.5% will need to
be dried artificiallybe dried artificially Should harvest to maximize yield if to Should harvest to maximize yield if to
late corn will fall and breaklate corn will fall and break
Wheat ProductionWheat Production
Types of wheatTypes of wheat Spring wheat – planted in the spring, Spring wheat – planted in the spring,
grows in the summer and matures in grows in the summer and matures in early fallearly fall
Winter wheat – planted in the fall, Winter wheat – planted in the fall, establishes itself over the winter and establishes itself over the winter and grows rapidly in the springgrows rapidly in the spring
ColorColor Red wheat and White wheatRed wheat and White wheat
Wheat Production cont.Wheat Production cont.
HardnessHardness Kernel hardness – is either soft or hardKernel hardness – is either soft or hard Hardness is determined by the endospermHardness is determined by the endosperm
VarietiesVarieties Selected on climate adaptations and yieldSelected on climate adaptations and yield Taller wheat sometimes goes down in windTaller wheat sometimes goes down in wind Selection determined on the harshness of Selection determined on the harshness of
winterwinter
Wheat Production cont.Wheat Production cont.
PlantingPlanting Important factorsImportant factors
Planting date - winter wheat normally Planting date - winter wheat normally planted in October in the northern statesplanted in October in the northern states
Seedbed preparation – most is planted in Seedbed preparation – most is planted in prepared seedbeds a lot like cornprepared seedbeds a lot like corn
Seeding rate and depth – normally seeded at Seeding rate and depth – normally seeded at 20 to 100 pounds per acre at a depth of 1 20 to 100 pounds per acre at a depth of 1 inch inch
Wheat Production cont.Wheat Production cont.
FertilizationFertilization A yield of 100 bu will normally requireA yield of 100 bu will normally require
120 lbs N120 lbs N 56 lbs P2O556 lbs P2O5 31 lbs K2O31 lbs K2O
Pest managementPest management Insects and diseases are particular problemsInsects and diseases are particular problems
HarvestingHarvesting Shattering is the point at which mature kernels Shattering is the point at which mature kernels
fall form the wheat headfall form the wheat head Preferred moisture is 12.5%Preferred moisture is 12.5%
Rice ProductionRice Production
Half of the worlds population Half of the worlds population depends on rice for fooddepends on rice for food Especially important in Asia and Especially important in Asia and
IndonesiaIndonesia Per acre yield averages about 5,534 Per acre yield averages about 5,534
poundspounds Grain length – why to classify rice Grain length – why to classify rice
kernelskernels Short, medium and longShort, medium and long
Rice Production cont.Rice Production cont.
Low-land riceLow-land rice Grown in large, flat fields that are Grown in large, flat fields that are
flooded by irrigationflooded by irrigation Up-land riceUp-land rice
Grown in small areas on hillsidesGrown in small areas on hillsides Seeding RiceSeeding Rice
Drilled into dry seed bedDrilled into dry seed bed Broadcast over dry seed bedBroadcast over dry seed bed Broadcast into standing waterBroadcast into standing water
Rice Production cont.Rice Production cont.
Seed populationSeed population 15 to 20 plants per square foot15 to 20 plants per square foot 653,000 to 871,000 per acre653,000 to 871,000 per acre
Water depthWater depth 2 to 4 inches deep2 to 4 inches deep If weeds are a problem water depth can If weeds are a problem water depth can
be increasedbe increased Water needs to be added to replace Water needs to be added to replace
amount lost of evaporationamount lost of evaporation
Barley ProductionBarley Production
One of the oldest known grain cropsOne of the oldest known grain crops Little is used in food Little is used in food
Some used for maltingSome used for malting Cattle feedCattle feed
Grain Grain Forage – primarily hayForage – primarily hay
Very similar to wheatVery similar to wheat
Oat ProductionOat Production
Declined in recent yearsDeclined in recent years Replacing horses with tractors is part Replacing horses with tractors is part
of the reasonof the reason Even with the decline US still leading Even with the decline US still leading
nationnation Planted in early spring in MichiganPlanted in early spring in Michigan
Rye ProductionRye Production
Is a cereal grain similar to oats and Is a cereal grain similar to oats and barleybarley
About half of all rye is used for grainAbout half of all rye is used for grain Rye grain has declined as Rye grain has declined as
preferences for white bread has preferences for white bread has increasesincreases
Planted in the fall like wheat in Planted in the fall like wheat in MichiganMichigan