GRADUATION TEST REVIEW

PEOPLE

• Explorer

• Looking for Northwest Passage

• Found West Indies (Caribbean Islands) and “New World”

• Columbian Exchange

•CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS

• Idea of “natural rights” “life, liberty, and property”– Inalienable Rights

• Ideas are used by Thomas Jefferson in Declaration of Independence– Thomas Jefferson’s use of his ideas of natural rights

• “life, liberty, and property” to “life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness”

– government derives its “just powers from the consent of the government”

– “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness”

• Endowed given• Unalienable basic rights that can not be taken away

•JOHN LOCKE

• Diplomat (Ambassador) to France

• Creates a great relationship with France

• Main reason France helps U.S. during American Revolution

•BEN FRANKLIN

• Led a rebellion in Virginia• first rebellion in American Colonies• poor whites and slaves joined together to go

against rich whites who were not protecting colonists from Native American raids

• Result– rich whites scared of poor whites and slaves joining

together– harsher laws towards Native Americans and slavery

•NATHANIEL BACON

– Wrote pamphlet called Common Sense• had themes of Enlightenment• Used every day, normal language “plain language”• Encouraged colonists to go against King • Wanted independence from Britain• Gave reasons why to break away

– economic money– Social people – Moral– People should have freedom

• people started reading and passing them around– more people started reading– more people started agree with his ideas

•THOMAS PAINE

• Philosopher

• Idea of separation of powers

• Idea was used in Constitution

•MONTESQUIEU

• French General who helped America during American Revolution

• Played a huge role in the strategy of winning at the Battle of Yorktown

•LAFAYETTE

– Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army• extraordinary leadership skills• reorganized army• secured additional equipment and supplies• started training soldiers to become a “professional

army”

•GEORGE WASHINGTON

• Crossing the Delaware” River• Washington surprise attacked British soldiers• Ga. DOE says it is “the turning point of the war”

– Proved Americans could fight as well as Europeans– Boosted morale

•BATTLE OF TRENTON

• British General Cornwallis surrenders George Washington

• French navy uses blockade on coast; Washington and French General Lafayette surrounds Cornwallis on land

• Geography of Lafayette, Washington, and Cornwallis

– Triangular trap

•BATTLE OF YORKTOWN

• British general who surrendered to Washington at the Battle of Yorktown to end American Revolution– French navy uses blockade on coast;

Washington and French General Lafayette surrounds him on land

• Triangular trap

•CORNWALLIS

• Leader of a rebellion in Massachusetts.

• Farmers who were in debt tried to obtain weapons

• Showed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation– especially the national govt. inability to tax

• Forced the government to change the constitution/Articles of Confederation

•DANIEL SHAYS

• George Washington’s Secretary of Treasury• Helped create political parties after Washington’s Farewell Address (after he

left office)• Was a Federalist wanted a strong national government and supported

the ratification of the Constitution• Helped write The Federalist

– Pamphlet written by Federalists (this man & James Madison) – explained what and how the Constitution would work– Informed citizens of the benefits of a union between states

• Development of political parties (this man, on the Federalist side)– Two party System

• Today – Democrats and Republicans• Early 1800’s

– Federalists» Want a strong central government

– Democratic-Republicans» later called Republicans» NO RELATION TO TODAY’S REPUBLICANS» Wanted strong state governments

•ALEXANDER HAMILTON

• Author of Constitution “father of the Constitution”

• Was a Federalist Wanted a strong central government

• Federalists wanted the Constitution • wrote Federalist Papers

– The Federalist• Pamphlet written by Federalists (Alexander Hamilton & this

man) • explained what and how the Constitution would work• Informed citizens of the benefits of a union between states

•JAMES MADISON

• 1st President• Everything he does sets the “tone/example” for others to follow -- he sets the precedent• Whiskey Rebellion

– Tax on whiskey that upset farmers; Farmers rebelled– 1st time American troops were used against American citizens

• French Revolution (Reign of Terror)– Rebellion against the French government

• France vs. France– France asks U.S. for help

• says no• Issues Proclamation of Neutrality

– U.S. is going to remain neutral (not get into it)• His reasons country is too young/new and poor

– Upset France due to their help in the American Revolution– Led to the rise of Napoleon taking over France

• Farewell Address– Sets precedent of serving 2 terms (everyone follows his lead except FDR in 1930s-1940s)– Gives two warnings

• Don’t break into political parties– Alexander Hamilton

• Don’t sign any permanent treaties to pull us into war

•GEORGE WASHINGTON

• Stayed neutral during issues with France– Proclamation of Neutrality

• XYZ Affair – Situation with France; bad relations with

France – development of a navy

•JOHN ADAMS

• Bought the Louisiana Purchase from France– France’s leader – Napoleon

•THOMAS JEFFERSON

• Explored the Louisiana Purchase

• Mainly traveled along rivers

• Wrote journals and came back with knowledge/experience/etc.

• Received help from Sacajawea• Explored Louisiana Purchase with help of

Sacagawea • Kept journals, logs, etc. – valuable knowledge

and information over land

•LEWIS AND CLARK

• Monroe Doctrine speech/letter sent to Europe – You stay out of North America and we’ll stay

out of Europe– If you come over here – war– Monroe Doctrine Speech/document made

by Pres. Monroe to Europe; “you stay out of our business and we’ll stay out of yours”; do not colonize in Americas

•JAMES MONROE

• Cotton gin• Mostly affected the South• Increased the need for slaves

• Interchangeable parts

•ELI WHITNEY

• Woman who spoke at the Seneca Falls Convention

• Encouraged and wanted women’s rights; mainly women’s suffrage– Suffrage the right to vote

• Did not get any

•ELIZABETH CADY STANTON

• Election of 1824 lost electoral college vote but won the popular vote– Democrats political party formed

• As President (from Ga DOE) – Expanding suffrage

• Suffrage right to vote• More white males are allowed to vote

– Rise of popular political culture• first Presidential campaign rallies and barbecues• first “mudslinging” of opponents• first use of posters, buttons, etc. for campaigns

– American nationalism• “The Common Man” President• Trail of Tears harsh journey forced upon Native Americans; sent to Oklahoma• Pet Banks state-owned banks• Spoils System process of putting friends and family in government positions• Time period afterwards Era of Good Feelings

•ANDREW JACKSON

• Abolitionist; white man

• Founder/author of the newspaper The Liberator

• Liberty = freedom

•WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON

• Abolitionist

• fugitive slave from Maryland

• gave speeches and wrote newspaper articles about life as a slave

•FREDERICK DOUGLASS

• Led the Nullification Crisis• Nullification Theory

– S.C. did not want to pay the tariff that had been put on goods; therefore, they said that since the states are sovereign (have supreme power), they should be able to nullify (void) the law

– S.C. said if the federal government didn’t take away the tariff – they would secede (leave the Union)

– State wording:• Shows the emergence of states’ rights ideology the idea

that the states should have more power than the national government

• Shows the development of sectionalism

•JOHN CALHOUN

• Court case

• moved to a northern, free state

• Question that he asked – isn’t he free because he is now living in a free state?

• Answer – NO

• Slavery is legal because slaves are property and the Constitution protects property

•DRED SCOTT

• Raid in Harper’s Ferry, Va.

• Abolitionist

• South saw it as an attempt to get rid of slavery by causing rebellions – got scared and started treating their slaves even harsher

•JOHN BROWN

• Won Election of 1860• Republican • Was NOT an abolitionist• Main goal: To Preserve the Union• Wanted to stop the spread of slavery; not end

slavery• President of the United States during Civil War• Helped pass the Emancipation Proclamation to

keep Britain from helping the Southern states

•ABRAHAM LINCOLN

• General for the Union during the Civil War

• Replaced General McClellan at the Battle of Antietam

•ULYSSES S. GRANT

• Confederate General

• Surrendered to General Grant at Appomattox to end the Civil War

•ROBERT E. LEE

• Confederate General

• GOT HIS NICKNAME AT THE BATTLE OF BULL RUN, WHEN HIS FORCES HELD THEIR GROUND IN THE MIDST OF CHAOS.

•STONEWALL JACKSON

• General Union during the Civil War

• “March to the Sea” or “March Through Georgia”– Burned Atlanta to Savannah– Destroyed large majority of Georgia and

especially city of Atlanta• Atlanta – last major railroad city for the South

•WILLIAM T. SHERMAN

• President of the Confederate States of America

•JEFFERSON DAVIS

• President after Abraham Lincoln dies• Reconstruction President• Impeachment

• continually removing executive officials• Congress passed a law stating President must get

permission to remove officials• He refused Congress impeached

– Impeach to formally charge a government official with a crime

• Relationship between Congress and President strained– Fewer laws passed

• Confidence of American citizen’s in government decreases• When he was impeached -- Slows the “rebuilding” of the

South

•ANDREW JOHNSON

• Monopoly of oil (controls all of the oil within the United States)

• Owner of Standard Oil Company• trust a group of companies that turned all their

stock over to a board of trustees• monopoly a corporation controls all the

production and sale of a single good – prices of good usually goes up

•JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER

• Founder of the American Federation of Labor (AFL)

• AFL is a labor union• goal: to use strikes (stop wages) to convince

employers to give workers– shorter work days– better working conditions– higher wages– greater control over how they carried out their

workplace responsibilities

•SAMUEL GOMPERS

• Wrote book called The Jungle– Describes disgusting conditions of a meat packing

plant• Exposed the federal oversight of the meat

packing industry (state wording)– Before book no federal laws regulating meat

production/distribution/etc.• Due to book – federal government gets involved

– After book Meat Inspection Act; Pure Food and Drug Act

– Meat Inspection Act– Pure Food and Drug Act

•UPTON SINCLAIR

• Muckraker– people who wrote about the muck/filth of

society or a specific societal problem

• Wrote about Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company

•IDA TARBELL

• woman who created a settlement house– Settlement house a place where

immigrants would learn English and trade skills

• Most famous settlement house Hull House

•JANE ADDAMS

• Before President– General in Spanish-American War

• Leader of the Rough Riders • Most famous battle – San Juan Hill

• As President– Builds the Panama Canal

• Canal through Panama to cut off long trade route from Atlantic Ocean to Pacific Ocean • Terrible conditions building the canal

– Roosevelt Corollary• Extends the Monroe Doctrine to the Latin America• Monroe Doctrine

– “Speech” to Europe– “you stay out of our business and we will stay out of yours”– If you do come to the Americas to colonize, we will consider it an act of war

• Roosevelt Corollary– Extension of the Monroe Doctrine– Teddy Roosevelt gives ‘speech’ to Europe

» Roosevelt tells Europe to not colonize in Latin America; if they do, the U.S. will consider it an act of war

» Protection of the Panama Canal

•TEDDY ROOSEVELT

• U.S. President during World War I – said the U.S. would remain neutral

• Gave speech at end of WWI called Fourteen Points– 14 main ideas (points) – Main idea League of nations

• League of Nations– Organization designed to avoid possible war– “A big meeting place” where countries send representatives to talk

about their issues and problems instead of automatically sending troops– The United States did not join the League of Nations

» Senate did not support due to the majority of the American people not supporting the idea

– League of Nations later changed to United Nations

•WOODROW WILSON

• Mass production– making a lot of a good in a shorter amount of time– developed by this man– more goods made in less time = cheaper price– cars made on an assembly line

• one person responsible for one job, then they pass on to another person

• Automobile– replaced horse– made on assembly line

• one person responsible for one job, then they pass on to another person

– Model T– low cost so more “common people” could afford

•HENRY FORD

• African American jazz musician who lived through Harlem Renaissance (1920s)

• Big jazz musician

• Trumpet player

•LOUIS ARMSTRONG

• African American poet who lived through the Harlem Renaissance (1920s)

• Poet

• Wrote about working-class African-Americans

•LANGSTON HUGHES

• President during the start of the Great Depression

• Blamed for the Great Depression– Hoovervilles

• Poor communities during the Great Depression• Named after President

– blamed for the Great Depression

• Shantytowns

•HERBERT HOOVER

• President elected during the Great Depression and WWII• Only President to serve more than 2 terms• Elected under the slogan “New Deal”

– New Deal• came from FDR’s speech “New Deal for American People”• FDR’s main goal was to put people to work (works programs)• created agencies (called works programs) for people to work

– works program» jobs created by government to put men to work while helping to build up

communities » built schools, bridges, roads, dams, etc.

• Main works program TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority)» Built dams and power stations (hydroelectric power)» Created flood control to the Tenn. River valley (southeast)» HUGE works program for Southeast» created hundreds of jobs

•FDR

– Allowed workers to create labor unions– Unions are now legal– created collective bargaining rights for workers

• collective bargaining talks between a business and a worker to try to come to a compromise

• laws from unfair labor practices, such as– intimidating workers

» attempting to keep workers from organizing unions» firing union members» unions could “bargain” for better wages and working

conditions» effect creation of more labor unions and more labor

union memberships

•WAGNER ACT

– Old-age insurance– Unemployment money– Aid for the disabled

•SOCIAL SECURITY

• Wife of President Franklin D. Roosevelt• Term/name given to President’s wife First Lady• changed the role of First Lady• First Lady used to be a the “typical wife” --- hosting parties, standing beside

her husband, a pretty face with a smile and wave; no political power or influence

• She was a HUGE supporter of social reform and humanitarian causes• Advocate (supporter) for

– Women’s Rights– Education– Labor unions– Equality among races, minorities and disadvantaged– Improving living conditions– Improving healthcare

• changed the world’s view towards women and their “role in politics”

•ELEANOR ROOSEVELT

• Communist political party in Russia

• Took control of Soviet Union (1917)

• Leader – Vladimir Lenin and then Joseph Stalin (WWII)

• Violent group

• Their violent take over in Russia created the Red Scare in the United States (1920s)

• U.S. General sent to Japan after World War II to help them rebuild

• Establishes Japan’s government as a democracy

•DOUGLAS MACARTHUR

•BOLSHEVIKS

• Leader of the Russian Revolution (1917)

• Leader of Bolshevik political party that took control of Russian government

• After his death – Joseph Stalin will take control of Bolsheviks

•VLADIMIR LENIN

• Dictator of Soviet Union during World War II

• Leader of the Bolshevik political party– Took over after Lenin died

•JOSEPH STALIN

• Dictator of Italy during World War II

• Part of Axis countries in World War II

• Created Fascism government • Country ruled by government government ruled

by a political party political party ruled by dictator

•BENITO MUSSOLINI

• Dictator of Germany during World War II

• Invaded Poland to start World War II (1939)

• Leader of Nazi Party

• Responsible for Holocaust

•ADOLF HITLER

• dictator of Japan during World War II

•HIROHITO

• Britain’s Prime Minister during World War II

• Gave “Iron Curtain” speech

•WINSTON CHURCHILL

• In charge of carrying out the Marshall Plan

• Marshall Plan The act of giving money to smaller countries in Europe and Asia to “fight” off communism

•GEORGE MARSHALL

• U.S. President at the end of World War II– Made decision to drop atomic bombs on Nagasaki and

Hiroshima• Integrated the military

– Integrate to bring together– Whites and blacks would fight together in the military instead of

having one group of black soldiers and another white• The Truman Doctrine• Speech to smaller countries in Europe and Asia stating

that the U.S. will help them “fight” off communism• a “speech” or statement that the U.S. will give military

(army) and financial (money) aid to European countries to prevent spread of communism

• the actual giving of money is called the Marshall Plan

•HARRY TRUMAN

• U.S. Senator who accuses government officials of being communist

• He has no proof and does not give specific names

• Creates Red Scare in 1950s

•JOSEPH MCCARTHY

• Civil Rights leader during the 1950s and mainly 1960s– Believed in:

• Civil Disobedience– non-violent, passive methods– was influenced by India’s Gandhi

• ending racial segregation • wanted all races to be equal

– Letter from Birmingham Jail• Addressed fears of whites that he was moving to fast • Explained why black victims could not wait for the “injustices” to end

– I Have a Dream Speech• 250,000 people at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C.• Asked for peace and racial harmony

•MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.

• wrote book called Silent Spring– Pesticides harmful for human consumption

• Helped start modern environmentalist movement

•RACHEL CARSON

• Founder of modern day political science• Political science = government

• Renaissance• wrote the book The Prince

– “The end justifies the means”: “It is better to be feared than loved”

– (This book basically gave man advice on how to become a ruler and how to rule effectively through force!)

•MACHIAVELLI

• The Renaissance Man

• Painted Mona Lisa and the Last Supper

•LEONARDO DA VINCI

• Painted the Sistine Chapel

• Sculpted the Pieta

•MICHELANGELO

• Father of Humanism

• Humanism belief that every person has worth and dignity and can tell the difference between right and wrong

• Renaissance time period

•PETRARCH

• “Father of the Italian Language” or “Father of Vernacular Language” – Vernacular = modern form of slang

• His Italian language is today’s common Italian language

• Wrote book called the Inferno describes different levels of hell

•DANTE

• Wrote Praise of Folly• felt that the Church was corrupt • Church should abandon “ceremony” and return

to the simple message of Christ• Ridiculed ignorance, superstition, and vices

among Christians• Translated another version of the church’s Bible• translated the first non-Latin Bible (1516)• this greatly impacted the Protestant Reformation

•ERASMUS

• posted 95 Thesis on Roman Catholic Church doors

• started the Protestant Reformation in mainland Europe (Germany)

• John Calvin “broke away” from Luther’s main teachings

•MARTIN LUTHER

• believed in Lutherism but added his idea of predestination

• predestination the idea that God determine whether someone was going to go to heaven or hell before they were born

•JOHN CALVIN

• leader of the Protestant Reformation in England

• wanted a divorce Roman Catholic Church wouldn’t allow it

• He “broke away” from Roman Catholic Church and formed the Anglican Church (also known as the Church of England)

•HENRY VIII

• - group of males who were Roman Catholic

• - missionaries people who try to convert non-believers to believers

• - started in Europe (1534)

•JESUITS

• Virgin Queen

• Longest rule in British history

• Began the “Elizabethan Era” (supporting fine arts-Shakespeare)

• Fought and defeated the Spanish Armada-opening the way for England to colonize the New World!

•ELIZABETH I

• Created the printing press in 1450

• Printing press increased literacy and decreased the price of books

• First printed book – the Bible

•GUTENBERG

• Explorer

• First to go to India and back

• First to go around Africa to get to India

•VASCO DA GAMA

• Explorer

• Looking for Northwest Passage

• Found West Indies (Caribbean Islands) and “New World”

• Columbian Exchange

•CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS

• Explorer

• First to circumnavigate the globe

• Considered to be first to sail around the world

•MAGELLAN

• Explorer First to explore Canada

•SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN

• heliocentric theory the idea that the SUN was the center of the universe

•COPERNICUS

• proved Copernicus right

• Invented telescope

•GALILEO

• Scientific Revolution

• Ideas:– Planetary motion (how planets move) – Optics (vision)

• Eyeglasses for far and near sightedness

– First to explain the principles of how a telescope works

– Calculus

•KEPLER

• idea of gravity

• Newton’s Three Laws of physics

•SIR ISAAC NEWTON

• Idea of “natural rights” “life, liberty, and property”– Inalienable Rights

• Ideas are used by Thomas Jefferson in Declaration of Independence

– Natural Rights» “life, liberty, and property”

•WRITINGS OF JOHN LOCKE

• idea of popular sovereignty– people control the government (their vote tells

the government what to do)

•WRITINGS OF ROUSSEAU

• Dictator of France

• Took control during Reign of Terror

•NAPOLEON

• last ruling dynasty in Russia before being overthrown by Bolsheviks (1917)

• last czar (Russia’s emperor/leader)

•ROMANOV DYNASTY

• longest ruling family of Europe

• controlled the Holy Roman Empire

• Major Hapsburg person – Archduke Franz Ferdinand (shot to start WWI)

•HAPSBURG DYNASTY

• political party that took control of Soviet Union (1917)

• Leader – Vladimir Lenin and then Joseph Stalin (WWII)

• Communist rule in Soviet Union

•BOLSHEVIKS

• leader of Indian Independence movement from Britain

• promotes Civil Disobedience

•GANDHI

• communist leader of China after World War II– impact of the new communist regime in China

• Formed after WWII (Chinese Civil War – Mao Zedong) • Communists’ leader Mao Zedong• Nationalists (democracy) leader Chiang Kai Shek • China helped North Korea in the Korean War• Pushed back Americans who were helping South Korea

•MAO ZEDONG

– impact of the new communist regime in China

• Formed after WWII (Chinese Civil War – Mao Zedong)

• Communists’ leader Mao Zedong• Nationalists (democracy) leader Chiang Kai

Shek • China helped North Korea in the Korean War• Pushed back Americans who were helping South

Korea

•CHIANG KAI SHEK