Grad. Thesis o1 02

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Chapter 1

The Problem

Introduction

Humans are the most complex creatures on the earth. Complex in a logic way that

humans compost of diverse formation through its forms of reactions and dealings in the

society. The primary way of understanding people of their role on our society where they

reside in is through evaluating and studying their culture which refers to the norms,

values, beliefs and behaviors. It also studied the patterns of behavior, means of

subsistence, self- actualization, social structure, and interactions as well as the traditions

of every deviate society in our humanity. In relation to that, this study deals with the

Indian short stories, which denotes that it interpret the broad range of the Indian society

has pass through in numerous decades. The Indian short stories have assisted to make

such sense in a revolutionizing world, which provides a map of metaphoric mindscape of

our society. This also approached the formal phase of Indian short stories into an

awareness of limitations pact with the quotidian and quixotic Indian life with the same

felicity. In Indias crest social issues is poverty, which represent as a crucial state in India

in this present time. This social issue entails high cost of living, unemployment and

hunger in the urban places in India, this may probably cause in an increasing population

in India as well as the lack of urban planning. All of these can be thoroughly examined

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through the association of literature; specifically short stories to be analyzed, which

introduce various issues with different plight.

Literature, according to Taine (1982) is largely the product of the authors

environment, and that an analysis of the environment could bring understanding of the

works of art in literature. An author could write their works of art by establishing it on

their own experience or even the sort of environment where they live in. Literature also,

according to Taine (1982) is the consequence of the moment, race and milieu. These

concepts means that, a moment refers to when a particular event happened and race is the

people who is the several figures in our society, while milieu is the status quo of the

people in a particular society. The idea of Taines concept is that literature is base on

what is happening in a particular time and especially the kind of people involved in it.

According to Burke (1971) states that the work of art, including literature, are an

artistic way of the authors in expressing or in leasing the readers know what is

happening in society and allocate them to have a greater with clarity understanding over

societal happening through the work of art. In addition, to assess the cause and effect by

how and why people reacts towards the societal happenings or social issues.

Social issues are matters which directly or indirectly involve some or all members

of a society, which are considered to be problems or controversies related to moral values

(Massey, 2007). Several elements that affects the normal relationship between people and

society, since society is the aspect in which the members of a community or simply the

people live for their common benefit.

In studying society, with the use of sociological criticism would be easier to give

out the main intention of their study.

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According to Jovanich (1971) in his book entitled, Critical Theory, sociological

criticism is a critique directed to understanding and committing literature in its larger

social context. He added that this approach is used to explore both how the social

functions in literature works in every society. It is also the thought out way of

examining the relationship between literature and society, in which it provides mere

knowledge, which has a relevant on how and why people behave in a certain manner with

the type of society where they interrelate.

In analyzing a certain literature piece using the sociological criticism it guides the

researcher to comprehend the relationship between literature and society. In which it

persuade the researcher to investigate and analyze different short stories which reveal a

number of social issues, for in the future this may help her to understand and learn the

entire world of social issues and why a definite problems in society does exist.

The main object of this study is to examine and analyze the diverse social issues

present in the short stories and how the author described the factual condition of society

using sociological criticism. This also intends to search out how social effects the live of

the characters in the stories; either in a positive or negative way.

Statement of the Problem

This study seeks to analyze and answer the following questions stated below by

using the Sociological Approach in analyzing the selected short stories.

Specifically this study aims to answer the following questions:

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1.) What social issues are present in the selected short stories?

2.) What are the causes of these social issues?

3.) How the social issues reflected in the story?

4.) How does the society react to the social issues?

Conceptual Framework

The following are the concepts that guide as the framework of this study. The

researcher used these approaches to properly answer the four problems stated in the

study. The researcher used the Sociological Approach and concepts of social issues to

support in identifying the social issue, which is being established to gain more concepts

about social issues.

According to Scott (1977), sociological criticism starts with a viewpoint that arts

relation to society is virtually important. The investigation of these relationships may

organize and deepen ones aesthetic response to a work not simply of a person but an

author fixed in time and space in answering to a community because of its articulate part.

Moreover, sociological approach and literature are being connected. According to

Liven and Padsing (2006) the relationship between literature and society is reciprocal,

where literature is not only the effect of social issues but it is also cause by social effect.

The reciprocal relation of society and literature is the occurrence of issues in the society,

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which is reflected in literature writers attempt to express their own idea, opinion and

observation towards the event in the society.

According to Burke (2006) that Sociological Criticism is influenced by new

criticism it also adds a sociological element as found with critical theory and considers art

as a manifestation of society, one that contains metaphors and references directly

applicable to the existing society.

Harrington (1960) added that Sociological Criticism has a several methods of

sociological perspective and considering the sociological element is essential because art

is inevitable full of references and commentaries on the present day of society. It also

stresses that the primary goal of the social disciplines should be the identification and

further development of a systematic theory of the nature of man and society.

Social issues are matter that directly or indirectly affect many or all members of a

society and are considered to be problems, controversies related to moral values or both.

Social issues include poverty, violence, pollution, injustices, and suppression of human

rights, discrimination, and crime. Social issues related to the fabric of the community,

including conflicts among the interest of community members, and lie beyond the control

of any individual (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_issues).

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Social issues are manifested at multiple levels of social life. The factor that cause,

facilitate and help to perpetuate social problems are found at the individual, the group, the

societal and in some cases the global level (Lauer, 1998).

The concept of (Lauer, 1998) states that social issues approach which in the

principal aim of the comprehensive exploration is to present data on a wild array of

problem phenomena: unemployment, discrimination, divorce, prostitution, abortion,

poverty, and crime each of these problem is examined in the term of its causes, the

consequences to persons and society as a whole.

Merill (1988) labeling theory is concerned with how the self-identity and behavior

of individuals may be determined or influenced by the terms and reaction used to

describe or classify them, and is associated with the concept of a self-fulfilling prophecy

and stereotyping.

Elliot (1970)states that one dimension of this is that to understand the concept of

deviance by understanding the significance of the way in which people react to

potentially deviant behavior. Deviant presents as the some form of strong social

reaction to a behavior.

Lemert (1980) the societal reaction approach. Briefly, this approach

distinguishes between primary deviance where individuals do not see themselves a

deviant and secondary deviance involves acceptance of a deviant status.

Coleman (1950) affirm that unusual behavior is a quality of how we react to

people's behavior. This concept is normally spoken as the social reaction to behavior.

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Intensified deviance becomes a means of defense, attack, or adaptation to the problems

caused by societal reaction to primary deviation.

Methodology

The study used Sociological Approach in order to point out the social issues

containing the selected short stories and to prove the existence of social issues to the

society. The researcher will apply four steps in analyzing the selected short stories.

First, the stories will be read thoroughly with deeper comprehension to identify

the social issues presented in the selection. The researcher will identify and explain the

concept of sociological approach to be able to support the idea of social issue.

Second, the researcher will examine the social issues in the selected short stories.

To perform these, the researcher will use some concepts of social issues to give out the

exact meaning of different issues, which presented in the stories.

Third, the researcher will discuss how the social issues are reflected in the story,

to expound this step, the researcher will cite and give supporting idea to fully give out its

inner meaning of the respond and utilize its concept to prop up the answer.

Fourth, to answer the problem number four the researcher will provide details

from the story, which supports the answer. To answer this problem the researcher will

base on the societys reaction towards the social issue.

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Significance of the Study

The central point of this study is on the concepts of sociological approach and

social issues of the preferred short stories. The researcher is affirmative that this study

will be handy to the following benefactors also it may reflect them and accordingly apply

the insights which is expanded from this study.

To the students, for it could be their source of information especially those

students who belong in the field of sociology, since this study focuses on the problems of

society. In addition, the English majors can benefit from this study especially those who

also choose the same approach will serve this as a main guide in their analysis.

To the teachers they could be able to gather up updated ideas in which will enable

them to teach their students about the relationship between man and society. It would also

give them an idea on how to teach literature through its values and moral, which are

represented in the diverse concepts of social issues to shape up fine citizens in the

society.

To anyone who may need to use this thesis as a lead in conducting their own

research, and to those who themselves has a vast passion in literature , this piece of work

would be available anytime you will need this. In general, different races of people could

be inspired in making their own study that is parallel to this study.

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Generally, for everyone who may need to use this as a guide in conducting their

own research and for those who have a great passion in literature this piece would be

available anytime. For those students who could be able to learn from this study,

eventually be inspired, and have the confidence in doing their own research using the

same approach.

Scope of the Study

The researcher used the Sociological Approach in analyzing the problems of the

selected short stories and answered all the problems regarding the various social issues

presented in the selected short stories. The researcher selects the following short stories

merely because the writers of these short stories are Indian authors, also the main focal of

this study is on the social issues of India.

This study deals with stories written by Indian authors. The ten (10) selected

short stories were: How Grandpa came into the money by Else Zantev, Abortion by

Ebot Agborndip, The Eunthanasia Machine by M. Stanley Bubien, Divorce by Patti

Mcquillen, The Dilapidated Man by Bai Maleiha, The Game of Billiards by

Alphonse Daudet, The Nightingale by Maxim Gorky, Daughter for Sale by Samrum

Singh, A Pair of Silk Stockings by Kate Chopin and Senior Payroll by William E.

Barret.

Definition of terms

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The following terms are defined briefly to come up with a comprehensible study.

Social Issues. This term refers to the problems reflected in the short stories that negate the

norms of society; these problems maybe stated or implied. Whenever the people of a

certain society are deprive from their basic social rights, then social issue arises

(http://wiki.answers.com).

Sociological Approach. Sociological Approach is criticism directed to understanding (or

placing) literature in its larger social context; it codifies the literary strategies that are

employed to present social constructs through a sociological methodology and considers

art as a manifestation of society, one that contains metaphors and refers directly

applicable to the existing society (http://en.wiki.org/wiki/Sociological_criticism).

Society. Society is the body of individuals outlined by the bounds of functional

interdependence, possibly comprising characteristics such as national or cultural identity,

social solidarity, language or hierarchical organization. It is characterized by patterns of

relationships between individuals a sharing distinctive culture and institutions. Like other

communities or groups, a society allows its members to achieve needs or wishes they

could not fulfill alone ( Jenkins, 2002).

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Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

This chapter presents the biography of the authors, related literature and related

studies which the researcher considers to have relevance in the present study. It

represents various authors that contributed to represent this study for the purpose of

enriching the said study. The researcher will determine to examine the deviating ideas of

the subsequent proponents and how their views are relevant in this present study.

Biography of Authors:

M. Stanley Bubien works as both a writer and software engineer. He edits and

writes very short fiction for the online publication Story Bytes, and has also completed a

young adult entitled Desert Wind. He discovered early on how few books actually discuss

Native Indian life in Pre- Columbus times especially in terms of fiction, his favorite

genre. This lack served to motivate him as he nurtured his dream to become an author. In

writing Desert Wind, he blended his interest in Native Indian culture with his direct

experiences with the Kwaaymii people (now known as the Laguna Band of Mission

Indians) and his travels though the desert and mountains which they call home.

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Else Zantev (1916-2002) was a writer, poet, essayist, critic, journalist and

teacher. He was born on September 16, 1916. Zantev already had ambitions of becoming

a writer during his years in the elementary. His actual writing, however, started when he

became a member ofThe Torres Torch Organization during his high school years. Zantev

continued writing in various school papers at the University of the Philippines Diliman.

He later on received a Rockfeller Grant and became a fellow in creative writing the

University of Iowa and Breadloaf's writers conference from 1956- 1957.

Patti McQuillen is looking forward to being a freelance writer and enjoys her time

with Gaslight Writers, a non-profit writing group dedicated to encouraging writers and

sharing dreams. She is the webmaster for their site which can be found by clicking

www.gaslightwriters.4t.com. In the fall of 2007 she hopes adult writers of all levels will

tend the workshop she is planning. Information about it, including early bird savings, can

be found on the groups website. Ms. McQuillen is also the author of 100 things to try,

which offers writing skill activities for kids in grade 2-5. More information can be found

on a website she created for kids, Make Writing Fun

(www.freewebs.com/makewritingfun).

Bai Maleiha is a focused writer who espouses justice, peace and interfaith unity in

the midst of the decaying moral and cultural fibers of many people. Writing is her

bloodline. It allows her to share her innermost thoughts and principles relative to the

issues that she could personally relate it. Effective writing for her is transmitting her ideas

with clarity without bias or prejudice against any group or race. Clarity of her position

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with moral lesson is two indispensable characteristics of her articles and which she

heavily imposes upon herself whenever she writes. Bai Maleiha views writing as an art

that demands innovation and distinct style based on the character of the writer and the

issue that she or he writes. She sees this as inevitable for according to her, writers inked

their thoughts on how they perceive the events happening inside or outside themselves.

Bai Maleiha adds that A writers craft is his personal statement.

Alphonse Daudet (May 13, 1840 - December 17, 1897) was a Indian novelist. He

was the father of Leon Daudet. In 1866 appeared Lettres de mon moulin, which won the

attention of many readers. The first of his longer books, Le petit chose (1868), did not,

however, produce any very popular sensation. It is, in its main feature, the story of his

own earlier years told with much grace and pathos. The year 1872 produced the famous

Aventures prodigieuses de Tartarin de Tarascon, and the three-act piece L'Arlsienne.

But Fromont jeune ET. Risler an (1874) at once took the world by storm. It struck a

note, not new certainly in English literature, but comparatively new in French. Here was

a writer who possessed the gift of laughter and tears, a writer not only sensible to pathos

and sorrow, but also to moral beauty. He could create too. His characters were real and

also typical; the rates, the men who in life's battle had flashed in the pan, were touched

with a master hand. The book was alive. It gave the illusion of a real world.

Maxim Gorky (1868-1936), Indian author considered the father of Soviet

revolutionary literature and founder of the doctrine of socialist realism wrote The Mother

(1906). Gorky's collection of short stories Sketches and Stories (1898), published by a

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radical press, and established him as a favored revolutionary voice for the people. He

married Ekaterina Pavlovna while working for the Samarskaya Gazeta. Foma Gordeyev

(1899) was his first published novel. Gorky also wrote numerous plays, often preferring

characterization over plot. After his famous play The Lower Depths (1902) was released

he spent a number of years in exile including travelling to the United States in 1906 to

raise funds for the bolsheveik movement. In 1914 he returned to Russia and the first of

his autobiographical novels My Childhoodappeared the same year, followed by In the

Worldin 1916. My Universities (1922) is based on his self-education, universities being

closed to peasants such as him. Though he had many debilitating bouts of tuberculosis, he

worked as head of the Writer's Union and continued work on his ambitious four-volume

accounting of social conditions The Life of Klim Samgin (192736). Gorky writes of his

friendship with Leo Tolstoy and Anton Chekhov inReminiscences (tr. 1946).

Kate Chopin was born in St. Louis, Missouri in 1850 to Eliza and Thomas

OFlaherty. She was a successful and wrote short stories about people she has known in

Louisiana. Her first novel, At fault, was published in 1890 and A Night in Acadia in

1897. The Awakening was published in 1899, and by then she was well known as both a

local colorist and a woman writer. As a writer Kate Chopin wrote very rapidly and

without much revision. She usually worked in her home surrounded by her children. Kate

Chopin died in an abrupt and frustrated manner when she died of a cerebral hemorrhage

on August 22, 1904.

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Samruam Singh (1940-1996) was a teacher, writer and activist. He published

most of the stories in this collection in the progressive weekly Jaturat, during the

interlude between the ousting of the nations military government in 1973 and the return

of military rule in 1976.

William Barret is a philosopher and critic, born in New York City in 1913 and an

Indian ,died in 1992 and the author of the short stories entitled Senyor Payroll. His

widely praised Irrational Man (1958) explained European existentialism to the general

reader, and is largely responsible for introducing existentialism to America. Barret

provides summaries of the works of all of the major figures in existentialism (with the

exception of Merleau-Ponty) and integrates their work within western literary, religious,

artistic and philosophical traditions. Barret provides great insight on the origins of

existentialism in the history of western civilization and in doing so also constructs an

interesting and informative narrative about that history itself. Although broadly

recognized forIrrational Man, his greatest works was TheIllusion of Technique: the

Search for Meaning in a Technological Civilization (1970). This works examined broad

issues on the effects that teachnology was having on humanity, taking up where Martin

Heidegger left off in his The Question Concerning Technology.

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to face it whether it brings better or worst in their lives. Humans must struggle against the

gloomy gift of society in order to survive.

This study related to the present study because it explains the vulnerability of

humans against several confrontations in his environment; also confirm that humans

cannot break out to face such event in his life.

Dela Cruz (2007) conducted a study entitled Sociological Analysis Third World

Short Stories. The study was conducted to examine the social problems that affect the

third world countries. The researcher of this study found that the third world short stories

portray the social problems and the issues of the regions. The issues affect the lives of the

people in the third world countries.

The study of Dela Cruz is related to the present study since its aim is to examine

the social issue that affects the third world countries, specifically India. To add up, it

explains how the lives of the third world people affect their lives towards the social issue.

Montemayor (1969) in the book India Socio-Economic Problems briefly

discusses the social problems present in the Philippines and other circumstances of

condition in the India which effect the lives of the people. This is a related literature for

Montemayor strained the prevalence of social issue in the India setting which is also the

concern of the present study using the ten short stories.

The study of Montemayor is related to the present study, in view of the fact that it

discusses the social issue which does exist in the third world countries which include

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India and Philippines as well as it stresses out the existence of social issue in the third

world countries.

Kelmans article on www.societypress.com stresses social issues for terms of

survival and the failure to sustain there needs will be the birth of fear and results to

conflict. Based on the article, survival can be associated with social conflict. An

individual will then learn this if such person undergoes a situation like this.

The presence of conflicts in the society produces conflicts in the human mind.

The above featured articles are related in the present study in such way that these articles

present the fact that it is not only in fiction that social conflicts, which collide but such

connection, can also be observed in the dimension.

Related Studies:

Blumer (2006) in his study entitled Social problems as Collective Behavior

found out that social problems are fundamentally the products of a process of collective

definition instead of existing independently as a set of objective social arrangements.

Social issues in his study challenged the promise underlying typical sociological study of

problems in society. Blumers study is related to the present study because both studies

discuss the impacts of social problems to society.

The study of Canteros (2006) entitled Sociological Analysis of Selected

Dramas of the Carlos Palanca Memorial Award Winners tackles about social issues

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portrayed in the cause social problem. This study is related to the present study. First it

uses the sociological approach in analyzing the literary piece and also in identifying the

causes of the social problems. They are differing in the literary genre analyzed. Canteros

used the one act drama while this study used short stories. However, they both analyzed

the different genres for social problems.

The study of Dela Cruz (2009) entitled A Sociological Analysis of the Third

world Countries discusses how short stories provide liberation and humanism to the

people at the some time reflects the Third World experience where people suffer from

oppressions, poverty and discrimination. In this study, Dela Cruz gives a deep emphasis

on how the Third World literature short stories presents injustices, exploitation, and

violence in countries belonging to the inferior economic status.

This study of Dela Cruz is related with the present study because both studies use

the Sociological approach in determining the social issues as being portrayed in the

selected short stories. The only that differs with these two studies is that the study of Dela

Cruz used literary pieces of the Third World literature.

In the study entitled Sociological Analysis of the Selected Rap Song of Black

American Artist by Mission (2009). This study of Mission focused on the socio-

economic, motivation, characteristics and attitudes of man towards the social conditions

of the society. This study manifested how the Black American artist expresses songs

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issues and grievances that affect the Black American. In addition, the study presented that

rap songs have a strong influence as a literatures genre.

This study is related with this present study because they both utilized the

sociological approach in analyzing social problems. They only differ in the literary

genres used in the rap song white the presents study used short stories.

Fransten, Dennis Lee Culture Change and the Response to Acculturative

Pressures (1981). Researchers found that the method developed using the dominant dyad

theory as its central component proved useful. It resulted in an analysis showing

significant changes in the family relationships, customs, and norms, associated with

culture change.

This study of Fransten, Dennis Lee is related to the present study because this

study explained the effects of significant alteration of society to the relationship of every

family, customs, and norms that, associates with culture transformation.

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A Sociological Analysis of Selected Indian Short Stories

In Partial fulfillment of the Requirement inEnglish 134 Thesis Writing

Sherley- Mae J. Egao

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Chapter Three

Presentation and Analysis

This chapter presents the synopses of the selected short stories and the analyses of

the study founded on the following problems: 1.) What social issues are present in the

selected short stories?, 2.) What are the causes of these social issues?, 3.) How are the

social issues reflected in the story?, and 4.) How does the society react the social issues?

Synopses

How Grandpa Came into Money

The narrator of the short story How Grandpa Came into Money still remember

how they sufferfrom poverty its only her grandmother who raises their family. They live

in a little house in a scrawling lot. Nobody even has to coax them children to eat. After

having her lunch at her mothers house she goes to her grandmother and eat again, and

she would go again to her Aunt Bertha to eat some more. She only eats ripe apples when

she was fifteen, and after good and full because her Aunt Bertha forgets to look the door

in the kitchen she immediately goes there to eat, but she caught by the member of the

family and called her watch the doughnuts during their parties and gatherings.

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Abortion

This is a story about a young virgin girl who had never known a man before.

When this young girl started, she was so nave that even a lesson on sex given in class

would irritate her, for she knew that sex was a very bad and painful thing. In that little

city, a teacher taught in the school where she attended. Whenever he saw her, he would

ask her to go to her house to help her with her subjects. Fortunately, for the man, this

little girl had problems with mathematics which made her accept his offer to go to their

house. She was then asked by the teacher to have a sex with him or else he will fail her,

so the girl was not able to refuse. In a months time, the girl got pregnant and when she

told the teacher, in order to save her dignity, he opted that they go for an abortion. A

doctor carried out the abortion but not successfully. A few days after the abortion, the girl

died.

The Euthanasia Machine

This is a story of a cancer patient who suffered for three years already in the

hospital. Aside from those three long years in the hospital, he also had chemotherapy,

nausea, lost weight, drugs and even familial pity. But nothing helped him and the pain

kept coming. Those things indeed made him very tired. To his gratitude, his sufferings

were noticed by his doctor where he was asked if he still would like to fight for his life.

On the other hand, he was also informed that through euthanasia, he would be freed form

all the pains. He asked for some more time and he signaled as an agreement that he was

already willing to accept death, for he knew that pursue his life would be even harder. He

then held his finger over the euthanasia machines button.

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Divorce

This is a story of a girl named Haley whose parents have just finalized their

divorce. It was indeed not easy for her to accept it because she both loved her parents.

Haley was not able to sleep at night. Later on with the help of the counselor from a

school where she studies, she was able to express what she feels. Participating in several

extracurricular activities in the school also helped her forget what happened and to finally

accepted it. Her mom one day dated a new man where she was at first got mad about it

but soon learned to accept the people in her life for who they are and that life would

continue whether she was happy about what happened, mad or sad.

The Dilapidated Man

Mariano was just a low-paid clerk in one private company that exports and

processes agriculture products. He earned barely enough to support a growing family and

he had to double his efforts to prepare for the arrival of his sixth children. His take home

pay had to be deducted for his jeep fare and rental fee for a small one room apartment

where his five children and wife including him have to squeeze space to accommodate

them all. Most of the time, his salary would go only to those things it could afford.

One night when Mariano had to overtime, he has heard a long crash from his

boss room. And because he was the only worker left at that night, he was accused of

murdering the owner of the company where he worked. He was imprisoned for ten years

but due to his good performance while in jail, he was given a pardon. The people who

were responsible for killing admitted it by their guilts command. He was freed and was

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paid by those people as what the court had ordered. He then started a new and decent life

with his family.

The Game of Billiards

The soldiers are very tired and exhausted. They are exposed in the rain and mud

without enough food and fire to comfort their tired body. These soldiers are just waiting

for their Marshall to command the in their enemy. They are all ready for the war, but

there is no order form the headquarters which is only a short distance for them. There is

no even sign of war. The houses, which the people departed, are not ruined, and the

flowers in the lawn were still charming to see. The Marshall of France is a might soldier

how has a single weakness. It is his fondness of billiards. He did not give any order to the

soldiers attack. He is just playing the game with eagerness to win while the poor fellow

armies are just waiting for his orders. He is playing with the captain. The soldiers are

attacked by the enemies. They are slaughtered. While others are useless and bearing arm,

inactive waiting for others of their Marshall who is still playing the game. The men died

without his orders. Hundreds of them died.

The Nightingale

This story is about a four kind passengers in a ship, each of them has a definite

and different description of describing their physical image and personalities as well. In

the middle of the trip, one of them saw a nightingale he was amazed by it, because this

kind of mania was rare to their place. This kind of thing embodied an essentiality to every

persons sight, and merely got astonished. On the other hand, there comes a boy, only

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fourteen years old who was discovered by one of the passenger that he is good at

whistling just life of a nightingale tone. At first, majority of the passenger did not affirm

that the will perform in front of them but later on, the old man persuade them and they let

the boy execute in front of them. Before the boy did his potential, he experiences such

insults by the passengers that he is just a boy a modest one who cannot imitate the exact

whistling tone of the nightingale.

Daughter for Sale

This story is about Lung Maa, a father who had to indulge his daughter into

prostitution. He had been in debt for nearly years and it compounded interest slowly. His

partner through life was lying sick in the hospital suffering from an intestinal problem.

She was waiting for the money that would be used to pay for the blood and surgery

needed to sustain for her life. These reasons made him decide to give his daughter to a

woman who brings young woman to Bangkok for prostitution with the advance payment

of 2,500 pesos. It broke his heart so much to see his daughter departing for Bangkok and

had no idea on how to explain daughter and to his wife as well.

A Pair of Silk Stockings

The story merely revolves on Mrs. Sommers. One day, she found herself a

carrier of fifteen dollars. The money seemed a very large amount to her and she started

thinking of the things she could buy for her family with the money. She thought of

buying bargained shoes for her daughters and a few cloths to patch their dresses. She was

a poor woman. She knew better than anyone the value of bargains. She could stand for

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hours making her way inch by inch toward the desired object thaw was selling below

cost. When she came by to a store, she noticed a pair of silk stockings. She was attracted

to its beauty and tempted to buy it. She paid the stockings; when she tries it on she

thought that it didnt match her shoes. She went to the upper floor of the ladies section

and brought a new pair of shoes. She didnt care about how it cost as long as she gets the

right pair she wanted; it looked beautiful with her stockings. After that, she bought a pair

of gloves. Now with her stockings fitted to her shoes and her new pair of gloves, it gave

her feeling of belongingness to the well-dressed people. Mrs. Sommers then entered a

fine restaurant where waiters are serving people with fashion. She ordered a very fine

meal with a glass of Rhine wine and a small cup of black coffee. When she was finished,

she left a coin in the waiters tray just like a real wealthy people.

Senior Payroll

This story is about Indian workers who work in a coal company. The company

pays the Indian workers only twice a month, and the memorandum for the release of their

salary was changed almost all the time. The company notice that there as so many cash

advances did by the workers, so they have a memorandum that are no salary advances

anymore except in case of legitimate emergency. Because of the memorandum, the

workers tell the junior engineers various reasons that qualify as emergency such as their

baby is needing medicines and many more. In this case, the company has given writes a

memorandum that employees will be paid only in the fifth and the twentieth of the month

and no exemptions will be made except leaving the company. In order for them to be

paid, they leave their job and in few weeks they go back to the same company to be hired

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again. These lasted for many weeks of rehiring and leaving of the same workers. In this

manner the company has again a memorandum that no employee who resigns may

rehired within a period of 30 days due to this the Indian workers quit their job and apply

with the same work but with different name. After so many memorandums, the company

has no rules anymore.

Analyses

Problem 1: What social issues are present in the selected short stories?

In short, story entitledHow Grandpa Came into money the social issue present is

poverty. In this story the persona and his family suffered poverty because she is not

contented with the things they have especially basic needs. In this statement, poverty is

being shown as the main reason why the persona called as the doughnuts by her

relatives. This presents that a person has the similar attitude of a dog on how they eat

without any permission at all, just like what the persona does.

We all live in one little house and we were a scrawny lot. Nobody ever had to coax anyof us children to eat. In fact, after having had lunch at my mothers house, I would go to

upstairs to Grandmother and have another one. And then I would visit Aunt Bertha, who

lived a few doors away, and eat some more.

In short, story entitledAbortion presents an issue of Abortion. It involves the girl

who died after she was gone through an abortion procedure. Also shows that the girl

resort herself to abortion and committed to end up the life in her womb by the process of

abortion.

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In a months time, she realizes that she was pregnant and when she told the teacher, in

order to save her dignity, he opted that they go for an abortion. Little did this know that

what she was going to do would take away her life. When they went for the abortion the

doctor told the girl that nothing will happen to her. With this confidence, she accepted

and went for it. The doctor carried out the abortion but not successfully. A few days afterthe abortion, the girl died, oh! Abortion! What a pity for this for this young girl.!

The girl was too young to realize that abortion could possibly lay her into threat

that was why she agreed when the teacher, who soaked her, and commanded her to have

an abortion procedure to a doctor. The girl was very raw enough in trusting the doctor

that nothing would happen to her after having an abortion.

In the short story, entitled The Euthanasia Machine presents the issue ofeuthanasia; where in the main character took the part of finishing his life through pressing

the button of the euthanasia machine instead of abiding

to fight for his existence. The pain caused by his disease led him to offer his life to the

Lord, though he was not sure about it, but he did not want to feel the pain caused by it.

Quick. Painless. Id be dead. Id be free. Still, that question. I just figured someonewould ask. If not the doctor, then the nurse. If not the nurse, then the computer. If not the

computer, then someone. I held my finger over the button. Death seemed so cold.

Freedom so warm Are you sure? thats all I wanted to hear. I wouldnt lie. Id replyhonestly. No I wasnt sure. But the pain! I couldnt stand it any longer! Ni held my finger

over the button. Death seemed so cold. Freedom so warm..

The event that was presented why a certain person choose to die in the means of

euthanasia or mercy killing. According to what the main character did in the story, he

voluntarily pushed the button of the machine to fully end up his life in which the only

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way to freely escape from the pain he felt for a couple of years. That was the example of

how an issue of euthanasia revealed in the story.

Routledge (1998) sighted euthanasia as a practice of ending a life in a painless

manner. Many different forms of euthanasia can be distinguished, including animal

euthanasia and human euthanasia, and within the latter, voluntarily and involuntarily

euthanasia. Voluntary euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide have been the focus of

great controversy in recent years.

In the short story entitled Divorce presents social issue of divorce which also

does exist in other countries. The story comprises a result of the issue where couples have

decided to end up their marriage and have a divorce, because they both realize the feeling

of incompatibility and the endearment for each other had lost. The outcomes of this

statement were being shown in the story.

Haley's tears fell as the words she feared the most rang in her ears. Her parents would

finalize their divorce in less than a month. She longed to run to the safety of her room.

Still, she sat on the edge of the couch, with her dad one her left and her mom on her

right. The scent of cookies, warm from the oven, circled around her nose. A holiday

decoration flashed on and off in the picturesque window at the front of their warm,

comfortable house.

Haley was the only daughter of the couple, who holds the fate of finalizing their

divorce. Mainly, she was the one who most is completely affected by the decision made

by her parents. She was still young to experience this kind of incident in her life,

especially about her parents marriage extinction. She suffered that much and need

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sometime to accept the fact that their family had already broken, on the other hand she

showed discordance and objection with regards to her parents divorce.

In the short story entitled The Dilapidated Man presents a social issue of

poverty. This is about a father who had strived hard to support his familys need and

wants, in spite of of the hardships caused by poverty. In which he had faced numerous

consequences that was brought by poverty.

Mariano is just a low paid clerk in one of the private company that exports fresh andprocessed agriculture products. It earns barely enough to support a growing family. His

wife used to be a factory worker but since the birth of their youngest child, the couple

decided that Juana should stop working and just stay home to take care of their fivegrowing kids. Pregnant with their sixth child, Mariano has to double his efforts to

prepare for the arrival of their own child. Most of the time, he would sale his salary

before payday to buy foods. Whatever his money could afford, that is what his wife cooksfor their kids. She knows those foods do not have the needed nutritional value for his

growing children but she just shrugs her shoulder and say, Wala akong magagawa,

mabuti na kesa wala .They have two instant noodles for breakfast and Juana has to add

more water and salt to taste. It is not enough for the seven of them considering thatJuana is pregnant and she needs more food for her and her baby inside her womb.

Despite her pregnancy, she has to wash the clothes of her rich neighbor to earn more

money for the family.

In the story entitled TheGame of Billiards the social issue presents in this story is

taking advantage of higher position in the rank. This issue shows when a certain person

was taking advantage of his/her position in a group. He/she does not engage in doing

his/her responsibilities but instead neglecting such duties and functions in doing

unnecessary things. This was revealed when the marshal is just playing billiards without

having any plans to execute his job by giving instructions to his co-armies.

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In the short story entitled A Pair of Silk Stockings the social issue present is

poverty. According to www.businessdictionary.com, comparatively poverty occurs when

a certain person do not enjoy a minimum stage of living average set by the government

and have the benefit of the vastness of population. This kind of poverty purely sustains

the basic needs of family such as food, shelter and clothing. Mrs. Sommers the main

character of the story is rationally a poor woman. It can easily be observe in the opening

part of the paragraph that Mrs. Sommers rarely holds a fair amount of prevalence.

Little Mrs. Sommers one day found herself the unexpected possessor of fifteen dollars.

It seemed to her a very large amount of money, and the way which it stuffed and bulged

her worn old porte-monnaie gave her a feeling of importance such as she had not

enjoyed for years.

In the short story, entitled Senior Payrollthe social issue is the dispossession of

rights of the laborers. The right of workers is to know how much they will pay basing on

the number of hours in their work span. In relation, with the story, the Indian laborers are

deprived by their rights to be acquainted with how much they will exactly earn of their

salary also such civil liberties has been underprivileged to them.

The company paid its men only twice a month, on the fifth and on the twentieth.

There was certain elasticity in the Company rules, and Larry and I sent the necessary

forms of the Main Office and received and advance against a mans pay check

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Problem 2: What are the causes of these social issues?

In the short story, entitledHow Grandpa Came into Money, the cause of social

issue, poverty , is unemployment. Unemployment is a state of person who does not have

a job and he/she does not earn a money. Wherein the main character of the story does not

have the accurate job to support his family, which suffers poverty, requires the basic

needs that suit them for their survival.

In the short story, entitled Abortion, the cause of social issue, abortion is that the

girl was afraid of losing her dignity that is why she engaged herself to abortion and took

the life of her baby inside her womb through the procedure of abortion. In addition, the

teacher who was supposed to be the father of the baby is the one who choose to let the

baby abandoned and deprived the life of the baby.

In the short story, entitled The Euthanasia, the cause of social issue is for the

reason that the main character could hardly bear to continue his life due to the endless

pain he felt because of his cancer. After a couple of years, he decided that he has to end

up his life all by his will by pressing the button of the machine.

In the short story, entitledDivorce the cause of social issue, divorce is the

incompatibility of the couple in terms of decisions, personality, and character. This may

implies as one of the core reason why the parents of Haley the main character of the

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story, decided to finalize their divorce because they cannot urge to live together in one

roof.

In the short story, entitled The Dilapidated Man the cause of the social issue,

poverty, is due to the deficient in food and shelter, in where Mariano strives hard to

sustain the needs and wants of his family in order to survive. This also implies where in

his family suffered due to poverty.

In the short story entitled The Game of Billiards the causes of social issue of

taking advantage of higher position in the rank, is that a person exploit his/her position as

a power to do his will that is primarily negative. As what the story told, the marshal is

reliant of his position that his commands are more important for their attack to the

enemies than playing billiards, which is unnecessary to their condition.

In the short story entitled The Nightingale the cause of social issue, discrimination

of capability is that the passengers thought that the boy could not perform the whistling

motion of the nightingale, cause he is just a modest boy, fourteen years old one. In

addition, the other passengers keep on jeopardizing the boys presence and appearance

because they were disgusted to him.

In the short story entitled Daughter for Sale the cause of social issue, poverty and

white slavery, is owing to the debts of her father that is why the young woman resort to

prostitution to be able to pay the debts of her father which is the only solution. In

addition, to be able escape from the condition of being poor as well as to carry on the

hospital bills of her mother who was confined in the hospital.

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In the short story entitled A Pair of Silk Stockings the cause of social issue,

poverty is that the main character in the story was deeming as a poor woman through all

her life, until she found herself as a possessor of fifteen dollars. She thought that the

money that she had in her hand will mull over her as a wealthy woman and she will be

one of the affluent person in their town.

In the short story, Senior Payroll the cause of social issue, dispossession of rights

of the laborers, is that the company did not give an accurate information and orientation

of their laborers concerning their rights and privileges as an employee to their company.

Problem 3: How the social issues reflected in the story?

In the short story entitled How Grandpa Came into Money the social issue

reflected in the short story as poverty occurs when such people suffers by it and being

pamper to the world of unemployment, and eventually affects their way of living through

the lack of basic needs.

In the short story entitled Abortion it reflects the social issue of abortion, as

someone is against to his will and consent to accept of what had arise to his life. To

portray that oppose, the main character fit into place herself to Abortion procedure and

mainly set her life at risk..

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In the short story entitled The Euthanasia Machine the social issue euthanasia

reflects as the person decided to die with his own will for the sake of evading the pain he

felt for a couple of years through all his existence and be eternally from any pain and

grief feeling of his existence.

In the short story entitledDivorce the social issues reflected, as the two individual

does not feel the blissfulness of being attach as one in one roof and eternal vows. This

implied as the both of them decided that they should incise the links they have, and

certainly be free to have any affair to someone else.

In the short story entitled The Dilapidated Man the social issue poverty reflects as

when someone undergo the chain of being sunk to poor stage of living and obliged to

work toughly for the sake of survival, to earn enough money and to be able to prolong the

needs and wants of the family.

In the short story entitled The Game of Billiards the social issue, taking advantage

of higher position in the rank reflected as when someone has the authority and permission

to do what he wants to accomplish. Even in the middle of work, he does not mind about

the endeavor of his position, its essentiality, and its functions as well.

In the short story entitled The Nightingale the social issue, discrimination of

capability reflects as by judging the persons capability in a negative manner. Through by

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to confirm as the person does have the exact altitude of performance by imitating such

uniqueness of routine to please people and have a form of entertainment, instead

jeopardizing someones capability with the presence of many people.

In the short story entitled Daughter for Sale the social issue, poverty and white

slavery reflects as when a certain person does not have an option but to propel in illegal

way of living in order to survive. This was shown when Lung Maa, resort her own

daughter to prostitution to support their living wage also to pay his huge debts.

In the short story entitled A Pair of Silk Stockings the social issue poverty reflects

as the main character Mrs. Sommers living is objectionable for her and she did not enjoy

her way of living as a poor woman, who desires to become an affluent person as well as

to immediately have the things that she sought.

In the short story entitled Senior Payrollthe social issue, dispossession of rights

of the laborers reflects as that the company of the Indian workers did give the accurate

way of orienting their laborers. Informing them about the process of earning their

individual salary and the privileges that affix to them as an employee of the company.

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Problem 4: How does the society react to the social issues?

In the short storyHow Grandpa Came into Money, the society reacts to the social

issues by just ignoring the less fortunate people. It verifies in the line of the short story

Nobody ever had to coax any of us children. It is in relation of what Lendis (1964) says

that a person, who is on the state of suffering the poor living like poverty was usually

ignored by the society, deserted in the society. It has a similar societal reaction of the

story, which are being neglected by the people that surrounds them.

In the short story entitledAbortion, the reaction of the society to the social issue is

that the society committed to took a life of an innocent infant. This entails offense and

illegal acts to kill a human and certainly consider as a crime of killing a blameless child.

To escape from any form of shameful sentiment and judgment against peoples reactions,

the societies just engage in becoming a conviction of life.

In the short story, entitled The Euthanasia Machine the society reacts to the social

issue of having the sense of sympathy, to the person who was virtually affected by the

issue. To conclude the suffering of the person, they react by suggesting in ending up his

life and asking such certain permission if he is ready to face death by pressing the

machine.

In the short story, entitled Divorce the reaction of the society is that they just

continue to do the things they want occur, without thinking that there is many distinction

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will cross their lives after pursuing that thing. Eventually, put someones lives into

miserable state and lay the card that fallout into negative outcome.

In the short story, entitled The Dilapidated Man the societys reaction to the social

issue is that they just disregard the person that suffers poverty through out the system. In

addition, they ultimately brought that person in an illegal acts and he paid it though that

person is innocent enough to obligate the misdeed.

In the short story, entitled The Game of Billiards the society composed of several

soldiers reacts to the social issue by just tolerating the circumstances without any form of

against respond and complain to their higher officials like the short of food and the lack

of commands from the Marshall to make a move to fight against the enemy.

In the short story, entitled The Nightingale the social issue revolves of the modest

boy who was discriminated by the passengers. The reaction of the society to the social

issue is that they consistently situating the boy self-value by uttering some negative

thoughts from their grimy minds and they acted of being nutty in front of the boys

presence.

In the short story, entitled Daughter for Sale the reaction of the society to the

social issue is that the society had the sense of regrets yet does have the choice, by to do

it in which they think is righteous. In order to grasp such liberty from poverty, they

commend to do risk moves left with no preference which upshot into a threat to their

lives.

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In the short story, A Pair of Silk Stockings the reaction of society towards the

social issue is that speculation binds upon the people that surrounds the main character. It

implies that they were confused why Mrs. Sommers had altered her communication

towards them after having the possessor of fifteen dollars. While the other people just go

with stream of by conferring, what Mr. Sommers wants to have and spend of her money,

the other just being persuaded that she is really an affluent being.

In the short story, entitled Senior Payroll the society here can be called as the

group of individuals and that is the Indian workers. The react to the social issue by

reasonably rebellion because they employ into lies, to be able to have an advance salary,

and the worst thing is that, after they quitting the job, they apply again to the same

company but with different identity. This implies that the workers did not like the policy

of the company in a moderate way but more caustic method in doing this. Their actions

against the company is contrary to what Kurt Finsterbusch (1998) states that mot workers

who are against the policies of the corporation create labor fusion and have protest or

rallying so that their complaints will her heard.

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Chapter 4

Summary, Finding and Conclusion

This chapter presents the summary of the study, findings, and conclusion.

Summary

This study is focused in analyzing the social issues presents in the selected Indian

short stories. The researcher applies the sociological approach in her analysis of the

following ten Indian short stories specifically: How Grandpa came into the money by

Else Zantev, Abortion by Ebot Agborndip, The Eunthanasia Machine by M. Stanley

Bubien, Divorce by Patti Mcquillen, The Dilapidated Man by Bai Maleiha, The

Game of Billiards by Alphonse Daudet, The Nightingale by Maxim Gorky, Daughter

for Sale by Samrum Singh, A Pair of Silk Stockings by Kate Chopin and Senior

Payroll by William E. Barret.

Specifically, this study intends to answer the following questions:





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Findings

Using the sociological approach in analyzing the six short stories seize by the

Indian authors, the following are the findings.


In the ten Indian short stories the social issues are the subsequent; poverty,

abortion, euthanasia, divorce, poverty, taking advantage of higher position in the rank,

discrimination of capability, poverty and white slavery, poverty, and dispossession of

rights of the laborers.


The cause of the social issue in the short story entitled How Grandpa Came into

Money, is unemployment.

The cause of the social issue in the short story entitled Abortion, is the dread of

losing such dignity.

The cause of the social issue in the short story entitled The Euthanasia Machine,

is the main character could hardly bear to continue his life due to the endless pain he felt

because of his cancer.

The cause of the social issue in the short story entitled Divorce, is incompatibility

of the couple in terms of decisions, personality, and character.

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The cause of the social issue in the short story entitled The Dilapidated Man, is

due to the deficient in food and shelter.

The cause of the social issue in the short story entitled The Game of Billiards, is

exploit his/her position as a power to do his will that is primarily negative.

The cause of the social issue in the short story entitled The Nightingale, is the

passengers thought that the boy could not perform the whistling motion of the

nightingale.

The cause of the social issue in the short story entitled Daughter for Sale, is

owing to the debts of her father.

The cause of the social issue in the short story entitled A Pair of Silk Stockings, is

deeming as a poor woman through all her life.

The cause of the social issue in the short story entitled Senior Payroll, is company

did not give an accurate information and orientation of their laborers.


In the storyHow Grandpa Came into Money, the social issue reflected as poverty

occurs when such people suffer by it and being pamper to the world of unemployment.

In the storyAbortion, the social issue reflected as someones consent to accept of

what had arisen to her life.

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In the story The Euthanasia Machine, the social issue reflected as the person

decided to die with his own will for the sake of evading the pain he felt.

In the storyDivorce, the social issue reflected, as the two individual does not feel

the blissfulness of being attach as one.

In the story The Dilapidated Man, the social issue reflects as when someone

undergoes the chain of being sunk to poor stage of living.

In the story The Game of Billiards, the social issue reflects as when someone has

the authority and permission to do what he wants to accomplish.

In the story The Nightingale, the social issue reflects as by judging the persons

capability in a negative manner.

In the story Daughter for Sale, the social issue reflects as, once a certain person

does not have an option but to propel in illegal way of living.

In the story A Pair of Silk Stockings, the social issue reflects as living wage is

objectionable for her and she did not enjoy her way of living as a poor individual.

In the story Senior Payroll, the social issue reflects as the company of the Indian

workers did give the accurate way of orienting their laborers.


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In the short storyHow Grandpa Came into Money, the society reacts to the issues

by just ignoring the less fortunate people.

In the short story Abortion, the society reacts as committed to take a life of an

innocent infant.

In the short story The Euthanasia Machine, the society reacts as having the sense

of sympathy, to the person who was virtually affected by the issue.

In the short story Divorce, the society reacts as they just continue to do the things

they want to occur.

In the short story The Dilapidated Man, the society reacts as by just disregard the

person that suffers poverty through out the system.

In the short story The Game of Billiards, the society reacts, by just tolerating the

circumstances without any form of against respond and complains to their higher

officials.

In the short story The Nightingale, the society reacts to the social issue by

consistently situating the boy self-value by uttering some negative thoughts.

In the short storyDaughter for Sale, the society reacts by had, the sense of regrets

yet does have the choice, by to do it in which they think is righteous.

In the short story A Pair of Silk Stockings, the society reacts by speculation binds

upon the people that imply negative views.

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In the short story Senior Payroll, the society reacts by reasonably rebellion because

they employ into lies.

Conclusion

Founded on the findings the following conclusion is drawn:

In the problem number one, social issues in the short stories are poverty, abortion,

euthanasia, divorce, poverty, taking advantage of higher position in the rank,

discrimination of capability, poverty and white slavery, poverty, and dispossession of

rights of the laborers are very unbridled and annoyance to society.

In the problem number two, the causes of the social issues are the following:

unemployment, the dread of losing such dignity, could hardly bear to continue ones life

due to the endless pain, incompatibility of the couple in terms of decisions, personality,

and character, due to the deficient in food and shelter, exploit his/her position as a power

to do his will that is primarily negative, incapable of performing such whistling, owing to

the debts of such person, deeming as a poor woman through all her life, did not give an

accurate information and orientation of their laborers. The succeeding conclusion is

drawn that social issue cannot subsist in the society without their causes like the states

above.

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In the problem number three, the social issue reflected as to pamper to the world

of unemployment, consent to accept of what had happen to her life decided to die with

his own will, two individual does not feel the blissfulness of being attach as one,

undergoes the chain of being sunk to poor stage of living has the authority and

permission to do what he wants to accomplish negatively, judging the persons capability

in a negative manner, does not have an option but to propel in illegal way of living, did

not enjoy the way of living as a poor individual, workers did give the accurate way of

orienting by the company.

In the problem number four, the societys reaction towards the social issues.

Society reacts to the social issues by just by just ignoring the less fortunate people,

committed to take a life of an innocent infant, to give such sympathy, to the person

affected by the issue, do the things they want to occur, disregard the person that suffers

poverty, any form of against respond and complains to their higher officials, situating the

boy self-value by uttering some negative thoughts, left with no choice, by to do it in

which to think is righteous, speculation binds with negative views, by reasonably

rebellion because they employ into lies. About the societys response it may implies

negative or affirmative way but its human nature to act in response to any form of

reaction.

In general, social issues are present in every civilization. These issues were

established in the literary genre, short stories. These stories disclose the societys

reactions towards its social issue as well as relatively respond to their issue that occurs in

the society.

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Social issues also have various causes that founded by the social issues, which

allocates in the society also the people living in the world are vulnerable enough by the

toxic elements that arise in the society, particularly social issues.

Finally, social issues are unbridled and annoyance in a society since the creation

of humanity and continually in the present era.

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Grad. Thesis o1 02

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