Gr. 13 Carnatic Music - TG Front pages.pmd ednie.lk/pdffiles/tg/t13tim38.pdf · MNyhridf; FOTk;...

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gf;fk;gf;fk;gf;fk;gf;fk;gf;fk;gFjp I

01. mwpKfk; ii

02. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs; iii

03. juk; 13 ,w;Fupa Nju;r;rpfs; iii

04. ghlrhiyf; nfhs;iffSk; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fSk; iv

05. ju cs;sPLfs; vi

06. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jYf;fhd Neu xJf;fPL vii

07. ghlj;jpl;lk; 01

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08. ghlg;gug;G ml;ltiz 07

gFjp II

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02. nghUslf;fk; - nraw;ghLfs; 12

03. nraw;ghLfspd; njhlu; 15

gFjp III

01. fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; 265

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tUfpd;wJ. murhq;fg; nghJg; guPl;irfspy; khztu;fs; Njhw;wp tUfpd;wdu;.

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ii

02. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;02. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;02. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;02. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;02. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;

01. fu;ehlf ,irj;jj;Jtq;fs; gw;wpa mwpitg; ngWjy;.

02. Nky;ehl;L> `pe;J];jhdp ,ir gw;wpa mwpitg;ngWjy;.

03. rh];jpupa rq;fPjk; ghLk; jpwidg; ngWjy;.

04. Rakhf ,uhfk;> ];tuk; ghLe;jpwidg; ngWjy;.

05. ,urQhdj;ij tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

06. fyhrhu> ghuk;gupa gz;Gfis kjpf;Fk; jd;ikia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

07. Ra Mf;fq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jk; jpwidg; ngWjy;.

03.03.03.03.03. juk; - 13 ,w;Fupa Nju;r;rpfs;juk; - 13 ,w;Fupa Nju;r;rpfs;juk; - 13 ,w;Fupa Nju;r;rpfs;juk; - 13 ,w;Fupa Nju;r;rpfs;juk; - 13 ,w;Fupa Nju;r;rpfs;

1.0 fu;ehlf ,ir> ̀ pe;J];jhdp ,ir> Nkiyj;Nja ,irfspy; ,urpj;jtw;iw

ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

2.0 gy;NtW ,ir epfo;r;rpfisj; jhNk jahupg;gjd; %yk; jkJ Mw;Wifj;

jpwid ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

3.0 ,ir cUg;gbfis RUjp> ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghbf;fhl;LtJld; kNdhju;k

Qhdj;ijAk; ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

4.0 fu;ehlf ,irapd; mbg;gil mk;rq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

5.0 `pe;J];jhdp ,ir> Nkiyj;Nja ,irapd; mbg;gil mk;rq;fis

tpsf;Fthu;.

6.0 ,ir tsu;r;rpf;F thf;Nfafhuu;fs; Mw;wpa gq;fspg;gpid kjpg;gpLthu;.

7.0 ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapYk;> ,e;jpahtpYk; gpugy;akhd fu;ehlf

,irf; fiyQu;fs; gw;wp kjpg;gpLthu;.

iii

06.06.06.06.06. ghlrhiyf; nfhs;iffSk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSk; ghlrhiyf; nfhs;iffSk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSk; ghlrhiyf; nfhs;iffSk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSk; ghlrhiyf; nfhs;iffSk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSk; ghlrhiyf; nfhs;iffSk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSk;

fu;ehlfrq;fPj ghlq;fis tFg;giwapy; fw;gpg;gJld; tFg;giwf;F ntspNaAk;

,izg;ghltpjhdr; nraw;ghLfis cs;slf;Fk; tifapy; ghlrhiyf;

nfhs;iffisAk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisAk; tFj;Jf; nfhs;sy; tpUk;gj;jf;fjhFk;.

Fwpg;ghff; fu;ehlfrq;fPjj;jpw;F thuj;jpw;F 10 ghlNtisfNs xJf;fg;gl;bUg;gjhy;

,j;jifa ,izg;ghltpjhdr; nraw;ghLfis xOq;F nra;tjd; %yk; ehk;

Vw;fdNt Fwpg;gpl;l Nju;r;rpfisAk; Nju;r;rpkl;lq;fisAk; milaf;$bajhf

,Uf;Fk;.

,t;thW ghlrhiyf;nfhs;iffisAk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisAk; jpl;lkpLk;nghOJ

ghlrhiyapy; cs;s tsq;fSk; khztu;fspilNa fhzg;gLk; jdpahs; NtWghL

fSk; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

Neu#rpNeu#rpNeu#rpNeu#rpNeu#rp

fu;ehlfrq;fPjk; mwpKiwAk;> nra;k;KiwAk; ,ize;j xU ghlkhFk;. mwpKiw

mwptpy; kl;Lk; Nju;r;rp ngwy; gadspf;fhJ. khztu; nra;Kiwapy; cau; Nju;r;rp

kl;lj;ij milaNtz;Lk; vd;gjhy; Neu#rpapy; mjpf ghlNtisfs; nra;Kiwg;

gapw;rpf;fhf xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ghlrhiyapy; cs;s trjpf;Nfw;g nra;Kiwg;

gapw;rpf;fhf ,U ghlNtisfs; njhlu;r;rpahfTk; toq;fg;glyhk;.

Mrpupau; jifikfs;Mrpupau; jifikfs;Mrpupau; jifikfs;Mrpupau; jifikfs;Mrpupau; jifikfs;

fu;ehlfrq;fPjg; ghlj;ijf; fw;gpg;gjw;F ,j;Jiwapy; Kiwg;gb gapw;rp ngw;wtu;fNs

nghUj;jkhdtu;fshtu;. gapw;rp ngw;w Mrpupau;fs; ,y;yhj gl;rj;jpy; ,g;ghlj;ijf;

fw;gpf;Fk; Mrpupau; xUtu;> fu;ehlfrq;fPjj;Jiwapy; epGzj;Jtk; ngw;w kw;nwhU

MrpupauJ cjtpiag; ngwy; ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.

mjpgupd; fw;gpj;jy; jiyikj;Jtg;gq;Fmjpgupd; fw;gpj;jy; jiyikj;Jtg;gq;Fmjpgupd; fw;gpj;jy; jiyikj;Jtg;gq;Fmjpgupd; fw;gpj;jy; jiyikj;Jtg;gq;Fmjpgupd; fw;gpj;jy; jiyikj;Jtg;gq;F

ghlrhiy mjpgu; xUtu; Kfhikj;Jtj; jiyikj;Jtj;NjhL fw;gpj;jy;

jiyikj;Jtk; cilatuhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. vdNt fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpidf;

fw;gpg;gjw;F gapw;rpngw;w Mrpupau; xUtiug; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;> ,g;ghlj;ijf;

fw;gpg;gjw;nfd jdpahd Xu; miwia xOq;F nra;jy;> Njitg;gLk; jucs;sPLfs;>

ghlj;jpl;lk;> topfhl;b E}y;fs; Kjypatw;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy; mtUila

flikahFk;.

,izg;ghltpjhdr; nraw;ghLfs;.,izg;ghltpjhdr; nraw;ghLfs;.,izg;ghltpjhdr; nraw;ghLfs;.,izg;ghltpjhdr; nraw;ghLfs;.,izg;ghltpjhdr; nraw;ghLfs;.

,it njhlu;ghd rpy MNyhridfs; ,q;F jug;gLfpd;wd.

01. ghlrhiy ehshe;j nraw;ghLfSld; nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy; ,iriaAk;

Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd nraw;wpl;lq;fs; mjpguhy; cUthf;fg;gLjy;. cjhuz

khfg; ghlrhiyf;fPjk;> Njrpa fPjk;> jkpo;nkhop tho;j;J> gpuhu;j;jidg;

ghly;fs;.

iv

02. ghly;fisf; fw;gpf;Fk;NghJ xd;wpize;j jd;ik Ngzg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ

typAWj;jg;gLtjhy; rq;fPj MrpupaUf;Fk; Vida Mrpupau;fl;Fk; ,ilNa

njhlu;gpUg;gJ ,d;wpaikahjJ MFk;. ,jw;fhd Vw;ghLfs; mjpgupd; Clhf

nra;ag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzk;: jkpo;nkhop Mrpupau; nra;As; fw;gpg;gjw;F

,ir Mrpupaupd; cjtpiag; ngwyhk;. ,JNghd;W Vida ghl Mrpupau;fspd;

cjtpia ,ir Mrpupau; ngwyhk;.

03. tUlj;njhlf;fj;jpNyNa ,izg;ghltpjhdr; nraw;ghLfSf;fhd jpl;lk; tFf;

fg;gly;. ,yf;fpa kd;wq;fs;> tFg;giw khztu; kd;wq;fs;> ,ir kd;wq;fs;

Nghd;wtw;iw cUthf;fp ,ir epfo;r;rpfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;Fjy;.

04. ,it jtpu tUlhe;j ghlrhiy itgtq;fshff; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; guprspg;G

tpoh> fiytpoh> jkpo;nkhopj;jpdtpoh> ,yf;fpatpoh> rkatpohf;fs;> ,ir

kd;wj;jpd; ,irg;Nghl;bfs; Kjyhdtw;wpy; khztu; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;F kl;L

kd;wp jhNk Rakhf ,ir epfo;r;rpfis Mf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fs;

toq;fg;gLjy;.

05. rKjhaj;ijg; ghlrhiyf;Fs; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk; ghlrhiyia rKjhaj;

jpw;Fs; nfhz;L nry;tjw;Fk; fiy> fyhrhu epfo;r;rpfs; Clfkhff; fUjg;

gLfpd;wd. vdNt ,j;jifa epfo;r;rpfspy; khztu; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tjw;F

trjpAk; tha;g;GfSk; toq;fg;gLjy;.

06. ,ir njhlu;ghd fz;fhl;rp xOq;F nra;ag;gLjy; khztu;fSila Mf;fj;

jpwd; tpUj;jpf;Fk; eaf;Fk; jpwDf;Fk; JizGupAk;.

07. rq;fPj thf;Nfafhuu;fspd; jpdj;ijf; nfhz;lhLjy;.

08. thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp epfo;r;rpfspy; khztu; gq;Fgw;wf; fsk; mikj;Jf;

nfhLj;jy;.

v

vi

07.07.07.07.07. ju cs;sPLfs; (fw;gpj;jy; cgfuzq;fs;)ju cs;sPLfs; (fw;gpj;jy; cgfuzq;fs;)ju cs;sPLfs; (fw;gpj;jy; cgfuzq;fs;)ju cs;sPLfs; (fw;gpj;jy; cgfuzq;fs;)ju cs;sPLfs; (fw;gpj;jy; cgfuzq;fs;)

fu;ehlf rq;fPj ghlf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfspd;NghJ fPo;f;fhzg;gLfpd;w

ju cs;sPLfisg; gad;gLj;JtJ tpUk;gj;jf;fjhFk;.

• RUjpg;ngl;b my;yJ jk;Guh

• `hu;Nkhdpak; my;yJ Mu;fd; (Organ)

• xypg;gjpTf;fUtp

• xypg;gjpT ehlh (thj;jpa ,ir> ,irf;fr;Nrupfs;> fu;ehlf ,ir>

`pe;J];jhdp ,ir> Nkiyj;Nja ,ir cUg;gbfs;)

• thndhyp

• ,irf;fUtpfs; (Njhy;> Jis> euk;G> fQ;rw; fUtpfs;)

• ,ir ntspaPLfs; (E}y;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;)

• gpup];ly; ml;ilfs; (tpsf;fg;glq;fs;> tpsf;f ml;ilfs; jahupj;jy;)

• bik jhs;fs;

• epwg;Ngidfs;

• jl;lr;Rf; fljhrp (Typing Sheet)

• mr;Rg;gpujpf; fljhrp (Photocopy paper)

• fj;jupf;Nfhy;

• ngau;g;gyif

• Nky; jiyvwpap (OHP)

• xsp CLflj;Jk; fljhrp

• njhiyf;fhl;rpg; ngl;b

• xspg;gjpTf;fUtp

• xspg;gjpT ehlh (thj;jpa ,ir> ,irf;fr;Nrupfs;> fu;ehlf ,ir>

`pe;J];jhdp ,ir> Nkiyj;Nja ,ir cUg;gbfs;)

• fzpdp

• ,izak;

09.09.09.09.09. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jYf;fhd Neu xJf;fPLfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jYf;fhd Neu xJf;fPLfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jYf;fhd Neu xJf;fPLfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jYf;fhd Neu xJf;fPLfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jYf;fhd Neu xJf;fPL

juk; - 13juk; - 13juk; - 13juk; - 13juk; - 13

ghlj;jpl;lk;ghlj;jpl;lk;ghlj;jpl;lk;ghlj;jpl;lk;ghlj;jpl;lk;

ghlNtisfs;ghlNtisfs;ghlNtisfs;ghlNtisfs;ghlNtisfs;

gpujhd Nju;r;rpfs;gpujhd Nju;r;rpfs;gpujhd Nju;r;rpfs;gpujhd Nju;r;rpfs;gpujhd Nju;r;rpfs;

1. Nju;r;rp 1.0 - (,urpj;jy;) 10

2. Nju;r;rp 2.0 - (Mf;fj;jpwd;) 10

3. Nju;r;rp 3.0 - (nra;k;Kiw) 190

4. Nju;r;rp 4.0> 5.0 - (mwpKiw) 62

5. Nju;r;rp 6.0 - (fyhrhug;gpd;dzp) 28

nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk; 300

vii

01

ghlj;jpl;lk; - juk; 13ghlj;jpl;lk; - juk; 13ghlj;jpl;lk; - juk; 13ghlj;jpl;lk; - juk; 13ghlj;jpl;lk; - juk; 13

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; Nju;r;rp kl;lk; Nju;r;rp kl;lk; Nju;r;rp kl;lk; Nju;r;rp kl;lk; cs;slf;fk; cs;slf;fk; cs;slf;fk; cs;slf;fk; cs;slf;fk; ghl ghl ghl ghl ghl

Ntisfs; Ntisfs; Ntisfs; Ntisfs; Ntisfs;

1.1

,t;tif ,ir epfo;r;rp

fspd; jdpj;Jtkhd

mk ;rq ;fis ,dq;

fz;L ntspg;gLj;J

thu;.

1.2

,t;tif epfo;r;rp

fisg; ghu;j;Jk;

Nfl;Lk; ,urpj;Jk;

tpku;rpg;ghu;.

• fu;ehlf ,ir

* kNdhju;k rq;fPjj;jpd;

Ie;J gpupTfs;

* m\;lgjp

• thj;jpa ,ir

* jtpy;

* jNgyh

* fQ;rpuh

* flk;

* Kfu;rpq;

* rf;]Nghd;

* nkd;lypd;

* fpshupndl;

• ntFrdj; njhlu;G Clfq;

fspd; %yk; fhl;lg;gLk;

~~Nkiyj;Nja ,ir||

rk;ge;jkhd epfo;r;rpfs;

(,yj;jpudpay; Clfk;> mr;R

Clfk;)

fu;ehlf ,ir

* kNdhju;k rq;fPjj;jpd;

Ie;J gpupTfs;.

* m\;lgjp

• thj;jpa ,ir

* jtpy;

* jNgyh

* fQ;rpuh

* flk;

* Kfu;rpq;

* rf;]Nghd;

* nkd;lypd;

* fpshupndl;

• ntFrdj; njhlu;G Clfq;

fspd; %yk; fhl;lg;gLk;

~~Nkiyj;Nja ,ir||

rk;ge;jkhd epfo;r;rpfs;

(,yj;jpudpay; Clfk;> mr;R

Clfk;)

02

02

02

02

01

01

1.0

fu;ehlf ,ir>

`pe;J];jhdp ,ir>

Nkiyj;Nja ,ir

fspy; ,urpj;jtw;iw

ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

02



2.1

Ra Mf;fq;fisj;

jahupj;J mspg;ghu;.

2.2

epfo;r;rpfisf; $l;lh

fj; jahupg;gjd; %yk;

$l;Lr; nraw;ghL>

tpl;Lf;nfhLj;jy;

Kjyhd ed;kdg;

ghq;fpid ntspg;

gLj;Jthu;.

3.1

mg;gpahrfhd cUg;gb

fis ,uhf> jhsj;

Jld; ghLthu;.

3.2

,ir cUg;gbfis

,uhf> jhsj;Jld;

ghLthu;.

* epfo;r;rpfisg; ghu;j;jy;/

Nfl;ly;/thrpj;jy;

* ghu;j;j my;yJ Nfl;l

epfo;r;rpfs; njhlu;ghd

mDgtg; gfpu;T

(c-k;: epfo;r;rpapd;

jd;ik>juk;> ntspg;

ghL> xj;jpirT>

epfo;r;rpapd; Fiwfs;>

epiwfs;... Nghd;wd)

* tpku;rdf; fl;Liu

• fz;fhl;rp

* jpl;lkply;

* fz;fhl;rp xd;wpid

elhj;Jjy;

• tUl ,Wjpapy; khztu;

Mf;fq;fisf; nfhz;l

epfo;r;rpfs;

(c-k;: jdp,ir> FO,ir>

gy;ypak;...)

* jpl;lkply;

* gapw;rp

* NkilNaw;wy;

• Mjp jhs tu;zk;

* jQ;rk; vd;whNy - MNghfp

* ]u]{lh - ]hNtup

• mljhs tu;zk;* neuek;kp - fhdlh

• kj;jpkfhyf; fPu;j;jid

(,tw;Ws; tpUk;gpa Ie;J

fPu;j;jidfs;)

* rptrptrptnaduhjh

- ge;Jtuhsp

* Njtp ePNa Jiz

- fPuthzp

* ep[Kd;id - gpy`up

my;yJ

04

06

20

20

25

2.0

gy;NtW ,ir

epfo;r;rpfisj; jhNk

jahupg;gjd; %yk;

jkJ Mw;Wifj;

jpwid ntspg;

gLj;Jthu;.

3.0

,ir cUg;gbfis

RUjp> ,uhf> jhsj;

Jld; ghbf; fhl;Lt

Jld; kNdhju;k

Qhdj;ijAk;

ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

03



3.3

jhsj;jpyike;j

rQ;rhuq;fisg;

ghu;j;Jg; ghLthu;.

* gupjhdkpr;rpNj - gpy`up* khdpld; clypy; -

fy;ahzp* rjhrptFkhuh- Rj;jrhNtup* rpk;Nke;jpukj;akth]pdp - rpk;N`e;jpukj;akk;

• gjk;* NtytNu - igutp

my;yJ* ghy;tbAk;-ehl;ilf;FwpQ;rp

• [htsp* NtfePT - RUl;b

my;yJ* thdpnghe;J - fhdlh

• m\;lgjp* uhjhtjd - kj;jpakhtjp

• nrsffhyf;fpUjp* gh`pju\{Guhya

- Mde;jigutpmy;yJ

* khukzd; - `pe;Njhsk;

• Njthuk;* khju;klg;gpbAk;* ryk;G+nthL

• jpUthrfk; - 02(tpUk;gpaJ)

• jpUg;Gfo;(,tw;Ws; tpUk;gpa ,uz;L)* mfuKkhfp* ,aypirapy;* cyf gRghrk;

• jhsj;jpyike;j rQ;rhuq;fisg; ghLjy;* fy;ahzp* rq;fuhguzk;* khahkhstnfsis* Nkhfdk;

06

04

03

15

05

04

02

12

04



3.4

,uhfk;> fw;gdh

];tuq;fisg; ghbf;

fhl;Ltjd; %yk;

jkJ kNdhju;k

Mw;wiy ntspf;

fhl;Lthu;.

4.1

[df> [d;dpa ,uhfg;

g pu pTfisAk;> ,ju

gpupTfisAk; tpsf;F

thu;..

4.2

72 Nksfu;j;jhf;fspd;

tuyhW> mikg;G>

ml;ltiz> flgahjp

rf;fuk; cs;slq;fpa

KO tptuq;fisAk;

tpsf;Fthu;.

4.3

,ir cUg;gbfspd;

,yl;rzq;fis

tpsf;Fthu;.

4.4

,uhfq;fspd; ,yl;rzq;

fis tpsf;Fthu;.

* gpy`up

* Mugp

* fu`ug;gpupah

* `k;rj;tdp

* Njhb

* Rj;jrhNtup

* kj;jpakhtjp

* fhk;Nghjp

• [dfuhfk; - 01* ,uhf Myhgid

* fw;gdh];tuk;

• [d;dpauhfk; - 01* ,uhf Myhgid

* fw;gdh];tuk;

• fdgQ;rfk;> jptpjPafdgQ;rfk;

• Rj;j> rhahyf> rq;fPu;zuhfq;fs;

• thjp> rk;thjp> mDthjp>tpthjp>

• cUg;gbfspd; ,yl;rzk;* Njthuk;* jpUg;Gfo;* jU* jpUthrfk;* #shjp* m\;lgjp

• ,uhf ,yl;rzk;* igutp* `pe;J];jhd; fhgp* `pe;J];jhd; ng`hf;* `kPu; fy;ahzp* fPuthzp

20

26

02

02

08

10

4.0

fu;ehlf ,irapd;

mbg;gil mk;rq;

fis ntspg;gLj;J

thu;.

05


Ntisfs; Ntisfs; Ntisfs; Ntisfs; Ntisfs;4.5

,irf;fUtpfspd;

gpupTfs;> mikg;G>

gad;ghL gw;wp

tpsf;Fthu;.

4.6

jrtpj fkfq;fs; gw;wp

tpsf;Fthu;.

4.7

jhsjrg;gpuhzq;fs;>

175 jhsq;fs;>

fjpNgjq;fs; gw;wp

tpsf;Fthu;.

4.8

fhJ> Fuy;tis> xyp>

xypapd; myFfs; gw;wp

mwpe;J $Wthu;.

5.1

fu;ehlf ,ir>

`pe;J];jhdp ,ir>

Nkiyj;Nja ,ir

fSf;fpilapyhd

xw;Wik> Ntw;Wik

gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

5.2

`pe;J];jhdp ,irapd;

gpugy;akhd jhsq;fs;>

thj;jpaf; fUtpfs; gw;wp

mwpe;J $Wthu;.

• ,irf;fUtpfs;

* jk;Guh

* ehj];tuk;

* taypd;

* kpUjq;fk;

* jtpy;

• jrtpj fkfq;fs;

• jhs jrg;gpuhzq;fs;

• fjpNgjq;fSk;> 175

jhsq;fSk;

• xyp> xyp miyfs;> mjpu;T

fs;> nrwpT> gz;G

• fhJ> Fuy;tis Mfpa

tw;wpd; njhopw;ghLfs;.

• fu;ehlf> ̀ pe;J];jhdp ,ir

fspd; xw;Wik> Ntw;Wikfs;

• fu;ehlf ,irf;Fk;> Nkiyj;

Nja ,irf;Fkpilapyhd

xw;Wik> Ntw;Wikfs;

• `pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjj;jpy;

tof;fj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;

gpugy;akhd jhsq;fs;.

* jpupjhy;

* jhjuh

* [g;jhy;

* jPg;re;jp

• `pe;J];jhdp thj;jpaf;

fUtpfs;

* ]Nuhl;

* ]pjhu;

* jNgyh

* ]huq;fp

10

05

15

10

08

04

06

5.0

`pe;J];jhdp ,ir>

Nkiyj;Nja ,ir

a pd ; mbg ; gil

mk;rq;fis tpsf;F

thu;.


Ntisfs; Ntisfs; Ntisfs; Ntisfs; Ntisfs;5.3

Nkiyj;Nja ,ir

apd; ypgp Kiwapid

tpsf;Fthu;.

5.4

Nkiyj;Nja

thj;jpaf; fUtpfs;

gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.

6.1

fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpw;Fj;

njhz;lhw;wpa thf;Nfa

fhuu;fspd; tho;f;if

tuyhw;iwAk; ,irj;

njhz;ilAk; kjpg;gpL

thu;.

7.1

,yq;ifapy;

gpugy;akhd ,irf;

fiyQu;fs; gw;wp

tpsf;Fthu;.

• Nkiyj;Nja rq;fPj ypgp

Kiw

• Nkiyj;Nja thj;jpaf;

fUtpfs;

* fpw;whu;

* gpahNdh

• fu;ehlf rq;fPj thf;Nfa

fhuu;fs;

* rhuq;fNjtu;

* Ntq;flkfp

* N~j;uf;Qu;

* n[aNjtu;

* khupKj;jhg;gps;is

* fdk; fpU\;za;au;

* Nguhrpupau; rhk;g%u;j;jp

* Cj;Jf;fhL Ntq;fl

]{g;igau;

• 20Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;if

apy; tho;e;j gpugy;akhd

,irf; fiyQu;fs; gw;wpa

RUf;ff; Fwpg;Gfs;.

* vd;. rz;Kfuj;jpdk;

* jtpy; jl;rzh%u;j;jp

* Fg;gpshd; nry;yj;Jiu

* Gj;Jthl;b NrhkRe;juk;

* gp.v];. MWKfk;gps;is

* ,uh[uhN[];tup

ghyRg;ukzpak;

* khtpl;lGuk;

vd;.v];. cUj;uhgjp

* tz;iz fhkhl;rp Re;juk;

* ,aypir thupjp

vd;. tPukzp Iau;

* vd;.Nf. gj;kehjd;

08

04

12

14

6.0

,ir tsu;r;rpf;F

thf;Nfafhuu;fs;

Mw;wpa gq;fspg;

gpid kjpg;gpLthu;.

7.0

,Ugjhk;

E}w;whz;by;

,yq;ifapYk;

,e;jpahtpYk;

gpugy;akhd

fu;ehlf ,irf;

fiyQu;fs; gw;wp

kjpg;gpLthu;.

06

07

13.1.1.3

thj;jpa ,irapd; jdpj;Jt

khd mk;rq;fis ,dq;fz;L

ntspg;gLj;jy;

(jtpy;> jNgyh> fQ;rpuh>

flk;> Kfu;rpq;> rf;]Nghd;>

nkd;lypd;> fpshupndl;)

13.1.2.3

thj;jpa ,iria ,urpj;J

tpku;rpj;jy;

(jtpy;> jNgyh> fQ;rpuh>

flk;> Kfu;rpq;> rf;]Nghd;>

nkd;lypd;> fpshupndl;)

13.2.1.2

,ir njhlu;ghd fz;fhl;rp

apid elhj;Jjy;

13.3.1.2mljhs tu;zk;(neuek;kp - fhdlh)

13.3.2.4kj;jpkfhyf;fPu;j;jid - 01

13.3.2.5[htsp(NtfePT - ]{Ul;b my;yJthdpnghe;J - fhdlh)

13.3.2.6Njthuk; - khju;klg;gpbAk;

13.3.2.7jpUthrfk; - 02 (tpUk;gpaJ)

13.3.4.1,uhf Myhgid> fw;gdh];tuk; ghLjy;([df ,uhfk;)

13.1.1.4

ntFrdj; njhlu;G Cl

fq;fspd; %yk; fhl;lg;

gLk; Nkiyj;Nja ,ir

epfo;;r;rpfspd; jdpj;J

tkhd mk;rq ;fis

,dq;fz;L ntspg;gLj;

;jy;

13.1.2.4

ntFrdj;njhlu;G Cl

fq;fspd; %yk; fhl;lg;

gLk; Nkiyj;Nja ,ir

epfo;r;rpfis ,urpj;J

tpku;rpj;jy;

13.2.2.1

tUl ,Wjpapy; khz

tu ; Mf ;fq ;fisf ;

nfhz;l epfo;r;rpfis

NkilNaw;wy;.

13.3.2.8kj;jpkfhyf; fPu;j;jid(01)13.3.2.9m\;lgjp (uhjhtjd)13.3.2.10jpUg;Gfo;-02(tpUk;gpaJ)(mfuKkhfp> ,aypirapy;> cyf gRghrk;)13.3.2.11Njthuk; (ryk;G+nthL)13.3.3.1];tu rQ;rhuq;fisg;ghu;j;Jg;ghLjy;13.3.4.2,uhf Myhgid>fw;gid ];tuk; ghLjy; ([d;dpa ,uhfk;)

13.1.1.1kNdhju ;k rq ;f Pjj ;j pd ;

Ie;J gpupTfspdJk; jdpj;J

tkhd mk;rq;fis ,dq;

fz;L ntspg;gLj;jy;

13.1.1.2

m\;lgjpapd; jdpj;Jtkhd

mk;rq;fis ,dq;fz;L

ntspg;gLj;jy;

13.1.2.1

kNdhju ;k rq ;f Pjj ;j pd ;

Ie;J gpupTfisAk; ,urpj;J

tpku;rpj;jy;

13.1.2.2

m\ ;lgj pia ,ur pj ;J

tpku;rpj;jy;

13.2.1.1

,ir njhlu;ghd fz;fhl;rp

apid xOq;F nra;jy;

13.3.1.1Mjpjhs tu;zk;-jQ;rk; vd;whNy - MNghfpMjpjhs tu;zk;- ]u]{l - rhNtup13.3.2.1kj;jpkfhyf; fPu;;j;jid (03)13.3.2.2gjk;- ghy;tbAk; - ehl;ilf;

FwpQ;rp my;yJ NtytNu - igutp13.3.2.3nrsffhyf;fpUjpgh`pju\{Guhya - Mde;jigutp

my;yJkhukzd; - `pe;Njhsk;

1M

k; jtiz

1M

k; jtiz

1M

k; jtiz

1M

k; jtiz

1M

k; jtiz

01

01

01

01

02

10

10

15

06

15

02

01

02

20

05

04

03

04

20

02

01

06

05

03

02

02

12

26

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

2M

k; jtiz

2M

k; jtiz

2M

k; jtiz

2M

k; jtiz

2M

k; jtiz

3M

k; jtiz

3M

k; jtiz

3M

k; jtiz

3M

k; jtiz

3M

k; jtiz

nra;k;Kiw Mf;fj;jpwid ,urpj;jy;





tsu;j;jy;

tsu;j;jy;

tsu;j;jy;

tsu;j;jy;

tsu;j;jy;

juk; 13juk; 13juk; 13juk; 13juk; 13

08

13.4.3.2

cUg;gb ,yl;rzk; - jU

cUg ; gb ,yl ; rzk ; -

jpUthrfk;

13.4.4.2

,uhf ,yl;rzk;

- `pe;J];jhd; ng`hf;

,uhf ,yl;rzk; - `kPu ;

fy;ahzp

13.4.5.2

,irf;fUtp - taypd;

13.4.7.2

jhsjrg;gpuhzq;fs;

13.4.8.2

fhJ> Fuy;tis Mfpatw;wpd;

njhopw;ghLfs;

13.5.2.2

`pe;J];jhdp ,irf;fUtp

- jNgyh

`pe;J];jhdp ,irf;fUtp

- ]huq;fp

13.5.3.1

Nkiyj;Nja rq;fPj ypgp Kiw

13.6.1.2

thf;Nfafhuu; - n[aNjtu;

thf;Nfafhuu;

- khupKj;jhg;gps;is

thf;Nfafhuu;

- fdk;fpU\;za;au;

13.4.2.1thjp> rk;thjp>mDthjp> tpthjp];tuq;fs;

13.4.3.3cUg;gb ,yl;rzk;- #shjp

cUg;gb ,yl;rzk;- m\;lgjp

13.4.4.3,uhf ,yl;rzk;- fPuthzp

13.4.5.3,irf;fUtp- jtpy;;,irf;fUtp- kpUjq;fk;

13.5.1.2fu ;ehlf ,irf ;Fk ;Nkiyj;Nja ,irf;Fk;,ilapyhd xw;WikNtw;Wikfs;

13.5.2.3`pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjj;jpy; tof;fj;jpypUf;Fk;gpugy;akhd jhsq;fs;(j p u p j hy ; > jhjuh >[g;jhy;> jPg;re;jp)

13.5.4.1Nkiyj;Nja ,irf;fUtp - fpw;whu;Nkiyj;Nja ,irf;fUtp - gpahNdh

13.6.1.3thf;Nfafhuu;- Nguhrpupau; P. rhk;g%u;j;jpthf;Nfafhuu;- Cj;Jf;fhL Ntq;fl Rg;igau;

13.4.1.1fdgQ;rfk;> jptpjPafdgQ;rfk;Rj;j> rhahyf> rq;fPu;z,uhfq;fs;

13.4.3.1cUg ; gb ,yl ; rzk ; -Njthuk;cUg;gb ,yl;rzk; -jpUg;Gfo;

13.4.4.1,uhf ,yl;rzk; - igutp,uhf ,yl;rzk;- `pe;J];jhd; fhgp

13.4.5.1,irf;fUtp - jk;Guh,irf;fUtp - ehj];tuk;

13.4.6.1jrtpj fkfq;fs;

13.4.7.1fjpNgjq;fSk;175 jhsq;fSk;

13.4.8.1xyp> xyp miyfs;> mjpu;Tfs;> nrwpT> gz;G

13.5.1.1fu ;ehlf> `pe ;J];jhdp,irfs pd ; xw ;Wik>Ntw;Wikfs;

13.5.2.1`pe;J];jhdp ,irf;fUtp- ]Nuhl;`pe;J];jhdp ,irf;fUtp- ]pjhu;

13.6.1.1thf;Nfafhuu;- rhuq;fNjtu;thf;Nfafhuu; - Ntq;flkfpthf;Nfafhuu; - N~j;uf;Qu;

mwpKiw

mwpKiw

mwpKiw

mwpKiw

mwpKiw

02

02

02

02

10

05

01

01

08

01

01

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

04

04

02

02

02

02

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

1M

k; jtiz

1M

k; jtiz

1M

k; jtiz

1M

k; jtiz

1M

k; jtiz

2M

k; jtiz

2M

k; jtiz

2M

k; jtiz

2M

k; jtiz

2M

k; jtiz

3M

k; jtiz

3M

k; jtiz

3M

k; jtiz

3M

k; jtiz

3M

k; jtiz

01

01

02

02

02

02

02

05

05

05

04

02

02

01

01

02

09

13.7.1.2

20Mk; E}w;whz;by;

,yq;ifapy; gpugy;akhd

,irf;fiyQu;fs; gw;wpa

rpWFwpg;Gfs;.

- Gj;Jthl;b

v];.vd;. NrhkRe;juk;

- gp.v];. MWKfg;gps;is

- ,uh[uhN[];tup

ghyRg;ukzpak;

13.7.1.3

20Mk; E}w;whz;by;

,yq;ifapy;

gpugy;akhd

,irf;fiyQu;fs;

gw;wpa rpWFwpg;Gfs;.

- khtpl;lGuk;

vd;.v];. cUj;jpuhgjp

- tz;iz fhkhl;rp

Re;juk;

- ,aypir thupjp

vd;. tPukzp Iau;

- vd;.Nf. gj;kehjd;

13.7.1.1

20Mk; E}w;whz;by;

,yq;ifapy; gpugy;akhd

,irf;fiyQu;fs; gw;wpa

rpWFwpg;Gfs;

- ,irg;Gytu;

vd;. rz;Kfuj;jpdk;

- jtpy; jl;rzh%u;j;jp

- Fg;gpshd; nry;yj;Jiu

fyhrhug; gpd;dzp

fyhrhug; gpd;dzp

fyhrhug; gpd;dzp

fyhrhug; gpd;dzp

fyhrhug; gpd;dzp 04

102

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

ghlNtisfs;

nkhj;jg; ghlNtisfs; 300nkhj;jg; ghlNtisfs; 300nkhj;jg; ghlNtisfs; 300nkhj;jg; ghlNtisfs; 300nkhj;jg; ghlNtisfs; 300

1M

k; jtiz

1M

k; jtiz

1M

k; jtiz

1M

k; jtiz

1M

k; jtiz

2M

k; jtiz

2M

k; jtiz

2M

k; jtiz

2M

k; jtiz

2M

k; jtiz

3M

k; jtiz

3M

k; jtiz

3M

k; jtiz

3M

k; jtiz

3M

k; jtiz

04

105

06

93

05. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwik05. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwik05. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwik05. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwik05. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwik

,g;ghlj; jpl;;lj;jpw;F Vw;g fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwikfisj; jPu;khdpf;Fk;NghJ

Ma;Tfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhf khztu;fsplj;jpy; Nju;r;rpfis cU

thf;Ftjw;F Vw;w tifapy; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nra;iffisj; jpl;lkpLtJ

njhlu;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nju;r;rpkl;lf; fy;tpf;F Maj;jk; MFk;NghJ

Mrpupau; gq;fpy; njspthd khw;wk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

vkJ tFg;giwfspy; fle;j fhyq;fspy; gutyhfr; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;L te;j ~CL

flj;Jk; gq;fspg;G| (Transmission Role), gpd;du; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l ~nfhLf;fy;

thq;fy; gq;fspg;G| (Transaction Role) vd;gd tFg;giwapy; ,g;NghJk; fhzg;gL

fpd;wd. ghlrhiyia tpl;L tpyfpr; nry;Yk; gps;isfsplj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;

rpe;jidj; jpwd;fs;> jdpahs; jpwd;fs;> r%fj; jpwd;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpYs;s

FiwghLfis fUj;jpw; nfhs;tjd; %yk; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwikfspy;

nra;a Ntz;ba mgptpUj;jp khw;wq;fisAk;> mit vt;thW nra;ag;gly;

Ntz;Lnkd;gijAk; ,dq; fhz;gJ fbdkd;W.

CLflj;Jk; gq;fspg;gpy;> fw;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; ahtw;iwAk; Mrpupau;

jhd; njupe;Js;sjhf vLj;Jf; nfhz;L> khztu;fs; ,t;tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf

xd;WNk mwpe;jpuhjtu; vdf; fUjpf; nfhz;L tpla mwpit khztu;fSf;Fr;

nrYj;Jk; xUtuhfNt Mrpupau; khwpAs;shu;. ,k;Kiwapy; Mrpupau; tpupTiuahsu;

Nghyj; njhopw;gLtNjhL> khztu;fspd; rpe;jidiaj; J}z;Ltjw;Nfh>

khztu;fspd; jdpahs; jpwd;fis> r%fj; jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Nfh

nra;Ak; gq;fspg;G NghJkhdjy;y.

Mrpupau; tFg;giwapy; khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahLtJ> nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;

gq;fspg;gpd; Muk;gf; fl;lkhf mikfpwJ. ,jd;NghJ MrpupauplkpUe;J khztu;

fSf;Fk;> khztu;fsplkpUe;J MrpupaUf;Fk; fUj;Jf;fs; gupkhwg;gLtNjhL>

mijj; njhlu;e;J khztu;- khztu; ,ilj;njhlu;Gk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L mtu;fSf;

fpilapYk; fUj;Jg; gupkhwy; eilngWtNjhL> mJ ju;f;fuPjpahd fye;Jiuahl

yhf khWk;. njupe;jjpypUe;J njupahjjw;Fk;> vspajpypUe;J rpf;fyhdjw;Fk;>

J}y tplaj;jpypUe;J Nfty (fUj;Jepiy) tplaj;jpw;Fk; khztu;fisf; nfhz;L

nry;Yk; tifapy; Mrpupau; njhlu;e;J tpdhf;fisj; njhLg;gjpy; <Lgly; Ntz;Lk;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lf; fy;tpapy; khztu; nraw;ghLfs; tYthd ,lj;ijg; ngWtNjhL>

tFg;gpYs;s xt;nthU gps;isAk; me;je;jj; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; njhlu;ghff;

Fiwe;jJ mz;kpa Nju;r;rpkl;lq;fisahtJ ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F Vw;w tifapy;

10

Mrpupau; xU tsthsuhf (Resource Person) khWfpwhu;. fw;wYf;Fj; Njitahd

cgfuzq;fSk; kw;Wk; trjpfSk; nfhz;l fw;ww; #onyhd;iwj; jpl;lkpLjy;>

khztu;fs; fw;Fk; tpjj;ij mUfpypUe;J mtjhdpj;jy;> khztu;fspd; ,aYk;>

,ayhik vd;gtw;iw ,dq;fhZjy;> Njitahd Kd;D}l;;ly;> gpd;D}l;ly;

vd;gtw;iw toq;fy; %yk; fw;wiy tpUj;jp nra;tNjhL tFg;giwf;F ntspapYk;

khztu;fs; fw;gjw;Fk;> fw;gijj; J}z;Ltjw;Fk; cupathW fw;wy; cgfuzq;

fisj; jpl;lkpLtJk; Mrpupaupd; mbg;gilf; flikfshFk;. ,t;thwhd Mrpupau;

gq;fspg;G ~cUkhw;wg; gq;fspg;G| (Transformation Role) vdg;gLk;.

Gjpa Mapukhk; Mz;bd; KjyhtJ ghlj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;gpd; fPo;j; jahupf;fg;gl;l

,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;NjhL njhlu;ghd fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwikfis mgptpUj;jp

nra;Ak; NghJ cUkhw;wg; gq;fspg;Gf;F Nkyjpfkhf CLflj;Jk; gq;fspg;gpYk;>

nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; gq;fspg;gpYk; fhzg;glf;$ba Kf;fpa ,ay;GfSk; ftdj;jpw;

nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sik tpNrl jd;ikahFk;.

,g;Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;Nfw;g fu;ehlfrq;fPj ghlj;jpw;fhd fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;

nraw;ghLfis xOq;fikf;Fk; NghJ gpd;tUk; mZFKiwfisAk; ifahs;tJ

tpUk;gj;jf;fjhFk;.

• fw;wy; vd;gJ $l;LUthf;fr; nrad;Kiwahf mikaNtz;Lk; vd;gNj ,d;iwa

fy;tp epiyg;ghlhFk;. vdNt jhd;; fw;gpj;jiyg; ghu;f;fpYk; fw;wYf;F Kd;Dupik

toq;fg;gly;.

• ngwj;jf;f tsq;fis ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L mtw;Wf;Nfw;g Nkyjpf nraw;ghLfis

Mrpupau; Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

• xt;nthU Nju;r;rp kl;lj;ij Nehf;fp khztu;fs; mile;Js;s milit ,dq;

fz;L Njitahd ,lq;fspy; kPsT+l;ly;.

• khztuJ Ra Mf;fq;fSf;Fg; ghuhl;Lj; njuptpj;J> khztiu cw;rhfg;gLj;jp

mtw;iw NkilNaw;wTk; toptFj;Jf; nfhLj;jy;.

• fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jypy; FOr; nraw;ghLfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jy;.

• fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

• tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jypd;NghJ fl;Gy> nrtpg;Gy rhjdq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

• fiy epfo;r;rpfisAk;> fyhrhu itgtq;fisAk; ghu;f;fTk;> gq;Fgw;wTk;

fsk; mikj;Jf;nfhLj;jy;.

• ,izg;ghltpjhdr; nraw;ghLfspy; khztu;fisf; $Ljyhf <LgLj;jp

fw;wy; mDgtq;fis Nkk;gLj;jy;.

• ghlrhiy Neuq;fSf;Fg; Gwk;ghf ,y;yk;> Myak;... Mfpa ,lq;fspYk;

khztu;fs; fw;wtw;iw mg;gpahrk; nra;tpf;f topelj;Jjy;.

• nghUj;jkhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ntFrdj;njhlu;G rhjdq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

• nraw;ghLfspd;NghJ khztu;fSld; fye;Jiuahb khztNu nraw;gLtjw;F

newpg;gLj;Jjy;.

11

nghUslf;fk;nghUslf;fk;nghUslf;fk;nghUslf;fk;nghUslf;fk; gf;fk; gf;fk; gf;fk; gf;fk; gf;fk;

01. kNdhju;k rq;fPjj;jpd; Ie;J gpupTfspdJk; jdpj;Jtkhd

mk;rq;fis ,dq;fz;L ,urpj;J> tpku;rpj;jy;

02. m\;lgjpapd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fis ,dq;fz;L ,urpj;J>

tpku;rpj;jy;

03. ,ir njhlu;ghd fz;fhl;rpapid xOq;F nra;jy;

04. Mjpjhs tu;zj;jpid ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghLjy;

05. kj;akfhyf;fPu;j;jidfis ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghLjy;

06. gjj;ij ,uhf> jhs ghtj;Jld; ghLjy;

07. nrsffhy fpUjpia ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghLjy;

08. [d;dpa ,uhfj;jpd; ,ju gpupTfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;

09. ,ir cUg;gbfspd; ,yl;rzq;fis tpsf;Fjy;

10. ,uhfq;fspd; ,yl;rzq;fis tpsf;Fjy;

11. ,irf;fUtpfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;

12. jrtpj fkfq;fis cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Fjy;

13. fjpNgjq;fspdhy; 175 jhsq;fshFk; Kiwia tpsf;Fjy;.

14. xyp> xyp miyfs;> mjpu;Tfs;> nrwpT> gz;G Mfpatw;iw

tpsf;Fjy;

15. fu;ehlf> `pe;J];jhdp ,irfspd; xw;Wik> Ntw;Wikfis

,dq;fz;L tpsf;Fjy;

16. `pe;J];jhdp thj;jpaf;fUtpfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;

17. thf;Nfafhuu;fspd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iwAk;> ,irj; njhz;bidAk;

tpsf;Fjy;

18. 20Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapy; gpugy;akhd ,irf;fiyQu;fs;

gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;

19. thj;jpa ,irapd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fis ,dq;fz;L> ,urpj;J

tpku;rpj;jy;

12

16

19

21

23

29

46

52

59

62

70

76

83

86

92

99

110

115

122

128\

20. ,ir njhlu;ghd fz;fhl;rpapid elhj;Jjy;

21. mljhs tu;zj;ij ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghLjy;

22. kj;jpk fhy fPu;j;jidia ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghLjy;

23. [htspia ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghLjy;

24. Njthuj;ijg; gz;NzhL jhsj;Jld; ghLjy;

25. jpUthrfj;ij Nkhfd ,uhfj;jpy; Rj;jhq;fkhfg; ghLjy;

26. ,uhf Myhgid> fw;gdh];tuk; ghLjy;


28. ,uhfq;fspd; ,yl;rzq;fis tpsf;Fjy;

29. ,irf;fUtpfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;

30. jhs j]g;gpuhzq;fis tpsf;Fjy;

31. fhJ> Fuy;tis Mfpatw;wpd; njhopw;ghLfis tpsf;Fjy;

32. `pe;J];jhdp thj;jpaf;fUtpfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;

33. fu;ehlf ,irapy; tof;fj;jpYs;s gpugy;akhd ,uhfq;fspd;

MNuhfz mtNuhfzq;fis Nkiyj;Nja ypgp Kiwapy; vOJjy;

34. thf;Nfafhuu;fspd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iwAk; ,irj; njhz;bidAk;

tpsf;Fjy;

35. 20Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapy; gpugy;akhd ,irf;fiyQu;fs;

gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;

36. ntFrdj; njhlu;G Clfq;fspd; %yk; fhl;lg;gLk; Nkiyj;Nja

,ir rk;ge;jkhd epfo;r;rpfspd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fis

,dq;fz;L ,urpj;J tpku;rpj;jy;

37. tUl ,Wjpapy; khztu; Mf;fq;fisf;nfhz;l epfo;r;rpfis

NkilNaw;wy;

38. kj;jpk fhyf; fPu;j;jidia ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghLjy;

39. m\;lgjpia ,uhf jhs ghtj;Jld; ghLjy;

40. jpUg;Gfo; ghliy ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; nghUSzu;e;J ghLjy;

13

130

131

135

136

142

147

148

150

154

158

165

174

180

183

189

198

205

207

209

210

213

41. Njthuj;ij gz;NzhL ghLjy;

42. jhsj;jpyike;j ];tu rQ;rhuq;fisg; ghLjy;

43. [d;dpa ,uhfnkhd;wpid ,uhf Myhgid nra;J nghUj;jkhd

,lj;jpy; fw;gdh];tuk; ghLjy;;

44. thjp> rk;thjp> mDthjp> tpthjp ];tuq;fis tpsf;Fjy;


46. fPuthzp ,uhfj;jpd; ,yl;rzj;ij tpsf;Fjy;

47. ,irf; fUtpfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;

48. fu;ehlf> Nkiyj;Nja ,irfSf;fpilapyhd xw;Wik> Ntw;Wik

fis ,dq;fz;L tpsf;Fjy;

49. `pe;J];jhdp ,irapd; gpugy;akhd jhsq;fspd; Nlf;fhf;fisf;

$WtJld; mj;jhsq;fisg; Nghl;Lf; fhl;Ljy;

50. fpw;whu;> gpahNdh thj;jpaf;fUtpfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;

51. fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpw;F njhz;lhw;wpa thf;Nfafhuu;fs; gw;wp

tpsf;Fjy;

52. 20Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapy; tho;e;j ,irf;fiyQu;fs; gw;wp

tpsf;Fjy;

14

216

219

221

222

225

227

230

239

243

246

251

259

15

jtiz 1jtiz 1jtiz 1jtiz 1jtiz 1

16

Nju;r;rp 1.0Nju;r;rp 1.0Nju;r;rp 1.0Nju;r;rp 1.0Nju;r;rp 1.0 : : : : : fu;ehlf ,ir> `pe;J];jhdp ,ir> Nkiyj;Njafu;ehlf ,ir> `pe;J];jhdp ,ir> Nkiyj;Njafu;ehlf ,ir> `pe;J];jhdp ,ir> Nkiyj;Njafu;ehlf ,ir> `pe;J];jhdp ,ir> Nkiyj;Njafu;ehlf ,ir> `pe;J];jhdp ,ir> Nkiyj;Nja

,irfspy; ,urpj;jtw;iw ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.,irfspy; ,urpj;jtw;iw ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.,irfspy; ,urpj;jtw;iw ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.,irfspy; ,urpj;jtw;iw ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.,irfspy; ,urpj;jtw;iw ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1 : : : : : ,t;tif ,ir epfo;r;rpfspd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fis

,dq;fz;L ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

1.21.21.21.21.2 : : : : : ,t;tif epfo;r;rpfisg; ghu;j;Jk;> Nfl;Lk;> ,urpj;Jk;

tpku;rpg;ghu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • kNdhju;k rq;fPjj;jpd; Ie;J gpupTfisAk; ,dq;

fhzy;.

• mtw;wpd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fis ,dq;fhzy;.

• ,dq;fz;ltw;iw ,urpj;J tpku;rpj;jy;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 1.1.11.1.11.1.11.1.11.1.1 : : : : : kNdhju;k rq;fPjj;jpd; Ie;J gpupTfspdJk; jdpj;Jtkhd

1.2.11.2.11.2.11.2.11.2.1 mk;rq;fis ,dq;fz;L ,urpj;J> tpku;rpj;jy;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: kNdhju;k rq;fPjj;jpd; Ie;J gpupTfspdJk; jdpj;Jtkhd

mk;rq;fis ,dq;fz;L ,urpj;J> tpku;rpj;jy;.

1. ,uhfk; 2. jhdk; 3. gy;ytp

4. eputy; 5. fw;gdh];tuk;

ghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtis ::::: 02

ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL ::::: kNdhju;k rq;fPjj;jpd; Ie;J gpupTfSk; xypg;gjpT

nra;ag;gl;l xypg;gjpT ehlh> xypg;gjpTf; fUtpfs;

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • kNdhju;k rq;fPjj;jpd; Ie;J gpupTfisAk; ghb mwpKfg;

gLj;jy;.

1. ,uhfk;

2. jhdk;

3. gy;ytp

4. eputy;

5. fw;gdh];tuk;

• ,it Ie;Jk; mlq;fpa xypg;gjpT ehlhit xypf;fr;

nra;J> mtw;wpd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fis khztu;

,dq;fhz topg;gLj;jy;.

• kNdhju;k rq;fPj gpupTfs; Ie;jpYk; ,urpj;j mk;rq;fis

tpku;rpf;Fk;gb J}z;Ljy;.

1.1.1.1.1. ,uhf Myhgid,uhf Myhgid,uhf Myhgid,uhf Myhgid,uhf Myhgid,uhfj;jpd; KO ,yl;rzq;fisAk;> KO nrh&gj;

ijAk; ntspg;gLj;Jk; tz;zk;> jf;f fkfq;fis

cgNahfpj;J jjupdk; Njhk; Nghd;w nrhw;fSld;

mfhu> ,fhu> cfhuq;fspy; ,uhfj;ij ntspg;gLj;J

tjhFk;.

17

2.2.2.2.2. jhdk;jhdk;jhdk;jhdk;jhdk;,uhf Myhgidf;F mLj;Jg; ghLtjhFk;. ,jid

kj;jpak fhyk; my;yJ kj;jpak fhy Myhgid

vd;Wk; miog;gJz;L. xUtuJ fw;gid tsj;jpw;F

Vw;g ];tuf; Nfhu;itfis jh..ek;j..njhk; j Nghd;w

nghUspy;yhj nrhw;fshy; Nfhu;itahf;fp> gy

eilfspy; mikj;Jg; ghLtjhFk;. ,J jhsj;Jld;

ghlg;gLtjpy;iy vdpDk; ];tuf; Nfhu;itfs; gy>

xNu eilapy; mike;J ,Ug;gjdhy; mit

jhsj;Jld; ghlg;gLtJ Nghy; Njhd;Wk;.

3.3.3.3.3. gy;ytpgy;ytpgy;ytpgy;ytpgy;ytpgjk;> yak;> tpe;epahrk; Mfpa nrhw;fspd; Kjy;

vOj;Jf;fspd; Nru;f;ifNa g + y + tp = gy;ytp

Mapw;W. gjq;fis yaj;jpy; mikj;J ,uhf ghtk;>

jhs EZf;fq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tifapy; tpe;epahrk;

(tpupTgLj;jp) ghLjNy gy;ytpahFk;. kNdhju;k

rq;fPjg; gpupTfshfpa ,uhfk;> jhdk;> eputy;>

fw;gdh];tuk; Mfpait gy;ytp ghLk; gj;jjpapDs;

mlq;fpAs;sikiaf; fhzyhk;. xU fiyQdpd;

jhs Qhdk;> ];tu Qhdk;> ,uhf Qhdk; ahtw;iw

Ak; mtu;ghLk; gy;ytpapd; thapyhf kjpg;gplyhk;.

4.4.4.4.4. eputy;eputy;eputy;eputy;eputy;fpUjpfspd; gy;ytpapNyh> mDgy;ytpapNyh> ruzj;

jpNyh nghUj;jkhd ,lj;jpy; me;j rhfpj;jpaj;jpd;

,uhf ghtk;> nghUs; eak; tpsq;Fk;gbahfTk;>

gy;NtW gpu];jhuq;fs; tUk;gbahfTk; xUtuJ

fw;gid tsj;jpw;Nfw;g jhs vy;iy kPwhky; ghLjNy

eputyhFk;. eputy; ghLk;NghJ rhfpj;jpaq;fs;

jhsj;jpw;Fs; mku;j;jg;gl;l Kiwapy; ,lk; khwhkYk;

nrhw;fs; njspthfTk; ghlg;gLtij mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

xU fiyQdpd; ,uhf QhdKk;> jhs QhdKk;

eputy; ghLtjD}lhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

5.5.5.5.5. fw;gdh];tuk;fw;gdh];tuk;fw;gdh];tuk;fw;gdh];tuk;fw;gdh];tuk;,ir cUg;gbfspd; gy;ytpapNyh my;yJ

nghUj;jkhd ,lj;ijj; njupe;njLj;J mt;tplj;jpNyh

fw;ghd];tuk; ghlg;gLfpwJ. xU ,uhfj;jpd; ghtKk;>

tpNr\ mk;rq;fSk; ];tu &gkhf fw;gdh ];tuj;jp

D}lhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. xU fiyQd; ghLk;

fw;gdh];tuj;jpD}lhf mtuJ ];tu> ,uhf> jhs

Qhdq;fis kjpg;gplyhk;. fw;gdh ];tuk;> ghLk;

tpjpKiwfSf;fikthf ,4

1,

2

1,1 ,

2

11 ,2 4 vd;Dk; Mtu;j;

jdq;fSf;F 1Mk;> 2Mk; fhyq;fspy; ghlg;gLfpd;wJ.

(,r;nraw;ghl;il fye;Jiuahly; Kiwapy; fw;gpf;fyhk;.)

18

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • kNdhju;k rq;fPjj;jpd; Ie;J gpupTfisAk; $Wtu;.

• mit xt;nthd;wpdJk; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fis jdpj;

jdpNa Fwpg;gpLtu;.

• mtw;iw ,urpj;J tpku;rpg;gu;.

• ,urpj;J tpku;rpg;gjd; %yk;> gpwuJ Mw;Wifj; jpwid

kjpf;Fk; kdg;ghq;ifAk;> kjpg;gPL nra;Ak; jpwidAk;

ntspg;gLj;Jtu;.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz ::::: • ,uhfk;> jhdk;> gy;ytp> eputy;> fw;gdh];tuk; xypg;gjpT

nra;ag;gl;l NtW xspg;gjpT ehlhf;fs;> ,Wtl;Lf;fs;.

Nkk;gLj;jw; nraw;ghL:Nkk;gLj;jw; nraw;ghL:Nkk;gLj;jw; nraw;ghL:Nkk;gLj;jw; nraw;ghL:Nkk;gLj;jw; nraw;ghL:

MrpupaUf;fhdit:MrpupaUf;fhdit:MrpupaUf;fhdit:MrpupaUf;fhdit:MrpupaUf;fhdit: • kNdhju;k rq;fPjk; ,lk;ngWk; ,irf;fr;Nrupfs; gy

tw;iw NeubahfTk;> xypg;gjpT ehlhf;fs;> ,Wtl;Lf;fs;

%ykhfTk; Nfl;gjd; %yk; kNdhju;k Mw;wiy tpUj;jp

nra;ayhk;.

khztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhdit ::::: • kNdhju;k rq;fPjj;jpd; Ie;J gpupTfSk; ghlg;gLfpd;w

fr;Nrupfs; gytw;iwAk; xypg;gjpT nra;ag;gl;l xypg;

gjpT ehlhf;fs;> ,Wtl;Lf;fs; gytw;iwAk; Nfl;L

,urpg;gjd; %yk; ,urpf;Fk; jpwid Nkk;gLj;jyhk;.

• kNdhju;k rq;fPjk; njhlu;ghd tpku;rdf; fl;Liufis

thrpg;gJld; tpku;rdf; fl;Liu vOJk; jpwidAk;

tpUj;jp nra;ayhk;.

19






tpku;rpg;ghu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • n[aNjtuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lit m\;lgjpfs; vdf;$Wjy;.

• m\;lgjpapd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fisf; $Wjy;.

• m\;lgjpia ,urpj;J> tpku;rpj;jy;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 1.1.11.1.11.1.11.1.11.1.1 ::::: m\;lgjpapd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fis ,dq;fz;L

1.2.11.2.11.2.11.2.11.2.1 ,urpj;J> tpku;rpj;jy;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: m\;lgjpapd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fis ,dq;fz;L

,urpj;J> tpku;rpj;jy;.

• rk];fpUj nkhopapy; ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sik.

• 12 ru;f;fq;fisAk; 24 ghl;Lf;fisAk; nfhz;lik.

• rhfpj;jpak; uhjhfpU\;zd; fijahf mike;Js;sik.

• rpUq;fhu u]j;ij ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wik.

• m\;lgjpapd; Kbtpy; kq;fs ];Nyhfq;fs; ,lk;

ngw;Ws;sik.

• n[aNjtupd; Kj;jpiu fhzg;gLfpd;wik.


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL ::::: m\;lgjpfs; xypg;gjpT nra;ag;gl;l xypg;gjpT ehlh>

xypg;gjpTf; fUtp

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • m\;lgjpapd; mikg;G Kiw> ghLk; Kiw> ntspg;gLj;

Jk; czu;T> fUj;J vd;gd gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.

• m\;lgjpapd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• ,aw;wg;gl;lnkhop - rk];fpUjk;

• 12 ru;f;fq;fSk;> 24 ghl;Lf;fSk;

• kq;fs ];Nyhfk;

• n[aNjtupd; Kj;jpiu

• m\;lgjpfs; gjpTnra;ag;gl;l xypg;gjpT ehlhf;fisg;

Nghl;Lf;fhl;b> mtw;wpd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fis

khztu; ,dq;fhz cjTjy;.

20

• m\;lgjpia ,urpj;J> ,urpj;j tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf

tpku;rpf;Fk;gb khztiu topg;gLj;jy;.


fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • m\;lgjp gw;wp tpsf;Ftu;.

• m\;lgjpapd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLtu;.

• m\;lgjpia ,urpj;J> tpku;rpf;Fk; jpwid ntspg;gLj;

Jtu;.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz ::::: • m\;lgjpfs; xypg;gjpT nra;ag;gl;l xspg;gjpT ehlhf;fs;>

,Wtl;Lf;fs;.


khztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhdit ::::: • m\;lgjpfs; gytw;iwf; Nfl;L ,urpf;Fk; jpwid tpUj;jp

nra;ayhk;.

• mit njhlu;ghf tpku;rdk; nra;tjd; %yk; tpku;rpf;Fk;

jpwid Nkk;gLj;jyhk;.

21

Nju;r;rp 2.0Nju;r;rp 2.0Nju;r;rp 2.0Nju;r;rp 2.0Nju;r;rp 2.0 : : : : : gy;NtW epfo;r;rpfisj; jhNk jahupg;gjd; %yk;gy;NtW epfo;r;rpfisj; jhNk jahupg;gjd; %yk;gy;NtW epfo;r;rpfisj; jhNk jahupg;gjd; %yk;gy;NtW epfo;r;rpfisj; jhNk jahupg;gjd; %yk;gy;NtW epfo;r;rpfisj; jhNk jahupg;gjd; %yk;

jkJ Mw;Wifj; jpwid ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.jkJ Mw;Wifj; jpwid ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.jkJ Mw;Wifj; jpwid ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.jkJ Mw;Wifj; jpwid ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.jkJ Mw;Wifj; jpwid ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1 : : : : : Ra Mf;fq;fisj; jahupj;J mspg;ghu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • ,ir njhlu;ghd fhl;rpg;nghUl;fis ntt;NtW

tplaq;fspd; fPo;j; jahupj;jy;.

• fz;fhl;rp eilngWk; jpfjp> Neuk; gw;wpj; jPu;khdpj;jy;.

• miog;gpjio jahupj;jy;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 2.1.12.1.12.1.12.1.12.1.1 ::::: ,ir njhlu;ghd fz;fhl;rpapid xOq;F nra;jy;

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: ,ir njhlu;ghd fz;fhl;rpapid xOq;F nra;jy;.

(jpl;lkplYk;> jPu;khdpj;jYk; ,q;F typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.)


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL ::::: ,irf;fUtpfs;> ,irf;fUtpfspd; khjpup cUf;fs;>

glq;fs;> miog;gpjopd; khjpupfs;.

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • fz;fhl;rpf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tplaq;fisg; gw;wpf; fye;

JiuahLjy;.

• ,irf;fUtpfs;> ,irf;fUtpfspd; khjpup cUf;fs;>

glq;fs; vd;gtw;iwf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp fhl;rpg;nghUl;fisj;

jahupg;gjw;F MNyhrid toq;Fjy;.

• ,izaj;jsj;jpd; %yk; ,ir rk;ge;jkhd jfty;

fisg; ngWtjw;F topg;gLj;jy;.

• <oj;J ,irf; fiyQu;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fisAk; mtu;

fsJ Mw;Wif epfo;r;rpfisAk; fiyQu;fsJ

topj;Njhd;wy;fsplk; ,Ue;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba

toptiffs; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahly;.

• gj;jpupiffs;> rQ;rpiffspy; gpuRupf;fg;gLk; ,ir

rk;ge;jkhd jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;J ~my;gk;| (Album)

xd;iwj; jahupf;f newpg;gLj;jy;.

• fhl;rpg;nghUl;fis jahupf;Fk; nghWg;ig khztUf;Fg;

gfpu;e;jspj;jy;.

• fz;fhl;rp elhj;jg;gLk; jpfjp> Neuk;> ,lk;> gpujk

mjpjp Nghd;wtw;iwj; jPu;khdpj;jy;.

22

• miog;gpjopd; khjpupfisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp miog;gpjioj;

jahupf;f topg;gLj;jy;.

• fz;fhl;rp elhj;jg;gLk;NghJ ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba

tplaq;fs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.


fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • ,ir njhlu;ghd fz;fhl;rpf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tplaq;

fisf; fye;Jiuahlj; njupT nra;tu;.

• fz;fhl;rp xd;wpid elhj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd xOq;F

Kiwfs; gw;wp tptupg;gu;.

• nghUj;jkhd jpfjpapy; gpujk mjpjpapd; jiyikapy;

fz;fhl;rpia elhj;Jtjw;Fj; jpl;lkpLtu;.


MrpupaUf;fhdit:MrpupaUf;fhdit:MrpupaUf;fhdit:MrpupaUf;fhdit:MrpupaUf;fhdit: • fz;fhl;rpfs; gytw;iwg; ghu;itapLtjd; %yk; fhl;rpg;

nghUl;fs; njhlu;ghd vz;zf; fUj;Jf;fis tsu;j;Jf;

nfhs;syhk;.

khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit: • NtW ghlrhiyfspy; ,lk;ngWk; fz;fhl;rpfs;

gytw;iwg; ghu;itapLtjd; %yk; ntt;NtW tplaq;fs;

gw;wpAk; fhl;rpg; nghUl;fs; gw;wpAk; mwpe;Jnfhs;syhk;.

23

Nju;r;rp 3.0Nju;r;rp 3.0Nju;r;rp 3.0Nju;r;rp 3.0Nju;r;rp 3.0 : : : : : ,ir cUg;gbfis RUjp> ,uhf> jhsj;Jld;,ir cUg;gbfis RUjp> ,uhf> jhsj;Jld;,ir cUg;gbfis RUjp> ,uhf> jhsj;Jld;,ir cUg;gbfis RUjp> ,uhf> jhsj;Jld;,ir cUg;gbfis RUjp> ,uhf> jhsj;Jld;

ghbf; fhl;LtJld; kNdhju;k Qhdj;ijAk;ghbf; fhl;LtJld; kNdhju;k Qhdj;ijAk;ghbf; fhl;LtJld; kNdhju;k Qhdj;ijAk;ghbf; fhl;LtJld; kNdhju;k Qhdj;ijAk;ghbf; fhl;LtJld; kNdhju;k Qhdj;ijAk;

ntspg;ntspg;ntspg;ntspg;ntspg; gLj;Jthu;.gLj;Jthu;.gLj;Jthu;.gLj;Jthu;.gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1 : : : : : mg;gpahrfhd cUg;gbfis ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghLthu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • tu;zk; ,aw;wg;gl;l ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz mtNuhf

zj;ijg; ghLjy;

• tu;zj;ij RUjp Rj;jkhf jhsj;Jld; ghLjy;

• ,U fhyq;fspYk; ghLjy;

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 3.1.13.1.13.1.13.1.13.1.1 ::::: Mjpjhs tu;zj;jpid ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghLjy;

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • jQ;rk; vd;whNy - MNghfp

• ]u]_l - ]hNtup

ghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtis ::::: 20 - jQ;rk; vd;whNy - MNghfp - 10 ghlNtis

]u]_l - ]hNtup - 10 ghlNtis

ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL ::::: • RUjpg;ngl;b> `hu;Nkhdpak;

• tu;zq;fs;> ];tu]hfpj;akhf vOjg;gl;l ml;il

• MNghfp> ]hNtup ,uhfq;fspd; MNuhfz>

mtNuhfz tiuglk;

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • juk; 12 ,y; fw;w Mjpjhs tu;zj;ij epidT+l;bg;

ghlj;ij Muk;gpj;jy;.

• vLj;Jf;nfhz;l tu;zj;jpd; ,uhfk;> MNuhfzk;>

mtNuhfzk; vd;gtw;iwf; $wp MNuhfz mtNuhf

zj;ijg; ghl topg;gLj;jy;.

• tu;zk;> ];tu ]hfpj;jpakhf vOjg;gl;l ml;iliaf;

fhl;rpg;gLj;jp tu;zj;jpid Mrpupau; KOikahfg;

ghbf; fhl;Ljy;.

• tu;zj;jpd; gy;ytp> mDgy;ytp> Kf;jhap];tuk;>

ruzk;> ruz];tuq;fs; vd;gtw;iw ];tu ]h p̀j;jpa

khf gFjp gFjpahff; fw;gpj;jy;.

• jhsj;Jld; ghlf; fw;gpj;jy;.

• MrpupaUk; khztUk; Nru;e;J tu;zj;jpid ,uz;L

fhyq;fspYk; ghLjy;.

• FOthfTk; jdpahfTk; khztu;fisg; ghLtpj;jy;.

(nra;Jfhl;ly; Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wpf;; fw;gpf;fyhk;.)

24

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • tu;zk; mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz> mtNuhf

zq;fisg; ghLtu;.

• tu;zj;ij ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ,U fhyq;fspYk;

ghLtu;.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz ::::: • tu;zq;fs; ghlg;gl;l NtW xypg;gjpT ehlh> ,Wtl;L


MrpupaUf;fhdit:MrpupaUf;fhdit:MrpupaUf;fhdit:MrpupaUf;fhdit:MrpupaUf;fhdit: • MNghfp> ]hNtup ,uhfq;fspy; gy;NtW cUg;gbfs;>

,uhf Myhgidfs; mlq;fpa xyp ehlhf;fisr;

Nrfupj;J> mtw;iwf; Nfl;gjd; %yk; ,uhf

Qhdj;ij tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;syhk;.

khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit: • Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ,uhfq;fspy; ];tu ]Q;rhuq;fis

mfhukhf Mrpupaupd; cjtpAld; ghbg; goFtjd;

%yk; jkJ ,uhf Qhdj;ij tpUj;jp nra;J

nfhs;syhk;.

25

jhd tu;zk; - jQ;rk; vd;whNyjhd tu;zk; - jQ;rk; vd;whNyjhd tu;zk; - jQ;rk; vd;whNyjhd tu;zk; - jQ;rk; vd;whNyjhd tu;zk; - jQ;rk; vd;whNy

,uhfk; : MNghfp jhsk; : Mjp

M : ]upfkj];

mt : ];jkfup]

,aw;wpatu;: ghgehrk; rptd;

gy;ytpgy;ytpgy;ytpgy;ytpgy;ytp

14

0 0

jh> ];h> j]; jkfkfup]h / jh> ]h> j] / up]huP]upf //

jQ;.rk; vd; .wh . . .Ny neQ;rk; mUs; Rue;Njtypa

kh> jkhj]; jkjh> ];h]; / uP> ];h jhk / fkfup] upfk //

jz;. Kfpy;Ngh Ny te;J mQ;Nr nyd;W cte;jUSk; I.a

mDgy;ytpmDgy;ytpmDgy;ytpmDgy;ytpmDgy;ytp

];h> jh> kh> jh> ];h ];h / uP> jh> ];h /> uP> j];upf; //

tQ;rk; nfhz;Nlhu;Ngh y td;.kk; nfhz; Nl.kpf kdk;

k;k; f;up f;hup]; j;f;up];hjhk / ];hjk jkh-f / kfup]hupfk //

tUe;Jnkd;Nky;mUs; rpwpJkpd;wpk we;jtpe;ijvd; ndd;Ngd; I.a

Kf;jhap];tuk;Kf;jhap];tuk;Kf;jhap];tuk;Kf;jhap];tuk;Kf;jhap];tuk;

jh> ];h]; jk fh> khjkf / uP> fh> kfup / ]upj]uP@ //

]j ]upfkjk j];hupf;hk;f; / up];h];jkfh / kfup ]hupfk //

(jQ;rk;)

}22 MtJ Nksj;jpd; [d;ak;

. .

. .

..

.

26

ruzk;ruzk;ruzk;ruzk;ruzk;

khjkh fupj ]upfh> fup] / upfh kjh kj / ];h>jkfupf //

khjtu; gzpf gh.yp . M.s kdk; cz;Nlh ,iy Nah.nrhy; cau;

1. kh> jh> kh@ jh> ];h> / jh> khfhup / > jh]h uPf //

(khjtu;)

2. kj]; jh kfup fup]jh]upf / kjh];uP];h / jkfuP ]upf //

(khjtu;)

3. kfup]j]upfkj - kfkj];up / f;k;upupf;];-];up / j-j];k-upfkj //

(khjtu;)

4. ];h @ @ ];jhk fup]jhup / ]h @ @ upf / ]-upf;];upfkj //

];hupf; k;f;up-jh];upf;up];-kh / j];up];j-fhk / j];jk j];uP //

kf;uPf;];h-];jkh jkh-kf / uPf]h-kfup / ,];jh> ];jh //

(khjtu;)

.

.

... .

..

...

27

h

hhh

h

hh

hh

h

h . . . .

.

. .

. . . .

.

.

.

jhd tu;zk; - ]u]_ljhd tu;zk; - ]u]_ljhd tu;zk; - ]u]_ljhd tu;zk; - ]u]_ljhd tu;zk; - ]u]_l

,uhfk; : ]hNtup jhsk; : Mjp

M : ]upkgj];

mt : ];epjgkfup]

,aw;wpatu;: nfhj;jthry; ntq;fluhka;au;


14

0 0

]h uP fh up f uP @ up f up up / ]h-] up] ep jh / fupup - fup]epj /

] u ]{ . . lh ep . . . .d;Nd. . . . . . Nfh. . .up. . .

] up g k f up ]- j j k f up ] j ]up / k; g j - up ]; h- k g / j ep j k-fup ]j //

rh. . . y . . k . . U . . Y. . . . .nfh . d;d . . . . jp . uh .


j j g k g j - up k g j - kh f up ] up / up ]; ep - j ep j g j / g k g j. ];h@ //

fp . . up . . dp . . . nt y . A . =. .ntq; . f . Nl . . . rh

g j ]; up f;up uP . f; up up f; - up ]; ep j / up ];h ep j g - j k / > fup ]-]h ep j //

f . . . U. . . zpk;. . . r . . , . Nj . . ] . k. . a K .


]h up f - up ] uP - ] f up ] - ep j g j / uP ] f - up f ] up /j ] up k gh > - j //

j g k - uP k g j - ] up ] - g k jg - ep/ j ep g j kg - ]up /k g j ep jh @ //

ep j g kh g - ]; ep j gh j up ]; ep j/ gh k jh g - ep j /g j ]; up - f; up uP //

j; f; up ]; ep j - j ]; ep j - g k f uP ] / f; uP ]; ep j - up ]; / ep j-g kf up ] j //

}15MtJ Nksj;jpd; [d;dpak;;

. .

28

h

h

hh

h


jh > k g j ];h - ep j g k - f up ] j / hP > - up ] up k g / > j gepj g k g //

jh . dp. . ig . ne. . d. . . . &. d . . < . . Nt. . s. . .

1. jh > gh > - jh gh kh fh uP / kh > gh > jh / > - eP jh gh k //

(jhdp)

2. jh ep - gjgkg - j epjk - f up ] j /]h up k g j - ] up/ kgh - k ep j gk //

(jhdp)

3. j ep j k f up - ep j k f up ] jkfup / ] - fup] ep j-up ] / ep j g - j ] up k g //

j k g j ]; epj up];epj gj];upf; / j ]; up gj] kg / jf;up] - epjgk //

(jhdp)

4. ];h @ @ - up ]; ep j g k f up ] j / ]h @ @ - g k / j g - ep j g k g j //

]; ep j gh j - ep j gkhg -j.k fup /- epj g k - ]; ep j g/ up ]; ep jh - gh j //

k f up ]h> - j ] upkh g - up k g j/g k g j ]; - k g j/ ];-up f; up up ]; epj//

up ];h ep j g - j gh k f up - kgj]; /up f; up ]; ep j gh/kf up ]h - up k g//

(jhdp)

.

.. . . . . . .. . . . ..

29




Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2 : : : : : ,ir cUg;gbfis RUjp> ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghLthu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • fPu;j;jidapd; mikg;ig tpsf;fy;.

• fPu;j;jid mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz>

mtNuhfzj;ijg; ghLjy;

• fPu;j;jidia KOikahfj; jhsj;Jld; ghLjy;

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 3.1.2 3.1.2 3.1.2 3.1.2 3.1.2 ::::: kj;jpkfhyf; fPu;j;jidfis ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghLjy;

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • kj;jpkfhyf; fPu;j;jidfs; (tpUk;gpa %d;W)

• rptrptrptnad uhjh - ge;Jtuhsp

• NjtpePNa Jiz - fPuthzp

• ep[Kid my;yJ gupjhdkpr;rpNj - gpy`up

• khdpld; cyfpy; - fy;ahzp

• rjhrptFkhuh - Rj;jrhNtup

• rpk;Nke;j;ukj;ak th]pdp - rpk;Nke;j;ukj;akk;



• fPu;j;jid ];tu ]hfpj;akhf vOjg;gl;l ml;il

• xypg;gjpT ehlh> my;yJ ,Wtl;L

• xypg;gjpTf;fUtp

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • Fwpg;gpl;l fPu;j;jid vOjg;gl;l ml;iliaf; fhl;rpg;

gLj;jpAk; mf;fPu;j;jid ghlg;gl;l xypg;gjpT ehlhmy;yJ ,Wtl;ilg; Nghl;Lf; fhl;bAk; urpf;fr; nra;jy;

• fPu;j;jidapd; mikg;ig tpsf;Fjy;.

• fPu;j;jid mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfzMtNuhfzj;ijg; ghb khztu; njhlu;e;J ghltopg;gLj;jy;.

• fPu;j;jid mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpy; ];tu rQ;rhuq;fisf; fw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;.

• fPu;j;jidia KOikahfg; ghbf;fhl;Ljy;.

• fPu;j;jidapd; nghUisf; $Wjy;.

30

• fPu;j;jidapd; gy;ytp> mDgy;ytp> ruzk; vd;gtw;iwg; gFjp gFjpahf nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;jy;.

• jhsj;Jld; nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;jy;.

• fbdkhd rq;fjpfSf;Fupa ];tug;gFjpiar;(Notation) nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;jy;.

• khztNuhL Nru;e;J KOikahfg; ghLjy;.

• jdpahfTk; FOthfTk; ghlr; nra;jy;.

(nra;Jfhl;ly;> fye;Jiuahly; Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;wyhk;.)

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • fPu;j;jidfs; mike;Js;s ,uhfq;fspd; MNuhfz>

mtNuhfzq;fisg; ghLtu;.

• fPu;j;jidiaj; jdpahfTk; FOthfTk; ghLtu;.

• fPu;j;jidfs; ngUk;ghYk; flTs; ];JjpahfNt

mike;Js;sd vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;tu;.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz ::::: • fPu;j;jidfs; ghlg;gl;l NtW CD, DVD (,Wtl;L)


MrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhdit ::::: • Fwpg;gpl;l ,uhfq;fspy; gy fPu;j;jidfisf; fw;W

,uhf Qhdj;ij tpUj;jp nra;ayhk;.

khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit: • jhk; fw;w fPu;j;jidfs; mike;j ,uhfq;fspy;

,aw;wg;gl;l NtW fPu;j;jidfisj; Njbf; Nfl;gjd;

%yk; ,uhf Qhdj;ij tpUj;jp nra;ayhk;.

31

fPu;j;jid - rpt rpt rptaduhjh fPu;j;jid - rpt rpt rptaduhjh fPu;j;jid - rpt rpt rptaduhjh fPu;j;jid - rpt rpt rptaduhjh fPu;j;jid - rpt rpt rptaduhjh

,uhfk; : ge;Jtuhsp jhsk; : Mjp

M : ]upfkgjep];;

mt : ]epjgkfup]

,aw;wpatu;: = jpahfuh[ ];thkpfs;


14

0 0

@ ep]; >epjh ghgk fhkh / gh@ gkfh / @ @ jgjh //

rpt rpt rpt a d uh jh... . . . x . uP

eP ep]; >epjh ghgk fhkh / gh> j gkfh / @ @ fkgj //

. rpt rpt rp . t a d uh . jh. . . . X . uP

ep]; ep]; >epjh ghgk fhkh / gh@ kjgk / fh@ ]epjg //

. rpt rpt rp.t a d uh jh. . . . . X . uP

jep ep]; >epjh ghgk fh];ep / jggh kjgk / fh@ fkgk //

. . rpt rpt rp.t a d uh. . jh. . . . X . . .

fup]up > fkh ghjh eP];h / ];epf;up ]epj]; / epjgk fupfk //

up. gt ga ghj y e . z. R. Nfh. uh. . . jh.

gjep] .epjh ghgk fhkh / gh>j gkfh / gkfup up];]h //

. . rpt rpt rp.t ad uh. . jh. . . . . . . . . . .


@ j up ];epjh ghgk fhkh / gh@ gkfh / @ @ jgjh //

fh . kh. . . J y. njf Nfh ]p. . . . . . . . . .

eP jup ];epjh ghgk fhkh / gh@ gkfh / @ @ fkgj //

fh . kh. . . J y. njf Nfh ]p. . . . . . . . . .

ep]; jup ];epjh ghgk fhkh / gh@ kjgk / @ @ ];epjg //

.. fh kh. . . J y. njf Nfh ]p. . . . . . . . . .

}51 MtJ Nksk;

32

jep j;up ];epjh ghgk fh];ep / jggh kjgk / fh@ ];h];h //

. . fh kh. . . Jy nj f Nfh. ]p. . . .. . gu

];epf;up ];epj]; epjgk fup]up / fkgj ep];epj / gkfup @ up] //

gh. . . k . y. gh. U y. . j. d. K . y . .Nuh . ]p .

]hjh khjep ];h>ep uP ];h / @];up >]h> / ]epjh eP>];h //

. .gh . k . u . . j;t K nel . gh . ]p. . . m jp .

@]ep jgjep ];epf;up ];h];h / @];up >]hep / gjep]; up];epj //

..gh. . .k . u. . . j;tK .nel gh. ]p. . . m jp .

gk ];ep jgjep ];epf;up ];h];h/ @];up >];hep / ];epjh eP];h //

. . gh . .k. u . . . j;tK .nel .gh. ]p. . . mjp

@ ep]; >up];h ];epjh ghjh / ep];hep jhgh / khfh khgh //

. .Ne. . kK Njh... kpy;. th... u;r;rd .N[. .]p

(rptrpt)

Kjy; ruzj;ijg; Nghy; ghLf.Kjy; ruzj;ijg; Nghy; ghLf.Kjy; ruzj;ijg; Nghy; ghLf.Kjy; ruzj;ijg; Nghy; ghLf.Kjy; ruzj;ijg; Nghy; ghLf.

Mfk KY EjpapQ;rp g`{

ghFNydp gh\YrhypQ;rp

ghftJyNjh Ngh\pQ;rp tu

j;ahfuh[ ]d;DJldpnaQ;rp

(rptrptrpt)

. .

33

fPu;j;jid - NjtpePNa JizfPu;j;jid - NjtpePNa JizfPu;j;jid - NjtpePNa JizfPu;j;jid - NjtpePNa JizfPu;j;jid - NjtpePNa Jiz

,uhfk; : fPuthzp jhsk; : Mjp

M : ]upfkgjep];

mt : ];epjgkfup]



14

0 0

1. ]heP jheP ];h @ @ @ / ];h> ep jh gh / kh @ @ @ //

Nj . . . tp eP .Na . J iz . . .

kjgk fhuP fh@ kh@ / ghjk kh gh / @jh eP@ //

njd;.. kJ iu tho; kP . . d Nyh r dp

2. ];upf;up ];epjep ];ep];uP @ ];h /jep];]; epjgh / kh @ @ @ //

Nj . . . . . . tp. . . . . eP . .Na . . J iz . .

fkghjg kfhup fh@ kh@ /ghjk khgh / @ jh ep];uPf;up //

njd; . .k . J iu tho; kP . . d Nyh r dp . . .

3. ];epjg kgjep ];h@ @ @ / eP];ep> jhepj. > gh / kh@ @ @ //

Nj . . . . . tp . . eP . . Na. . J iz . .


]; uP ep @ ];h uP@ uPuP / f;hk;h f;h@ / f;upuP @ @ //

Nj th jp Nj td; .]{e; j Nu.rd; . .

];uP];ep j gjh ep]upf; uPuP / fhkh fh @ / fupuP @ @ //

Nj. .t . . . jp Nj. . . td; ]{e; . j Nu.rd; . .

1. ];upf;h uPuP ];hjh eP];h / ];epjh gh kh / @ gh > j eP //

rpj;jk; .f thu;G td ]{e; j up . mk; . g

2. ];upf;h uPuP ];hjh ePuP / up];epj ghkh / @ gj ep];uPf;up //

rpj;jk; . f tu;G td; ]{e; . j up . mk; . . g. .

(Njtp)

.. . .

}21MtJ Nksuhfk;

34


jhgh khgh kh@ ghjh / ]; ep jh gh@ / kjgk fupfh //

ky aj;t [d; kh. j . t Nk fhQ;. . r . d

kh@ khkh gh@ ghgh / jgjk ghjh / jheP @ @ //

kh iyG jy; tpk `h. . . uhf; Qp . . . .

@ ep]; @ jeP ];h];h ];h];h / @ uP uP uP / upf;upf; ];uP . //

miy .kfs; fiy kfs; g zpfPu; th . . zp .

@ ];eP @ gjh gj;ep];uP f;up];];u;/@ uP uP f;hk;g; / k;g;k;h k;f;f;h @ uP //

miy kfs; f. iy. . kfs; . g zp fP.u; . . . .th. . zp

@ j f;h up];h ePjh eP ];h / ];epjh ghkh / gjh > @ eP //

mK jid a, dp a .Kj;j kpo; . tsu;j; . j

(Njtp)

35

fPu;j;jid - ep[Kd;idfPu;j;jid - ep[Kd;idfPu;j;jid - ep[Kd;idfPu;j;jid - ep[Kd;idfPu;j;jid - ep[Kd;id

,uhfk; : gpy`up jhsk; : fz;lrhG

M : ]upfgj];

mt : ];epjgkfup]



}29MtJ Nksj;jpd; [d;dpak;

1. ghkh /

ep [

]h@ /

eP .

2. ghkh /

ep [

]upfh /

eP . .

3. ghkh /

ep [

];h@ /

eP .

4. ghkh /

ep [

]h@ /

eP .

kffup]h //

Kd;..id

uP @ fh //

yh. . a

kffup]h //

Kd;. . id.

upf ghjh //

yh. . . a

fupgkfup //

Kd;. .id

];epjgjh //

yh . . a

kffup]h //

Kd;. . id

uP @ fh //

yh . a

]h @ /

ek; .

gh @ /

jh .

]upfup /

ek;

gh@ /

jh.

jjgh /

ek;. gp

gh @ /

jh .

]h @ /

ek; .

gh @ /

jh .

]h]epjh //

gpNd . d;

kfup]upf //

. . . . Ñp

]h]ep jh //

gpNd . d;

kfup]upf //

. . . . Ñp

];epjgj;up //

. . Nd . .d;

kfup]upf //

. . . . Ñp

]h]epjh //

gp.Nd. d;

gh @ @ //

Ñp . .

.

36



ghgh /

f [

]upfh /

je; j

gj];up /

f . U.

f;up];ep /

fhu

gj];up /

f. U .

fup];ep /

fhu

kfupfgh //

K.f.Ndh

upfgk fh //

c. d f;

f;huPf; k;f;hk;h //

iz .,y; . .

up];epj jup //

zNkh . .

fh uPf;k; f;hk;h //

iz,y; . . .

up]; epj jup //

z. Nkh. . .

jjgh /

lhW.

jjgh /

nfe;.

f;up];h /

yh j

];h . ep /

eh . .

fup];h /

yh . j

];h> ep /

eh .

kffup ]h //

K . f. id

kfgj ];h //

j . dp .lk;

f;up];ep jh //

njd;;. . . d

jg kf upf //

u . zp Na.

fup];epjh //

njd;. . d

jgkfupf //

u. zp. Na. (ep[)

]h @ /

fh. k

]upfup /

f.yq;.

]h @ /

fh k

];ep jh /

f.yq;

jhjh /

v k

]hupf /

Neha;

uPfh fh //

nkDk;

]h@ ]h //

F njd;

uPfh fh //

nkDk;

gh kfuP //

njd;

jgjepjh //

dp. Yk;.

ghkfupf //

nfhz;l

jjgh /

Ng. a;

]epjh /

k. df;

jjgh /

Ng. a;

];epjh /

k. df;

fgjg /

nfhb

jjgh /

vdf;

kffup ]h //

gp. b j;J

]h]h]h //

F u q; F

kfgj ];h //

gp. bj; J

];h ];h ];h //

F u q; F

kf up fgh //

a. g. t

kf fup]h //

fp . uq;F

37

gh @ /

jh .

]upfh /

jh..s

gj];up /

uh . .

f;up];ep /

uh . [

gj];up /

uh . .

f;up];ep /

uh . [

gh kfup] /

gkfjgh /

ghj];upf /

f;uP];epj /

kf upfgh //

k . jk; .

upfgkfh //

K. b

fhuPfk; f;hk;h //

k . jh . . .

up]; epjjup //

uh . . . .

fhuPf; k;f;hk;h //

k jh . . . .

upep];ep jup //

uh. . . . .

upf]up //

kfup] //

g;k;f;up //

up];epj //

jjgh /

c . j

jjgh /

ah .

f;up];h /

rd; .

];h . ep /

N[ ];

f;up]h /

rd;.

];h . ep /

N[ ];

]hepjgh /

upf gj];up /

f;hup];epj /

gjghkfup /

kffup]h //

th . . J

kf gj];h //

jk; . . gh

f;up]; ep jh //

g. zp . Ak;

jgkf upf //

t. up . . .

f;up];epjh //

g. zpAk;

jgkfupf //

t. up. . . (ep[)

j]upf //

jup];h //

gj];up //

]upf //

rpl;lhap];tuk;rpl;lhap];tuk;rpl;lhap];tuk;rpl;lhap];tuk;rpl;lhap];tuk;

. .. . .

.

38

fPu;j;jid - gupjhdkpr;rpNjfPu;j;jid - gupjhdkpr;rpNjfPu;j;jid - gupjhdkpr;rpNjfPu;j;jid - gupjhdkpr;rpNjfPu;j;jid - gupjhdkpr;rpNj

,uhfk; : gpy`up jhsk; : fz;lrhG

M : ]upfgj];

mt : ];epjgkfup]

,aw;wpatu;: gl;lzk; Rg;ukz;a Iau;



1. ghkh /

g up

]h@ /

gh .

2. ghkh /

g up

]upfh /

gh . .

3. ghkh /

g up

];upfg /

gh .

4. ghkh /

g up

];h@ /

gh .

5. ghkh /

g up

upfgj /

gh . .

kffup]h //

jh . . d

uP @ fh //

yp . e;J

kffup]h //

jh. .. d

upfgkfj //

yp. . .e;J

kffup]h //

jh. . .d

j];ep];jep //

yp .. k;J .

fup gkfup //

jh. . . d.

];epjg - jep //

yp. . k; J .

fup gkkup //

jh . . .d.

];upf;hup]; //

yp. k; J.

]h @ /

kp .

gkfh /

Nt. .

]h @ /

kp .

gh @ /

Nt .

]upfup /

kp . . .

g j j g /

Nt. . .

jjgh /

kp. r;

gh @ /

Nt .

jjgh /

kp. r;

j up uP /

Nt . .

]h ]epepj //

r;rp Nj. . .

fup ]hupf //

. . nkh. .

]h ]epepj //

r;rp Nj. . .

g k f up up f //

nkh. . . . . .

]h ] ep ep j //

r;rp Nj . . .

j g k f up f //

nkh . . . .

];epjg jup //

rp . Nj. . .

]; ep j g j ep //

nkh . . . .

j g k f up f //

rp. Nj . . .

]; ep j g j ep //

nkh . . . .

39

6. ];h eP /

g up

]h@ /

gh .

1. gh gh /

g u

] up fh /

g . jp

2. gj];up /

f. U.

f;up];ep /

fh. . .

3. gj];up /

f. U.

f;upf;]; /

fh. . .

gj];up /

f. U.

f;up];ep /

fh. . .

1. ];h @ /

nuhf;.

] up fh /

K . f;

gh@ kh //

jh. d

fh up fh //

yp e; J

kf upfgh //

k. G . U

upf g k fh //

eh. . . .

f;h uPf;k;f;hk;h //

z f. . . .y;

up];epj jup //

u . z. Nk.

f;h uPf;k;f;hk;h //

z f. . . . .y;

upep];j epg //

u .z . Nk .

f;h uPf;k;f;hk;h //

z f . . . y;

up];epj ];ep //

u . z. Nk.

uP fh @ //

fkpr;

fup]epjh //

fk; . .b

fhuP /

kp .

gkfh /

Nt. .

j j gh /

\h . .

jjgh /

ig. .

f;up];h /

f. f

];h> ep /

ik. .

f;up];h /

f. f

jup];ep /

ik. . .

fup];h /

f. .

jg epj /

.. ik.

jh gh /

R l

]epjj /

nr. yp.

]h ] ep ep j //

r;rp Nj . . .

f up uP ]h //

nkh. . . .

k f f up ]h //

eP . . . .

kfgj];h //

eP. . . F

f;up];epjh //

A. . .d;d

jgkfupf //

ah. . . .

fup];epjh //

A. . .d;d

jgkfupf //

ah. . . .

f;up];epjh //

A. . . d;d

gkjgkf //

. .ah. . .

kh k f f up //

F Ne. . .

]h @ ]h //

fh . D



. .

. . . . .

40

2. ] up up f /

nuh. . f;

];epepj /

K. . f;

3. ]up]up /

nuh. f;.

jhepj gh /

K . . f;

jh @ /

r .

f]upf /

[. d.

gh @ /

kpf; .

]up fh /

k . u;

upfgkfh //

f. kpr; .

jgkfuP //

fk;. .b

fupfgfg //

f. kp. r;.

fgkfuP //

fk;. .b

jh gjepj //

f;f dp.nr.

gh kfupf //

f uh. . .

kfupfgh //

fp.yp.i]

upf gkfh //

f. Nl e;.

jjgh /

R.l

]epjh /

nr. yp

j];ep]; /

R. l.

]epjh /

nr. yp

fgjg /

yp.dp.

j j gh /

[{ . D

jjgh /

..e;a

jjgh /

j;UL

kfgj];h //

FNe . .

]h @ ]h //

fh . D

jep ghjh eP];ep //

F. Ne. . . .

]h @ ]h //

fh . D

kf up f gh //

nah. . ] f

kffup]h //

fh. . .D

kffup]h //

kp. . .t;t

kfgj];h //

fh. . .D

(mDgy;ytp Nghy; ghlTk;)

mf;fbf nkLfy;f Mjp Ntq;fNlr ePF

41

fPu;j;jid - khdpld; clypy;fPu;j;jid - khdpld; clypy;fPu;j;jid - khdpld; clypy;fPu;j;jid - khdpld; clypy;fPu;j;jid - khdpld; clypy;

gz;; : fy;ahzp jhsk;: &gfk;

M : rupfkgjepr;

mt : r;epjgkfupr

,aw;wpatu;: L. jpyfehafk; Nghy;


(khdpld;...)


(khdpld;...)

}65MtJ Nks ,uhfk;

fkh f uP rh rhrh //

kh.. dpld; c l ypy;

gh> g kh fh kh uP //

fh.Zkp lq;fNshu;

fh> epjh kh fhfh //

kh. .dpld; c lypy;

ep uP fkh kh fh uP //

fh. Zkp lq;fNshu;

f khj r;h eP eP eP //

kplw;wpdpy; Njhd; Wk;

ePuP epjh khfhfh //

Fuy; v d eP ..Ak;

ePuPf;fh f;h f;h f;h //

rpurpdpy; Njhd; Wk;

eP uP r; r;heP jh gh //

Jj;jk; vdeP . Ak;

eP >up uP fhfh fh //

V .OR uq; . .fs;

fhfhkh gh @ @ //

m jp r ak; . .

fkhjkh fh uP rh //

V .O R uq; . .fs;

g g fhkh gh @ @ //

m. jp r ak; . .

fkh jeP r;h r;h r;h //

Ruk; vd; g J Nt

fkh j eP jh @ @ //

mwpe;jpL tha; . .

ePuP f;k;h f;h uP uP //

Ruk; vd; g J Nt

k jhggh fh uPrh //

njupe;jpL tha; . .

.

.

.

.

.

.

42


(khdplk;...)

fh >ffh up fh fh f //

mz;.ehf;fp dpy; Njhd;Wk;

f kh j kh fuP up uP //

iff;fpis v d ePAk;

kjhjjh k jh j jh //

ehtpdpy; Njhd;. Wk;

k jh ep jh ghghgh //

cio v d eP Ak;

ep r;hj eP r;h @ r;h //

new;wpapy; Njh. d;Wk;

ePuP f;uP r;h r;h r;h //

,sp vd eP . . Ak;

ep jhepuP f;h @ f;h //

neQ;rpYk; %f;. . fpYk;

eP uP epjh k ff fh up //

KiwNa. tpsup jhuk;

upfh epuP fh fh fh //

Ruk; vd; g J Nt

up fh eP uP rh @ @ //

mwpe; jp L tha;. .

kjh kfh kh jh jh //

Ruk; v d; g J Nt

k gh fkh gh @gh //

njupe;jp L th .a;

epuP f;uP r;h r;h r;h //

Ruk; vd; g J Nt

ep r;h jeP r;h r;h r;h //

mwpe;jpL th. . a;

ePuPf; k;h f; uP r;r;h //

Njhd;Wk; Ruq;fNs

g kh f uP rh rhrh //

vdj;njupe; jp Ltha;

. .

.

.

.

.

. .

. .

43

fPu;j;jid - ]jh rptFkhuhfPu;j;jid - ]jh rptFkhuhfPu;j;jid - ]jh rptFkhuhfPu;j;jid - ]jh rptFkhuhfPu;j;jid - ]jh rptFkhuh

,uhfk; : Rj;jrhNtup jhsk; : Mjp

M : ]upkgj];

mt : ];jgkup]




1. ];h jh@

] jh.

2. ];h jh @

] jh .

3. ];up]; jh

] . . jh

jhuP];hjup

]f ynyh

1. gh> jh>

gh jh

gh> jh>

gh jh

ghgk

g;uz.

];up];j

]. .jh

gh kh uP kh @ /

rp t F kh .

gj gkup] uPkh /

rp . t . F kh.

>gj gkup] uPkh /

rp . t . F. kh

];hjh ghjh /

fh jh

];h uP];h uPk;h /

u tpe;. jNd

];h uP];h upg;k;h/

u tpe;. j.Nd

uP];h uPkh ghjh /

t];t &. gf

@ gj gkup] uPkh/

. rp t.F . kh

gh @ @ @ /

uh . . .

gh @ @ gk /

uh . . fz;.

gh @ @ gk /

uh . . fz;.

];h @ @ up]; /

uh . . =

@ upk; h up];h /

]{u Kdp

@ upk;h - up]h /

]{u Kdp

ghkh ghjh /

[h . dd

gh @ @ @ /

uh . . .

@ @ gkgj //

. . = . .

gj];h j];uP //

gh. . uh . a;

gj];h j];uP //

gh. . uh .a;

jg];jgkg;j //

. . nfs. .uP.

j];jh gh gk //

tu; g zpAk;

];jup]; jgkh //

tu;. g. zpAk;

];jgk upkgj //

eP . . . Jiz

@ @ @ @ //

. . . .

mDg;gy;ytpmDg;gy;ytpmDg;gy;ytpmDg;gy;ytpmDg;gy;ytp

.

.

..

.

....

44


gjhg

mbahu;

gjhj

,ilA+.

kghj

filf;fz;

kghk

flYk;.

kup gkup] uPkh /

ep. idj;j t.uk;

ghjh up];jh @ gh/

nwy; yh. . . .k;

ghjh ];h];h .upuP/

. ghu; it . ,Ue;

up]upk ghgk gj];h/

rpw;Nwh il M. fh.

gj];g jggj /

mUs;tha; f.

@ upkh g gh /

rp j w bg;

];h @ @ jup /

jhy;. . fiu

jh @ @ uP /

Njh . .f

up];jh ghkh //

t. iy A. ld;

gh@ kgjh //

gha; cdJ

];h> jh> gh //

fh zh j

kh gh jhuP //

z g jpNa

.

.

.

.

45

fPu;j;jid - rpk;Nke;jpu kj;akth`pdpfPu;j;jid - rpk;Nke;jpu kj;akth`pdpfPu;j;jid - rpk;Nke;jpu kj;akth`pdpfPu;j;jid - rpk;Nke;jpu kj;akth`pdpfPu;j;jid - rpk;Nke;jpu kj;akth`pdp

,uhfk; : rpk;Nke;jpukj;akk; jhsk; : Mjp

M : ]upfkgjep];

mt : ]epjgkfup];

,aw;wpatu;: tPukzp Iau;


}57MtJ Nks ,uhfk;

uP f; up ];h ];h f;up];epjepjg /

rpk; Nk . e;j; u k . . j; .ak.

];h up up];ep];h uP uP f;]; uP /

]k; `h. . .uf; f gh yP. rd;

jh> jh> jh jh eP jg kh /

[q;. fh. u ];U jp nra; Ak;

f;h> k;f;h uP ];h ]; ep j ep ];h /

fq;. fh. j ud; k . fp . Ok;

@ g gh ghk gh> j ep j ggkh /

. e u ]pk;. N`. e; j; u . .

@ fuP f uP ]hupfup] eP /

. ]u ]p [ Nyh. . r. dp

kh j jh j jh jh eP j g kh /

. rp u r rp jh . up . zp

@ f; k;h f; uP ];epjh eP ];h /

. G u rp t eh. . a fp

kh ];epjheP /

. th. . `p

@ f; kh f;h up /

. r;U q; f;h u

g jh eP> ];h /

X q; fh. up

@ ]; eP j gh /

. fw; g f Nk

@ g gh gh k /

. eh uh a zd;

@ ] uP f kh /

. ] u; t Nyh

@ g jh eP ]; /

. rp j; & gp

@ ]; eP j gh /

. t u k Us;

];h> ]; ];h];h //

dp. k ap iy

f; up]; epjgjep //

Nkh . . .`p. dp.

uP uP f; ]; uP //

R gh \p . zp

kh> gh j eP //

jh. Ñh a zp

(rpk;Nke;j;u)

f k g k f f uP //

Nrh . . . j. up

gh@ jh gh //

Nf]; t up

uP uP f; ]; uP //

rp Nt ]; t uP

kh> g jh eP //

<. ]; t up

(rpk;Nke;j;u)



. .

. . . . .

46



ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2 : : : : : ,ir cUg;gbfis ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghLthu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • gjj;jpd; mikg;ig tpsf;Fjy;

• gjk; mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz> mtNuhfzj;

ijg; ghLjy;

• gjj;ij ghtj;Jld; ghLjy;

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 3.2.13.2.13.2.13.2.13.2.1 ::::: gjj;ij ,uhf> jhs ghtj;Jld; ghLjy;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • NtytNu ( ,uhfk; - igutp> jhsk; - &gfk;)

my;yJ

• ghy;tbAk; (,uhfk; - ehl;ilf;FwpQ;rp>

jhsk; - Mjp)


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL ::::: • RUjpg;ngl;b

• gjk; ];tu]hfpj;jpakhf vOjg;gl;l ml;il


• xypg;gjpTf;fUtp

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • Fwpg;gpl;l gjk; vOjg;gl;l ml;iliaf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp

Ak; Fwpg;gpl;l gjk; ghlg;gl;l xypg;gjpT ehlhit

my;yJ ,Wtl;ilg; Nghl;Lf;fhl;bAk; khztiu

,urpf;fr; nra;jy;.

• gjj;jpd; mikg;gpid tpsf;fpj; njupTnra;j gjj;jpd;

nghUisf; $Wjy;.

• Nju;e;njLj;j gjk; mike;Js;s ,uhfj;ijf; $wp

mjd; MNuhfz mtNuhfzj;ijf; fw;gpj;jy;.

• vLj;Jf;nfhz;l gjj;jpid KOikahfg; ghbf;fhl;b

gjj;jpd; cl;fUj;ij tpsf;Fjy;.

• gy;ytp> mDgy;ytp> ruzj;ijg; gFjp gFjpahfr;

nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;jy;.


• khztu;fs; ghl> Nru;e;J ghLjy;.

(,r;nraw;ghl;by; nra;Jfhl;ly;> fye;Jiuahly;

Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;wyhk;;.)

47

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • vLj;Jf;nfhz;l gjk; mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpd;

MNuhfz> mtNuhfzj;ijg; ghLtu;.

• gjj;ijj; jdpahfTk; FOthfTk; ghLtu;.

• gjk; rpUq;fhu urk; nghUe;jpa cUg;gb vd;gij

Vw;Wf;nfhs;tu;.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz ::::: • NtW gjq;fs; mlq;fpa ,Wtl;Lf;fs; (CD, DVD)


MrpupaUf;fhdit:MrpupaUf;fhdit:MrpupaUf;fhdit:MrpupaUf;fhdit:MrpupaUf;fhdit: • igutp> ehl;ilf;FwpQ;rp ,uhfq;fspy; mike;Js;s

cUg;gbfisf; fw;W ,uhf Qhdj;ij tpUj;jp

nra;ayhk;.

khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit: • jhk; fw;w gjk;; mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpy; NtW cUg;

gbfisj; Njbf; Nfl;gjd; %yk; ,uhf Qhdj;ij

tpUj;jp nra;ayhk;.

48

gjk;gjk;gjk;gjk;gjk;

,uhfk; : igutp jhsk; : Mjp

M : ]upfkgjep];

mt : ]epjgkfup]

,aw;wpatu;: fdk; fpU\;za;au;


}20MtJ Nksfu;j;jhtpy; [d;ak;

eP>]; up];ep]; uPf;up];h]; epjep]; /

NtytNu cik NjbnahU kle;ij

jeP];upf;huP ];];up]; uPf;up];h]; epjep];/

Nt. . . y tNucik njbnahUkle;ij

gj epj ggjg kgj ePjep];] /

thyp-g Kk;Nry; tpopAk; tpy;Yg;GUtKk;

ePjep ];upf;up upk;f;up ];epjheP];h /

NkYk; ts;Nkdp gRk; nghd;epwKk;;

gjepj gg jgkf jg gkfhuP]h /

rpj;jpug; nghw;gyfzp thrypNy te;Jepd;W

kgjep ];];up]; up ];upf;up]; epjep];/

cj;jpuk; Fby nkd;Wk; jd;jiy vOj;njd;Wk;

epf;up]; epjgh /

tpbAk; sTq;fh

epf;up]; epjgh /

tpbak; sTq;fh

g jh eP> ];h /

tbj;j E}ypilAk;

];epjh up]; ]epjhgg /

kpd;dw;nfhbahs; md;

ffupf kgjg /

jpaq;fp kjpkaq;fp

jf;up]; epjgg /

FKwpf; FKwp

ghjep ghjk kgjep//

j;jpUf;fpw tif vd;d

ghjepghjk kgjep //

j;jpUf;fpwtif vd;d

>];ep jgjeP> /

> kjpt jdKk;

epjgg ggjePj //

deilahs; xapyhfNt

gjgk gh @ //

jpifj;Jj; jtpf;fpwhs;.

uP];up];epjg jkgj//

cUfpw..s; kpfNtjhd;



(NtytNu)

49

gjk; - ghy;tbAk;gjk; - ghy;tbAk;gjk; - ghy;tbAk;gjk; - ghy;tbAk;gjk; - ghy;tbAk;

,uhfk; : ehl;ilf;FwpQ;rp jhsk; : Mjp

M : ]upfkepjepgjep]

mt : ];epjkfkgfup]

,aw;wpatu;: Cj;Jf;fhL Ntq;fl Rg;igau;


1) @> g];h];];h ];epup]; ];eePjh/

ghy;tb Ak;. . K...fk;

2) @g];h];];h ];epup]; ];epePjh /

ghy;tb Ak;. . . K....fk;

@ fkhjjh jePep gjeP /

gutr kpfth ..F

3) @> g];];h ];epup]; ];epePjh /

.. ghy;tbAk;. . K. . fk;

fkhjep ];];h];ep jheP /

. gutr kpfth. . . F

4) @ @ g];];];h];epup]; ]epeP /

. . ghy;tb Ak; . . K..fk;

@ fkhjjep ];];h]ep jheP /

. gu tr . kpf th. . . F

5) @ @ g];];];h ];epup]; ];epePjh/

. . ghy; .tb Ak;. . K....fk;

@ fkhjjep ];h];h];ep jheP /

. gutr . kpfth. . . F

kjhep ];epj /

epide;J..ep.

];hupuP];huP];ep epjep]/

ep.ide;. .J . . ep

eP @ @ jh/

Nj. . fz;

];hup];hup];ep epjep];/

ep.ide;J . ep. .

];h@ @ jep

Nj. . fz;

];hup];hup];eP epjep]

ep.ide;J . ep. .

];h@ @ ];h

Nj. . fz;

];hup];hup];ep epjep]

epide;J. . ep. .

];h @ ];h

Nj. fz;

jkkh khkh //

ide; njd;cs;sk;

epjkh khkh //

ide;njd; cs;sk;

epep];h @ @ /

zh . . . .

epjkh khkh //

@ @

];h@ @ @ //

zh . . .

epkh khkh //

ide; njd; cs;sk;

];ep];uup ];h

zh. . . . . .

epjkh khkh //

ide;. njd; cs;sk;

];heP up];];eP @ //

ide;.njd; cs;sk;

}28MtJ Nks ,uhfk;

.

50

6) ];upf; g];];];h ];epup]; ];epePjh/

. . . ghy;tb Ak;. . K. .fk;

fkhjjh jeP epjkkepj fk/

. gutr kpf th . . . . F

kfup fkgfuP . ]h @ @/

. . . . . . . . . .

1) @ > ]; ];h]; jePep jhkh/

. . ePyf; fly; ... NghYk;

2) @ > jep];];ep jep];];ep jkf/

. . eP.yf;fly; . . .Ngh Yk;

3) kh> ];h> ];ep jep];]; epjkf/

eP. yf;. f. ly;Ngh ..Yk;

];h]; ];];]h]; ePup];ep jepgj/

neQ;rk; Fbnfhz;l md;WKjypd;Wk;

4) ep];h ];h];h]; jep];]; epjkf/

opa ePyf;fly; . . . Ngh. . . Yk;

upk;f;];]; ];h]; epup];ep jepkj/

neQ;rk;Fbnfhz;lmd;WKjypd;Wk;

ep];h/

opa (ghy;tb)

@ > kjjjh jhjh jheP /

. thd Kfl;by; rw;W

1) @ > kePjkh kfjk fuP ];h /

Nkh.dK fk;. . te;.J

2) ];h> jep ];hup];epj kh@ fuP>]h/

. . Nkh. d. . . . Kfk; te;J

]hup];hup];ep epjep]/

epide;J . . ep . .

eP @ @ jkh /

Nj. . fz;

@ @ @ @/

. . . .

@ jeP]; @eP/

. epwj; .jo

kj jeP]; eP/

. . epwj; jo

kf jeP]; eP/

. . epwj; jo

ePup]; epjepj/

ve;jg; nghUs;fz;Lk;

kf jeP];eP/

. . epwj;jo

epup]; ePj ePj/

ve;jg; nghUs;fz;Lk;

@ kjh ep];;h/

. kdk; te;J

@ ]kh fh/

Njh. Z

@ ]khfh/

Njh. Z

khk> j eP epjkh//

zh. . . . . . . .

khuj eP epjkh//

zh. . . . . . . .

@ @ @ @//

. . . .

];h @ @ @ //

fh . . .

];h @ ];h];h//

fh . . .

];h@ ];h];h//

fh . fz;zh

gjepjk khj//

rpe;jid nryhnjh

];h @ ];h];h//

fh . ve;jd

gjepj kkhj//

rpe;jid nryhnjh

];epepj khkh//

Nehf; fpDk;

kh @ fkjep//

Nj. cd;.

kh @ @ kf//

Nj. . njsp



51

1) kePjh> ePjh> ep jheP/

th .d njz;zPu;e; jlj;jpy;

2) kePjh> eP jh> ep jheP/

th .d njz;zPu;e; jlj;jpy;

1) @fkhj epjhkh fhjkuP> ]h/

rpupj;j. . Kfk;. te;J . J

2) ];hjeP ];up];hepj fhjkuP.]h/

rpupj;j . . .Kfk; te;. .J

. .ePup]; ePjheP ];h]; ];h];];h/

. . .fhd.F.apy; F u ypy;

1) @ > jep];hep jh> ep];ep jhepk/

. . fh df;F o . . . Nyh.ir

2) ]h@ @ @ @ @ @ @/

cd; . . . . . .

kkhk kkf]; kkhk kepepj/

fWj;j #onyhL epwj;j kapypw

];h];]; ];];h]; epup];ep jepgj/

fhdkapyhLk; Nkhdf; Fapy; ghLk;

jkkk kkkk jjepep jepep/

Fuy;Kjy; vopypir FioatUkpirapd;

j];]; ];];]; ];]; epup];ep jepkj/

fjpUk; kjpAnkd eadtpopfspU

ePjheP ];];h];]h @ epjhep/

fhspq;f rpuj;jpNy fjpj;j

kf] kkk kk epjep gj epjep/

fdT edtpndhL gpwtp gpwtpnjhWk;

k;f;/

Uiz (ghy;)

@ jep];]h/

. rpe; . jid

@ @jep];]h/

. rpe; . jid

@ @]khfh/

. . fh .Z

@ @ ]khfh/

. . fh . Z

@ ];]h];]h/

fUj;jike;

jh gjh ep];h/

kaf;F

jhgjh ep];h/

. kaf;F .

jjhep jjhj/

fpWf;fp aikj;j

epup];ep jePj/

ePyejpNahLk;

ep]];ep j epepj/

FonyhL kspupsq;

epup];ePj epj/

espdkhd ry

gjh];eP jh/

gjj;jpNy vd;

ep];h up] epjep/

fdpe;JUf tue;

ePup]; epjkkkk//

kh. .wpDk; njsp

ePup];h epjkhkh//

kh . . wpDk;

kh @ fkjep//

Nj . cd;

kh @ ];h];h//

Nj. rw;W

];hupf; uP];ep//

jpbDk;. . .

eP @ ];h];h//

Nj. mq;Fk;

eP@ ep];epj//

Nj. . . .

jeP]; eP @ //

epwj;jNy

kjh]; eP @//

tdj;jpNy .

kjhep ];h @ //

fuj;jp Ny.

jh@ ];eP @//

dj; jpNy .

fkhg fuP]//

kdj;ijapUj;jp

@ ];epj kkh];//

jUf guq;f

kj;jpakfhy ]h`pj;ak;kj;jpakfhy ]h`pj;ak;kj;jpakfhy ]h`pj;ak;kj;jpakfhy ]h`pj;ak;kj;jpakfhy ]h`pj;ak;

52




Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2 : : : : : ,ir cUg;gbfis ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghLthu;.

fw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgW : : : : : • nrsffhy fpUjp mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz

mtNuhfzj;ijg; ghLjy;

• jhsj;jpid ,ul;ilf; fisahfg; Nghl;L nrsffhyf;

fpUjpapidg; ghLjy;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 3.2.23.2.23.2.23.2.23.2.2 ::::: nrsffhy fpUjpia ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghLjy;;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • gh`pju\_Guhya - Mde;jigutp my;yJ• khukzd; - `pe;Njhsk;


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL ::::: • RUjpg;ngl;b> jk;Guh• nrsffhy fpUjp vOjg;gl;l ml;il• kj;jpkfhy fPu;j;jidfs;> nrsffhy fpUjpfs; ghlg;gl;l

xypg;gjpT ehlh> xypg;gjpTf; fUtp

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • nrsffhy fpUjp vOjg;gl;l ml;iliaf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpAk;> Fwpg;gpl;l fPu;j;jidfs;> fpUjpfs; ,lk;ngWk;xypg;gjpT ehlhf;fisg; Nghl;Lf; fhl;bAk; ,uz;LcUg;gbfSf;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s NtWghLfs; gw;wpf;fye;JiuahLjy;.

• nrsffhyf;fpUjp mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfzmtNuhfzj;ijg; ghbf; fhl;b khztu; ghltopg;gLj;jy;.

• vLj;Jf;nfhz;l nrsffhy fpUjpia KOikahfg;ghbf; fhl;Ljy;.

• ,uz;L fisahfj; jhsk; Nghl topg;gLj;jy;.

• gy;ytp> mDgy;ytp> ruzq;fisg; gFjp> gFjpahff;fw;gpj;jy;.

• MrpupaUk;> khztUk; Nru;e;J ghLjy;.

• khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfTk;> jdpahfTk; jhsj;Jld;ghLtpj;jy;

(nra;J fhl;ly; Kiw> fye;Jiuahly; Kiwfisg;gad;gLj;jp ,g;ghlj;ijf; fw;gpf;fyhk;.)

53

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • kj;jpkfhyf; fPu;j;jidfSf;Fk; nrsffhy fpUjpfSf;

Fk; ,ilNaAs;s NtWghLfis tpsf;Ftu;.

• nrsffhy fpUjp mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz

mtNuhfzq;fisg; ghLtu;.

• vLj;Jf;nfhz;l nrsffhy fpUjpiag; ghLtu;.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz ::::: • NtW nrsffhy fpUjpfs; mlq;fpa xypehlh>

,Wtl;Lf;fs;


MrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhdit ::::: • nrsffhy fpUjpfisf; fr;Nrupfspy; Nfl;gjd;

%yKk;> xyp/xsp ehlhf;fspy; Nfl;gjd; %yKk;

nrsffhy fpUjpfisg; ghLk; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;J

nfhs;syhk;.

khztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhdit : • gy;NtW tpj;Jthd;fshw; ghlg;gl;l nrsffhy

fpUjpfslq;fpa xyp/xsp ehlhf;fs;> ,Wtl;Lf;fisf;

Nfl;gjd; %yKk; ,irf; fr;Nrupfspy; Fwpg;gpl;l

nrsffhy fpUjpfs; ghlg;gLk;NghJ mtw;iw

,dq;fz;L ,urpj;Jf; Nfl;gjd; %yKk; jkJ ghLk;

jpwid Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.

54

nrsffhyf; fPu;j;jid - khukzd;nrsffhyf; fPu;j;jid - khukzd;nrsffhyf; fPu;j;jid - khukzd;nrsffhyf; fPu;j;jid - khukzd;nrsffhyf; fPu;j;jid - khukzd;

,uhfk; : `pe;Njhsk; jhsk; : &gfk;

M : ]fkjep];

mt : ];epjkf];



}20MtJ Nkskhfpa eligutpapd; [d;dpak;

1. kh@ kfjk kffh]h]h//

kh. u. k . z. d; c

fhkh jheP ];h ];h //

k.y. ub g zp

2. kh @ fkhjfkhf ]h> ]//

kh . .u. . k . . zd; c

fkfh kjkh jepjh ep];eP ];f;];h//

k. .y . u.. b .. g.zp

3. kh @ fkhjfkhf ]h> ]//

kh u. .k . . zd; > c

fkfh kjkh jepjh ep];eP ];f;];h//

k .. y u. . b.. g.zp.

4. kh@ fkhjfkhf ]h> ]//

kh. u. . k . . zd; c

kfkj jkjep epjep]; ];ep];f//

k .. y. . . u. . . b . .

5. kh @ fkhjfkhf ]h> ];//

kh . u. . k. . zd; c

kfkjjkjep epjep];];ep];f; ];f;k;f;]h//

k. . y. .. u. . . . . . b.. g. . zp

];hf;];];h eP];epeP jhepjjh khkhf]//

jp. . . . . d. . . Nk. . . . . . . . .

kh@ kfkep epjjh //

kh u. k. z d;

];heP jhepj jkf]//

kd Nk jp d Nk

kh @ kfkep epjjh //

kh uk . z d;

];heP jhepj jkf] //

kd Nkjp dNk.

kh @ kfkep epjjh //

kh u. k zd;

];heP jhep];epepj jhepj//

kd Nk. . . . .jp dNk

kh@ fkjep];f];ep jh @ //

kh u . .k. . . zd;

];f;];h ];heP jheP];epeP jhepj//

g. zp kd Nk. . .jp. dNk

kh@ fkjep ];f;];ep jh @ //

kh u. . . k . .zd;

k;f;];ep f;];epj jkjep //

k. . . d. . . Nk. .

55



rpl;il];tuk;rpl;il];tuk;rpl;il];tuk;rpl;il];tuk;rpl;il];tuk;

jh @ jhjh jkjep //

kh . u[ dfd;F

ep];ePjh jhjh jkjep //

. . kh u[d fd;F

];hf;];];epepj jhjh jkjep//

kh . . . . u[ dfd; F

]hf;]; ];epepj jhjh jkjep//

kh . . . . . u[ dfd;F

ep];k;f; k;f;];ep jep];];//

kiyNky; ciwgtd; ghw;fly;

ep];k;f; k;f;];ep jepepj jep];h//

kiyNky; ciwgtd; ghw;fly;

khkk kkfkjep ];];];];//

Mapuk; ngauhy; miog;gpDk;

khkk kkfkjep ];];];];//

Mapuk; ngauhy; miog;gpDk;

fhkj jep];h ];];f;ep];h//

jhapd; kPJjah gud; ghjk;

fhkj jep];h ];];f;ep];h//

jhapd; kPJjah gud; ghjk;

khepj kfjk f];epj//

khf] ep];jep ];hf];//

khjep jjepj kfkj//

khf;]; k;f;k;f; ];epep];//

];h@ ];h];h f;ep];h//

kh . u[ dfd;

];h@ ];h];h f;ep];h//

kh . u[ dfd;

];h@ jep];h jep];h f;ep];h//

kh u. . . [ . . .d fd;

];h ];h ];f;k;f; f;ep];h//

kh u. . . [ . . .d fd;

];];epjp jjkk ff]]//

miyNky; Japy;gtd; ghtdd;

];];eP epepjj kkf]//

miyNky; Japy;gtd; ghtdd;

];epf];epj kkkfjk ff]]//

M . . . apuk;cU khwpDk;

];];epepjjkk ff]] fup]]//

M . . . apuk;cU khwpDk; - cau;

];h@ @ @kf]ep jep]h> epjkf]//

jQ;r nkd;g tiumQ;rnyd;wUs;

];h> k;fh];h jhep ];hePjh khfh]h//

jQ;rnkd; gtiu mQ;rnyd;wUSk;

khjk epj];ep f]kf//

khfk jepjk f]kf//

khepep jjepf kjep];//

k;hf;]; epjkh f]ep]//

56

nrsffhy fpUjpnrsffhy fpUjpnrsffhy fpUjpnrsffhy fpUjpnrsffhy fpUjp

,uhfk; : Mde;jigutp jhsk; : Mjp

M : ]fupfkgjg];

mt : ];epjgkfup]

,aw;wpatu;: Rthjpj;jpUehs; kfhuh[h


}20MtJ Nkskhfpa eligutpapd; [d;dpak;

1. gh@ ghepggh>k kfgkkfhup fhkh/

gh. `p.. j. . u. . . . . . Ñ{ G

kfgk fup ep]fk//

kh . . . . k . ap.

2. ghgepgh ];eP ePggh>kkgjggkkfhupfh>kh>/

gh. . . `p. ..j . .u. . . . . . . .Ñ{.G

kfgk kfhup ep]fk//

kh. . . . . . k . ap.

3. ghepg g]; ];hup]; epjgh gj gh];epepjgh @ kgfup/

gh. . .. `p. . . j u. . . . . . Ñ{.G

kfkhgk kfhup ]h ]h//

kh. . . . . . . k ap

]h @ fuPep eP ]hkhgk fupup]]h> f/

gh. t . . d. j u . . . . r . up . .

1. gh gepgh gh>k khgh ];h ];h> ep eP/

Nj . . . `p. . j th q; f;up . g

];h>epup];epj gh g gh//

jpk; . . . . . . kk

gh>f fk ghjg/

uh. . y . a. .

gh>f fkgepjg/

uh> . y . a. . .

fk gh>f fk ghjg/

uh. . . . y . a. .

upfhup ]h @ @// @ @ @ @//

j. . . . . . . . .

];h ];k;f;up ];h];h /

Nah . . . [ u


.

.

*

. .

*

57

2. gh gepgh gh>k khgh ];h ];h>epeP/

Nj . . . `p. . j th q; f;up. . g

];h>ep up];epjgh ggh//

jpk;. . . . . . . kk

3. gh gepggh>k khgh];hf; uPep eP/

Nj. . `p . . j thq; f;up . .g

k;f;g;k; f;up];h ];h];h//

jpk;. . . . . . k k

1. gh];h];h ];h>ep up];epj gh gh>epjePg/

jP . d j . . ah . . . g . .u . .

gkfh uP uPep];h fk//

uh. . . e;j. . f .

2. ghup]; ];h ];h>ep ep];uPf;upep];up]; epjgh>ep jePg

jP . . d j. . ah. . . . . . . . .g . . u. .

gkfh uP upep]h fk//

uh. . . e;j. . f .

(gh`p)


1. ghkfup] fupupep ]f upf khjg gfkh/

ehftNu. z;a.tp. g+ \pj fe; . j .u

ep]fup fk gg//

fh.jpep N\ tpj

gh>]; epjgh> epjgkfkh gh kjgk kfuP fk/

gh. . f. Nj. . a. g;U.j Nyhf .e. a.d gj

]upgk fup] fupfhup]h//

ep. th. . . . . ] . . .

];h>f;upf;hup];h];];h/

Nah. . . . . . [u

];h f;upf;h f;h/

Nah . .[ u

ghjgfh khgjgh>j/

Nj. . t G. . . . .

/gh jg fh khgj gh>j/

Nj. t G. . . . . .

gh gepgh khjg kfuP//

ehu .j ]_ f. ].d

gh>fkghjgkhgkfup]ep/

gt;a. . . .F. .z. . .

. .

*

. .

.* *

. .* *

.

*

58

gepgk fhup] fupep] fupfk gj g];epjgkfkgkfupfk

th.fjpghep] te;jpj ]_ggjth. up[js epgNe.j;uAfh.t;aa

ghjg];h ];ep];k;f;up ];ep];]; / gh];];epjgkfkgk fupfk

uhftpep e;jpjgpk;gg yh . ju uh[jfpuptuth.]k N`];tu

(gh`p)

2. fhkpjtu jha fhkpj G[gy

fy;ahz fpupthfhu;Kftpy]pj

gPkgt[yjpjhuf ]{ufz

gPfuh]{u jkd.

kj;akfhy]h`pj;ak;

N]hkfyhQ;rpj N]fu ej[d

N]hf jpkpu ]KjhajpNd];tu

uhkzPa fep Nf] t;U\h]d

uh[ uh[]f ]q;fu]e;jjk;

* *

* *

59

Nju;r;rp 4.0Nju;r;rp 4.0Nju;r;rp 4.0Nju;r;rp 4.0Nju;r;rp 4.0 : : : : : fu;ehlf ,irapd; mbg;gil mk;rq;fis ntspg;fu;ehlf ,irapd; mbg;gil mk;rq;fis ntspg;fu;ehlf ,irapd; mbg;gil mk;rq;fis ntspg;fu;ehlf ,irapd; mbg;gil mk;rq;fis ntspg;fu;ehlf ,irapd; mbg;gil mk;rq;fis ntspg;

gLj;Jthu;.gLj;Jthu;.gLj;Jthu;.gLj;Jthu;.gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.1 : : : : : [df> [d;dpa ,uhfg;gpupTfisAk; ,ju gpupTfisAk;

tpsf;Fthu;.

fw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgW : : : : : • fdgQ;rfk; jptpjPa fdgQ;rfk;> Rj;j> rhahyf>

rq;fPu;z ,uhfq;fis cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Fjy;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 4.1.14.1.14.1.14.1.14.1.1 ::::: [d;dpa ,uhfj;jpd; ,ju gpupTfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • fdgQ;rfk;> jptpjPa fdgQ;rfk;> Rj;j> rhahyf> rq;fPu;z

,uhfq;fspd; tpsf;fk;> cjhuzk;


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL ::::: • Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l gjq;fis tpsf;Fk; ml;ilfs;.

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • tpsf;f ml;ilfisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp> xt;nthU gjj;ij

Ak; jdpj;jdpahf tpsf;Fjy;.

• cjhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

(tpupTiu Kiwapy; fw;gpf;fyhk;.)

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • fdgQ;rfk;> jptpjPa fdgQ;rfk;> Rj;j> rhahyf> rq;fPu;z

,uhfq;fis tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jtu;.

• Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ,uhfq;fis tpsf;Ftu;.

crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; :crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; :crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; :crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; :crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; : • lhf;lu; nry;yj;Jiu. gp.b

- njd;df ,irapay;

• lhf;lu; gf;fpuprhkpghujp Nf.V.

- ,e;jpa ,irf; fUT+yk;

• Nguhrpupau; gp. ]hk;g%u;j;jp

- fu;ehlf rq;fPj G];jfk; %d;whk; ghfk;

60

fdgQ;rfk;fdgQ;rfk;fdgQ;rfk;fdgQ;rfk;fdgQ;rfk;

ve;j ,uhfj;jpd; ];t&gk; jhdk; (fdk;) my;yJ kj;akfhyg; gpuNahfq;fspdhy;

gpufhrpf;fpd;wNjh mt;tpuhfk; fduhfk; vdg;gLk;.

ehl;il> nfsis> Mugp> tuhsp> = Mfpa Ie;J ,uhfq;fSNk fdgQ;rf

,uhfq;fshFk;. ,it Ie;Jk; gioa ,uhfq;fSk;> cghq;f ,uhfq;fSkhFk;.

jhdj;jpdhy; gpufhrpf;Fk; ,t; Ie;J ,uhfq;fspy; gy El;g RUjpfisAk;>

fkfq;fisAk;> my;gj;t> Ju;gy ];tug; gpuNahfq;fs; Kjypatw;iwAk; fhzyhk;.

fdgQ;rf ,uhfq;fspy; = jpahfuh[ ];thkpfs; gQ;ruj;df; fPu;j;jidfis

,aw;wpAs;shu;. mitahtd:

ehl;il - [fjhde;j`huf

nfsis - JLF

Mugp - ]hjpk;nrd

tuhsp - fdfdUrpuh

= - ve;jNuhk`hDghTY

Nfhghy fpU\;z ghujpahUk; ,t;ite;J ,uhfq;fspYk; gQ;ruj;jpdf; fPu;j;jidfis

jkpopy; ,aw;wpAs;shu;. mitahtd:

ehl;il - `u`u rptrq;fu

nfsis - ruzhfjnkd;W

Mugp - gpwthj tuk; jhUk;

tuhsp - Mba ghjNk fjp

= - kwthky; vg;gbAk;

jptpjPa fdgQ;rfk;jptpjPa fdgQ;rfk;jptpjPa fdgQ;rfk;jptpjPa fdgQ;rfk;jptpjPa fdgQ;rfk;

fdgQ;rf ,uhfq;fSf;F mLj;jgbahf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; Nfjhuk;>

ehuhaznfsis> uPjpnfsis> rhuq;fehl;il> ngssp Mfpa Ie;J ,uhfq;fSk;

jptpjPa fdgQ;rf ,uhfq;fshFk;.

Rj;juhfk;Rj;juhfk;Rj;juhfk;Rj;juhfk;Rj;juhfk;

kjq;f Kdptuhy; $wg;gl;l xU ,uhfg; gpupthFk;. rh];jpu uPjpahf Vw;gl;l

,yl;rzj;Jld; tpsq;Fk; ,uhfk; Rj;juhfkhFk;. ,tw;wpy; xNu ,uhfj;jpy;> xU

];tuj;jpd; Nfhks> jPtpu Ngjq;fs; ,uz;Lk; fhzg;glh.

cjhuzk;: cjhuzk;: cjhuzk;: cjhuzk;: cjhuzk;: khahkhstnfsis> Nkhfdk;> kj;jpakhtjp> =uQ;rdp Nghd;wit.

61

rhahyf ,uhfk;rhahyf ,uhfk;rhahyf ,uhfk;rhahyf ,uhfk;rhahyf ,uhfk;

uQ;rfj;jpd; nghUl;L NtnwhU ,uhfj;jpd; rhaYld; $b tpsq;Fk; ,uhfk;

rhahyf ,uhfkhFk;. ,jid ]hyq;f ,uhfk; vd;Wk;> ]hyf ,uhfk; vd;Wk;

miog;gJz;L.

cjhuzk; ; :cjhuzk; ; :cjhuzk; ; :cjhuzk; ; :cjhuzk; ; :

• nrsuh\;buk; - ,e;j ,uhfj;jpy; rf;futhf ,uhfj;jpd; rhay; xypg;gijf;

fhzyhk;.

• rhuq;fh - ,e;j ,uhfj;jpy; fy;ahzp ,uhfj;jpd; rhay; xypg;gijf;

fhzyhk;.

rq;fPu;z ,uhfk;rq;fPu;z ,uhfk;rq;fPu;z ,uhfk;rq;fPu;z ,uhfk;rq;fPu;z ,uhfk;

uQ;rfj;jpd; nghUl;L rpy ,uhfq;fspd; rhay;fSld; $b tpsq;Fk; ,uhfNk

rq;fPu;z ,uhfkhFk;. ,J xU fyg;G ,uhfkhFk;. rq;fPu;z ,uhfj;ij ]q;f;uk

,uhfk; vd;Wk;> kp];u ,uhfnkd;Wk; miog;gJz;L.

cjhuzk; ; :cjhuzk; ; :cjhuzk; ; :cjhuzk; ; :cjhuzk; ; :

• M`pup - ,e;j ,uhfj;jpy; tFshguzk;> Njhb> eligutp Mfpa %d;W

,uhfq;fspd; rhay; xypg;gijf; fhzyhk;.

• j;tp[hte;jp - ,e;j ,uhfj;jpy; ]fhdh> Nfjhunfsis> aJFyfhk;Ngh[p

Mfpa %d;W ,uhfq;fspd; rhay;fs; Mq;fhq;F xypg;gijf;

fhzyhk;.

62



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.3 : : : : : ,ir cUg;gbfspd; ,yl;rzq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • Njthuk;> jpUg;Gfo; Mfpa ,U ,irtbtq;fspd;

,yl;rzq;fis tpsf;Fjy;.

• ,tw;wpid mUspatu;fspd; ngau;fisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 4.1.14.1.14.1.14.1.14.1.1 ::::: ,ir cUg;gbfspd; ,yl;rzq;fis tpsf;Fjy;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • Njthuk;> jpUg;Gfo; Mfpatw;wpd; ,yl;rzk;

ghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtis ::::: 02 - Njthuk; - 01 ghlNtis

jpUg;Gfo; - 01 ghlNtis


fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • Njthuk;> jpUg;Gfo; Mfpa ,ir cUg;gbfisg;ghbf;

fhl;b> mit gw;wp khztu; mwpe;Js;s tplaq;fis

epidT+l;Lk; tifapy; fye;JiuahLjy;.

• Njthuk;> jpUg;Gfo; Mfpa ,ir cUg;gbfspd;


• mUspatu;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

(fye;Jiuahly; KiwapYk;> tpupTiu KiwapYk;

fw;gpf;fyhk;.)

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • Njthuk;> jpUg;Gfo; Mfpa ,ir cUg;gbfspd;

,yl;rzq;fis tpsf;Ftu;.

• mUspatu;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLtu;.

• Njthuk;> jpUg;Gfo; Mfpa ,U cUg;gbfSk; ,iw

,ir cUg;gb tiffs; vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;tu;.

crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; :crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; :crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; :crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; :crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; : • mq;faw;fz;zp.,

- jpUQhd rk;ge;jupd; Njthug; ghly;fspd; ,ir.

• mq;faw;fz;zp., - jpUg;Gfopir

• Qhdh FNye;jpud; - nja;tj;jkpopir

63


MrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhdit ::::: • Njthuk;> jpUg;Gfo; gw;wpa Nkyjpf tplaq;fis

E}y;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;> fl;Liufs; %ykhf

thrpj;jwpe;J ,iw ,ir cUg;gbfs; gw;wpa

mwptpid tpUj;jp nra;ayhk;.

khztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhdit : • Njthuq;fs;> jpUg;Gfo;fs; gytw;iwr; Nrfupj;jy;>

mtw;iwg; ghbg; gapw;rp nra;jy;> mit njhlu;ghd

Nkyjpf tplaq;fis E}y;fs;> fl;Liufs; thapyhf

mwpjy; %yk; ghLe;jpwidAk;> ,iw ,ir

cUg;gbfs; gw;wpa mwptpidAk; tpUj;jp nra;ayhk;.

64

Njthuk;Njthuk;Njthuk;Njthuk;Njthuk;

Njthuk; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F nja;tj;ijf; Fwpj;j ,irg;ghly; vd;gJ nghUshFk;.

~~Nj|| vd;gJ nja;tk; vd;Dk; nghUisf; Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wJ. thuk; vd;gJ

,irg;ghly; vdg; nghUs; nfhz;L nja;tj;jd;ik nfhz;l ,irg;ghly;fNs

Njthuk; vdg; nghUs; nfhs;tu;. ,j;nja;tj;jd;ik nghUe;jpa Njthug; ghly;fs;

fp.gp. 7Mk; 8Mk;> 9Mk; E}w;whz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; Njthu Kjypfshfpa jpUQhd

rk;ge;j%u;j;jp ehadhu;> jpUehTf;fuRehadhu;> Re;ju%u;j;jpehadhu; MfpNahuhy;

mUsg;gl;ld. ,ir tuyhw;wpy; ekf;Ff; fpilj;j gz;Zk; jhsKk; nfhz;l

Kjy; ,irg;ghly;fshf Njthuq;fs; jpfo;fpd;wd. ,j;Njthuq;fs; ghlg;gl;l

fhyk; ,irnaOr;rpf; fhykhfTk; fUjg;gLtJld; ,j;Njthug;gly;fs;

,irf;fsQ;rpakhfTk; jpfo;fpd;wd.

,j;Njthug;ghly;fspy; ,ir gw;wpa gy Fwpg;Gf;fis fhzf;$bajhf cs;sd.

vLJ;Jf;fhl;lhf rk;ge;ju; ~~,ir gj;jpikahw;ghLjYk;| vdf; $WtjpypUe;Jk;

mg;gu; ~~ryk;g+NthL J}gk; kwe;jwpNad;

jkpNohbir ghly; kwe;jwpNad;

vd;Wk; Re;juu; jkpNohbir Nfl;Fk; ,r;ir|| Ntz;Lk; vdg; ghLtjpypUe;Jk;

Gydhfpd;wJ. Njthu Kjypfs; %tUk; jk; ghly;fspy; gz;fspd; ngau;fs;>

,irf; fUtpfs;> ,ir El;gq;fs;> jhs El;gq;fs; vd gpw;fhy re;jjpapdUf;F

gad;jUk; tifapy; gy Fwpg;Gf;fisj; je;Js;sdu;. gpw;fhy thf;Nfafhu;fshy;

,aw;wg;gl;l fPu;j;jid> fpUjp Nghd;w cUg;gbfspy; ,lk;ngWk; gy mk;rq;fspw;F

(kj;jpkfhy ]h`pj;jpak;> ajp> ,akfk;> Kj;jpiur; ruzk; Nghd;wd) Njthuq;fs;

Kd;Ndhbahf ,Ue;jd vdf; nfhs;syhk;. rk;ge;juJ ghly;fis jpUf;filf;fhg;G>

ghy;a Njthuk; vd;Wk; mg;guJ ghly;fs; tpUj;jhg;gpa Njthuk; vd;Wk; Re;juuJ

ghly;fs; jpUg;ghl;L> nastd Njthuk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

jpUQhdrk;ge;j%u;j;jp ehadhu; Njthuk;jpUQhdrk;ge;j%u;j;jp ehadhu; Njthuk;jpUQhdrk;ge;j%u;j;jp ehadhu; Njthuk;jpUQhdrk;ge;j%u;j;jp ehadhu; Njthuk;jpUQhdrk;ge;j%u;j;jp ehadhu; Njthuk;

cyf ,ir tuyhw;wpNyNa kpfr;rpwpa tajpy; (3 taJ) (Youngest Composer in

the World)Njthuk; ghba mUshsu; rk;ge;juhtu;. cikak;ikaplk; Qhdg;ghYz;L

~~NjhLila nrtpad;|| vd;Dk; Njthuj;ij %d;W tajpy; ghbaUspdhu;. mj;Jld;

24 gz;fSs; 23 gz;fspy; Njthuk; mUsp rpwg;gplk; ngWfpwhu;. (nre;JUj;jpg;

gz;zpy; khj;jpuk; ,aw;wtpy;iy) ,tu; mUspa Njthuq;fs; gd;dpU jpUKiwfspy;

1Mk; 2Mk; 3Mk; jpUKiwfSs; mlq;Ffpd;wd. ,tu; mUspa ghf;fs; 4146

MFk;. ,it 383 gjpfq;fshf mike;Js;sd. ,tuhy; ghlg;ngw;w jyq;fs; 220

MFk;.

65

rk;ge;ju; Njthug; gjpfq;fspy; rpy nghJj;jd;ikfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. nghJthf

11 ghly;fisf; nfhz;l ,tu; gjpfq;fs; Njthuk; ,aw;wg;gl;l jyj;jpd; ,aw;if

tsq;fis tu;zpg;gjhf mike;jpUf;Fk;. gjpfj;jpd; VohtJ ghlypy; ,iwtdpd;

,ay;G> ngUik gw;wpAk; vl;lhtJ ghlypy; ,uhtzidg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gk;

xd;gjhtJ ghlypy; mupAk; maDk; rptgpuhdJ mbKb fhzKbahky; fu;tk;

xope;j nra;jpAk; gj;jhtJ ghlypy; gpwkjf; fz;ldKk; ,lk;ngWk;. gjpndhd;whk;

ghlypy; mg;gjpfq;fis XJfpd;wtu; ngWk; gad; rk;ge;jupd; rpwg;G vd;gd

Fwpf;fg;gl;bUg;gJld; Qhd rk;ge;jd; vd;Dk; ngau; (Kj;jpiu) ,lk; ngWtijAk;

fhzyhk;.

cjhuzkhf: ~~ee;jp ehkk; ekr;rpthantDk;

re;ijahw;wkpo; Qhdrk;ge;jd; nrhy;||

,k;KiwNa gpw;fhy thf;Nfafhuu;fs; Kj;jpiur; ruzk; itj;Jg; ghLtjw;F

topNfhypaJ vdyhk;.

rk;ge;ju; aho; Kupg;gz;zpy; mUspa ~~khju;klg;gpbAk;|| vd;Dk; Njthuk; ,ir

tuyhw;wpy; rpwg;Gkpf;f xU gjpfkhfj;jpfo;fpd;wJ. ,j;Njthuj;jpy; Kjy; tupiaf;

fhl;bYk; ,uz;lhtJ tup re;j mikg;gpy; NtWgLfpwJ.

rk;ge;ju; mUspa jpUj;jhsr;rjp> jpUtpuhfk;> aho;Kup Mfpa %d;W jiyg;Gg;

gjpfq;fSk; ,ir> jhs> re;j epiyapy; rpwg;Gilad. jpU ,akfk;> khiykhw;W>

jpUntO $w;wpUf;if> jpUKf;fhy; vd;Dk; jiyg;Gila gjpfq;fs; gpw;fhy

,ir cUg;gbfspy; nghUs; mikg;G epiyapy; myq;fhu ,irazpfs; Vw;gl

fhuzkhapUe;jd.

jpUehTf;fur%u;j;jp ehadhu;; Njthuk;jpUehTf;fur%u;j;jp ehadhu;; Njthuk;jpUehTf;fur%u;j;jp ehadhu;; Njthuk;jpUehTf;fur%u;j;jp ehadhu;; Njthuk;jpUehTf;fur%u;j;jp ehadhu;; Njthuk;

gd;dpU jpUKiwfspy; jpUehTf;furu; mUspa Njthuq;fs; ehd;fhk; Ie;jhk;

Mwhk; jpUKiwfspy; mlq;Ffpd;wd. ,tu; mUspa 3064 ghf;fSk; 312

jpUg;gjpfq;fshf mike;Js;sd. ,tu; 127 jyq;fs; Nky; gjpfk; ghbAs;shu;. 37

nghJg;gjpfq;fs; cs;sd. jpUehTf;furu; 10 gz;fspy; Njthuq;fis mUspAs;shu;.

mitahtd: nfhy;yp> fhe;jhuk;> gpae;ijf;fhe;jhuk;> rhjhup> fhe;jhugQ;rkk;>

goe;jf;f ,uhfk;> gok;gQ;Ruk;> ,e;jsk;> rPfhkuk;> FwpQ;rp vd;gdthFk;.

jpUNeupir> jpUtpUj;jk;> jpUj;jhz;lfk;> jpUf; FWe;njhif Mfpa ehd;Fk;

mg;gu; Njthuj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; ghtpd mikg;GfshFk;.

66

,tw;Ws; jpUNeupir nfhy;ypg; gz;zpYk; jpUj;jhz;lfk; mupfhk;Nghjp ,uhfj;jpYk;

tpUj;jkhfg; ghlg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. jpUtpUj;jk; nfsrpfg; gz;zpYk;> gok; gQ;Rug;

gz;zpYk;> jpUFWe;njhifg; ghly;fs; g+upfy;ahzp ,uhfj;jpYk; kuG topahfg;

ghlg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

ehd;fhk; jpUKiwapNyNa ehTf;furu; ,aw;wpa gjpfq;fSs; Kjy; ,Ugj;njhU

gjpfq;fSk; gz;zhq;fkhf ghlf;$ba tpjkhf mike;Js;sd. jpUNeupirg;

ghly;fSk; jpUtpUj;jg;ghly;fSk; ehd;fhk; jpUKiwapNyNa mlq;Ffpd;wd.

Ie;jhk; jpUKiwapy; jpUf;FWe;njhifAk; Mwhk; jpUKiwapy; jpUj;jhz;lfg;

ghly;fSk; mlq;Ffpd;wd. jkpo; nra;As; tifapNyNa jhz;lfk; vd;Dk; ahg;gpw;F

%y ,yf;fpakhf tpsq;fpait mg;gu; ngUkhd; mUspa ,j;jhz;lfj; jpUg;ghly;f

NsahFk;. ,f;fhuzk; gw;wpNa mg;gu; jhz;lfr; rJuu;> jhz;lf Nte;ju; vdTk;

Nghw;wg;gLfpd;whu;.

,tu; gjpfq;fspy; ,uhtzd; njhlu;ghd nra;jpfSk; rKjhaj;jpw;F ,dpa Kiwapy;

mwpTWj;Jk; gy fUj;Jf;fSk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.

Re;ju%u;j;jp ehadhu; Njthuk;Re;ju%u;j;jp ehadhu; Njthuk;Re;ju%u;j;jp ehadhu; Njthuk;Re;ju%u;j;jp ehadhu; Njthuk;Re;ju%u;j;jp ehadhu; Njthuk;

Re;ju%u;j;jp ehadhu; mUspa 1026 Njthuq;fs; 7Me; jpUKiwapy; mlq;Ffpd;wd.

,tu;ghbr;rpwg;gpj;j jyq;fs; 84. Re;juu; 17 gz;fspy; Njthuq;fis mUspAs;shu;.

Re;juu; khj;jpuNk 24 gz;fSs; xd;whfpa nre;JUj;jpg; gz;zpy; ~~kPsh mbik||

vdj; njhlq;Fk; gjpfj;ijg; ghbAs;shu;. ,tuJ ngUk;ghd;ikahd gjpfq;fs;

Re;juupd; tho;f;if tuyhwhfTk; epiyahikf; fUj;Jf;fis vLj;Jf;

$WtdthfTk; mike;Js;sd. Re;juu; gjpfq;fs; xU rpy njhifg; gjpfkhfTk;

mike;Js;sd. 12Mk; gjpfkhfpa jpUehl;Lj;njhifapy; gy Cu;fspd; ngau;fs;

gl;bayplg;gl;Lf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;thNw jpU ,ilahw;Wj; njhifg;gjpfk;>

Cu;j;njhif> jpUj;njhz;lu; njhif Mfpa gjpfq;fs; Cu;g;ngau;fs;> rptd;

mbahu;fspd; ngau;fs; Mfpatw;iwj; njhFj;Jf; $Wtdthf mike;Js;sd.

,itNa gpw;fhy thf;Nfafhuu;fs; njhFjpf;fPu;j;jidfs;/rKjhaf; fpUjpfs; ,aw;w

topNfhypd vdyhk;.

67

gz;fSk; mtw;Wf;F xg;ghd fu;ehlf ,ir ,uhfq;fSk;gz;fSk; mtw;Wf;F xg;ghd fu;ehlf ,ir ,uhfq;fSk;gz;fSk; mtw;Wf;F xg;ghd fu;ehlf ,ir ,uhfq;fSk;gz;fSk; mtw;Wf;F xg;ghd fu;ehlf ,ir ,uhfq;fSk;gz;fSk; mtw;Wf;F xg;ghd fu;ehlf ,ir ,uhfq;fSk;

%tu; ghba Njthuq;fSk; jw;fhyj;jpy; 24 gz;fspy; ghlg;gLfpd;wd. mit

gpd;tUkhW:

gz;gz;gz;gz;gz; ,uhfk; ,uhfk; ,uhfk; ,uhfk; ,uhfk; Njthuk;Njthuk;Njthuk;Njthuk;Njthuk;

1. gQ;rkk;

2. rPfhkuk;

3. GwePu;ik

4. tpahof;FwpQ;rp

5. nfsrpfk;

6. nre;JUj;jp

7. fhe;jhu gQ;rkk;

8. me;jhspf;FwpQ;rp

9. jf;Nfrp

10. jf;fuhfk;

11. nrt;top

12. ,e;jsk;

13. gok;gQ;Ruk;

14. goe;jf;fuhfk;

15. nfhy;yp

16. nfhy;ypnfhsthzk;

17. fhe;jhuk;

18. gpae;ijf; fhe;jhuk;

19. FwpQ;rp

20. Nkfuhff; FwpQ;rp

21. ]hjhup

22. el;luhfk;

23. aho;Kup

24. el;lgil

M`pup

ehjehkf;upia

G+ghsk;

nrsuh\;buk;

igutp

kj;jpakhtjp

Nfjhunfsis

]hkh

fhk;Nghjp

fhk;Nghjp

aJFyfhk;Ngh[p

khahkhstnfsis

rq;fuhguzk;

Mugp

etNuh[;

etNuh[;

etNuh[;

etNuh[;

`upfhk;Nghjp

ePyhk;gup

ge;Jtuhsp

ge;Jtuhsp

mlhzh

fk;gPuel;il

jhndidKd;gilj;jhd; (Re;juu;)

fPjj;ij kpfg;ghLk; (rk;ge;ju;)

jhapDk; ey;y (rk;ge;ju;)

gpbajDUTik (rk;ge;ju;)

tPlyhy thapyha; (rk;ge;ju;)

kPsh mbik (Re;juu;)

,lupDk; jsupDk; (rk;ge;ju;)

fy;Y}u;g; ngUkzk; (rk;ge;ju;)

Mye;jhDfe;J (Re;juu;)

kilapy; this (rk;ge;ju;)

njhz;luQ;RfspWk; (rk;ge;ju;)

gpj;jhg;gpiw (Re;juu;)

cw;Wik Nru;tJ (rk;ge;ju;)

G+j;Nju;e;jhnad (rk;ge;ju;)

$w;whapdthW (mg;gu;)

jpy;iytho; me;jzu; (Re;juu;)

khju;g;gpiw (mg;gu;)

NtWAWNjhsp (rk;ge;ju;)

ed;Dilahid (rk;ge;ju;)

ePWNru;tNjhu; (rk;ge;ju;)

jiyNa ePtzq;fha; (mg;gu;)

vd;d Gz;zpak; (rk;ge;ju;)

khju;klg;gpbAk; (rk;ge;ju;)

mq;fKk; NtjKk;. (rk;ge;ju;)

68

jpUg;Gfo;jpUg;Gfo;jpUg;Gfo;jpUg;Gfo;jpUg;Gfo;

15Mk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j mUzfpupehj Rthkpfshy; ,aw;wg;gl;l ghly;fNs

jpUg;Gfo;g; ghly;fshFk;. jpUg;Gfo; vd;Dk; nrhy; ,iwtd; Gfo;ghLjy; vd;w

nghJthd nghUspy; mike;jpUe;jhYk;> jkpopir cyfpy; mUzfpupehju; ,aw;wpa

re;jg; ghly;fSf;Fr; rpwg;Gg; ngauhf mike;Js;sJ vdyhk;. mUzfpupehju;

re;j eaj;NjhL 16000 ghly;fs; ghbapUg;gjhf jpUtpQ;ir KUfd; gps;isj;

jkpopy; tuftp khu;f;frfha Njtu; $wpAs;s NghjpYk;> jw;NghJ 1324 ghly;fNs

vkf;Ff; fpilj;Js;sd. ,g;ghly;fs;> tlf;Fg;gl;L Rg;gpukzpa gps;is> nrq;fy;tuha

gps;is Nghd;w mwpQu;fspd; ngU Kaw;rpahy; mr;RUtk; ngw;W midtUk;

gbj;Jg; gaDWk; tifapy; jw;NghJ cs;sd.

mUzfpupehju; KUfg; ngUkhd; tPw;wpUf;Fk; gy;NtW jyq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W

KUfg; ngUkhdpd; Gfiog; gyghly;fshfg; ghbAs;shu;. ,t;thW mUzfpupehju;

nrd;W ghba jyq;fs; 168 vd;W fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;Ws; fhrp ̀ upj;Jthu;>

jpUf;fapiy> n[fe;ehjk; Mfpa tl ,e;jpaj; jyq;fSk;> fjpu;fhkk;> jpUNfhzkiy

Mfpa ,yq;ifj; jyq;fSk; mlq;Fk;.

jpUg;Gfo;g; ghly;fs; J}a jkpopy; mikahky; ,ilapilNa tlnkhopr; nrhw;fSk;

fye;J kzpg;gpuths eilapy; mike;Js;sd. ,it Kj;Jk; gtsKk; Nru;j;Jj;

njhLj;j khiyNghy; tpsq;Ffpd;wd. 1008 re;jq;fisf; nfhz;l jpUg;Gfo;g;

ghly;fs; ~~ngUkhNs|| vd;Dk; nrhy;iy me;jkhff; nfhz;Ls;sd.

re;jk; vd;gJ Fwpy;> neby; Kjyhd vOj;Jf;fspd; msT gw;wpAk; ty;ypdk;>

nky;ypdk; Kjyhd Xirfs; gw;wpAk; nra;Al;fspilNa fhzg;gLk; NtWghlhFk;.

jpUg;Gfo; ghly;fspYs;s 1008 re;jq;fSf;F mbg;gilahf 24 re;jq;fs; cs;sd

vd;gij uht;gfJ}u; t.f. nrq;fy;tuha gps;is> jpUg;Gfo; ghly;fSf;F vOjpa

ciuapd; %yk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ. ,it %d;W mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;lit> (jid>

jd;d> jhd> jj;j> jhj;j) ehd;F ml;ruq;fisf; nfhz;lit> (jdjd> jddh>

jhdd> jd;dh) Ie;J ml;ruq;fisf; nfhz;lit> (jdjdd> jdjdh> jdhjd>

jhdjd) vd;wthW tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

,e;jr; re;jq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; jpUg;Gfo; ghly;fs; ]g;j jhsq;fs; 35 jhsq;fs;

108 jhsq;fs; 175 jhsq;fs; Nghd;w jhsq;fspy; mike;Js;sd vd;gij czu;e;J

nfhs;syhk;. fu;ehlf ,irapy; je;ij Nghd;W kjpf;fg;gLfpd;w jhsq;fs; Gj;Japu;

ngw;wJ mUzfpupehj RthkpfSila jpUg;Gfo;g; ghly;fspdhy; vd;why; mJ

kpifahfhJ.

69

NkYk; jpUg;Gfo;g; ghly;fs; gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fis cs;slf;fpAs;sd.

Ntjq;fspYs;s Ez;nghUs;fs;> Mfkf; fUj;Jf;fs; Guhzq;fs;> ,uhkhaz

kfhghuj epfo;r;rpfs;> jj;Jtk;> mwk;> ,ir Nghd;w fUj;Jf;fis kpf mw;Gjkhf

mUzfpupehju; jkJ jpUg;Gfo;g; ghly;fspy; cl;GFj;jpAs;shu;. jpUg;Gfopd;

Kjw;gFjpapy; ngUk;ghyhdit cyfpaiyg; gw;wpajhf> kq;ifau; ikaypy;

cod;WgLk; Jd;gq;fisg; gw;wpadthf cs;sd. rpy ghly;fspy; taJ Kjpu;e;j

epiyapy; gytifahd Neha;fshy; Jd;GWk; kf;fspd; epiyia vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd.

nghJthf vy;yhg; ghly;fspd; gpw;gFjpahdJ KUfg; ngUkhdpd; rpwg;gpay;GfisAk;

ngUq;fUiziaAk; vLj;Jf; $WtdthfNt mike;Js;sd.

70



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.4Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.4Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.4Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.4Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.4 : : : : : ,uhfq;fspd; ,yl;rzq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • ,uhfq;fspd; ,yl;rzq;fis tpupthf tpsf;Fjy;.

• ,uhfq;fSf;F rQ;rhuk; vOJjy;.

• nfhLf;fg;gl;l ,uhfq;fSf;F cUg;gbfs; vOJjy;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 4.1.14.1.14.1.14.1.14.1.1 ::::: ,uhfq;fspd; ,yl;rzq;fis tpsf;Fjy;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • ,uhfj;jpd; Nks vz; ([df ,uhfk;> [d;dpa ,uhfk;)

• MNuhfzk;> mtNuhfzk;

• ];tu];jhdq;fs;

• tpNr\ gpuNahfk;

• [Pt> epah] ];tuq;fs;> fpuf ];tuq;fs> tpNrl

mk;rq;fs;

• ,uhfj;jpd; rQ;rhuk;

• ,uhfj;jpy; mike;j cUg;gbfs;.

ghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtis ::::: 04 - igutp - 02 ghlNtis

`pe;J];jhd; fhgp - 02 ghlNtis

ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL ::::: • MNuhfz> mtNuhfz tiuglk;

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • vLj;Jf;nfhz;l ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz> mtNuhfz>

];tu];jhd tiuglq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;.

• [df ,uhfkh> [d;dpa ,uhfkh vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• MNuhfz> mtNuhfz> ];tu];jhdk; vd;gtw;iwg;ghb

tpsf;Fjy;.

• ,uhfj;jpd; ,yl;rzq;fis tpsf;Fjy;.

• ,uhf rQ;rhuk; vOJk; Kiwia tpsf;Fjy;.

• Fwpg;gpl;l ,uhfj;jpy; ,aw;wg;gl;l cUg;gbfisf;

Fwpg;gpLjy;.

(nra;Jfhl;ly; KiwapYk;> fye;Jiuahly; KiwapYk;

fw;gpf;fyhk;.)

71

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • ,uhfj;jpd; ,yl;rzj;ij tpsf;Ftu;.

• ,uhfj;jpd; rQ;rhuq;fis vOJtu;.

• ,uhfj;jpy; mike;j cUg;gbfisf; Fwpg;gpLtu;.

crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; :crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; :crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; :crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; :crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; : • Nguhrpupau;. gp. rk;g%u;j;jp

- fu;dhlf ]q;fPj G];jfk; 3Mk; ghfk;

• gp.b. nry;yj;Jiu

- njd;df ,irapay;

72

igutpigutpigutpigutpigutp

[d;dpa ,uhfk; 20MtJ Nksfu;j;jhthfpa eligutpapy; [d;ak;

MNuhfzk; - ]upfkgjep];

mtNuhfzk; - ];epjgkfup]

,t;tpuhfj;jpy; tuk; ];tu];jhdq;fs; ]l;[k;> rJ];Ujp up\gk;> rhjhuz fhe;jhuk;>

Rj;j kj;jpkk;> gQ;rkk;> Rj;j ijtjk;> rJ];Ujp ijtjk;> ifrpfp ep\hjk;

md;dpa ];tukhfpa rJ];Ujp ijtjk; MNuhfzj;jpNyNa tUfpd;wJ.

,jd; [Pt ];tuq;fs; - up> f> k> ep MFk;.

epahr ];tuq;fs; - up> k> g> ep kw;Wk; rJ];Ujp ijtjk; MFk;.

,uhf rhah ];tuq;fs; - ngUk;ghYk; ep\hjk;> rpy rkaq;fspy; up> g> j

,ju mk;rq;fs;:,ju mk;rq;fs;:,ju mk;rq;fs;:,ju mk;rq;fs;:,ju mk;rq;fs;:

upupff kkff Nghd;w [z;il ];tuf;Nfhu;itfSk;> epf;upf;];up - epup];up ep];h -

gup];h epjgh - kepjgh - kgfhup]h Nghd;w jhl;L ];tuf; Nfhu;itfSk; ,e;j

,uhfj;jpw;F ,uQ;ridiaf; nfhL;fpd;wd. me;epa ];tukhfpa rJ];Ujp ijtjk;

gjep];h - gjep];uP - gjepjep];h - ];epjep];h Nghd;w ];tuf;Nfhu;itfspy;

tUk;. (mg+u;tkhf gjep];eP vd;Dk; kj;jpk fhyg; gpuNahfj;jpy; Rj;j ijtjk;

tUfpwJ.) upkfhup]h - gjkh - gjepjkh - kgfhup]h vd;git rpwg;ghd ];tuf;

Nfhu;itfs; MFk;. tof;fkhf gh\hq;f ,uhfq;fspy; me;epa ];tuk; epah]khf

tuhJ. Mdhy; igutpapy; rJ];Ujp ijtjk; ey;y epah]khf tUfpwJ. (ghjePj

- jep];up ];ePj) ,J gioikahd ,uhfk;. gz;ila jkpopirapy; ,J nfsrpfg;

gz; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

tpupthd Myhgidf;F ,lk; nfhLf;fk; ,uhfk;. gf;jpr;Rit epuk;gpa ,uhfk;.

khiyapy; ghlf;$ba ,uhfk;. vy;yh tifahd ,irtbtq;fSk; ,e;j ,uhfj;jpy;

cs;sd.

rQ;rhuk;:rQ;rhuk;:rQ;rhuk;:rQ;rhuk;:rQ;rhuk;:

upfkgjgh - kepjgh - kgfhup]h - upfkgjg - kfup]h - upfkfup]h ePjh -

ep]hupfkgjgh - kgjeP];h - ];h];h - upf;k;f;up];ePjh - ep];epf;upf;];hup - ep];epup];up

ep];h - gjgkh - epepjkh - kfkgkfup] - uPfkfup]h - ep]up]uP - ghjeP ]up]h

* * * * *

. . .

. . . .

*

.

73

cUg;gbfs;:cUg;gbfs;:cUg;gbfs;:cUg;gbfs;:cUg;gbfs;:

fPjk; - =uhkr; re;jpu - JUtk;

- fUizna tbTila - kp];u [k;ig - ngupa rhkpj;J}ud;

tu;zk; - mkpo;jpDk; ,dpikaha; - Mjp - Nfhkjp rq;fua;au;

- tpupNghzp - ml - gr;rpkpupak; Mjpag;igau;.

];tu[jp - fhkhl;rp - kp];urhG - rpahkh rh];jpup

fpUjp - nfhYitAd;dhNl - Mjp - jpahfuh[ ];thkpfs;

- ghyNfhghy - Mjp - Kj;J];thkp jPÑpju;

- ahNuh ,tu; ahNuh - Mjp - mUzhryf; ftpuhau;

gjk; - NtytNu ck;ikj;Njb - Mjp - fdk; fpU\;za;au;

74

`pe;J];jhd; fhgp`pe;J];jhd; fhgp`pe;J];jhd; fhgp`pe;J];jhd; fhgp`pe;J];jhd; fhgp

fhgp ,uhfk; fu;ehlf fhgp> `pe;J];jhdp fhgp vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

`pe;J];jhdp fhgp ,uhfj;jpy;

MNuhfzk;: ]upkgep];

mtNuhfzk;: ];epjepgkfhup]

,J 22MtJ Nkskhfpa fu`ug;gpupahtpd; [d;dpak;. xslt tf;u rk;G+u;z

,uhfk;. gh\hq;f ,uhfk;.

,J ]l;[k;> rJ];Ujp up\gk;> rhjhuz fhe;jhuk;> me;jufhe;jhuk;> Rj;j kj;jpkk;>

gQ;rkk;> Rj;j ijtjk;> rJ];Ujp ijtjk;> ifrpfp ep\hjk;> fhfyp ep\hjk;

Mfpa ];tu];jhdq;fis vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;. ,t;tpuhfj;jpy; 3 me;epa ];tuq;fs;

tUfpd;wd. mitahtd me;jufhe;jhuk;> Rj;j ijtjk;> fhfyp ep\hjk;.

MNuhfzj;jpy; f> j tu;[k;. mtNuhfzj;jpy; tUk; jPu;f;f fhe;jhuk; ,e;j

,uhfj;jpd; jdpj;jd;ikia vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ.

,jd; [Pt ];tuq;fs; - up> f (rhjhuz> me;jufhe;jhuk;)

(g> ep ifrpfp> fhfyp ep\hjq;fs;)

epah] ];tuq;fs; - g> up MFk;.

fpuf ];tuk; - g MFk;.

,ju mk;rq;fs;:,ju mk;rq;fs;:,ju mk;rq;fs;:,ju mk;rq;fs;:,ju mk;rq;fs;:

~fhgp| vd;gjpy; fh - kfpo;r;rp> gp - Nehf;fpr; nry;Yjy; vd;Dk; nghUspy;

kfpo;r;rpia Nehf;fpr; nry;Yjy; my;yJ fhjiy Nehf;fpr; nry;Yjy; nghUshFk;.

,J khiyapy; ghlf;$ba ,uhfk;. rpUq;fhu u]j;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk; ,uhfk;.

kfkh vd;Dk; gpuNahfj;jpy; me;ju fhe;jhuKk;> ghjgkfup]h vd;Dk; gpuNahfj;jpy;

Rj;j ijtjKk;> ]up]ep]h vd;Dk; gpuNahfj;jpy; fhfhyp ep\hjKk;> gkgeP]

vd;Dk; gpuNahfj;jpy; ifrpfp ep\hjKk; xypf;fpd;wd. gup];h ];epjepgh vd;Dk;

gpuNahfKk;> gkghkfup]uP vd;Dk; gpuNahfKk; ]f]fkgkfup]uP vd;Dk;

gpuNahfKk; ,e;j ,uhfj;jpw;F moiff; nfhL;fpd;wd. ke;jpu];jhap ep\hjj;jpw;Ff;

fPo; rQ;rhuk; ,y;iy.

rQ;rhuk;:rQ;rhuk;:rQ;rhuk;:rQ;rhuk;:rQ;rhuk;:

upkg ePeP@ - epep];ep];h - ep];upf;up];epj - epup];epgh kfk - epgk fhuP - ]uPkkh

epgh - jgkf kepgk kkfh uP - fup]ep]h@ - ep]ff]f]fkepgk fhuP -

fup]epgkgeP]h

* * * * * * *.. ....*

. . . ..

.

* * * * *

75

cUg;gbfs;:cUg;gbfs;:cUg;gbfs;:cUg;gbfs;:cUg;gbfs;:

fpUjp - ntq;flhrygNj - Mjp - Kj;J];thkp jPÑpju;

- ,e;j nrsf;a - Mjp - jpahfuh[ ];thkpfs;

- [fNjhjhudh - &gfk; - Gue;jujh]u;

- jpUehisg; Nghthu; - Mjp - NfhghyfpU\;z ghujpahu;

- ,d;dKk; vd; kPJ - Mjp - Ntjehafk;gps;is

- tho;it ek;ghNj - &gfk; - Ntjehafk;gps;is

- vd;d jtk; - Mjp - ghgehrk; rptd;

76



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.5Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.5Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.5Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.5Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.5 : : : : : ,irf;fUtpfspd; gpupTfs;> mikg;G> gad;ghL gw;wp

tpsf;Fthu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • jk;Guh> ehj];tuk; Mfpa ,irf;fUtpfspd; mikg;ig

tpsf;Fjy;.

• RUjp Nru;f;Fk;Kiw> thrpf;Fk; Kiw gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.

• Nkw;Fwpj;j ,irf;fUtpfspd; glk; tiue;J ghfq;f

isf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 4.1.14.1.14.1.14.1.14.1.1 ::::: ,irf;fUtpfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • jk;Guh - mikg;G> thrpf;Fk; Kiw

• ehj];tuk; - mikg;G> thrpf;Fk; Kiw


jk;Guh - 2 ghlNtisfs;

ehj];tuk; - - 02 ghlNtis

ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL ::::: • jk;Guhtpd; glk;/jk;Guh

• ehj];tuj;jpd; glk;/ehj];tuk;

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • jk;Guh> ehj];tuk; gw;wp khztu; Vw;fdNt fw;wpUe;j

tplaq;fis epidT+l;Lk; tifapy; fye;JiuahLjy;.

• jk;Guh> ehj];tuk; Mfpa ,irf;fUtpfis my;yJ

mtw;wpd; glq;fisf; fhl;rpg ;gLj;jp> mtw;wpd;

ghfq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L tpsf;Fjy;.

• khztu; jk;GuhtpdJk;> ehj];tuj;jpdJk; glj;ij

tiue;J> ghfq;fisf; Fwpf;f cjTjy;.

• ,t; ,irf;fUtpfspd; mikg;G> rpwg;G> RUjp Nru;f;Fk;

Kiw> thrpf;Fk; Kiw gw;wp G+uz tpsf;fkspj;jy;.


fw;gpf;fyhk;.)

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • jk;Guh> ehj];tuj;jpd; glk; tiue;J ghfq;fisf;Fwpg;gpLtu;.

• mtw;wpd; mikg;G> rpwg;G> RUjp Nru;f;Fk; Kiw>thrpf;Fk; Kiw gw;wp tpsf;Ftu;.

• fu;ehlf ,irapy; jk;GuhtpdJk; ehj];tuj;jpdJk;gq;fpidf; Fwpg;gpLtu;.

77

crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; :crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; :crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; :crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; :crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; : • lhf;lu; nry;yj;Jiu gp.b

- njd;df ,irapay;

lhf;lu; gf;fpuprhkp ghujp. Nf.V.

- ,e;jpa ,irf;fUT+yk;

• Nguhrpupau;. fpU\;zd;. Mu;.tp.

- rq;fPj rhuk; - %d;whk; ghfk;


MrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhdit ::::: • jk;Guh> ehj];tuk; gw;wpa Nkyjpf tptuq;fis

E}y;fs;> fl;Liufs;> ,izaj;jsq;fspD}lhfg; ngw;W

,irf; fUtpfs; gw;wpa mwptpid Nkk;gLj;jyhk;.

khztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhdit : • E}y;fs;> ,izaj;jsq;fspD}lhf jk;Guh> ehj];tuk;

gw;wpa Gjpa jfty;fisg; ngWtjd; %yk;> mwpit

Nkk;gLj;jyhk;.

78

jk;Guhjk;Guhjk;Guhjk;Guhjk;Guh

RUjp thj;jpaq;fSs; kpfr; rpwe;jJ jk;Guh MFk;. ,jd; rpw;gk; jpUkaj;jpYs;s

ngUkhs; Nfhapypy; fhzg;gLtjpypUe;J ,f;fUtp njd;dpe;jpahtpNyNa Kjd;

Kjypy; Njhd;wpw;W vdyhk;. jk;Guh vd;w ngau; Jk;GU ifahz;l thj;jpak;

vd;gjdhy; Vw;gl;lJ. ,f;fUtpia jk;G+uh> jk;G+up> jk;G+U> jk;G+u; vd;Wk;

miog;gJz;L. fr;Nrup Nkilapd; fz;zpaj;jpid epiyehl;b> RUjpia eOt

tplhky; ghJfhtyhf epd;W> fr;Nrup Nkilapd; rpwg;Gf;F cWJizahf

tpsq;FtJk; jk;GuhNt MFk;. fr;Nrup Nkilapy; Kjd; Kjyhf xypia cz;lhf;fp>

urpfu;fspd; ftdj;ijf; fr;Nrup Nkilf;F <u;g;gJk; ,JNt.

mikg;Gmikg;Gmikg;Gmikg;Gmikg;G

jk;Guh gyh kuj;jhy; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. Kjypy; rJukhf cs;s xU gyh kuj;Jz;il

vLj;J Nky; ghfj;ijr; nrJf;fp miuf; Nfhs tbtkhf;fp> gpd; cs; ghfj;ij

vLj;J tpl;L ~Flk;| vd;w ,irnahyp ngUf;Fk; gFjpiaj; jahu; nra;tu;.

Flj;jpd; Nky; gyif rpwpJ tisthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpd; ~jz;b| vd;w ePz;l

gFjpiaj; jahu; nra;J Flj;Jld; gpizg;gu;. jz;bapd; ,lJ Xuj;jpy; (fOj;Jg;

ghfj;jpy;) 4 gpuilfs; NghLtjw;fhf Jisfs; Nghlg;gLk;. Flj;jpd; NkYs;s

nkl;L mfykhfTk; nrk;ikahfTk; gjpf;fg;gl;L ,Uf;Fk;.

Flj;jpd; tyJ Xuj;jpYs;s je;jp jhq;fpapy; 4 je;jpfs; gpizf;fg;gl;L> cUz;il

tbtkhf cs;s kzpf;fha;fspd; Jisfs; topahf nkl;bd; Nky; nrd;W gpuilfspy;

Rw;wg;gl;bUf;Fk;. RUjp nrk;ikahf $l;lg;gLtjw;fhf Flj;jpd; Nky; cs;s

nkl;Lf;Fk;> je;jp jhq;fpf;Fk; eLtpy; 4 kzpf;fha;fs; cs;sd. ,tw;iwj; je;jp

jhq;fpapd; gf;fkhj; js;spdhy; RUjp $Lk;. xyp ~fzPu;| vd;W Nfl;gjw;fhf

~[Pthsp| vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk; gl;L E}y; my;yJ fk;gsp E}y; Jz;Lfs; nkl;Lf;Fk;>

je;jpf;Fk; ,ilapy; jf;f ,lj;jpy; itf;fg;gLk;.

Flj;jpd; Nky;ghfj;jpYk;> jz;bapd; moFf;fhf G+Ntiy nra;j je;jj;ijg;

gjpg;gu;. ,jw;F fkyNtiy vd;W ngau;> kpuh[; jk;Guhf;fspYk;> tl ehl;Lj;

jk;Guhf;fspYk; gyhkuf; Flj;jpw;Fg; gjpyhf Riuf;fhiar; Rj;jg;gLj;jpg;

gad;gLj;Jtu;. jz;b Njf;F kuj;jpdhy; rw;W mfykhfr; nra;ag;gl;bUf;Fk;.

jk;Guhit epWj;jp itj;Jf;nfhz;Lk;> gLf;f itj;Jf; nfhz;Lk; thrpf;fyhk;.

79

RUjp Nru;f;Fk; Kiw:RUjp Nru;f;Fk; Kiw:RUjp Nru;f;Fk; Kiw:RUjp Nru;f;Fk; Kiw:RUjp Nru;f;Fk; Kiw:

1MtJ gQ;rkj;je;jp ke;jpu];jhap gQ;rkj;jpw;Fk;

2MtJ rhuzpj;je;jp kj;jp];jhap ]l;[j;jpw;Fk;

3MtJ mDrhuzpj;je;jp kj;jpa];jhap ]l;[j;jpw;Fk;

4MtJ ke;jpuj;je;jp ke;jpu];jhap ]l;[j;jpw;Fkhf g ] ] ] vd;w

Kiwapy; RUjp Nru;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

jk;Guh kPl;LtjpYk; xU jhsf;fl;Lg;ghL ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. jk;Guhtpd; gQ;rk>

rhuzp> mDrhuzp Mfpa %d;W je;jpfs; v/fpdhYk;> ke;jpu je;jp ntz;fyj;jpdhYk;

Mdit. kj;jpk RUjpapy; ghLtjw;F jk;Guhtpd; gQ;rkj;je;jpiar; Rj;jkj;jpkj;Jf;

Fr; RUjp $l;b kPl;l Ntz;Lk;.

jk;Guh jpUtde;jGuk;> ik#u;> tp[a efuk;> kpuh[;> uhk;G+u;> yf;nds Mfpa

,lq;fspy; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

jk;Guhtpd; ghfq;fs;jk;Guhtpd; ghfq;fs;jk;Guhtpd; ghfq;fs;jk;Guhtpd; ghfq;fs;jk;Guhtpd; ghfq;fs;

1. Flk; 2. jz;b

3. fOj;Jg;gFjp 4. gpUilfs; (pegs)

5. Fjpiu(bridge) 7. RUjp $l;Lk; kzpf;fha;fs;

6. kPl;Lk; je;jpfs; 8. je;jpj;jhq;fp

A - gQ;rkje;jp - g 9. ehGf;fs; (rpWj;Jisfs;)

B - rhuzpj;je;jp - ]

C - mDrhuzpj;je;jp - ]

D - ke;jpuj;je;jp - ]

. .

.

80

ehj];tuk;ehj];tuk;ehj];tuk;ehj];tuk;ehj];tuk;

ehj];tuk; xU Jisf;fUtpahFk;. ,t;thj;jpaj;jpw;F ehf];tuk;> ehadk;>

ngUtq;fpak; vd;w ngau;fSk; cz;Lk;.

,t;thj;jpak; Mr;;rhkuk; vd;Dk; kuj;jpdhy; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ehj];tuk; xU

fhw;W thj;jpak;. ehj];tuj;jpdpd;W ntspg;gLk; ehjk; fdKs;sjhfTk; ntFJ}uk;

Nfl;ff; $bajhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. Fk;gNfhzk; Fk;Ng];tuu; NfhapypYk;> Mo;thu;

jpUefupf; NfhapypYk; fy; ehj];tuq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

ghfq;fs;:ghfq;fs;:ghfq;fs;:ghfq;fs;:ghfq;fs;:

• clypd; fPo;g;gFjpapy; tl;l tbtkhf tpupe;J fhzg;gLk; gFjp mizR.

• ePz;l kuf; Foyhy; Mfpa $k;G tbthd cly;.

• clypd; Nky; nghUj;jg;gLk; nfz;il (,J nrk;gpdhy; nra;ag;gl;lJ.)

• nfz;ilf;F Nky; mt;tg;NghJ itj;J ,irf;fg;gLk; rPthspAk; (,jw;F

eWf;F vd;W ngau;) xU Fr;rpAk; cs;sJ.


mizR vd;w gFjp (Rose wood) kuj;jpypUe;Jk; rPthsp vd;w gFjp nfhWf;fe;

jl;ilapypUe;Jk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. clypd; Nky; ghfj;jpy; 12 Jisfs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;wpy; 7 Jisfs; thrpg;gjw;Fk; kw;w 5 Jisfs; rg;jj;ij

tifg;gLj;Jk; tifapYk; mike;Js;sd. ehj];tuj;jpd; ePsk; mb MFk;.

~xj;J| vd;w ehj];tu tbtKs;s xU fUtp ehj];tuj;jpw;F RUjpf; fUtpahf

tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,jpypUe;J Mjhu RUjp kl;Lk;jhd; ntsptUk;. ,ij xUtu;

epfo;r;rp njhlf;fj;jpypUe;J ,Wjp tiu njhlu;r;rpahf thrpg;ghu;.

jw;fhyj;jpy; xj;Jf;Fg; gjpyhf kuj;jhyhd RUjpg;ngl;b my;yJ vyf;Nuhdpf;

RUjp gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ.

ehj];tuj;jpy; ghup> jpkpup vd ,uz;L tif cz;L. ghup ehj];tuk; ePsk;

mjpfkhfTk; Mjhu RUjp FiwthfTk; fhzg;gLk;. jpkpup ehj];tuk; ePsk;

FiwthfTk; Mjhu RUjp mjpfkhfTk; fhzg;gLk;. ,d;W ifahsg;gl;LtUk;

ghup ehj];tuk; 2> fl;il RUjpf;Fk;. jpkpup ehj];tuk; 3, 5 fl;il RUjpf;Fk;

nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

81

thrpf;Fk; Kiw:thrpf;Fk; Kiw:thrpf;Fk; Kiw:thrpf;Fk; Kiw:thrpf;Fk; Kiw:

ehj];tuj;ij ,uz;L iffshYk; Neuhfg; gpbj;J rPthspia thapy; itj;J

CJk; NghJ fhw;W thj;jpaj;Js; nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ. mNj rkaj;jpy; ,uz;L if

tpuy;fshYk; ];tuj;Jisfis mt;tg;NghJ Njitf;Nfw;g %bAk; jpwe;Jk;

];tuq;fis vOg;gp cz;lhf;fg;gLfpwJ.

ehj];tuj;jpy; ];jhap tiuf;Fk; ,irf;f KbAk;. kj;jpa];jhapf;F mikf;fg;gl;l

Jisfisf; nfhz;l ke;ju/jhu];jhap xypfisAk; ,irf;f Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ.

rpwg;gk;rq;fs;:rpwg;gk;rq;fs;:rpwg;gk;rq;fs;:rpwg;gk;rq;fs;:rpwg;gk;rq;fs;:

ehj];tuj;jpw;F gf;fthj;jpakhf jtpy; thrpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ehj];tuf; fiyQu;>

xj;J ,irg;gtu;> jtpy; tpj;Jthd;> jhsf; fiyQu;> ([hy;uh fiyQu;) Nru;e;j

,irf; FOit ~~ngupa Nksk;|| vd;W miog;gJz;L.

ehj];tuj;jpy; ,irapd; vy;yhEl;gq;fisAk; ifahs KbAk;. fw;gid epiwe;j

,uhf Myhgid jhs El;gq;fSld; $ba gy;ytp fw;gdh ];tuq;fs;> rq;fjpfs;

$ba fPu;j;jid Nghd;wtw;iw thrpf;fyhk;.

jpwe;j ntspfspYk; ,irg;gjw;Nfw;w thj;jpak;. ePz;l Xiria cilajhy;

ntF J}uj;jpypUe;J Nfl;gjw;F kdj;jpw;F ,d;gj;ijj; juf;$baJ. Nfhapypy;

,iwtd; tPjp cyhtpw;F Gwg;gLk; NghJ ky;yhup ,irAk;> ntt;NtW Neuq;fspy;

G+i[fSf;Nfw;g etre;jp ,uhfq;fSk; thrpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

,t;thj;jpaj;ij thrpj;J gpugy;akhdtu;fs;:,t;thj;jpaj;ij thrpj;J gpugy;akhdtu;fs;:,t;thj;jpaj;ij thrpj;J gpugy;akhdtu;fs;:,t;thj;jpaj;ij thrpj;J gpugy;akhdtu;fs;:,t;thj;jpaj;ij thrpj;J gpugy;akhdtu;fs;:

• fhiuf;Fwpr;rp mUzhryk; gps;is

• jpUg;ghk;Guk; eluh[ Re;juk;gps;is

• FQ;rpj ghjk; gps;is

• jpU tPopkpoiy Rg;gpukzpagps;is

• jpUthtLJiw uh[uj;jpdk; gps;is

<oj;J ,irf;fiyQu;fs;<oj;J ,irf;fiyQu;fs;<oj;J ,irf;fiyQu;fs;<oj;J ,irf;fiyQu;fs;<oj;J ,irf;fiyQu;fs;:

• gp.v];. MWKfk;gps;is

• khtpl;lGuk; lg;spA. v];. cUj;jpuhgjp

• vd;.Nf. gj;kehjd;

82

ehj];tuj;jpd; ghfq;fs;:ehj];tuj;jpd; ghfq;fs;:ehj];tuj;jpd; ghfq;fs;:ehj];tuj;jpd; ghfq;fs;:ehj];tuj;jpd; ghfq;fs;:

1. fPo; mizR

2. $k;G tbthd Foha; (cly;)

3. nfz;il

4. VO Ruj; Jthuq;fs;

5. ehjj;ij tifg;gLj;Jk; gpuk;kj; Jis

6. ehd;F [Ptj; Jisfs;

7. nfz;il tha;

8. eWf;F (rPthsp)

9. ehjf; Fr;rp

83



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.6Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.6Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.6Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.6Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.6 : : : : : jrtpjfkfq;fs; gw;wp tpsf;Ftu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • jrtpj fkfq;fis cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Fjy;.

nraw;ghL 4.6.1nraw;ghL 4.6.1nraw;ghL 4.6.1nraw;ghL 4.6.1nraw;ghL 4.6.1 ::::: jrtpj fkfq;fis cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Fjy;.


ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • jrtpj fkfq;fs;

(MNuhfzk;> mtNuhfzk;> Mfjk;> gpuj;jpahfjk;>

];Gupjk;> jpupGr;rk;> lhY> Me;Njhsk;> fk;gpjk;>

%u;r;rid)

ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL ::::: • jrtpjfkfq;fs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;> tPiz

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • jrtpj fkfk; vd;gJ 10 tifahd fkfq;fs; vd;gijf;

Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• rhuq;fNjtupd; fhyj;jpy; (13Mk; E}w;whz;L) gQ;rjr

fkfq;fs; vd;w 15 tifahd fkfq;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;w

NghjpYk; jw;NghJ tof;fpy; 10 tifahd jrtpj

fkfq;fNs cs;sd vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• jrtpjfkfq;fisg; ghbNah> my;yJ tPizapy;

thrpj;Jf; fhl;bNah tpsf;Fjy;.

• rpy ,uhfq;fspd; nrh&gk; Fwpg;gpl;l fkfq;fspdhy;

gpufhrpf;fpd;wJ vd;gij cjhuzk; %yk; tpsf;Fjy;.

(cjhuzk;: fk;gpjfkfk;; fhdlh ,uhfj;jpd; mtNuh

`zj;jpy; tUk; ];ep];jhgkgfhkuP])

• tpupNghzp vd;w igutp ,uhf mljhs tu;zj;jpy;

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l gj;J fkftiffSk; ,lk;ngWtijg;

ghbf; fhl;b tpsf;Fjy;.


fw;gpf;fyhk;.)

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • jrtpj fkfq;fis cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Ftu;.

crhj;Jiz E}y;crhj;Jiz E}y;crhj;Jiz E}y;crhj;Jiz E}y;crhj;Jiz E}y; ::::: • nry;yj;Jiu . gp.b - njd;df ,irapay;

84

Nkk;gLj;jw; nraw;ghLfs;:Nkk;gLj;jw; nraw;ghLfs;:Nkk;gLj;jw; nraw;ghLfs;:Nkk;gLj;jw; nraw;ghLfs;:Nkk;gLj;jw; nraw;ghLfs;:

MrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhdit ::::: • xypehlhf;fs;> ,irf;fr;Nrupfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; ,irf;

fg;gLk; tPiz> tha;g;ghl;Lf; fr;Nrupfis> mbf;

fb Nfl;L mtw;wpy; ,lk;ngWk; jrtpj fkfq;fis

,dq;fz;L jkJ ,ir mwptpid Nkk;gLj;jyhk;.

jrtpj fkfq;fs;jrtpj fkfq;fs;jrtpj fkfq;fs;jrtpj fkfq;fs;jrtpj fkfq;fs;

fkfk; vd;why; ];tuq;fisNah> ];tuf; Nfhu;itfisNah> ghLk; NghNjh my;yJ

thrpf;Fk;NghNjh jf;f ,lq;fspy; jf;fthW mirTfisg; gpbj;J uhf];t&gj;ij

ntspg;gLj;jyhFk;. fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpw;F fkfk; capu;ehb Nghd;wjhFk;.

khahkhstnfsis ,uhfj;jpy; mg;gpahrfhd tupirfisg; ghLk;NghNj up> j

Mfpa ];tuq;fs; fkfj;Jld; ghlg; gapyg;gLfpwJ. fkfk; ,y;yhj ,ir re;jpud;

,y;yhj ,uT. ePu; ,y;yhj MW> kyu; ,y;yhj nrb> Mguzq;fs; mzpahj

kq;if. thrkpy;yhj kyu; Nghd;wJ vd guju; $Wfpd;whu;.

xNu MNuhfz mtNuhfzKk; xNu jha; ,uhfj;jpypUe;J [d;akhd ,U ,uhfq;fs;

jkf;NfAupa gpuj;jpNaf fkfq;fspdhy; tpj;jpahrg;gLtijf; fhz;fpNwhk;. cjhuzk;;

]hkh - Mugp> igutp - khQ;rp.

fkfq;fs; Fuypirf;F cfe;jdthfTk; thj;jpa ,irf;F cfe;jdthfTk; cs;sd.

xt;nthU fhyfl;lj;jpYk; tho;e;j ,ir ty;Yeu;fs; gy;NtW tifahd

fkfq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;. ehd;aNjtu;> ghu;];tNjtu;> `upghyu; MfpNahu;

7 tifahd fkfq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;.

ehuju; jkJ rq;fPj kfue;jk; vd;Dk; E}ypy; 19 tifahd fkfq;fisf;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. rhuq;fNjtu; jkJ rq;fPj ,uj;jpdhfuj;jpy; 15 tifahd

fkfq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. mitahtd:

1. jpupgk; (nehf;F)> 2. ];Gupjk;> 3. fk;gpjk; 4. yPdk; 5. Me;Njhspjk;

6. tsp> 7. jpupgpd;dk; 8. FUsk; 9. M`jk; 10. cyrpjk; ([hU)

11. gpyhtpjk; 12. Fk;gpjk; 13. Kj;upjk; 14. ehkpjk; 15. kp];upjk;

85

Mdhy; gpw;fhyj;jpy; 10 tifahd fkfq;fNs gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

mitahtd:

1. MNuhfzk; - MNuhfz tupirapy; mike;Js;s ];tuf; Nfhu;itfspy;

mirtpdhy; Njhd;WtJ MNuhfz fkfk; MFk;. cjhuzk;: ]upfkgjep];

2. mtNuhfzk; - mtNuhfz Kiwapy; mike;Js;s ];tuf; Nfhu;itfspd;

mirtpdhy; Njhd;WtJ mtNuhfz fkfk;.

cjhuzk;: ];epjgkfup]

3. lhY - ghLk;NghNjh my;yJ ,irf;fUtpfspy; thrpf;Fk;NghNjh fPo;

];jhdj;jpypUe;J nfhz;Nl Nky; ];jhdj;ij vOg;Gk;NghJ cz;lhFk; fkfk;.

cjhuzk;: ]fh - ]kh - ]gh

4. ];Gupjk; - [z;il ];tuq;fspy; tUk; Kjy; ];tuj;ij rhjhuzkhfTk;

,uz;lhtjhf tUk; ];tuj;ij mbj;Jg; gpbf;ifapy; tUk; fkfk;. cjhuzk;:

]] upup ff kk

5. fk;gpjk; - ];tuq;fis jf;f ,lq;fspy; jf;f mstpy; fk;gPukhf mOj;jkhf

mirj;Jg; ghLk;NghJ Vw;gLk; fkfk; fk;gpj fkfk;. cjhuzk;: jd;ah]p

,uhfj;jpy; ]fhkgep]; ,jpy; f - Tk;> ep-Ak; fk;gPukhf mOj;jpg; ghlg;gLfpwJ.

mNjNghy; mlhzhtpy; ];epjhgkgfhup]. ,jpy; j-Tk;> f-Tk; mOj;jpg;

ghlg;gLfpwJ.

6. M`jk; - ]up - upf - fk - kg Nghd;w ];tuf;Nfhu;itfis jf;f Kiwapy;

mirj;Jg; ghLjy;.

7. gpuj;jpahfjk; - ];ep - epj - jg - gk Nghd;w ];tuf;Nfhu;itfis jf;f

Kiwapy; mirj;Jg; ghLjy;.

8. jpupGr;rk; - ];tuq;fis ]]] upupup fff kkk vd;W Kk;%d;W ];tu

mikg;G Kiwapy; gpbf;Fk; NghJ Vw;gLk; fkfk; jpupGr;rk; MFk;.

9. Me;Njhspjk; - ]up] jhj> ]up] ghgh vd;w Kiwapy; tPiz Nghd;w

,irf;fUtpfis thrpf;Fk; NghJ fPOs;s xU ];tuj;jpd; Nky; rpwpJ epd;W

gpd; je;jpia ,Oj;Njh my;yJ tpuiy efu;j;jpr; nrd;Nwh Nky; ];tuj;ijg;

gpbf;Fk;NghJ Vw;gLk; fkfk; Me;Njhspj fkfk; MFk;.

10. %u;r;rid - ];tuf; Nfhu;itapYs;s ];tuq;fis kpfj; Jupjkhfg; gpbj;J

xt;nthU ];tuf; Nfhu;itapd; filrp ];tuj;jpd; Nky; epw;Fk; NghJ Vw;gLk;

fkfk; %u;r;rid fkfk; MFk;.

cjhuzk;: ]upfkgjeP - upfkgjep];h - fkgjep];uP

86



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.7Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.7Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.7Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.7Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.7 : : : : : jhs jrg; gpuhzq;fs;> 175 jhsq;fs;> fjpNgjq;fs;

gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • yFtpd; [hjp Ngjq;fspdhy; 7 rg;j jhsq;fSk; 35

jhsq;fshd Kiwia tpsf;Fjy;.

• fjp Ngjj;jpdhy; 35 jhsq;fSk; 175 jhsq;fshfpa

Kiwia tpsf;Fjy;.

• 35 jhsq;fis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jjy;

• 175 jhsq;fis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jjy;

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 4.1.14.1.14.1.14.1.14.1.1 ::::: fjp Ngjq;fspdhy; 175 jhsq;fshFk; Kiwia

tpsf;Fjy;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • fjpNgjq;fspdhy; 175 jhsq;fshFk; Kiw

• 175 jhsq;fspd; nkhj;j ml;ru vz;zpf;if.


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL ::::: • 35 jhs ml;ltiz> fjpNgjq;fspdhy; 175 jhsq;fshFk;

Kiwia tpsf;Fk; ml;ltiz

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • 35 jhs ml;ltiziaf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp yFtpd; [hjp

Ngjj;jpdhy; rg;j jhsq;fSk; 35 jhsq;fshFk; Kiw

gw;wp fye;Jiuahly;.

• fjp Ngjq;fspdhy; 175 jhsq;fshFk; Kiwiaf; fhl;Lk;

ml;ltiziaf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;.

• 35 jhsq;fSk; Ie;J tifahd fjpNgjq;fspdhy; 175

jhsq;fshFk; Kiwia ml;ltiz %yk; tpsf;Fjy;.

• fjp Ngjj;jpdhy; cUthFk; 175 jhsq;fspd; ml;ruq;

fis tpsf;Fjy;.


fw;gpf;fyhk;.)

87

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • [hjp Ngjj;jpdhy; 35 jhsq;fs; cz;lhFk; Kiwia

tpsf;Ftu;.

• fjp Ngjq;fspdhy; 175 jhsq;fshFk; Kiwia

tpsf;Ftu;.

• fjp Ngjj;jpdhy; tUk; 175 jhs ml;ruq;fisf;

Fwpg;gpLtu;.

crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; :crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; :crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; :crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; :crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; : • Nguhrpupau;. gp. rhk;g%u;j;jp

- fu;dhlf ]q;fPj G];jfk; 3Mk; ghfk;

35 jhsq;fs; fjpNgjq;fspdhy; 175 jhsq;fshFk; Kiw35 jhsq;fs; fjpNgjq;fspdhy; 175 jhsq;fshFk; Kiw35 jhsq;fs; fjpNgjq;fspdhy; 175 jhsq;fshFk; Kiw35 jhsq;fs; fjpNgjq;fspdhy; 175 jhsq;fshFk; Kiw35 jhsq;fs; fjpNgjq;fspdhy; 175 jhsq;fshFk; Kiw

,irapy; Kf;fpakhf tpsq;Fk; VOjhsq;fSk; rg;j jhsq;fs; vd;W

miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. mitahtd

JUt jhsk; | O | |

kl;ba jhsk; | O |

&gf jhsk; O |

[k;ig jhsk; | UO

jpupGil jhsk; | O O

mljhsk; | | O O

Vf jhsk; |

rg;jjhsq;fspYk; ,t; yF vd;Dk; mq;fk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. yFtpd; Ie;J [hjp

Ngjq;fspdhy; rg;j jhsq;fSk; tpuptile;J 35 jhsq;fshfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf

JUt jhsj;ij vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhy;>

jp];u [hjp JUt jhsk; | 3O |

3|

3

rJ];u [hjp JUt jhsk; | 4O |

4|

4

fz;l [hjp JUt jhsk; | 5O |

5|

5

kp];u [hjp JUt jhsk; | 7O |

7|

7

rq;fPu;z [hjp JUt jhsk; | 9O |

9|

9

vd khWjyilAk;. ,t;thNw VO jhsq;fSk; yFtpd; [hjp Ngjj;jhy; Kg;gj;ije;J

jhsq;fshf khWjyilfpd;wd.

88

,e;j Kg;gj;ije;J jhsq;fspy; xt;nthd;Wk; jp];ufjp> rJ];ufjp> fz;lfjp>

kp];ufjp> rq;fPu;zfjp vd;Dk; gQ;rfjpNgjq;fspdhy; (35x5) 175 jhsq;fshfpd;wd.

rg;j jhsq;fspy; xt;nthd;Wk; [hjp Ngjq;fspdhYk; fjp Ngjq;fspdhYk; (5x5)

25 jhsq;fshfpd;wd. [hjpNgjk; yF vd;Dk; mq;fj;jpw;F khj;jpuNk cupaJ.

Mdhy; fjp NgjkhdJ jhsj;jpy; tUk; xt;nthU mq;fj;jpw;Fk; Vw;gl;ljhifahy;

j;Ujk;> mDj;Ujk; ,tw;wpd; ml;rufhyq;fSf;Fk; fjpNgjk; cz;L vd;gJ

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

35 jhsq;fspd; tpsf;fk;35 jhsq;fspd; tpsf;fk;35 jhsq;fspd; tpsf;fk;35 jhsq;fspd; tpsf;fk;35 jhsq;fspd; tpsf;fk;

rg;j jhsq;fSk; yFtpd; [hjp Ngjq;fspdhy; 35 jhsq;fshf cUthfpd;wd.

[hjpfs;[hjpfs;[hjpfs;[hjpfs;[hjpfs; mq;fk; mq;fk; mq;fk; mq;fk; mq;fk; nkhj;j ml;ruq;fs; nkhj;j ml;ruq;fs; nkhj;j ml;ruq;fs; nkhj;j ml;ruq;fs; nkhj;j ml;ruq;fs;

JUt jhsk; JUt jhsk; JUt jhsk; JUt jhsk; JUt jhsk; | O | |

1. jp];u[hjp JUt jhsk; | 3O |

3|

33 + 2 + 3 + 3 = 11

2. rJ];u[hjp JUt jhsk; |

4O |

4|

44 + 2 + 4 + 4 = 14

3. fz;l[hjp JUt jhsk; | 5O |

5|

55 + 2 + 5+ 5 = 17

4. kp];u[hjp JUt jhsk; | 7O |

7|

77 + 2 + 7 + 7 = 23

5. rq;fPu;z[hjp JUt jhsk; |

9O |

9|

99 + 2 + 9 + 9 = 29

kl;ba jhsk;kl;ba jhsk;kl;ba jhsk;kl;ba jhsk;kl;ba jhsk; | O |

6. jp];u[hjp kl;ba jhsk; | 3O |

33 + 2 + 3 = 08

7. rJ];u[hjp kl;ba jhsk; |

4O |

44 + 2 + 4 = 10

8. fz;l[hjp kl;ba jhsk; | 5O |

55 + 2 + 5 = 12

9. kp];u[hjp kl;ba jhsk; | 7O |

77 + 2 + 7 = 16

10. rq;fPu;z[hjp kl;ba jhsk; |

9O |

99 + 2 + 9 = 20

&gf jhsk; &gf jhsk; &gf jhsk; &gf jhsk; &gf jhsk; O |

11. jp];u[hjp &gf jhsk; O| 3

2 + 3 = 05

12. rJ];u[hjp &gf jhsk; O|

42 + 4 = 06

13. fz;l[hjp &gf jhsk; O| 5

2 + 5 = 07

14. kp];u[hjp &gf jhsk; O| 7

2 + 7 = 09

15. rq;fPu;z[hjp &gf jhsk; O|

92 + 9 = 11

90

]g;j jhsq;fspy; xt;nthd;Wk; fjp Ngjq;fspdhy; 25 jhsq;fshFk; Kiwiag;

gpd;tUk; rf;fuk; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,q;F &gf jhsj;ij cjhuzkhf vLj;J tptupf;fg;

gl;bUf;fpwJ.

[hjp mq;fq;fSk;>Mtu;j; fjp Ngjk; fjp Ngj;jpdhy;[hjp mq;fq;fSk;>Mtu;j; fjp Ngjk; fjp Ngj;jpdhy;[hjp mq;fq;fSk;>Mtu;j; fjp Ngjk; fjp Ngj;jpdhy;[hjp mq;fq;fSk;>Mtu;j; fjp Ngjk; fjp Ngj;jpdhy;[hjp mq;fq;fSk;>Mtu;j; fjp Ngjk; fjp Ngj;jpdhy;

jdj;jpd; nkhj;j jdj;jpd; nkhj;j jdj;jpd; nkhj;j jdj;jpd; nkhj;j jdj;jpd; nkhj;j Vw;gLk; vz;zpf;ifapd; Vw;gLk; vz;zpf;ifapd; Vw;gLk; vz;zpf;ifapd; Vw;gLk; vz;zpf;ifapd; Vw;gLk; vz;zpf;ifapd;

m\u fhyq;fSk; m\u fhyq;fSk; m\u fhyq;fSk; m\u fhyq;fSk; m\u fhyq;fSk; nkhj;jk; nkhj;jk; nkhj;jk; nkhj;jk; nkhj;jk;

jp];u 5 x 3 = 15

jp];u O | 3 = 5 rJ];u 5 x 4 = 20

kp];u 5 x 5 = 25

fz;l 5 x 7 = 35

rq;fPu;z 5 x 9 = 45

jp];u 6 x 3 = 18

rJ];u O | 4 = 6 rJ];u 6 x 4 = 24

kp];u 6 x 5 = 30

fz;l 6 x 7 = 42

rq;fPu;z 6 x 9 = 54

jp];u 7 x 3 = 21

fz;l O | 5 = 7 rJ];u 7 x 4 = 28

fz;l 7 x 5 = 35

kp];u 7 x 7 = 49

rq;fPu;z 7 x 9 = 63

jp];u 9 x 3 = 27

kp];u O | 7 = 9 rJ];u 9 x 4 = 36

kp];u 9 x 5 = 45

fz;l 9 x 7 = 63

rq;fPu;z 9 x 9 = 81

jp];u 11 x 3 = 33

rq;fPu;z O | 9 = 11 rJ];u 11 x 4 = 44

fz;l 11 x 5 = 55

kp];u 11 x 7 = 77

rq;fPu;z 11 x 9 = 99

91

175 jhsq;fspd; tpsf;fk;175 jhsq;fspd; tpsf;fk;175 jhsq;fspd; tpsf;fk;175 jhsq;fspd; tpsf;fk;175 jhsq;fspd; tpsf;fk;

35 ]_shjp jhsq;fSk;> fjpNgjq;fspdhy; 175 jhsq;fshFk; Kiwiaf; fhl;Lk;

rf;fuk;.

fjpNgjj;jpdhy; tUk; fjpNgjj;jpdhy; tUk; fjpNgjj;jpdhy; tUk; fjpNgjj;jpdhy; tUk; fjpNgjj;jpdhy; tUk;

vz;zpf;ifapd; nkhj;jk; vz;zpf;ifapd; nkhj;jk; vz;zpf;ifapd; nkhj;jk; vz;zpf;ifapd; nkhj;jk; vz;zpf;ifapd; nkhj;jk; jhsj;jpd;jhsj;jpd;jhsj;jpd;jhsj;jpd;jhsj;jpd;

jhsk; [hjp jhsk; [hjp jhsk; [hjp jhsk; [hjp jhsk; [hjp j;upr;u rJur;u fz;l kpr;u rq;fPu;z ,yf;fk; j;upr;u rJur;u fz;l kpr;u rq;fPu;z ,yf;fk; j;upr;u rJur;u fz;l kpr;u rq;fPu;z ,yf;fk; j;upr;u rJur;u fz;l kpr;u rq;fPu;z ,yf;fk; j;upr;u rJur;u fz;l kpr;u rq;fPu;z ,yf;fk;

fjp fjp fjp fjp fjp fjp fjp fjp fjp fjp fjp fjp fjp fjp fjp fjp fjp fjp fjp fjp fjp fjp fjp fjp fjp

1 jp];u

2 rJ];u JUt 3 fz;l 4 kp];u 5 rq;fPu;z

1 jp];u 2 rJ];ukl;ba 3 fz;l 4 kp];u 5 rq;fPu;z

1 jp];u 2 rJ];u &gf 3 fz;l 4 kp];u 5 rq;fPu;z

1 jp];u 2 rJ];u [k;g 3 fz;l 4 kp];u 5 rq;fPu;z

1 jp];u 2 rJ];u jpupGil 3 fz;l 4 kp];u 5 rq;fPu;z

1 jp];u 2 rJ];u ml 3 fz;l 4 kp];u 5 rq;fPu;z

1 jp];u 2 rJ];u Vf 3 fz;l 4 kp];u 5 rq;fPu;z

nkhj;j

nkhj;j

nkhj;j

nkhj;j

nkhj;j

mmmm mÑÑÑÑ Ñufhy

k;

ufhy

k;

ufhy

k;

ufhy

k;

ufhy

k;

3342516987

2430364860

1518212733

1821243036

2124273339

3036425466

912152127

1114172329

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567911

6781012

7891113

1012141822

34579

44566892116

3240486480

2024283644

2428324048

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4048567288

1216202836

557085115145

40506080100

2530354555

3035405060

3540455565

50607090110

1520253545

7798119161203

567084112140

3542496377

4249567084

4956637791

708498126154

2128354963

99126153207261

7290108144180

4554638199

54637290108

63728199117

90108126162198

2736456381

1 -56 - 1011 - 1516 - 2021 - 25

26 - 3031 -3536 - 4041 - 4546 - 50

51 - 5556 - 6061 - 6566 - 7071 - 75

76 - 8081 - 8586 - 9091 - 9596 - 100

101 - 105106 - 110111 - 115116 - 120121 - 125

126 - 130131 - 135136 - 140141 - 145146 - 150

151 - 155156 - 160161 - 165166 - 170171 - 175

92



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.8Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.8Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.8Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.8Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.8 : : : : : fhJ> Fuy;tis> xyp> xypapd; myFfs; gw;wp mwpe;J

$Wthu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • xyp> xyp miyfs;> mjpu;T> nrwpT> gz;G> RUjp>

cug;G Mfpatw;iw tpsf;Fjy;.


ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • xyp> xyp miyfs;> mjpu;Tfs;> nrwpT> gz;G> RUjp>

cug;G


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL ::::: • ths; myF> Kb> jhop> ,lg;ngau;r;rp tiuglk;

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • xypia tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jy;.

• xypapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis RUjp> nrwpT> gz;G gw;wp

tpsf;Fjy;.

• xyp miyfs;> mjpu;T> kPbwd;> xyp mstplg;gLk; myF

gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • nghUs;fspd; mjpu;tpdhy; xypcz;lhtijAk; xyp

rf;jpapd; xU tbtk; vd;gijAk; tiutpyf;fzg;

gLj;Jtu;.

• xypapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis tpsf;Ftu;.

• xyp miyfs;> mjpu;T kPbwd; gw;wp tptupg;gu;.

• xypapd; cug;G nlrpgy; vd;Dk; myfpy; mstplg;gL

tijf; Fwpg;gpLtu;.

crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; :crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; :crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; :crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; :crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; : • Mu;.Nf. tp];tehjd; - rq;fPj xypE}y; (Acoustics);


MrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhdit ::::: • ,g;ghlj;jpidf; fw;gpg;gjw;Fk; Nkyjpf tpsf;fj;jp

idg; ngwTk; tpQ;Qhd Mrpupaupd; cjtpia

ehlyhk;.

khztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhdit : • tpQ;Qhd Mrpupaupd; cjtpAld; Nkyjpf tpsf;fj;

jpidg; ngwyhk;.

93

xypxypxypxypxyp

mjpu;tpdhy; xyp cz;lhfpd;wJ. gpuhzpfspd; nrtpapdhy; czug;gLk; GyDzu;T

my;yJ rf;jpapd; xU tbtk; xypahFk;. nrtpg;GyDzu;it Vw;gLj;jf;$ba

miyTfSk; mjpu;T ,af;fKk; xypnad;W $wyhk;. xyp rf;jp> miytbtj;jpy;

flj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. xyp CLflj;Jtjw;F Clfk; mtrpak;. xypapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfshd

RUjp> nrwpT> gz;G vd;gd xypiag; gpwg;gpj;jypy; gq;F nfhs;fpd;wd. mjpu;T

kPbwd; khWtjd; xOq;Ff;Nfw;gNt ];tuq;fs; mikAk;. cjhuzk;: ]upfkgjep];.

,d;dpir cz;lhtjw;Fk;> Rutupir kPbwd; khw;wNk fhuzk;. xOq;fw;w

mjpu;tpaf;fj;jpdhy; cUthf;fg;gLk; xyp rj;jk; vdg;gLk;.

xyp CLflj;jg;gLtjpy; mjpu;T kPbwd;> cug;G vd;gd Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.

xypapd; cug;G nlrpgy; (Decible) vd;Dk; myfpy; xypkl;lkhdp (Sound Level

Meter) %yk; msf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

ths; myF xd;wpid mjpur; nra;J mjpu;T vd;why; vd;d vd;gij mwpayhk;.

(m) mjpu;T vd;gJ 0 ->A->0->B->0 mjpu;T tl;lkhFk;.

(M) mjpu;Tf;fhyk; vd;gJ xU mjpu;T epfo vLf;Fk; fhyk; MFk;.

(,) mjpu;T kPbwd; (Frequency) xyp xU nrf;fdpy; epfOk; mjpu;Tfspd; vz;zpf;if.

mjpu;T kPbwd; - mjpu;Tfspd; vz;zpf;if

Neuk;

myF - N`l;]; (Hz)

Fwpj;j xU fzj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; FWf;fiyapd; kpf cau;e;Js;s ,lq;fs; Kbfs;

MFk;. jho;e;Js;s ,lq;fs; jhopfs; vdg;gLk;.

o

A B

94

xyp miyfs;xyp miyfs;xyp miyfs;xyp miyfs;xyp miyfs;

Jzpf;iffs;> KbfSk; jhopfSk; Vw;gLk; tifapy; mirTk; top miy vdg;gLk;.

cjhuzkhf Fsj;jpy; kPJ tPrg;gl;l jb tPrg;gl;l ,lj;jpNyNa NkYk; fPOk;

mirfpd;wnjd;gjid mDgtuPjpahf mwpayhk;. jb NkYk; fPOk; mirAk;

mNjNtis miyfs; KbfshfTk;> jhopfshfTk; ikaj;jpypUe;J fiuf;Fg;

gutpr; nry;tij mtjhdpf;fyhk;. miyfs; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.

FWf;fiy - Jzpf;iffs; xyp nry;Yk;

jpirf;F nrq;Fj;jhf mjpu;tjdhy; cz;lh

Fk; miy FWf;fiy MFk;.

nel;lhq;F miy - Jzpf;iffs; xyp

nry;Yk; Clfj;jpd; jpirapNyNa mjpUjy;

nel;lhq;F miy vdg;gLk;.

ths; myF mjpUk;NghJ>

(1) 0 -> A -> 0 f;F tUk;tiu eilngWk; ,lg;ngau;r;rp Kb

0 -> B -> 0 (jhop) vdTk; nfhz;L> ,lg;ngau;r;rp Neu tiugpid tiujy;

Kb (

λ

)

0

β

jhop

miyePsk; (

λ

)

xU miyapd; xj;j ,af;f ,U Gs;spfSf;F mjhtJ ,uz;L Kb my;yJ

,uz;L jhopfSf;F ,ilg;gl;l J}uk; miyePsk; (

λ

) vdg;gLk;.

xU Kb> xU jhop Nru;e;J xU KO miy vdg;gLk;.

(2) ,t;tifahd miytbtj;jpNyNa xyp CL flj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

(3) xU nrf;fdpy; Vw;gLk; mjpu;Tfspd; vz;zpf;if kPbwd; vdg;gLk;.

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

neUf;fk; Ijhf;fk;

< >

< >

gf n f

95

ths; myF mjpUk; NghJ xyp tspapD}lhf ek;fhij te;jilAk; Kiw

neUf;fk; Iikahf;fk;

tspj;Jzpf;iffs; xUKiw neUf;FjYf;Fk; Iikahf;FjYf;Fk; cs;shfpd;wd.

,t;thW Jzpf;iffs; mjpu;tjdhy; xyp CLflj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

neUf;fk; - Kb

Iikahf;fk; - jhop

,jw;fhd tiuG,jw;fhd tiuG,jw;fhd tiuG,jw;fhd tiuG,jw;fhd tiuG

Jzpf;iffs; ,lg;ngau;r;rp fhuzkhfNt xyp CLflj;jg;gLfp;d;wJ. vdNt xyp

CLflj;jg;gLtjw;F Clfk; mtrpak;. jpz;kk;> jputk;> thA vd;gtw;wpD}lhf

xyp nry;Yk; ntw;wplj;jpD}lhf xyp nry;ykhl;lhJ.

xypapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;xypapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;xypapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;xypapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;xypapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;

(1) RUjp -1) RUjp -1) RUjp -1) RUjp -1) RUjp - mjpu;T kPbwdpy; jq;fpAs;sJ.

mjpu;T kPbwd; mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ RUjp $Lk;.

cjhuzk;: Fapy; $Tk; - cau; RUjp

(2) cug;G -(2) cug;G -(2) cug;G -(2) cug;G -(2) cug;G - ,J tPr;rj;jpy; jq;fpAs;sJ. mjhtJ cug;G $ba xyp mjpf

J}uj;jpw;F CLflj;jg;gLjy; cjhuzk;; giw xyp> ehj];tu xyp ,jw;F

mjpf rf;jp Njit.

,lg;ngau;r;rp

96

(3) gz;G -(3) gz;G -(3) gz;G -(3) gz;G -(3) gz;G - ,J xypaiyapd; tbtj;jpy; jq;fpAs;sJ.

ntt;NtW ,irf;fUtpfspy; xNu Ruq;fs; xNu RUjpapy; ,irf;Fk; NghJk;>

fUtpfis NtWgLj;jp ,dq;fhz cjTtJ miy tbtq;fs; NtWgLtjdh

NyNa MFk;.

kPbwd; $baJ. vdNt cau; RUjp

A

kPbwd; Fiwe;jJ. vdNt jho; RUjp

tPr;rk; $baJ. vdNt cug;Gf; $baJ.

B

tPr;rk; Fiwe;jJ.vdNt cug;Gf; Fiwe;jJ.

xypapd; gz;G miytbtpy; jq;fpAs;sJ.

C

miytbtj;Jf;F Vw;g gz;G NtWgLfpwJ.

miytbtq;fSf;Nfw;g gz;G NtWgLk;. ,uz;L miyfspYk; kPbwd;> tPr;rk;

vd;gd xd;whapUe;j NghjpYk; miy tbtk; NtWgLtjhy; xypapd; gz;G

NtWgLfpd;wJ. cjhuzk;; kpUjq;fk;> taypdpy; xNu RUjp> cug;G ,Ug;gpDk;

miytbtk; NtWgLtjhy; ,dkwpa KbfpwJ.

fhfk; fiujy; - jho; RUjp

tsu;e;j Mzpd; Fuy; - jho; RUjp

tsu;e;j ngz;zpd; Fuy; - cau; RUjp

miy tbtj;jpy; fhl;Ltjhapd;

jho; RUjp cau; RUjp

97

(4) nrwpT(4) nrwpT(4) nrwpT(4) nrwpT(4) nrwpT

Nksk; xd;iw Cd;wp mbf;Fk;NghJ ntsptUk; xypahdJ mjid nkJthfj;

jl;Lk;NghJ ntsptUk; xypiaf; fhl;bYk; cug;ghdJ. (nrwpthdJ)

xyp miy %yk; fhJf;Ff; nfhz;L tUk; rf;jpapd; mstpy; jq;fpAs;sJ. mjpf

msT rf;jpiaf; nfhz;L tUkhapd; mJ nrtpr; Rtiuf; fLikahf mjpur;

nra;Ak;. mg;NghJ xyp nrwpthdJ vdf; $wg;gLk;. xypapd; nrwpthdJ> xyp

Kjy; Vw;gLj;Jk; ,lg;ngau;r;rpapy; (tPr;rj;jpy;) jq;fpAs;sJ. $ba ,lg;ngau;r;rp

(tPr;rj;jpy;) Vw;gLj;jf;$ba Ntiy nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. xyp KjYf;F $ba

rf;jp toq;fg;gLtjdhy; xyp KjYk;> mjpf msT rf;jpia xyp miyf;F

toq;Fk;.

xyp Kjy; xd;wpypUe;J mg;ghw; nry;Yk;NghJ Nfl;Fk; nrwpT Fiwfpd;wiij

mwptPu;fs;.

gue;j gpuNjrj;jpypUe;J xyp miy nry;Yk;NghJ rf;jpAk; guTtjdhy; nrwpT

Fiwfpd;wJ. fpl;l ,Uf;Fk;NghJ cs;s xypr;rf;jpapd; msit tpl njiytpy;

xypr;rf;jp Fiwtjdhy; nrwpT FiwthdJ.

gz;Ggz;Ggz;Ggz;Ggz;G

ntt;NtW ,irf;fUtpfspd; xNu Ruq;fs; xNu RUjpapy; ,irf;Fk; NghJk;

fUtpfis NtWgLj;jp ,dq;fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

,jw;F ntt;NtW ,irf;fUtpfspy; mjid ,irf;Fk;NghJ cz;lhFk; mjpu;T

kPbwd; khwNy fhuzkhfpd;wJ.

cjhuzk;: (m) taypd; (M) gpahNdh (,) Gy;yhq;foy; ,irf;fUtpfs; xNu

RUjpiaf;nfhz;l Rutupirnahd;W ,irf;fg;gLk;NghJ cz;lhFk; miytbtk;

(fNjhl; fjpu; miyTfhl;bapy; ngwg;gl;l glk;) jug;gLfpwJ.

gbKiw 4:gbKiw 4:gbKiw 4:gbKiw 4:gbKiw 4:

nrtpf;fpdpa xypfisr; Nru;g;gjhNyNa ,irapd; tpUj;jp Muk;gkhapw;W vd;W

ehk; fUjyhk;. nrtpf;fpdpa Ru tupiria mtw;wpd; kPbwd;fspy; xOq;Ff;Nfw;g

xOq;FgLj;Jtjd; %yk; ,irr; Rutup fpilf;Fk;.

98

mbg;gilr; Ruj;jpd; kPbwDf;Fk;> kw;iwa Ruq;fspd; kPbwDf;Fkpilna Fwpj;j

tpfpjj;jpy; mike;jpUf;Fk;.

vOj;J r up f k g j ep r

kPbwd; 256 288 320 340 384 426 480 512

tpfpjk; 1 9/8 5/4 4/3 3/2 5/3 15/8 2

ghlfu; xUtupd; Fuy; xypia my;yJ ,irf;FUtp xd;wpd; xypia ahjhapDk;

Xu; xOq;fpd;gb ,irr; Rutupapd; NkNyAk;> fPNoAk; nfhz;L nry;tjw;F ,lk;

mspf;Fk; Ru cUtikg;ghdJ ,d;dpir vdg;gLk;.

99

Nju;r;rp 5.0Nju;r;rp 5.0Nju;r;rp 5.0Nju;r;rp 5.0Nju;r;rp 5.0 : : : : : `pe;J];jhdp ,ir> Nkiyj;Nja ,irapd;`pe;J];jhdp ,ir> Nkiyj;Nja ,irapd;`pe;J];jhdp ,ir> Nkiyj;Nja ,irapd;`pe;J];jhdp ,ir> Nkiyj;Nja ,irapd;`pe;J];jhdp ,ir> Nkiyj;Nja ,irapd;

mbg;gil mk;rq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.mbg;gil mk;rq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.mbg;gil mk;rq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.mbg;gil mk;rq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.mbg;gil mk;rq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1 : : : : : fu;ehlf ,ir> ̀ pe;J];jhdp ,ir> Nkiyj;Nja ,ir

fSf;fpilapyhd xw;Wik> Ntw;Wik gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLtu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • fu;ehlf> `pe;J];jhdp ,ir Mfpa ,U ,ir

kuGfspd; mbg;gil mk;rq;fis tpsf;Fjy;.

• ,U ,ir tiffSf;FKs;s xw;Wik Ntw;Wikfis

tpsf;Fjy;.

• fu;ehlf ,irapy; `pe;J];jhdp ,irapd; nry;thf;

fpid kjpg;gpLjy;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 5.1.15.1.15.1.15.1.15.1.1 ::::: fu;ehlf> ̀ pe;J];jhdp ,irfspd; xw;Wik> Ntw;Wik

fis ,dq;fz;L tpsf;Fjy;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • fu;ehlf> `pe;J];jhdp ,ir tiffspd; xw;Wik

Ntw;Wikfs;.

• ,uhfk;

• jhsk;

• cUg;gbtif

• fr;Nrup Kiw

• `pe;J];jhdp ,irapd; nry;thf;F


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL ::::: • fu;ehlf ,ir xypg;gjpT nra;ag;gl;l xypg;gjpT

ehlh> xspg;gjpT ehlh> xypg;gjpTf; fUtpfs;.

• `pe;J];jhdp ,ir xypg;gjpT nra;ag;gl;l xypg;gjpT

ehlh> xspg;gjpT ehlh

• `pe;J];jhdp ,uhfq;fSf;F xg;ghd fu;ehlf

,uhfq;fs; nfhz;l ml;ltiz

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • fu;ehlf ,ir> `pe;J];jhdp ,ir Mfpa ,U ,ir

tiffspYk; tof;j;jpYs;s ,uhfk; xypg;gjpT nra;ag;

gl;l xypehlhit nrtpkLf;fr; nra;jy;.

• mt;tpuhfk; ghLk; Kiwapy; cs;s NtWghl;bidf;

fye;JiuahLjy;.

• ,U ,ir tiffspYk; cs;s nghJthd ,uhfq;fs;

gw;wp ml;ltizapd; cjtpAld; fye;JiuahLjy;.

100

• `pe;J];jhdp ,irapy; 12 ];tu];jhdq;fSk; miof;

fg;gLk;; Kiwia tpsf;Fjy;.

• fu;ehlf ,ir> `pe;J];jhdp ,ir Mfpa ,U ,ir

tiffspYk; fr;Nrup nra;Ak; Kiwia xypg;gjpT ehlh

%ykhfNth xspg;gjpT ehlh %ykhfNth tpsf;Fjy;.

• ,U ,irtiffspYk; toq;Fk; nghJthd cUg;gb

tiffis xypg;gjpT ehlhtpd; cjtpAld; tpsf;Fjy;.

cjhuzk;: juhdh - jpy;yhdh

f]y; - [htsp

• ,U ,irapYk; ifahsg;gLk; rq;fPj ypgp Kiwia

tpsf;Fjy;.

• fu;ehlf ,irapy; `pe;J];jhdp ,irapd; nry;thf;fp

idf; fye;Jiuahly;.

(fye;Jiuahly; Kiw> nra;Jfhl;ly; Kiw Nghd;w

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;wyhk;.)

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • `pe;J];jhdp ,irapy; 12 ];tu];jhdq;fSf;Fk; $wg;

gLk; ngau;fis tupirg;gLj;jpf; $Wtu;.

• fu;ehlf - `pe;J];jhdp ,irapd; xw;Wik Ntw;Wik

fis Muha;tu;.

• fu;ehlf ,irapy; ̀ pe;J];jhdp ,irapd; nry;thf;fpid

kjpg;gpLtu;.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz ::::: 1. Nguhrpupau;. P. rhk;g%u;j;jp

- South Indian Music Book VI

2. tp.v];. epfk;

- Musicology of Indian Music Part I & II

3. Njrpa fy;tp epWtf nkhbA+y;

fu;ehlf> `pe;J];jhdp ,ir Nkw;fj;jpa ,ir


MrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhdit ::::: • `pe;J];jhdp ,ir mlq;fpa xyp> xspg;gjpT

ehlhf;fisf; Nfl;Lk;> ghu;j;Jk; `pe;J];jhdp ,ir

ghLk; Kiw gw;wpa mwptpid tpUj;jp nra;J

nfhs;syhk;.

• `pe;J];jhdp ,ir gw;wpa E}y;fs; thrpj ;J>

`pe;J];jhdp ,ir gw;wpa mwptpid Nkk;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;syhk;.

101

khztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhdit : • fu;ehlf ,ir> `pe;J];jhdp ,ir mlq;fpa xyp>

xspg;gjpT ehlhf;fisf; Nfl;gjd; %yKk; ghu;g;gjd;

%yKk; ,U ,ir tiffspd; jdpj;jd;ikfis mwpe;J

nfhs;syhk;.

• `pe;J];jhdp ,irf; fr;Nrupfis Neubahff; Nfl;gjd;

%yKk; njhiyf;fhl;rpapy; `pe;J];jhdp ,ir

epfo;r;rpfisg; ghu;g;gjd; %yKk; `pe;J];jdp ,ir

gw;wpa mwptpid Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.

fu;ehlf ,ir> `pe;J];jhdp ,irfspd;fu;ehlf ,ir> `pe;J];jhdp ,irfspd;fu;ehlf ,ir> `pe;J];jhdp ,irfspd;fu;ehlf ,ir> `pe;J];jhdp ,irfspd;fu;ehlf ,ir> `pe;J];jhdp ,irfspd;

xw;Wik> Ntw;Wiffs;xw;Wik> Ntw;Wiffs;xw;Wik> Ntw;Wiffs;xw;Wik> Ntw;Wiffs;xw;Wik> Ntw;Wiffs;

gz;ila fhye;njhl;L fp.gp. 13Mk; E}w;whz;Ltiu ghuj ehnlq;Fk; fu;ehlf

,ir kuGjhd; tof;fpypUe;J te;jJ. tl ,e;jpahit Kfk;kjpau;fs; ifg;gw;wpa

gpd;du; ghurPf> mNugpa ,ir vd;gtw;wpd; fyg;gpdhy; tl ,e;jpahtpy; ̀ pe;J];jhdp

,ir cUthfpaJ. Mdhy; njd; ,e;jpahtpy; gpw ,ir fyg;gw;w fu;ehl ,ir

tof;fpypUe;J tUfpd;wJ.

,t;tpU ,irtiffSk; xNu kuj;jpYs;s ,U fpisfs; Nghd;wd. ,tw;wpw;fpilNa

xw;Wik> Ntw;Wikfs; epiwa cz;L. fp.gp. 1309Mk; Mz;bw;Fk; fp.gp. 1312 Mk;

Mz;bw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; ̀ upghyu; vd;gtuhy; vOjg;gl;l ~rq;fPj Rjhfu|

vd;w E}ypy;jhd; fu;ehlf ,ir> `pe;J];jhdp ,ir vd;w ,U gpupTfs; gw;wp

Kjd; Kiwahff; Fwpg;;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,uhfk;,uhfk;,uhfk;,uhfk;,uhfk;

fu;ehlf> `pe;J];jhdp ,irfSf;fhd mbg;gilj; jj;Jtk; xd;NwahdhYk;

ghLk; Kiwapy; mNef tpj;jpahrq;fs; cz;L. 7 ];tuq;fs;> 12 ];tu];jhdq;fs;>

22 RUjpfs;> thjp> ]k;thjp> tpthjp> mDthjp Mfpa tplaq;fs; ,t;tpU ,ir

Kiwikf;Fk; nghJthd mk;rq;fshFk;.

fu;ehlf ,irapy; 72 Nksfu;j;jhf;fs; mbg;gilahf ,Ug;gJ Nghd;Nw

`pe;J];jhdp ,irapy; 10 jhl;fs; mbg;gilahf mike;Js;sd. ,g;gj;J jhl;fSk;

mtw;wpw;F ,izahd fu;ehlf ,ir ,uhfq;fSk; tUkhW:

102

jhl; jhl; jhl; jhl; jhl; fu;ehlf ,irapy; toq;fg;gLk; ,uhfq;fSk;fu;ehlf ,irapy; toq;fg;gLk; ,uhfq;fSk;fu;ehlf ,irapy; toq;fg;gLk; ,uhfq;fSk;fu;ehlf ,irapy; toq;fg;gLk; ,uhfq;fSk;fu;ehlf ,irapy; toq;fg;gLk; ,uhfq;fSk;

mtw;wpw;Fupa Nksfu;j;jh ,yf;fq;fSk;. mtw;wpw;Fupa Nksfu;j;jh ,yf;fq;fSk;. mtw;wpw;Fupa Nksfu;j;jh ,yf;fq;fSk;. mtw;wpw;Fupa Nksfu;j;jh ,yf;fq;fSk;. mtw;wpw;Fupa Nksfu;j;jh ,yf;fq;fSk;.

1. igutp `DkNjhb (08)

2. igut; khahkhstnfsis (15)

3. Mrhtup eligutp (20)

4. fhgp fu`ug;gpupah (22)

5. fkh[; `upfhk;Ngh[p (28)

6. gpyhty; jPurq;fuhguzk; (29)

7. Njhb Rgge;Jtuhsp (45)

8. g+u;tp fhktu;j;jdp (51)

9. khu;th fkdr;uk (53)

10. akd; my;yJ fy;ahz; Nkrfy;ahzp (65)

fu;ehlf ,irapy; Muk;g mg;gpahr tupirfs; khahkhstnfsis ,uhfj;jpy;

fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. `pe;J];jhdp ,irapy; Kjyhtjhff; fw;gpf;fg;gLk; ,uhfk;

gpyhtyhFk;.

fu;ehlf ,irapy; cs;sJNghd;Nw `pe;J];jdp ,irapYk; ,uhfq;fs; xslt>

\hlt> rk;G+u;z vd;W ];tuq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; nfhz;L tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

xslt ,uhfk; - G+ghyp

\hlt ,uhfk; - khu;th> G+u;ah

]k;G+u;z ,uhfk; - akd;> gpyhty;

fhdfhyKiwf;Nfw;gTk; gUtfhyKiwf;Nfw;gTk; ,uhfq;fisg; ghLk;Kiw

fu;ehlf ,irapy; mUfp tUfpd;wNghJk; ̀ pe;J];jhdp ,irapy; ,k;Kiw ngupJk;

gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.

cjhuzk;:cjhuzk;:cjhuzk;:cjhuzk;:cjhuzk;:

gpufhuk;gpufhuk;gpufhuk;gpufhuk;gpufhuk; Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk; ,uhfq;fs;,uhfq;fs;,uhfq;fs;,uhfq;fs;,uhfq;fs;

K.g 6 - K.g 9 c\hj;fhyk; fy;ahzp> gpyhty;

103

gUt fhyk;gUt fhyk;gUt fhyk;gUt fhyk;gUt fhyk; ,uhfk;,uhfk;,uhfk;,uhfk;,uhfk;

1. Nfhil igut;

2. khup Nkf;

3. ,iyAjpu; gQ;rk

4. Kd;gdp ehl;il ehuhaz

5. $jpu; =

6. tre;jk; tre;j;

NkYk; fu;ehlf ,irapy; cs;sJ Nghd;Nw `pe;J];jhdp ,irapYk; 7

];tuq;fSk; Nfhks jPtpu Ngjj;jpdhy; 12 ];tu];jhdq;fshfpd;wd. fu;ehlf

,irapy; cs;s 12 ];tu];jhdq;fspd; ngau;fSk; ̀ pe;J];jhdp ,irapy; cs;s

12 ];tu];jhdq;fspd; ngau;fSk; tUkhW:

fu;ehlf rq;fPjk;fu;ehlf rq;fPjk;fu;ehlf rq;fPjk;fu;ehlf rq;fPjk;fu;ehlf rq;fPjk; `pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjk;`pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjk;`pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjk;`pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjk;`pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjk;

1. ]l;[k; ]l;[k;

2. Rj;j up\gk; Nfhks up

3. rJ];Ujp up\gk; Rj;j up

4. rhjhuz fhe;jhuk; Nfhks f

5. me;ju fhe;jhuk; Rj;j f

6. Rj;jkj;jpkk; Rj;j k

7. gpujp kj;jpkk; jPt;u k

8. gQ;rkk; gQ;rk

9. Rj;j ijtjk; Nfhks j

10. rJ];Ujp ijtjk; Rj;j j

11. ifrpfp ep\hjk; Nfhks ep

12. fhfyp ep\hjk; Rj;j ep

`pe;J];jhdp ,uhfq;fSk; mtw;wpw;F xg;ghd fu;ehlf ,uhfq;fSk; tUkhW:

`pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjk;`pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjk;`pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjk;`pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjk;`pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjk; fu;ehlf rq;fPjk;fu;ehlf rq;fPjk;fu;ehlf rq;fPjk;fu;ehlf rq;fPjk;fu;ehlf rq;fPjk;

1. = uhkg;gpupah

2. khy;nfs]; `pe;Njhsk;

3. gPk;gyh]p fu;ehlf Njtfhe;jhup

4. N[hfpah ]hNtup

5. ghNf= =uQ;rdp

104

6. Ju;fh Rj;jrhNtup

7. G+g; Nkhfdk;

8. [pQ;[{b nrQ;RUl;b

9. m`pu;igut; rf;futhfk;

10. iguhfp igut; Nutjp

11. G+ghyp Njhb g+ghsk;

12. jpyq; ehl

13. Nj\; Nfjhunfsis

14. kj;kj;rhuq; kj;jpakhtjp

15. n[a;n[a;te;jp jptp[hte;jp

16. fyhtjp tyrp

17. Rj;j fy;ahz; Nkhfd fy;ahzp

ke;ju];jhap> kj;jpa];jhap> jhu];jhap Mfpa %d;W ];jhapfSk; `pe;J];jhdp

,irapy; ke;ju]g;jf kj;a]g;jf> jhu]g;jf vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

jhsk;jhsk;jhsk;jhsk;jhsk;

fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpy; ifapdhy; jhsk; NghLtJ Nghd;W `pe;J];jhdp ,irapy;

ifapdhy; jhsk; NghLtJ ,y;iy. jNgyhtpy; thrpf;fg;gLk; Nlf;fhit ([jp)

xl;bNa ghLgtu; ghl Ntz;Lk;@ thj;jpak; thrpg;gtu; thrpf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdNt

`pe;J];jhdp ,irapy; jNgyh thrpg;G Kiw gw;wp ghlfUk;> thj;jpa thrpg;gtUk;

mwpe;jpUj;jy; ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.

cUg;gb tifcUg;gb tifcUg;gb tifcUg;gb tifcUg;gb tif

`pe;J];jhdp ,irapy; fu;ehlf ,irapy; cs;sJ Nghd;W ngUthupahd cUg;gb

tiffs; ,y;iy. `pe;J];jhdp ,irapy; tof;fj;jpYs;s rpy cUg;gbfs;:

JUgj; (Dhrupad)

jkhu; (Dhamar)

fahy; (Khyal)

,yl;rzfPjk; (Lakshan Geet)

Jk;up (Thumri)

jhjuh (Dadra)

jg;gh (Tappa)

judh (Tarana)

g[d; (Bhajan)

f]y; (Gazal)

105

fu;ehlf ,irapy; mg;gpahr tupirfs; khahkhstnfsis ,uhfj;jpy; fw;gpf;fg;gL

tJ Nghy; ̀ pe;J];jhdp ,irapy; xt;nthU ,uhfj;ijf; fw;gpf;f Kd;Gk; ~gylh];|

vd miof;fg;gLk; ];tu mg;gpahr tupirfs; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. fu;ehlf ,irapy;

rpy cUg;gbfspy; gy;ytp> mDgy;ytp> ruzk; Nghd;w mq;f NtWghLfs;

,Ug;gJNghd;W `pe;J];jhdp ,ir cUg;gbfspy; ];jhap - gy;ytp> me;juh -

mDgy;ytp Mfpa mq;f NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

rpy cUg;gbfis fu;ehlf ,irapy; cs;s rpy cUg;gbfSf;F xg;gpl;Lf;

$wyhk;.

`pe;J];jhdp ,ir`pe;J];jhdp ,ir`pe;J];jhdp ,ir`pe;J];jhdp ,ir`pe;J];jhdp ,ir fu;ehlf ,irfu;ehlf ,irfu;ehlf ,irfu;ehlf ,irfu;ehlf ,ir

f]y; [htsp

Jk;up gjk;

juhdh jpy;yhdh

fr;Nrup Kiwfr;Nrup Kiwfr;Nrup Kiwfr;Nrup Kiwfr;Nrup Kiw

`pe;J];jhdp fr;Nrupapy; 2> 3 ,uhfq;fNs ghlg;gLfpd;wd. MapDk; fu;ehlf

rq;fPjj;jpy; - 3 kzp Neu fr;Nrupapy; 10 - 15 cUg;gbfs; ghlg;gLfpd;wd.

fu;ehlf rq;fPjf; fr;Nrupapd; Muk;gj;jpy; tu;zk;> gQ;ruj;d fPu;j;jid> Jupjfhy

fPu;j;jidfs; vd;gd fr;Nrup fis fl;Ltjw;fhfg; ghlg;gLfpd;wd. `pe;J];jhdp

fr;Nrup ngUk;ghYk; ,uhf MyhgidAlNdNa Muk;gkhfpd;wJ. ,uhfk; ghLk;

KiwapYk; ,U ,ir Kiwikf;Fk; NtWghL fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. `pe;J];jhdp

,irapy; Myhgid tp];jhukhf ePz;l Neuk; ghlg;gLfpd;wJ. ePz;l Neuk;

ke;ju];jhapapy; rQ;rhuk; nra;j gpd;dNu gbg;gbahf kj;jpa];jhap> Nky;];jhapapy;

rQ;rhuk; nra;tu;. fu;ehlf ,irapy; fkfq;fs;> gpUfhf;fs; vd;gd Kf;fpa

mk;rq;fshFk;. fkfk; vd;Dk; mk;rk; ̀ p;e;J];jhdp ,irapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wNghJk;

mit Vw;w[hU> ,wf;f [hU tifapyhd fkfq;fshFk;.

fu;ehlf ,irf;fr;Nrupapy; Xu; ,uhfj;jpy; Xu; cUg;gbNa ghlg;gLjy; tof;fkhFk;.

Mdhy; `pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjj;jpy; Xu; ,uhfj;jpNyNa tpsk;gya cUg;gb> Jupj

ya cUg;gb vd;gd ghlg;gLfpd;wd. fu;ehlf rq;fPj tha;g;ghl;L fr;Nrupapy;

gf;fthj;jpakhf taypd;> kpUjq;fk;> flk;> Nkhu;rpq;> fQ;rpuh Nghd;w thj;jpaq;fs;

thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. fr;Nrupapy; ,uhfk;> fpUjp> gy;ytp Kf;fpa gq;fpid tfpf;fpd;wd.

gy;ytp ghba gpd; jdp Mtu;j;jdKk; gpujhd ,lk; tfpf;fpd;wJ.

106

vdpDk; `pe;J];jhdp ,irapy; RUjpf;fhf ,U jk;Guhf;fSk; jhsj;jpw;fhf

jNgyhTk; khj;jpuNk thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. `pe;J];jhdp ,irf;fr;Nrupapy; jdp

Mtu;j;jdk; ,lk; ngWtjpy;iy. jw;NghJ fu;ehlf ,irapd; nry;thf;fpdhy;

`pe;J];jhdp ,irf; fr;NrupapYk; gf;fthj;jpakhf taypd; thrpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

`pe;J];jhdp ,irapy; fw;gdh];tuk; ghLk; Kiw kpff; FiwthFk;.

`pe;J];jhdp ,irapy; gytpj fuhdhf;fs; cz;L. (FUFy Kiwfs; cz;L)

xt;nthU fuhdhTk; xt;nthU ghzpiag; gpd;gw;Wtjhf mikfpd;wJ.

cjhuzk;:cjhuzk;:cjhuzk;:cjhuzk;:cjhuzk;: fthypau;> Mf;uh> uhk;g+u;> ngdhu];

`pe;J];jhdp ,irapYk; jk;G+uh g]]] vd;W RUjp $l;lg;gLfpd;wJ. MapDk;

taypd; RUjp $l;lg;gLk; Kiwapy; fu;ehlf rq;fPj Kiwapdpd;Wk; NtWgLfpd;wJ.

`pe;J];jhdp taypdpy; je;jpfs; g] g] vd RUjp $l;lg;gLfpd;wJ.

nry;thf;Fnry;thf;Fnry;thf;Fnry;thf;Fnry;thf;F

]hk Ntjj;jpypUe;J Njhd;wpa `pe;J];jhdp> fu;ehlf rq;fPjk; ,uz;Lk; xd;wpy;

xd;W jk; nry;thf;ifr; nrYj;jpAs;sd. `pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjj;jpypUe;J gy

,uhfq;fs; fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpy; jw;NghJ ghlg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. mt;thW

`pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjj;jpypUe;J fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpw;F te;j ,uhfq;fisj; Njrpa

my;yJ `pe;J];jhdp vd;w milnkhopAld; miog;gu;. cjhuzkhf> Njrpa

fkh];> fhfyp ep\hjj;ij md;dpa ];tukhff; nfhz;lJ. 1870Mk; Mz;bw;Fg;

gpd;Ng fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpy; fhfyp ep\hjj;Jld; $ba fkh]; ,uhfk; tof;fj;jpy;

te;jJ. mjw;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j thf;Nfafhuuhfpa jpahfuh[u;> Rthjpj;

jpUehs;; kfhuh[h> gj;uhry ,uhkjh]; MfpNahu; ,aw;wpa fkh]; ,uhf cUg;gbfs;

ifrpfp ep\hjj;ij khj;jpuk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;ld.

fu;ehlf rq;fPj;jpy; Kd;G tof;fpypUe;j fhgp ,uhfk; cghq;f ,uhfkhFk;.

Mdhy; gpw;fhyj;jpy; ̀ pe;J];jdp rq;fPjj;jpd; nry;thf;fpdhy; ̀ pe;J];jhdp fhgp

,uhfj;jpy; (fhfyp ep\hjk;> Rj;j ijtjk;> me;ju fhe;jhuk;) cUg;gbfs;

,aw;wg;gl;ld. `pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjj;jpypUe;J fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpw;F te;j

]pe;Jigutp ,uhfj;jpy; ngUksT jpUg;Gfo;fs; ghlg;gLfpd;wd.


Njrhjp vd;Dk; jhsKk; `pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjj;jpypUe;J fu;ehlf ,irf;F te;j

jhskhFk;.

. .

. .

107

cUg;gbfs;cUg;gbfs;cUg;gbfs;cUg;gbfs;cUg;gbfs;

fgPu;jh];> #u;jh];> kPuhgha; MfpNahuJ g[d;fSk; ,d;W fu;ehlf ,irf;

fr;Nrupapy; ,Wjpapy; ghlg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. 12Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,aw;wg;gl;l

m\;lgjpfs; (`pe;J];jhdp> fu;ehlf rq;fPjk; vd;w gpupTf;F Kd;) fu;ehlf>

`pe;J];jhdp ,uhfq;fspy; njd;dpe;jpah vq;Fk; ghlg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

fhyN\gk; nra;Ak; KiwAk; 19Mk; E}w;whz;by; kfhuh\;buf;fhuu;fshy;

jQ;rht+upy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L njd;dpe;jpahtpy; gug;gg;gl;lJ.

Muk;gj;jpy; fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpy; Nfhks jPtpu Ngjj;Jf;F ngupa> rpd;d vd;w

gjq;fNs cgNahfj;jpy; ,Ue;jd. gpw;fhyj;jpy; `pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjj;jpd;

nry;thf;fpdhy; Nfhks> jPtpu vd;w gjq;fs; fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

thj;jpaf; fUtpfs;thj;jpaf; fUtpfs;thj;jpaf; fUtpfs;thj;jpaf; fUtpfs;thj;jpaf; fUtpfs;

`pe;J];jhdp thj;jpaf; fUtpahfpa ]huq;fp jpUney;Ntyp> njd;fhrp Nghd;w

Cu;fspYs;s Myaq;fspy; Njthuk; ghLk;NghJ gf;fthj;jpakhf njhd;Wnjhl;L

thrpf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. ];tu kz;lyp vd;Dk; thj;jpaKk; rpy Myaq;fspy;

thrpf;fg;gLfpJ. efuh vd;Dk; Njhw;fUtpAk;> rpy njd;dpe;jpa Myaq;fspy;

thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

]pjhu; thj;jpaj;jpy; thrpf;fg;gLk; kPl;L (mittu) [hjp thrpg;G Kiw tPiz

thrpf;Fk;NghJ jw;NghJ ifahsg;gLfpwJ.

jw;fhyj;jpy; nky;ypir> jpiu ,irfspy; `pe;J];jhdp thj;jpaf;fUtpfshd

]pjhu ; > ]huq;fp> jNgyh Nghd;w thj;jpaf; fUtpfs; ngUkstpy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

`pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjj;jpypUe;J fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpw;F te;j ,uhfq;fs;

1. jptp[hte;jp

2. aKdh fy;ahzp

3. `kPu; fy;ahzp

4. fhgp

5. ng`hf;

6. ju;ghup fdlh

7. ghNf=

108

8. gPk;gyh]p

9. N;[hd;Gup

10. jpyq;

11. khz;l;

12. Nj\;

13. ]pe;Jigutp

Nghd;witahFk;. ,t; ,uhfq;fs; tl ,e;jpahtpypUe;J njd;dpe;jpahtpw;F

te;jNghjpYk; fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpw;Nf cupa Kiwapy; ,e;j ,uhfq;fs; ghlg;gl;L

tUfpd;wd.

tl ,e;jpahtpNy thuzhrp vd;Dk; jyj;jpy; Vwj;jho 5 tUlkhfj; jq;fpapUe;j

rq;fPj Kk;%u;j;jpfSs; xUtuhfpa jP\pju; `pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjj;jpy; <LghL

nfhz;L jkJ fPu ;j ;jidfs; rpytw;iw `pe;J];jhdp ,uhfq;fspy;

,aw;wpaNjhly;yhky; ̀ pe;J];jhdp JUgj; vd;Dk; cUg;gb tifapd; rhaiyAk;

jd; cUg;gbfspy; GFj;jpdhu;. mtuhy; ifahsg;gl;l ̀ pe;J];jhdp ,uhfq;fSk;

fpUjpfSs; rpyTk; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.

,uhfk;,uhfk;,uhfk;,uhfk;,uhfk; fpUjpfs;fpUjpfs;fpUjpfs;fpUjpfs;fpUjpfs;

jptp[hte;jp Nrj=. mfpyhz;Nl];tup

Rgge;Jtuhsp =]j;aehuhazk;

aKdhfy;ahzp ee;jNfhghy

,tUila fhyj;jpw;F Kd;Ng gu];> gp`hf;> fhgp> ]huq;fh> MNgup Nghd;w

`pe;J];jhdp ,uhfq;fs; njd; ,e;jpahtpy; gpugy;akhapd vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

jpahfuh[ RthkpfSk; ̀ pe;J];jhdp ,uhfq;fshfpa ̀ pe;J];jhd; fhgp>> Rj;jNj]p

i]e;jtp> [pq;fyh Nghd;w ,uhfq;fspy; fpUjpfis ,aw;wpAs;shu;.

jw;NghJ [{fy;ge;jp vd;Dk; GjpaKiw gpugy;akhfp tUfpd;wJ. mjhtJ ,U

rq;fPjq;fspw;Fk; nghJthd ,uhfj;jpid ,U ,ir tpj;Jthd;fSk; (jj;jk;

,irf;Fupa gf;fthj;jpaj;Jld;) xNu Nkilapy; khwp khwpg; ghLjy;. ,k;Kiwapy;

,U rq;fPjq;fisAk; xNu Nkilapy; xNu Neuj;jpy; Nfl;L ,urpj;J mtw;wpw;fpilNa

cs;s NtWghl;il mwpe;Jnfhs;s tha;g;gspj;j NghjpYk; ,U ,ir

tpj;Jthd;fSk; rpy fl;Lg;ghLfSlNdNa ghlNth> thj;jpaj;jpy; thrpf;fNth

KbAk;.

109

gy `pe;J];jhdp rq;fPj tpj;Jthd;fs; njd;dpe;jpau;fNs. cjhuzkhf ky;ypfh

mu;[{d;> kd;#d;>> fq;Fgha; fq;fy;> gPk;rd; N[h\p> Fkhu;fe;ju;t;> y\;;kp \q;fu;>

nfsjk;> vd;. uh[k;> vk;.v];. Nfhghy fpU\;zd; vd;Nghuhtu;. Mdhy; ̀ pe;J];jhdp

,irf; fiyQu;fs; fu;ehlf ,iriaf; fw;gJ kpfTk; FiwT.

,jw;Fupa fhuzq;fs;,jw;Fupa fhuzq;fs;,jw;Fupa fhuzq;fs;,jw;Fupa fhuzq;fs;,jw;Fupa fhuzq;fs;

1. fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpy; tof;fpypUf;Fk; ngUk; vz;zpf;ifahd ,uhfq;fs;.

2. gytpj rpf;fyhd jhsq;fs;.

3. Nfhbf;fzf;fhd cUg;gbfSk;> gytpjkhd cUg;gb tiffSk;.

4. fu;ehlf ,irapYs;s El;gkhd fkfq;fs;

17Mk;> 18Mk;> 19Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; jQ;rhT+u;> jpUtde;jGuk;> ik#u; Nghd;w

rk];jhdq;fspNy gy `pe;J];jhdp ,irf;fiyQu;fSk; muz;kid

tpj;Jthd;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. ,t; ,irf;fiyQu;fspd; ,irf; fr;Nrupfis

muritapy; Nfl;l fu;elf rq;fPj tpj;Jthd;fs; ̀ pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjj;jpy; cs;s

rpwe;j mk;rq;fis jk; rq;fPjj;jpy; Nru;j;Jf; nfhz;ldu;.

jP\pju; Nghd;Nw ];thjpj;jpUehs; k`huh[hTk; jkJ rpy cUg;gbfspy;

`pe;J];jhdp fyg;ig Vw;gLj;jpAs;shu;.

cjhuzk;:cjhuzk;:cjhuzk;:cjhuzk;:cjhuzk;:

];ku[;df - ng`hf;

tp];Nt];tU - ]pe;Jigutp

fPjJdpF - jdh=

fhq;Nfat]djhuh- `kPu;fy;ahzp

110



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1 : : : : : p̀e;J];jhdp ,irapd; gpugy;akhd jhsq;fs;. thj;jpaf;

fUtpfs; gw;wp mwpe;J $Wtu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • ]Nuhl;> ]pjhu; Mfpa ,U ,irf;fUtpfspd;

mikg;ig tpsf;Fjy;.

• thrpf;Fk; Kiw gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.

• ,t;thj;jpak; thrpg;gjpy; gpugy;ak; ngw;w tpj;Jthd;

fisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 5.1.15.1.15.1.15.1.15.1.1 ::::: `pe;J];jhdp thj;jpaf;fUtpfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • ]Nuhl;> ]pjhu; Mfpa thj;jpaf; fUtpfspd; mikg;G>

thrpf;Fk;Kiw> tpj;Jthd;fs;

ghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtis ::::: 04 - ]Nuhl; - 02 ghlNtisfs;

]pjhu; - 02 ghlNtisfs;

ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL ::::: • ]Nuhl; thj;jpaj;jpd; glk;/]Nuhl; thj;jpak;

• ]pjhu; thj;jpaj;jpd; glk;/]pjhu; thj;jpak;

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; :::::• `pe;J];jhdp ,irapy; tof;fj;jpypUf;Fk; thj;jpaf;

fUtpfs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.

• ]Nuhl;> ]pjhu; thj;jpaq;fis my;yJ mtw;wpd;

glq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp> mtw;wpd; mikg;G> thrpf;Fk;

Kiw gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.

• p̀e;J];jhdp rq;fPjj;jpy; ,t;thj;jpaq;fspd; gq;F gw;wpf;

$Wjy;.

(mtjhdpg;G> fye;Jiuahly;> tpupTiu Kiwfspy;

fw;gpf;fyhk;.)

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • ]Nuhl;> ]pjhu; Mfpa thj;jpaq;fspd; mikg;gpid

tpsf;Ftu;.

• ,t;thj;jpaq;fisf; ifahSk; Kiw gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLtu;.

• `pe;J];jhdp ,irapy; ,t;thj;jpaq;fspd; gq;fpid

kjpg;gpLtu;.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz ::::: 1. PAGE C.E - Musical Instruments

2. Krishnaswamy - Instruments of India

111


MrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhdit ::::: • `pe;J];jhdp ,irf;fUtpfs; gw;wpa E}y;fis thrpj;J

jk; mwptpid Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.

khztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhdit ::::: • ]Nuhl; thj;jpak; gw;wpa E}y;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;>

,izaj;jsq;fspD}lhfj; jfty;fisg; ngw;W mwpit

Nkk;gLj;jyhk;.

112

]Nuhl;]Nuhl;]Nuhl;]Nuhl;]Nuhl;

`pe;J];jhdp rq;fPj ,irkugpy; kpfTk; gpugy;akhd euk;Gf;fUtpfspy; xd;W

]Nuhl; MFk;. ughg; vd;Dk; fUtpapypUe;Nj ,f;fUtp Njhd;wpajhf ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ.

kuj;jpdhy; Mf;fg;gl;l ,t;thj;jpak; 3 - 3 1/2 mb ePskhdJ. ]Nuhby; vy;yhkhf

6 je;jpfs; cz;L. RUjpf;fhfTk; jhsj;jpw;fhfTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rpf;fhup

vd;Dk; je;jpAk; ,j;je;jpfSs; xd;whFk;.

vy;yhj; je;jpfSk; cNyhfj;jhy; Mdit. ,j;je;jpfs; gpuilfspy; Rw;wg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

]Nuhl;by; 11 - 12 mDjhgj; je;jpfs; cz;L. ,j;je;jpfs; ehjj;ijf; $l;Ltjw;fhf

mike;Js;sd. ,t;thj;jpaj;ij tyJ ifapy; nespapdhYk; (Plectrum) ,lJ

ifapdhy; je;jpfis epWj;jpAk; thrpg;gu;.

Myhg;> N[hl;> [yh> kPd;l; Nghd;w gytpjkhd

,ir KiwfisAk; ,t;thj;jpaj;jpy; thrpf;ff;

$bajhf cs;sJ. ]Nuhl; jdpahf thrpf;ff;$ba

thj;jpakhFk;. MapDk; ,t;thj;jpaj;jpd; ehjj;jpd;

jd;ikapdhYk; kw;iwa thj;jpaq;fSld;

,t;thj;jpaj;jpd; ehjk; kpfTk; ,yFthfr;

Nru;tjdhYk; jw;fhyj;jpy; ,t;thj;jpak; ,e;jpa

gy;ypa ,irapy; Kf;fpa ,lk; tfpf;fpd;wJ.

]`hg; mg;Jy;yh fhd; vd;gtuhy; ,t;thj;jpak;

tq;fhsj;jpy ; mwpKfg;gLj;jg ;gl ;L ,d;W

tq;fhsj;jpNy ,t;thj;jpak; gpugy;akhfp cs;sJ.

my; mf;gu;fhd;> mk;[j; mypfhd;> my;yhTjPd;fhd;>

Gj;jNjt; jh];Fg;jh> uh[Pt;jhuehj; Nghd;Nwhu;

]Nuhl; thj;jpak; thrpg;gjpy; gpugy;akhdtu;fs;.

113

]pjhu;]pjhu;]pjhu;]pjhu;]pjhu;

tl ,e;jpahtpNy tof;fj;jpypUf;Fk; kpfg; gpugy;akhd euk;Gf; fUtp ]pjhu;

MFk;. 13Mk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j mkpu;F];U ]pjhu; vd;Dk; thj;jpaj;ijf;

fz;L gpbj;jjhf gy Mz;L fhykhf $wg;gLfpd;wJ. MapDk;> 18Mk; E}w;whz;L

tiu ]pjhu; vd;Dk; thj;jpak; gw;wp vq;Fk; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy.

Set vd;why; ghurPf nkhopapy; %d;W vdg; nghUs;gLk;. MfNt> %d;W je;jpfis

cila thj;jpak; N]-jhu; vd miof;fg;gl;L gpd;G ]pjhu; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.

20 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; NRu;e;j Dr. Mrhu;a Njt gpuf];gjp (Dr. Acharya Dev

Brahaspathi) ]pjhu; F];Nuh fhd; (Khusro Khan) vd;gtuhy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ

vd typAWj;Jfpwhu;.

njd;dpe;jpahtpy; tPiziag; Nghd;W tl ,e;jpahtpy; ]pjhu; kpfTk; gpugy;akhd

thj;jpakhFk;. ]pjhupy; nkl;Lfs; cs;s gyif 3 mb ePsKk; 3 mq;Fy

mfyKk; cs;sjhFk;. Nkw;gug;G nkd;ikahd kuj;jpdhyhdJ. nts;spapdhYk;>

gpj;jisapdhYk; Md 16 - 22 nkl;Lfs; ,g;gyifapy; nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

jw;Nghija ]pjhupy; 7 je;jpfs; thrpf;Fk; je;jpfs; MFk;. 11 my;yJ 12

mDjhgj; je;jpfs; ,e;j VO je;jpfspd; fPo; rkhe;jukhfg; nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

,t; mDjhgj; je;jpfs; ve;j Nksk; thrpf;fg;glg; Nghfpd;wNjh me;j ];tuq;fSf;F

RUjp $l;lg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

fk;gpapdhyhd (kp];uhg;) nespia tyJ ifapd; Rl;Ltpuypy; (Fore finger) Nghl;L

]pjhu; thrpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ]pjhu; %d;W tifg;gLk;.

1. rpwpa msthd ]pjhu; (Small size)

2. eLj;ju msthd ]pjhu; (Medium size)

3. ngupa msthd ]pjhu; (Large size)

114

,uz;L tpjkhd thrpg;G Kiwfs; ,t;thj;jpaj;jpy; thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;tpU

thrpg;G KiwfSk; ,k;Kiwfisg; gpugy;ag;gLj;jpa ,ir tpw;gd;du;fshd ky;]Pj;

fhd;> uh]h fhd; ngau;fspNyNa miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ky;]Pj; fhdpd; thrpg;G

Kiw tpsk;g yaj;jpw;Fk; uh]hfhdpd; thrpg;G Jupj yaj;jpw;Fk; gpugy;akhdjhFk;.

]pjhu; thrpg;gjpy; gpugy;ak; ngw;wtu;fs; k];]pj;fhd; (Masit Khan)> uh]h fhd;

(Raza Khan)> u`pk; nrd; (Rahim Sen)> mk;upj; nrd; (Amirt Sen)> ep`y; nrd; (Nihal

Sen)> tpyahl;fhd; (Vilayat Khan)> gz;bl; utprq;fu; (Pandit Ravishankar)> mg;Jy;

fyPk; [thu; (Abdul Halim Jaffar) MfpNahuhthu;.

115

Nju;r;rp 6.0Nju;r;rp 6.0Nju;r;rp 6.0Nju;r;rp 6.0Nju;r;rp 6.0 : : : : : ,ir tsu;r;rpf;F thf;Nfafhuu;fs; Mw;wpa,ir tsu;r;rpf;F thf;Nfafhuu;fs; Mw;wpa,ir tsu;r;rpf;F thf;Nfafhuu;fs; Mw;wpa,ir tsu;r;rpf;F thf;Nfafhuu;fs; Mw;wpa,ir tsu;r;rpf;F thf;Nfafhuu;fs; Mw;wpa

gq;fspg;gpid kjpg;gpLthu;.gq;fspg;gpid kjpg;gpLthu;.gq;fspg;gpid kjpg;gpLthu;.gq;fspg;gpid kjpg;gpLthu;.gq;fspg;gpid kjpg;gpLthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1 : : : : : fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpw;Fj; njhz;lhw;wpa thf;Nfafhuu;

fspd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iwAk;> ,irj;njhz;ilAk;

kjpg;gpLthu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • rhuq;fNjtu;> Ntq;flkfp> N\j;uf;Qu; MfpNahupd;

tho;f;if tuyhw;wpid tpsf;Fjy;.

• Nkw;Fwpj;Njhu; ,irf;fhw;wpa njhz;bid kjpg;gpLjy;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 5.1.15.1.15.1.15.1.15.1.1 ::::: thf;Nfafhuu;fspd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iwAk;> ,irj;

njhz;bidAk; tpsf;Fjy;

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • rhuq;fNjtu;> Ntq;flkfp> N\j;uf;Qu; MfpNahupd;

tho;f;if> tuyhW> njhz;L

ghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtis ::::: 04 - rhuq;fNjtu; - 01 ghlNtis

Ntq;flkfp - 01 ghlNtis

N\j;uf;Qu; - 02 ghlNtis

ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL ::::: • thf;Nfafhuu;fspd; tuyhW> ,irj;njhz;Lfs; mlq;fpa

Fwpg;Gfs;.

• thf;Nfafhuu;fspd; glq;fs;

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; :::::• fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;Jf;Fj; njhz;lhw;wpa Fwpg;gpl;l thf;

Nfa fhuu;fspd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iwr; RUf;fkhff;

Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• mtu;fspd; ,irj;njhz;Lfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.

• mtu;fs; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• thf;Nfafhuu;fs; ,aw;wpa cUg;gbfis ghbf;fhl;L

tjd; %yk; cUg;gbfs;> Kj;jpiufs; Mfpatw;iw

,dq;fhzr; nra;jy;.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • thf;Nfafhuu;fspd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iwr; RUf;fkhff;

$Wtu;.

• mtu;fspd; ,irg;gzpfis kjpg;gpLtu;.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz ::::: • lhf;lu;. gp.b. nry;yj;Jiu

- njd;df ,irapay;

• lhf;lu;. gf;fpuprhkp ghujp

- ,e;jpa ,irf;fUT+yk;

116


MrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhdit ::::: • Fwpg;gpl;l thf;NfafhuuJ tho;f;if tuyhW> ,irj;

njhz;Lfs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;> fl;Liufs; mlq;fpa

rQ;rpiffisj; Njbg; ngw;Wk;> mtu;fsJ ,irj;

njhz;Lfs; gw;wpa Ma;Tfs;> fUj;juq;Ffisr;

nrtpkLg;gjhYk; jk;ik Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.

rhuq;f Njtu;rhuq;f Njtu;rhuq;f Njtu;rhuq;f Njtu;rhuq;f Njtu;

,tu; 13Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;jtu;. fh\;kPupy; nrl;byNjtu; vd;gtUf;F kfdhfg;

gpwe;jhu;. ,sikapNyNa rk];fpUjk; Ntjk;> ,ir Mfpatw;iwf; fw;Wj; Nju;e;jhu;.

,tu; tl ehl;by; njsyhjhghj; Njtfpup vd;Dk; ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; ,uh[rigapd;

rk];jhd tpj;Jthdhf ,Ue;jhu;. rhuq;f Njtu;> rq;fPj uj;dhfuk; vd;Dk; ,ir

E}iyAk; mj;ahj;k tpNtfk; vd;w Ntjhe;j E}iyAk; ,aw;wpAs;shu;.

rq;fPj uj;dhfuk; VO mj;jpahaq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,jid rg;j jpahap vd;gu;.

Kjy; MW mj;jpahaq;fSk; rq;fPjj;ijAk; 7MtJ mj;jpahak; eldj;ijAk;

gw;wpf; $Wfpd;wJ. 7 mj;jpahaq;fspd; ngau;fs; KiwNa gpd;tUkhW.

1. ];tu fl jpahah

2. uhftpNghj jpahah

3. gpfpu;z fjpahah

4. gpuge;j jpahah

5. jhs jpahah

6. thj;a jpahah

7. eu;j;jd mjpahah

KjyhtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy; ];tuq;fspd; jd;ik gw;wpAk; gpuf;Ujp> tpf;Ujp ];tuq;fs;

Nfhks jPtpu Ngjq;fs;> mtw;wpd; jd;ikfs;> 22 ];Ujpfs; Mfpad gw;wpAk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t; mj;jpahaj;jpd; njhlf;fj;jpy; kq;fs RNyhfj;jpy; jdJ

FLk;g tplaq;fisf; $wpAs;shu;.

,uz;lhtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy; Nksgj;jjpapypUe;J mf;fhyj;jpy; tof;fj;jpypUe;J

te;j ,uhfq;fspd; jd;ik gw;wpAk; ghLk; Kiw gw;wpAk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpy;

264 ,uhf yl;rzq;fSk; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mj;Jld; ~Njthu tu;j;j eP| vd;w

gz; KiwAk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jdhNyNa ,J uhftpNghj mj;jpahak;

vdg;gLfpd;wJ.

117

%d;whtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy; mf;fhyj;jpy; tho;e;J te;j thf;Nfafhuu; tpj;Jthd;fs;

gw;wpAk; Nkilf; fr;Nrup Mw;Wk; Kiw kw;Wk; ghlfUf;F ,Uf;f Ntz;ba

Fzhjpraq;fs; gw;wpAk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ehd;fhtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy; cUg;gb tiffSk; mtw;wpd; ,yf;fzq;fSk;

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjhtJ mf;fhyj;jpy; toq;fp te;j gpuge;j tiffs;> fpuhk

%u;r;rid> [hjpfs; mq;fq;fs; gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Ie;jhtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy; #shjp jhsk;> 108 jhsq;fs;> jhsk; NghLk; Kiw

MfpadTk; khu;f;f Njrpa jhsq;fSk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.

MwhtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy; tof;fpy; ,Ue;j te;j thj;jpaq;fspd; mikg;Gg; gw;wpAk;

mit nra;ag;gLk; tpjk; gw;wpAk; RUjp Nru;f;Fk; tpjk; gw;wpAk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mj;Jld; myq;fhuq;fs;> tu;zq;fs; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F tiutpyf;fzq;fSk; ];jhap>

MNuhfp> mtNuhfp vd;gd gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.

VohtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy; ehl;baj;jpd; mikg;G Kiw> muq;Nfw;wj;jpd; nghOJ

ifahsg;gLk; xOq;F Kiwfs;> Mil myq;fhu Kiwfs; vd;gtw;Wld;

ngz;fSf;F ,Uf;f Ntz;ba ,yl;rzq;fSk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,d;Dk; rhuq;f Njtu; Njthuq;fisf; fw;Wzu;e;J> mg;gz;fs; rpytw;wpd;

,yf;fzq;fisj; jkJ E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. rq;fPjj;ijf; fPjk; thj;ak;>

epUj;jpak; vdg;gpupj;Js;shu;. gujUila ehl;ba rh];jpuj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;s

tplaq;fisr; rq;fPj uj;dhfuj;jpy; njspthf ntspapl;Ls;shu;.

118

Ntq;flkfpNtq;flkfpNtq;flkfpNtq;flkfpNtq;flkfp

Ntq;flkfp jQ;rht+upy; Nfhtpe;j jPl;rpju; (1544 - 1626) ehfk;khs; jk;gjpau;f;F

kfdhfg; gpwe;jhu;. ,tuJ ,aw;ngau; ntq;fNl];tu jPl;rpju; vd;gjhFk;. ,tu;

,sikapNyNa njYq;F> rk];fpUjk;> jkpo; Mfpa nkhopfisf; fw;Wj; Nju;e;jhu;.

Muk;gfhy ,iriaj; jdJ %j;j rNfhjud; af;Q ehuhaz jPl;rpjuplKk;>

gpd;du; tlehl;L tpj;Jthdhfpa jhdg;ghrhupaplKk; gapd;whu;. tp[auhft ehaf;fu;

(1635 - 1773) kd;ddpd; Ntz;LNfhSf;fpzq;f fp.gp. 1660 ,y; rJu;j;jz;bg;

gpufhrpif vd;Dk; E}iy ,aw;wpdhu;. rJu;j;jz;b vd;why; ehd;F jz;bfs;

vd;W nghUs;gLk;. mjhtJ Xu; ,uhfj;jpd; tbtj;ij KOikahf mwptjw;F

ehd;F rhjdq;fshfpa fPjk;> Myhgk;> lhak;> gpuge;jk; vd;gitfspd; tpsf;fj;ijf;

$Wk; E}y; vdg; nghUs;gLk;. ,e;E}ypy; tPiz> RUjp> ];tuk;> Nksk;> uhfk;>

Myhgid> lhak;> fPjk;> gpuge;jk;> jhsk; Mfpa 10 jiyg;Gfspy; jkJ ,irf;

fUj;Jf;fis tpsf;Ffpd;whu;.

(1)tPiz - tPizf;Fupa ,yl;rzq;fs; $wg;gLfpd;wd.

(2)RUjp - ,j; jiyg;gpy; guju; kjq;fu; MfpNahu; $wpa 22 RUjpfs;> Rj;j

tpf;Ujp ];tuq;fs;> xslt \hlt ,uhfq;fs; gw;wpf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

(3) ];tuk; - Rj;j tpf;Ujp ];tuq;fs;> fpuhkk;> %u;r;ridfs;> Rj;j jhd $l

jhdq;fs;> myq;fhuq;fs;> fkfq;fs;> thjp> rk;thjp> tpthjp>

mDthjp Mfpatw;wpd; ,yl;rzq;fs; ,j;jiyg;gpDs; mlq;F

fpd;wd.

(4) Nksk; - G+u;tNksq;fshfpa 18 Nksq;fSk;> xt;nthU Nksj;Jf;Fk; 22

RUjpfspd; ep&gzq;fSk;> Rj;jtpf;Ujp ];tuq;fisf; nfhz;L

jd;dhy; tFf;fg;gl;l 72 Nksq;fSk; Nkw;fz;l Rj;j tpf;Ujp

];tuq;fis mwpAk; nghUl;Lk;> Nks gpu];jhuk; rpj;jpf;Fk;

nghUl;Lk; Vw;gLj;jpa u> up> U Kjypa ,yf;fzq;fSk; $wg;gL

fpd;wd.

(5) ,uhfk; - ,uhfk;> mk;rk; Kjypa 10 ,yl;rzq;fSk; mtw;wpw;F

mf;fhyj;jpy; xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gl;l ,uhfk;> epahrk;> mk;rq;fNshL

$ba ,yl;rzq;fSk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

(6) Myhgk; - Maj;jk;> vLg;G> Kf;jhap ,yl;rzq;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.

119

(7) lhak; - cj;fpufk;> kfuzp Kjypa ,yl;rzq;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.

(8) fPjk; - rhsf Milapd; ,yl;rzq;fSk; Nkw;gb #shjp khu;f;fq;fshd

7 jhsq;fspy; nra;ag;gl;l fPjq;fSf;F cj;fpuhfk;> MNghfk;

Mfpa ,yl;rzq;fs; $wg;gLfpd;wd.

(9) gpuge;jk; - cj;fpuhfk; Kjyhd 4 jhJ;fs;> ];tuk;> gpUjk;> gjk;> njd;dfk;>

ghlk;> jhsk; Mfpa 6 mq;fq;fs;> Nkjpdp [hjp> Mde;jpdp [hjp>

jPgpdp> ghtpdp> jhuhtsp Mfpa [hjpfs; gpuge;jg; gpuptpidfs;

Mfpatw;wpd; ,yl;rzq;fs; $wg;gLfpd;wd.

(10) jhsk; - jhsj;jpw;Fupa ,yl;rzq;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.

,tNu uhfhq;f> cghq;f> gh\hq;f ,uhfq;fSf;F RNyhf &gkhf ,yl;rzq;fSk;>

fPjk; tbtpy; ,yl;rpaq;fSk; nra;jpUf;fpd;whu;. n[aNjtupd; m\;lgjpfisg;

NghyNt jpUth&upy; vOe;jUspapUf;Fk; jpahfuh[ Rthkpiag; gw;wp 24

m\;lgjpfis ,aw;wpAs;shu;. ,tu; vOjpAs;s uhfhq;f ,yl;rz fPjq;fs; gy

uhfq;fspd; rupj;jpuq;fisf; fz;lwpa cgNahfkhf ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,tu; Gue;ju

jh]upd; khahkhstnfsis> ,uhfj;ijf; nfhz;L> ,uhkhkhj;aiug; gpd;gw;wp

72 Nksfu;j;jhf;fis jk; E}ypy; tpsf;Ffpd;whu;. Mdhy; mtw;wpw;Fg; ngau;

nfhLf;ftpy;iy. tof;fj;jpypUe;j 19 Nksq;fSld; 53 Nksq;fisr; Nru;j;J

nkhj;jk; 72 Nksq;fshf mjpy; tpsf;f Kw;gLfpd;whu;.

,tu; gy fPu;j;jidfisAk; ,aw;wpAs;shu;. Nfhtpe;jkfp> ehjhk;gpfh Rj

ntq;flhj;tup> Nfhtpe;jhj;tup> Ntq;fl itj;jpa ehju; vd;gd ,tuJ Kj;jpiufs;.

,tuJ fPu;j;jidfis ];tujhsf; Fwpg;Gld; Rg;guhk jPl;rpju; jdJ rq;fPj

rk;gpujhag; gpuju;rpdpapy; ntspapl;Ls;shu;.

120

N\j;uf;Qu; (17Mk; E}w;whz;L)N\j;uf;Qu; (17Mk; E}w;whz;L)N\j;uf;Qu; (17Mk; E}w;whz;L)N\j;uf;Qu; (17Mk; E}w;whz;L)N\j;uf;Qu; (17Mk; E}w;whz;L)

N\j;uf;Qu; fpU\;zh khtl;lj;jpy; Kt;tGup vd;w fpuhkj;jpy; 17Mk; E}w;whz;by;

tho;e;jhu;. ,tUila ,aw;ngau; tuja;ah vd;gjhFk;. rpW tajpNyNa ,irapYk;

ghly; ,aw;WtjpYk; ,tu; Gyik ngw;wpUe;jhu;.

gjk; vd;Dk; cUg;gb tifapd; rpw;gp N\j;uf;Quhthu;. 4200 gjq;fis

,aw;wpAs;sjhf mtNu jk; ghly; xd;wpy; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. Mdhy; ,g;NghJ

ekf;Ff; fpilj;jpUg;gJ 332 gjq;fspd; rhfpj;jpaKk;> mtw;Ws; 128 gjq;fSf;Fupa

,irg;gFjpAkhFk;. kJugf;jp vd;gJ ,tuJ gjq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; tpNrl

mk;rkhFk;. rpUq;fhu ,aypy; fhzg;gLk; gy;NtW czu;r;rpfSf;F Vw;w gy;NtW

gjq;fisg; gilj;jpUf;fpwhu;.

,tuJ Kj;jpiu ~Kt;tNfhghy|| vd;gjhFk;. mtuJ gjq;fspy; ,k;Kj;jpiu

ifahsg;gl;Ls;sJ. N\j;juf;Qupd; gjq;fshy; fu;ehlf ,ir tsk; ngw;Ws;sJ.

,tuJ Kjy; gjk; Mde;j igutp ,uhfj;jpy; mike;j ~~=gjp rJthupfp| vd;gjhFk;.

,tu; ifahz;Ls;s mg+u;t ,uhfq;fs; Mfpup> fz;lh> ire;jtp> fu;ehlf fhgp>

nfsup> rhke;jk;> etNuh[; KjypaitahFk;.

,tu; gjq;fspy; ,uhfj;jpd; tbtk; vLj;j vLg;gpNyNa ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Xu;

,uhfk; ntspg;gLj;Jk; czu;r;rpiaj; njupe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd;why;> me;j

,uhfj;jpYs;s N\j;uf;Qu; gjj;ijf; fw;gJ kpfTk; gad;;jUk;. mtw;wpy; El;gkhd

RUjpfSk; ,dpikahd fkfq;fSk; epiwe;J tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

N\j;uf;Qu;> kJiu jpUkNye;jpuh kd;dd; Kd;dpiyapy; 2000 gjq;fisAk;>

jQ;rht+u; mr;Rj tp[auhft kd;dd; Kd;dpiyapy; 1200 gjq;fisAk; Nfhy;

nfhz;lh ethgpd; Kd;dpiyapy; 1200 gjq;fisAk; ghbajhf mwpag;gLfpd;wJ.

gjk; xU ehl;ba ,ir tifNa MFk;. ,Ug;gpDk; ,tw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; ,irr;

rpwg;gpd; fhuzkhf tha;g;ghl;Lf; fr;NrupfspYk; thj;jpa ,irf; fr;NrupfspYk;

ifahsg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. fhk;Ngh[p ,uhfj;jpYs;s ~~ghytpdNt|| vd;w gjKk;>

rq;fuhguzj;jpYs;s ~~vt;tNl xghkh|| vd;w gjKk;> rhNtup ,uhfj;jpYs;s

~~VNkh njypaJ|| vd;w gjKk;> cNrdp ,uhfj;jpYs;s ~mypfpNj|| vd;w gjKk;

N\j;uf;Qupd; gjq;fspy; rpwg;G tha;e;jitahFk;.

jQ;ir tp[auhft ehaf;f kd;du; rigapy; jq;fpapUe;jNghJ mtu; Ngupy; uh[

Kj;jpiuAld; tp[auhft gQ;ruj;dk; vd;Dk; 5 gjq;fis ,aw;wpdhu;.

121

N\j;uf;Qu; gjq;fs; rpytw;wpy; ~~Nfhghy|| vd;w thu;j;ij kl;Lk; Kj;jpiuahf

cs;sJ.

kj;jpakhtjpapYs;s ,tuJ gjnkhd;wpy; ~Kt;tGupjhKL| vd;w Kj;jpiuiaf;

ifahz;Ls;shu;.

,tu; gy N\j;jpuq;fSf;F N\j;uhldk; nra;j fhuzj;jpdhy; N\j;uf;Qu; vd

miof;fg;gl;lhu;.

rpUq;fhu rh];jpuj;jpd; yl;rzq;fSf;F ,tuJ gjq;fs; rpwg;ghd yl;rpa

tbtq;fshfj; jpfo;fpd;wd.

122

Nju;r;rp 7.0Nju;r;rp 7.0Nju;r;rp 7.0Nju;r;rp 7.0Nju;r;rp 7.0 : : : : : ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapYk; ,e;jpah,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapYk; ,e;jpah,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapYk; ,e;jpah,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapYk; ,e;jpah,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapYk; ,e;jpah

tpYk; gpugy;akhd fu;ehlf ,irf;fiyQu;fs;tpYk; gpugy;akhd fu;ehlf ,irf;fiyQu;fs;tpYk; gpugy;akhd fu;ehlf ,irf;fiyQu;fs;tpYk; gpugy;akhd fu;ehlf ,irf;fiyQu;fs;tpYk; gpugy;akhd fu;ehlf ,irf;fiyQu;fs;

gw;wp kjpg;gpLthu;.gw;wp kjpg;gpLthu;.gw;wp kjpg;gpLthu;.gw;wp kjpg;gpLthu;.gw;wp kjpg;gpLthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.1 : : : : : ,yq;ifapy; gpugy;akhd ,irf;fiyQu;fs; gw;wp

tpsf;Ftu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • ,yq;ifapd; gpugy;ak; ngw;w ,irf;fiyQu;fspd;

tho;f;if tuyhw;iw tptupj;jy;.

• mtu;fs; ,irf;fhw;wpa njhz;bid kjpg;gpLjy;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 5.1.15.1.15.1.15.1.15.1.1 ::::: 20Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapy; gpugy;akhd ,irf;

fiyQu;fs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • ,irg; Gytu; vd;. rz;Kfuj;jpdk;> msntl;b jtpy;

jÑzh%u;j;jp> Fg;gpshd; v];. nry;yj;Jiu(gz;zpir)

• gpwe;j Mz;L

• jha;> je;ij ngau;

• FLk;gg; gpd;dzp

• fy;tp epiy

• ,irf;fy;tp> FU

• gpugy;akhd Jiw

• Mw;wpa Nritfs;

(fr;Nrupfs;> kd;wq;fs;> E}y;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;>

rp\;au;fs;> Vidait)

• gl;lq;fs;


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL ::::: • ,irf; fiyQu;fspd; glq;fs;.

• ,irf; fiyQu;fspd; fr;Nrupfs; mlq;fpa xypg;gjpT

ehlh my;yJ ,Wtl;L.

• xypg;gjpTf; fUtp

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; :::::• ,irf;fiyQu;fspd; glq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpAk; mtu;

fspd; ,irf; fr;Nrupfis xypg;gjpTf; fUtpapy; xypf;fr;

nra;Jk; ,dq;fhzr; nra;jy;.

(ngau;> gpugy;akhd Jiw)

• ,irf;fiyQu;fspd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iw tpsf;fpf;

$Wjy;. (Njhw;wk;> FLk;gg; gpd;dzp> fy;tp> ,irg;

gapw;rp)

• mtu;fs; ,irf;fiy tsu;r;rpf;F Mw;wpa njhz;bid

tpsf;fpf; $Wjy;.

(fye;Jiuahly; Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wyhk;.)

123

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • ,irf;fiyQu;fspd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iw vOJtu;.

• mtu;fspd; ,irg;gzpfis tpsf;Ftu;.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz ::::: • gpuk;k= m.eh. Nrhk];fe;jru;kh

- ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; <oj;J ,irKd;Ndhbfs;


MrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhdit ::::: • <oj;J ,irf; fiyQu;fs; vd;gjdhy;> mt; ,ir

fiyQu;fSila FLk;gj;jpdu;> mtu;fisr; rhu;e;jtu;

fsplk; jfty;fisg; ngWtjd; %yKk; ,irf;

fiyQu;fs; gw;wp ntsptUk; rQ;rpiffs; kw;Wk; E}y;

fis thrpg;gjd; %yKk; ,irf;fiyQu;fs; gw;wpa

Nkyjpf tpsf;fj;jpidg; ngwyhk;.

khztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhdit ::::: • rQ;rpiffs; mt;tg;NghJ ntsptUk; ,yq;if ,irf;

fiyQu; gw;wpa E}y;fs; Kjypatw;iw thrpg;gjd;

%yKk; ,irf; fiyQu;fisr; rhu;e;jtu;fSld;

fye;JiuahLtjd; %yKk; mtu;fs; gw;wpa Nkyjpf

tpsf;fj;ijg; ngwyhk;.

,irg;Gytu; vd;. rz;Kfuj;jpdk;,irg;Gytu; vd;. rz;Kfuj;jpdk;,irg;Gytu; vd;. rz;Kfuj;jpdk;,irg;Gytu; vd;. rz;Kfuj;jpdk;,irg;Gytu; vd;. rz;Kfuj;jpdk;

,tu; aho;g;ghzj;J cLtpiyg; gpwg;gplkhff; nfhz;ltu;. ,tUf;Fr; rpW tajpNyNa

,ir Mu;tk; ,Ue;jJ. mjdhy; ,tupd; ghl;ldhu; VohtJ tajpNyNa ,tiu

,e;jpahtpw;F mioj;Jr; nrd;W jpUney;Ntyp `upNfr ey;Y}u; Kj;ijah

ghftjuplk; tha;g;ghl;L ,ir fw;fTk; [kPe;jhu; ghlrhiyapy; fy;tp gapyTk;

Vw;ghL nra;jhu;. ,f;fhyj;jpNy Re;ju ghtjuplk; gf;jp ,irg; ghly;fisAk;

XusT fw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;. kPz;Lk; ,yq;iff;F te;J aho; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}upapy;

rpNu\;l tFg;G tiu fy;tp gapd;W nfhz;Nl jkJ ,irf; fy;tpiaAk; njhlu;e;jhu;.

,tu; jkpo;ehL mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk; nrd;W ~~rq;fPj G+\zk;|| gl;lg;

gbg;ig Nkw;nfhz;L Kjyhk; juj;jpy; rpj;jp mile;jJld; ,irf;fhd jq;fg;

gjf;fj;ijAk; ngw;Wr; rhjid Gupe;jhu;. ,ir Nky; nfhz;l Mu;tj;jpdhy;

jz;lhAj jPÑpju;> nghd;idah gps;is> ilfu; tujhr;rhupau;> jpUg;ghk;Guk;

Rthkpehj gps;is> rpj;J}u; Rg;gpukzpa gps;is Mfpa ,ir Nkijfsplk;

jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; ,ir EZf;fq;fs; gytw;iwAk; fw;whu;. jpUr;rp thndhypf;

fiyQu; MfTk; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;L gy Mz;Lfshf ,ir epfo;r;rpfs; gy

nra;Js;shu;.

124

,tu; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; guNk];tuhf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzf; fy;Y}up> gz;lj;jupg;G

kfspu; fy;Y}up Mfpatw;wpYk; kl;lf;fsg;G rpthde;jhf; fy;Y}upapYk;

,irahrpupauhf ,Ue;J khztu;fSf;F ,irf; fy;tpiag; Nghjpj;jhu;.

,yq;if xypgug;Gf; $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpd; Kjyhe;ju ,irf; fiyQuhf ,irauq;F

epfo;r;rpia mspj;J te;jhu;. mj;Jld; thndhypapy; ,irg; gapw;rp> gz;zpirg;

gapw;rp Mfpa khjpup tFg;Gfis epfo;j;jpAs;shu;. ~~ehjk;|| vd;w khj ,jio

rpy Mz;Lfshf ntspapl;lhu;. rpq;fg;g+u;> kNyrpah thndhypapYk; mNef

,irauq;Ffs; epfo;j;jpAs;shu;.

,tupd; rhuPu tsj;jpid ntz;fyf; Fuy; vd ,urpfu;fs; tpku;rpj;Js;sdu;.

,tu; kpUjq;fk; thrpg;gjpYk; XusT jpwikAs;stu;. kUjdh klj;jpYs;s

fiyauq;fj;ij mikg;gjw;F ,tNu Kd;dpd;W ghLgl;L cioj;jtu;.

,tUila gps;isfs; mWtu;. mtu;fSs; %j;j kfd; rz;Kf uhftd; je;ijaplNk

,ir gapd;W je;ijahUld; ,ize;J gy fr;Nrupfs; nra;Jk; te;Js;shu;.

,isa kfd; gpuztehjd; je;ijahuplk; kpUjq;fk; gapd;W gpd;du; ~~rq;fPj

,uj;jpdk;|| gl;lk; ngw;Wj; je;ijahupd; ,irauq;Ffspy; kpUjq;fk; thrpj;Jg;

ghuhl;Lg; ngw;Ws;shu;.

rz;Kfuj;jpdk; mtu;fs; ,uhkehjd; Ez;fiyf; fofj;jpd; ,Wjpg; guPl;irfSf;Fk;>

tl ,yq;if rq;fPj rigapd; ,ir> kpUjq;fk; Mfpa guPl;irfSf;Fk; Nju;thsuhf

flikahw;wpAk;> rq;fPj rigapd; epu;thf mq;fj;jtuhf tpsq;fpAk; fiyr; Nritfs;

gy Gupe;Js;shu;. ,tupd; gzpiag; ghuhl;b ,tUf;F rq;fPj uj;jpdk;> fhd

tpj;jpahg+\zk;> ,irg;Gytu;> ,irr; rf;futu;j;jp> ,ir khkzp> ,ir Nte;ju;>

fiyr; Rlu;> fhdthupjp> Vopirf; Fuprpy; Nghd;w tpUJfis gy ,ir epWtdq;fs;

toq;fpAs;sd. ,irj;Jiwf;Fg; ngUik Njbj; je;j ,yq;ifaUs; ,tu;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftuhthu;.

125

msntl;b jtpy; jmsntl;b jtpy; jmsntl;b jtpy; jmsntl;b jtpy; jmsntl;b jtpy; jÑÑÑÑÑzh%u;j;jpzh%u;j;jpzh%u;j;jpzh%u;j;jpzh%u;j;jp

aho;g;ghzj;J ,Ztpy; vd;Dk; Cupy; gpugy jtpy; tpj;Jthd; tp];typq;fk;>

,uj;jpdk; jk;gjpapdUf;F Gj;jpuuhf 1933Mk; Mz;L gpwe;jhu;. ,tUf;F ngw;Nwhu;

Qhdgz;bjd; vd;w ngaiuNa Kjypy; itj;jhu;fs;. gpd;du; ,tiu jl;rzh%u;j;jp

vd;W miof;f Muk;gpj;jdu;. ,g;ngau; jhd; ,tiuf; fiy tho;tpy; ed;F

gpujpgypf;fr; nra;jJ.

,tu; jdJ MwhtJ tajpy; je;ijahuplk; jtpy; gapw;rpia Muk;gpj;J> aho;g;ghzk;

tz;iz fhkhl;rp Re;juk; vd;gtuplk; tpupthfTk;> EZf;fkhfTk; gapd;W nrhw;g

fhyj;jpy; muq;Ffspy; thrpj;J te;jhu;. ,tuJ jtpy; thrpg;G> ahtUk; gpukpf;Fk;

gbahdjhfTk;> ehj RfKs;sjhfTk;> yaEl;gq;fs; epiwe;jjhfTk; ,Ue;J te;jJ.

,e;jpag; ngUq; fiyQuhd ehr;rpahu; Nfhtpy; uhft; gps;isaplk; NkYk; ya

rk;ge;jkhd EZf;fq;fis gapd;W mtUld; jtpy; thrpf;Fk; Ngw;iwg; ngw;whu;.

njhlu;e;J ,e;jpa ehj];tu tpj;Jthd;fshd fhiuf; Fwpr;rp mUzhryk;> N\f;

rpd;d nksyhdh> ehkfpupg; Ngl;il fpU\;zd;> up.vd;. uh[uj;jpdk; gps;is

Nghd;wtu;fSf;F mNef fr;Nrupfspy; thrpj;Jg; ghuhl;Lk;> jq;fg; gjf;fq;fSk;

ngw;whu;. <oj;jpYk;> gp.v];. MWKfk; gps;is> vk;.gQ;rhgpNfru;> jpUehTf;fuR

MfpNahUf;Fk; ehj];tuk; thrpj;jJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

,tuJ jpUkzk; 1957 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;wJ. kidtp ngau; kNdhd;kzp

gps;isfs; Itu;. ,tu;fspy; ,Utu; jtpy; gapd;whu;fs;. cjarq;fu; vd;gtu;

je;ij topapNyNa jtpy; gapd;W jw;nghOJ jtpy; thrpg;gjpy; tpsq;fp tUgtu;.

kw;wtu; Qhd rq;fu;> jl;rzh%u;j;jp mtu;fl;F nrd;idapy; ~~jq;ff; NfhGuk;||

guprhff; fpilj;jJ. jpUthtLJiw uh[uj;jpdk; gps;is mtu;fspd; epidT

tpohtpy; jq;fj;jhyhd jtpw; Nflak; toq;fg;gl;lJ. tho;ehspy; gpd;gFjpia

,e;jpahtpNy nrytpl;lhu;. vOgJfspy; ,yq;if te;J 13.03.1975 ,y; ,aw;if

va;jpdhu;.

126

Fg;gpshd; v];. nry;yj;Jiu (gz;zpir)Fg;gpshd; v];. nry;yj;Jiu (gz;zpir)Fg;gpshd; v];. nry;yj;Jiu (gz;zpir)Fg;gpshd; v];. nry;yj;Jiu (gz;zpir)Fg;gpshd; v];. nry;yj;Jiu (gz;zpir)

,tu; <oj;J aho;g;ghzj;jpd; tlghy; Fg;gpshd; vd;Dk; Cupy; jq;fKj;J

jk;gjpfSf;Fg; Gjy;tuhf 1909 Mk; Mz;L gpwe;jhu;. ,tuJ je;ijahu; kpUjq;f

fiyQuhtu;. ,tuJ FLk;gk; ,irf; FLk;gk;> nry;yj;Jiuapd; %j;j rNfhjuu;

mg;ghf;Fl;b vd;gtUk; ,irapy; rpwe;jtu;.

,tu; ,sikapy; fy;tpg; gbg;Gld; ,irapYk; Mu;tk; fhl;bdhu;. mf;fhyj;jpy;

jpUthtLJiw MjPdj;jpy; gz;zpir fw;Wf; nfhz;;ltuhd rq;fhid ehfypq;f

Rthkpfsplk; gz;zpir gapd;W jpUitahW Njthug; ghlrhiyapy; Njthu

,ir gapd;whu;.

mj;Jld; mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; ,ir gapd;W gl;lk; ngw;whu;. ,ir

tpw;gd;du;fsplk; ,ir Qhdj;ij tpUj;jp nra;J nfhz;lhu;. ,jd; gadhf

mq;NfNa gy jpUj;jyq;fspYk;> irtrpj;jhe;j khehLfspYk; ,ir muq;F

epfo;r;rpfs; gyTk; nra;jhu;. NkYk; J}j;Jf;Fbapy; eilngw;w jpUKiw tpohtpy;

gz;zpiriag; gf;f thj;jpaq;fSld; toq;fpdhu;. ,q;F ,tUf;F ~~,ir ty;yhu;||

vd;w gl;lKk; jq;fg; gjf;fKk; fpilj;jd.

<oj;jpYk; gy fhykhf gz;zpir NritAk; fjhfhyNÑgKk; nra;J te;Js;shu;.

,yq;if thndhypapYk;> gy fhyk; epfo;r;rpfs; nra;J te;jhu;. irtrka

rk;ge;jkhd ehlfq;fisj; jahupj;Jk; ghj;jpuNkw;Wk; ebj;Js;shu;. ,tUf;F

,f;fhyj;jpy; jpUkzk; eilngw;W ,U Mz;fSk;> ehd;F ngz;fSk; thupRfshfg;

gpwe;jdu;. vy;yhUNk gz;zpirapy; rpwe;jtu;fs;. ,tUf;F ~~gz;zpirthzu;||

vd;Dk; gl;lk; mspf;fg;ngw;wJ.

,tu; gz;zpir> fjhfhyl;Nrgk; vd;gd epfo;j;jp ,irr; Nrit Gupe;Jk; ,j;Jiwapy;

thupRfis cUthf;fpAk; <oj;jpw;Fg; ngUik Njbj; je;Js;shu;. jpUg;Gfopy;

gy;NtWgl;l El;gq;fis jhsq;fspy; ntspg;gLj;jpa ngUik ,tUf;FupaJ.

1968 rptuhj;jpup jpdj;jd;W ,iwtdb Nru;e;jhu;.

127


128






tpku;rpg;ghu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • Nkw;Fwpj;j thj;jpaq;fspd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fis

,dq;fhzy;.

• ,urpj;j tplaq;fis tpku;rpj;jy;

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 1.1.11.1.11.1.11.1.11.1.1 : : : : : thj;jpa ,irapd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fis ,dq;

fz;L> ,urpj;J tpku;rpj;jy;. (jtpy;> jNgyh> fQ;rpuh>

flk;. Kfu;rpq;> rf;]Nghd;> nkd;lypd;> fpshupndl;)

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: jtpy;> jNgyh> fQ;rpuh> flk;> Kfu;rpq;> rf;]Nghd;>

nkd;lypd;> fpshupndl; Mfpa thj;jpa ,irfspd;

jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fis ,dq;fz;L> ,urpj;J

tpku;rpj;jy;.

jtpy; - kq;fs thj;jpakhfpa ehj];tuj;jpw;Fupa jhs

thj;jpakhf gad;gLfpd;wik.

jNgyh - ̀ pe;J];jhdp ,irf;fr;Nrupapy; gpujhd jhs

thj;jpakhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wik.

fQ;rpuh- fu;ehlf ,irf; fr;Nrupfspy; cgjhs thj;jpa

khfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wik.

flk; - fu;ehlf ,irf;fr;Nrupfspy; cgjhs thj;jpa


kz;zpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lik.

Kfu;rpq;- fu;ehlf ,irf;fr;Nrupfspy; cgjhs thj;jpa


cNyhfj;jpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lik.

rf;]Nghd; - Jisf;fUtpahfpa ,J Nkiyj;Nja ,ir

apy; gpujhd thj;jpakhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gL

fpd;wik.

jw;fhyj;jpy; ,t;thj;jpaj;jpy; fu;ehlf ,irAk;

thrpf;fg;;gLfpd;wik.

nkd;lypd; - euk;Gf;fUtpahd nkd;lypd; Nkiyj;Nja

,irapy; gpujhd thj;jpakhfg; gad;gLj;jg;

gLfpd;wik.

fu;ehlf ,irAk; thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wik.

fpsupndl; - Jisf;fUtpahd fpshupndl; Nkiyj;Nja

,irapy; gpujhd thj;jpakhfg; gad;gLj;jg;

gLfpd;wik.

jw;fhyj;jpy; ,t;thj;jpaj;jpy; fu;ehlf ,ir

Ak; thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wik.

129


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL ::::: thj;jpa ,irfs; xypg;gjpT nra;ag;gl;l xypg;gjpT

ehlh> xypg;gjpTf;fUtp thj;jpaq;fspd; glq;fs;.

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • thj;jpaq;fspd; glq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp> mit

njhlu;ghff; fye;Jiuahb rpwpa tpsf;fk; mspj;jy;.

• Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l thj;jpaq;fspd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;

fisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;

jtpy; - ehj];tuj;jpw;Fupa jhs thj;jpak;

jNgyh - `pe;J];jhdp ,irapd; jhs thj;jpak;

fQ;rpuh - cg jhs thj;jpak;

flk; - kz;zpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l cg jhs thj;jpak;

Kfu;rpq; - cNyhfj;jpdhy; nra;ag;gl;l cgjhs

thj;jpak;

rf;]Nghd; - Jisf;fUtp - Nkiyj;Nja ,irf;fUtp

nkd;lypd; - euk;Gf;fUtp - Nkiyj;Nja ,irf;fUtp

fpshupndl; - Jisf;fUtp - Nkiyj;Nja ,irf;fUtp

• thj;jpa ,irfs; mlq;fpa xypg;gjpT elhf;fisg;

Nghl;Lf;fhl;b> mtw;wpd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fis

khztu; ,dq;fhz cjTjy;.

• thj;jpaq;fspd; ,irapy; khztu; ,urpj;j tplaq;fs;

njhlu;ghf tpku;rpf;Fk;gb khztiu topg;gLj;jy;.

(fye;Jiuahly; Kiwapy; fw;gpf;fyhk;.)

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • gy;NtW thj;jpa ,irfSs; Nkw;$wpa thj;jpaq;fspd;

,iria ,dq;fz;L $Wtu;.

• mtw;wpd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLtu;.

• mtw;iw ,urpj;J> tpku;rpf;Fk; jpwid ntspg;gLj;Jtu;.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz ::::: • thj;jpa ,irfs; xypg;gjpT nra;ag;gl;l xypg;gjpT

ehlhf;fs;> ,Wtl;Lf;fs;


khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit: • Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l thj;jpaq;fspd; ,iriaf; Nfl;L ,urpj;J

tpku;rpf;Fk; jpwid Nkk;gLj;jyhk;.

130



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1 : : : : : Ra Mf;fq;fisj; jahupj;J mspg;ghu;.

fw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgW : : : : : • jhk; jahupj;j nghUl;fisf;nfhz;L Fwpg;gpl;l

Neuj;jpy; fz;fhl;rpapid elhj;Jjy;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 2.1.12.1.12.1.12.1.12.1.1 ::::: ,ir njhlu;ghd fz;fhl;rpapid elhj;Jjy;

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: ,ir njhlu;ghd fz;fhl;rp

• jahupj;jy;

• xOq;Fnra;jy;

• mKy;gLj;jy;

• kPs;Nehf;fy;


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL ::::: fhl;rpg;nghUl;fs;

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • khztu; jahupj;j fhl;rpg;nghUl;fisr; Nrfupj;jy;.

• nghUj;jkhd tplaq;fspd; fPo; mtw;iw tifg;gLj;J

khW khztiu topg;gLj;jy;.

• nghUj;jkhd ,lj;jpy; fhl;rpg;nghUl;fis fz;fhl;rpf;F

Vw;w tifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;j cjTjy;.

• Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy; gpujk mjpjpapd; jiyikapy;

fz;fhl;rpia elhj;Jjy;.


fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • fhl;rpg;nghUl;fisg; nghUj;jkhd tplaq;fspd; fPo;

tifg;gLj;Jtu;.

• mtw;iw fz;fhl;rpf;F Vw;w tifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jtu;.

• gpujk mjpjpapd; jiyikapy;> Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy;

fz;fhl;rpia elhj;Jtu;.

• eilngw;w fz;fhl;rp gw;wp kPsha;T nra;tu;.

131





fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • tu;zk; mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz mtNuhf

zj;ijg; ghLjy;

• mljhsj;jpid rupahfg; NghLjy;

• mljhs tu;zj;jpid KOikahfg; ghLjy;

• ,Ufhyq;fspYk; tu;zj;jpidg; ghLjy;

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 3.1.13.1.13.1.13.1.13.1.1 ::::: mljhs tu;zj;jpid ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghLjy;

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • neuek;kp - fhdlh ,uhfk;


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL ::::: • RUjpg;ngl;b my;yJ jk;Guh

• mljhs tu;zk;> ];tu]hfpj;akhf vOjg;gl;l

ml;il

• fhdlh ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz> mtNuhfz tiuglk;

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • mljhs tu;zk; vOjg;gl;l ml;iliaf; fhl;rpg;

gLj;jp tu;zj;jpd; mikg;gpid khztUld;

fye;JiuahLjy;.

• tu;zk; mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz>

mtNuhfzq;fisg; ghbf; fhl;Ljy;.

• mljhsk; NghLk; Kiwiaf; fw;gpj;jy;.

• tu;zj;jpid KOikahfg; ghbf; fhl;Ljy;.

• tu;zj;jpd; G+u;thq;f cj;juhq;fg; gFjpfis gFjp

gFjpahff; fw;gpj;jy;

• MrpupaUk; khztUk; Nru;e;J ghLjy;.

• khztu; FOthfTk; jdpahfTk; tu;zj;jpid jhsj;

Jld; KOikahfg; ghLjy;.

132

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • mljhs tu;zj;jpd; mikg;gpid tpsf;Ftu;.

• tu;zk; mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz mt

Nuhfzq;fisg; ghbf; fhl;Ltu;.

• tu;zj;ij ,uhfjhsj;Jld; ,Ufhyq;fspy; ghLtu;.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz ::::: • mljhs tu;zq;fs; ghlg;gl;l NtW xypg;gjpT ehlh>

,Wtl;L


MrpupaUf;fhdit:MrpupaUf;fhdit:MrpupaUf;fhdit:MrpupaUf;fhdit:MrpupaUf;fhdit: • fhdlh ,uhfj;jpy; mike;j cUg;gbfs;> fhdlh

,uhf Myhgidfis xyp> xsp ehlhf;fs; %yNkh>

NeubahfNth Nfl;gjd; %yk; Fwpg;gpl;l ,uhfj;jpy;

jkf;Fs;s Qhdj;ij NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;J

nfhs;syhk;.

khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit: • fhdlh ,uhfj;jpy; mike;j ];tu ]Q;rhuq;fs;>

cUg;gbfs; gytw;iw Mrpupau; cjtpAld; fw;Wj;

jkJ ,uhf Qhdj;ij Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.

133

hh

hh

}22 MtJ Nksj;jpd; [d;ak;

. . . . .

.

.

. .

. .

. . . .

jhd tu;zk; - neuek;kpjhd tu;zk; - neuek;kpjhd tu;zk; - neuek;kpjhd tu;zk; - neuek;kpjhd tu;zk; - neuek;kp

,uhfk; : fhdlh jhsk; : ml

M : ]upfkjhep];;

mt : ];ep];jhgkgfhkup]

,aw;wpatu;: ,uhkehjGuk; =dpth]a;aq;fhu;.


15

15

0 0

@ @ @ @ uPupgfhfh fkup] /

neuek;- kp. . .

]epup] uP @ fkupup ]epepup];eP] / jh> ep ]upfh />epjj gk - jg //

jp. . . . . d. . . . a;ah . . . ep. .f; f. . . . K . . . . f .

kfhk up]ep]. upfkghj . kjgkfk/

. ep . D. . . eP . .u. [. . . .

up]upeP] . upfkgkjep]; ghepkgf / kjep]; up];epup / ];epgep. jgkg //

e. . a . d. . . . ep. . U. g.k . . . . . ]{. .e; j. . u . . . .

fhfk up]ep] //

f . . u. . .


]hjg jh@ jh@ /

kU . dp . . .

kjep]; epepjg kgjep jjgk jgjk /jgfh kjhj / kjjep. ];epgk//

fd;. . . . . . d. . . . . . = . . . .dp . th.. ]... Nj. . .

fkjep ];h @ /];ep];h uPf;]; upep];up

. . . . t . kh . . d .. K. . .

up];upg; / f;hf;h fk;up]; . ep];epup ];upepup /];epgk fkjep /];upep ];hepgk//

Njh... e. . d;D. . fh. . gh . . L. l. . . fp.Nj. ] . . k. ah.

epjgk / fkup] //

K. . . uh . .

134

h

h

h


upfkj> epgj kgkf /

> kupep ]uP] . upfkj gkgf kup]ep / gep]up fkgk / jep];gh> epkg //

fkjep ];h@ ];ep];up> up];upg;f;hk /

up];ep]; > up];ep gkfk kjjep ep];];up / f;h> up ];epgh/> up];up ep];gep //

kgfk up]ep] (neu)


@ @ @ ];h];h ];epup]; gh @ /

];. u ]_. . . l .

kgjep jjgk jgkj gkgf >kup] /upeP] upfkj / ep];upep ];h> up //

epd;. . Nd. . ]. .j. j. K. . . . nfh. . dp... ah. . . L . R

];epgk fkjep //

.d;d. . D. .uh

1) uP @ @ ];h @ eP uP];h eP];h /

gh @ @ khgheP jhgh khgh / fh @ @ kh / uP]h @ uP //

fhkh jheP // (]u)

2) jhepg jgkg kfkep jhepg kfkup /

]upfk jhep]; gjgep jgfk jhep];/ upep];ep gkfk / jhep]; upf;k;up //

];epgk fkjep // (]u)

3) ];up];ep ];];epg . epjgj ggkf kupfk /

gfkup ]up]ep ]epgk gep]up fkup] / upfkj ep];upf; / k;up];]; epgkf //

kup]up fkjep // (]u)

4) ];h>ep up];epg > kepj gfhk up]upep /

]h @ @ ep] upfkup ]upfk jep];up / ];eP];. gepgk / > gkf kjhep //

];ghep jepgj kgkf kupfk jep];up /

f;f;hk; up];epup > ];epg ffhk up]upf/ kjep]; upf;k;up / ];epgup ];epgk //

fkupf fkjep // (]u)

. . .. .

.

..

. .

.

. . . .

.

.

.

.

. . . .

135





fw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgW : : : : : • Fwpg;gpl;l fPu;j;jidia RUjp> ,uhf jhsj;Jld;

ghLjy;

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 3.1.13.1.13.1.13.1.13.1.1 ::::: kj;jpk fhyf; fPu;j;jidia ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghLjy;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • kj;jpkfhyf; fPu;j;jid - 01


fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • kj;jpkfhyf; fPu;j;jidiaf; fw;gpg;gjw;F jtiz 1

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLkfzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLkfzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLkfzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLkfzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk ; ,y; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s fw;gpj;jy; KiwiaAk; fzpg;

gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L KiwiaAk; gpd;gw;wyhk;. kj;jpk

fhyf; fPu;j;jidfs; Ie;jpw;Fkhd ];tu jhsf; Fwpg;G

fs; jtiz 1,y; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

136





fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • [htsp mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz mtNuhf

zj;ijg; ghLjy;.

• [htspapid RUjp> ,uhf> jhs> ghtj;Jld; ghLjy;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 3.1.2 3.1.2 3.1.2 3.1.2 3.1.2 ::::: [htspia ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghLjy;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • NtfePT - RUl;b uhfk; - &gf jhsk;

thdpnghe;J - fhdlh ,uhfk; - &gf jhsk;

Mfpa [htspfSs; tpUk;gpa xd;W



• [htsp ];tu ]hfpj;akhf vOjg;gl;l ml;il


• xypg;gjpTf;fUtp

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l [htsp vOjg;gl;l ml;iliaf;

fhl;rpg;gLj;jp [htspapd; mikg;ig tpsf;Fjy;.

• [htsp mlq;fpa ,Wtl;il/xypg;gjpT ehlhitg;Nghl;Lf;fhl;b urpf;fr; nra;jy;.

• [htsp mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz mtNuhfzj;ijf; fw;gpj;jy;.

• [htspia KOikahfg; ghbf; fhl;Ljy;.

• [htspapd; gy;ytp> mDgy;ytp> ruzj;ijg; gFjpgFjpahfr; nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;jy;.

• jhsj;Jld; fw;gpj;jy;.

• khztu;fs; Nru;e;J ghLjy;.


137

• rq;fjpfSf;Fupa ];tug;gFjpia mt;tg;NghJnrhy;ypf; nfhLj;J> cUg;gbia fkfj;Jld; ghLtjw;F topg;gLj;jy;.


fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • vLj;Jf;nfhz;l [htsp mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpd;

MNuhfz> mtNuhfzj;ijg; ghLtu;.

• mt; ,uhfj;jpd; ];tu];jhdq;fisf; $Wtu;.

• [htspiaj; jdpahfTk; FOthfTk; ghLtu;.

• gjk; vd;Dk; cUg;gbiag; Nghy [htspAk; rpUq;fhu

urk; nghUe;jpa ehl;ba cUg;gb vd;gij Vw;Wf;

nfhs;tu;.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz ::::: • ,Wtl;L (CD, DVD)


MrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhdit ::::: • Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l [htsp mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpy;

NtW cUg;gbfisf; fw;gjd; %yk; me;j ,uhfj;jpd;

uhf Qhdj;ij tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;syhk;.

khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit: • jhk; fw;w [htsp mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpy; NtW

cUg;gbfis ,Wtl;L> xypg;gjpT ehlh Nghd;wtw;wpy;

Nfl;gjd; %yk; me;j ,uhfj;jpd; uhfQhdj;ij

tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.

138

[htsp - NtfePT [htsp - NtfePT [htsp - NtfePT [htsp - NtfePT [htsp - NtfePT

,uhfk; : RUl;b jhsk; : &gfk;

M : ]upkgep];;

mt : ];epjgkfgkup]

= jpahfuh[ ];thkpfs;


@ uP / upkgh @ gh // gh @ / khg]; @ epjh //

. Nt f eP. . T th dpuk; . kd

gh@ /> > >j gkkh> f // khgh / epj gkkh > fuP //

.Nt . . . . X. . . nryp . . a . . . . .

@upk / upkgh @gh // gh @ / gkgep ]hup]; epj //

.Nt f eP. .T th. dp.uk;. .kd . .

gh>j/ gh> j gkkh>f // khgh / epjgkkh > fupk //

.Nt . . . . X. . . nryp . . a . . . . .

@upk / upkgh > > gh // gh > > / khg]; > epjh gh> > //

.Nt f eP . . T th . . dp u k; kd .Nt.


@ gh / ghgep epkgh // ghg]; / > ep];h ];h];h //

. eh fuP . f Kf. . . . nj yp a

@ kh/ gheP @];h // uPupg; / k;f;g;k; f;up uP]h //

. eh fuP .fh Kf. . nj. . . . ypa

uPk;f; / up];epj ghgh // upkgep / epjjg kfupf //

eh.. nt.l y. jPu;r;R l. . . FNd.

}28 MtJ Nksk;

139


@kk / >kkh kfupk // up]]up / > kupk ghgh //

.jP. . dj ah. .. fU. . . . .L ehNjh

kgepj / jgkf upfh] // @ > k / > kkh kfupf //

. . jP. d. j. ah . . . . f . UL eh.Njh

@ upk / >geP ePeP // ]; epup]; / epjep]; epjgh //

. jpd .jpd KD kh . . . lyh. . . . b

mDgy;ytpiag; Nghy ghlTk;mDgy;ytpiag; Nghy ghlTk;mDgy;ytpiag; Nghy ghlTk;mDgy;ytpiag; Nghy ghlTk;mDgy;ytpiag; Nghy ghlTk;

@ tpjp nyhq;fp Kj;J ngl;b

tpb gpQ;rp ejp vL ku JNd

140

}22MtJ Nksuhfk;

[htsp - thdpg;nghe;J [htsp - thdpg;nghe;J [htsp - thdpg;nghe;J [htsp - thdpg;nghe;J [htsp - thdpg;nghe;J

,uhfk; : fhdlh jhsk; : &gfk;

M : ]upfkjhep];

mt : ];ep];jhgkgfhkup]

,aw;wpatu;: =gl;lhgpuhka;ah


@ ]ep ]up fk // > ep g fh k // ]uP] @ @ ep] //

th. dpnghe;J j;]hYtj;j Nd . . tdp

up];epg kgepg kffk // up]upep ]upfk // ep];epjjg fhgkkh //

jh. . . k . zp . . .m y. .thdpnghe;J j;]h .Y . tj;j.

]up>] >ep] // uPfup]epgh kg jhepjgkfh fk// up] //

Nd . tdp j h. . . . . k zp. . . . . m. y.


> > > kfk jhj // gjepjeP epjh g g h //

rh . d kh.l nyy; . . yjh . dp

gjg kfh kjhj // gjePjeP epjg gh //

rh . d kh.l nyy;.. yjh . dp

gkgk fh kjhj // ep];huP]; ep gh jj //

rh . d kh.l nyy; . . yjh . dp

gkgkfh kjhj // ep];uP]; ];hup ];epghjj //

rh.d .kh.l nyy;. . yjh . . . dp .

gkgk fh kjhj // gj gjepj ePjep jep];h];h //

rh . d kh.l nyy; . .y jh . . dp

ep]; fk jhj // gjepj ePjep jeP];h ];h //

rh. dkh. l nyy;.. .. y jh. . dp

. .

141

];epup]; ];epepg gkgj // epjjg gk fkh up]h //

] . j . d nk]jh k d ]_ A z; lb

@ @ ]h] // ep];f;f;up]; epggkgj //

jhdp

ep j jg .j g g k .gkkf f kh up]h

k . . . d. . . ]_ . .. A z; l b

jhepjg ghjg k khgk f kfkhup]

k. . . . d. . . . ]{ . A z;lb


> > > k f k jhj jj // g j epjeP epjh g gh //

fk tpy; JilA mk;Ky . nghl;Ld

kgjep gjepj gkfh fk // jep];ep epu;p];epgh ggh //

nuhk;Ky . eh. nld fk;k . t;uhrp rpd

> up];ep ];upf;k; // f;hg;k;k;up f;hf;k; uP];h //

nfhk;k ek;kp . Nt. . f Nj. .b. .

mDgy;ytpiag; Nghy ghlTk;mDgy;ytpiag; Nghy ghlTk;mDgy;ytpiag; Nghy ghlTk;mDgy;ytpiag; Nghy ghlTk;mDgy;ytpiag; Nghy ghlTk;

njk;kzp Nejhdp // nghk;kdp gy;fpd; // (jhdp)

.. .

142




Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2 : : : : : ,ir cUg;gbfis RUjp> ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghLthu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • khju; klg;gpbAk; vd;Dk; Njthuj;jpd; gz;>

mg;gz;zpw;F ,izahd ,uhfk;> jhsk;> mUspatu;

vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• Njthuj;jpid gz;Kiwf;Nfw;g ghLjy;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 3.2.13.2.13.2.13.2.13.2.1 ::::: Njthuj;ijg;; gz;NzhL jhsj;Jld; ghLjy;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • khju; klg;gpbAk; - aho;Kup - jpUQhdrk;ge;j%u;j;jp

ehadhu;.



• Njthuk; vOjg;gl;l ml;il

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • Njthuj;ij KOikahfg;ghb khztiur; nrtp

kLf;fr; nra;jy;.

• Njthuk; vOjg;gl;l ml;iliaf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp gz;>

,uhfk;> jhsk;> mUspatu; vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• Njthuj;ijg; gFjp gFjpahff; fw;gpf;f khztu;

njhlu;e;J ghLjy;.

• jhsj;Jld; fw;gpf;f khztu; njhlu;e;J ghLjy;.

• MrpupaUk;> khztUk; Nru;e;J jhsj;Jld; ghLjy;.

• khztiuf; FOthfNth> vOkhw;whfj; njupe;J

jdpahfNth ghlr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fjy;.

• khztu; ghLk;NghJ Vw;gLk; jtWfis jpUj;jp

newpg;gLj;jy;.

(fye;Jiuahly; KiwiaAk; nra;J fhl;ly; Kiwap

idAk; gpd;gw;wyhk;;.)

143

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • Njthuj;jpd; gz;> ,uhfk;> jhsk;> mUspatu;

ngaiuf; $Wtu;.

• Njthuj;jpid gz;Kiwf;Nfw;g jhsj;NjhL ghLtu;.

• gz;Kiwf;Nfw;g Njthuq;fisg; ghLk; Kiwia

Vw;Wf; nfhs;tu;.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz ::::: • gz;Kiwf;Nfw;g Njthuk; ghlg;gl;l xypg;gjpT ehlh


MrpupaUf;fhdit:MrpupaUf;fhdit:MrpupaUf;fhdit:MrpupaUf;fhdit:MrpupaUf;fhdit: • jpUKiw epfo;r;rpfs;> thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rpg;

gz;zpir epfo;r;rpfis Nfl;L ,urpg;gjd; %yk;

gz;Kiwf;Nfw;g Njthuk; ghLk; jpwid Nkk;gLj;j

yhk;.

khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit: • thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp> xypg;gjpT ehlhf;fspy;

Njthuq;fisf; Nfl;L gz;Kiwf;Nfw;g Njthuk;

ghLe;jpwid tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.

144


gz; : aho;Kup ,uhfk; : mlhzh jhsk; : &gfk;

M : rupkg epr; mt : r;epjhgkgfhupr

khju; klg;gpbAk;kl md;dKk; md;dNjhu;

eil Ailk; kiykfs; Jiznad kfpo;tu;

g+j, dg;gilepd; wpirghlTk; MLtu;.

mtu; glu; rile; neL KbaNjhu; Gdyu;

Ntjnkh Nlopirgh Lt uho;fly; ntz;biu

apiue; Eiu fiu nghU Jtpk;kpepd; waNy

jhjkpo; Gd;id jaq;F kyu;r;rpiw tz;liw

vopy; nghopy; Fapy; gapy; jUkGuk; gjpNa

gh g g k up k gh g gh //

kh ju; . . . klg; gpb


kh ju; . . . klg; gpb


kh j u;k kg; gpb

gh> up kh gh> r; r; //

kh. ju;k lg; . gpb

gh> up r;h r;h > jeP //

md;. dKk; md;. .d

gh g g k up k gh g g //

kh ju;. . klg; gpb

k gh ep r;h r;h> j j eP //

md; dKk; md;. d

gh g k uP k gh g gh //

kh j u;. . klg; gpb

gh> uP r; r;h r; j ep //

md;. dKk; md;. d.

gj eP gh @ epep g k

Ak;.. . . . . . . . .

g j eP g j ep g ep ep gk

Ak;. . . . . . . . . . . . .

epgepepgh epg epepgk

Ak;. . . . . . . . . . . . .

jh @ @ @ ep ep g k

Ak; . . . k . l .

r;h @ @ @ @ @

Njhu;.. . . .

g j ep r; up r; ep g ep ep g k

Ak;. . . . . . . k. l.

r;h @ @ @ @ @ @

Njhu;. . . . . .

gj g j eP j ep r;h ep r; up r; ep g g k

Ak;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . k . l .

r;h @ @ @ @ @

Njhu; . . . . .

.

.

.

145

gh jh gh r;h r;h @ //

eil . Ail.

uP uP k;h uP r;h @ //

eil . A il.

ep r; up r;h . ep r; up r;h> //

e. il . A. . il

@ ep gh @ @ @ > //

. eil . . . .

@ r; jh @ @ @ > //

. kiy . . . .

ep gh @ @ up r;h @ . //

eil . . Ail. .

r; uP ep r;h r; jh ep r;h //

eilAil kiykfs;

gh jh eP gh @ r; r;h //

Jiznad . kfpo;

r;h r; ep jh eP r;h@

k iy. kf s;.

r;h jh @ eP r;h @ .

k iy. . kfs;.

r;h r; epjh eP r;h

k iy. k fs;

@ up r;h @ @ @ @

.Ail. . . .

@ up r;h @ @ @ @

. kfs; . . . .

r; jh @ > ep r;h @ >

kiy k fs;. .

r; up ep r; r; j ep r; r; up ep r; r; j ep r;

eilAil kiykfs; eilAil kiykfs;

jh @ @ @ @ @

tu; . . . . .

r; up ep r; r; j ep r; r; up ep r; r; j ep r;

eilAil kiykfs; eilAil kiykfs;

. . .

..

.

r; uP ep r;h r; jh eP r;h //

eilAila kiy kfs;

(kw;w mbfis ,Nj Kiwapy; ghl Ntz;Lk;.

.

146

nghopg;Giunghopg;Giunghopg;Giunghopg;Giunghopg;Giu

mofpa ,sikg; gUtKila ngz; ahidAk;> ,sk; md;dgps;isAnkhj;j

xg;gw;w jsu; eilAs;s kiyaurd; kfisj; jk;ik tpl;Lg; gpupj;jwpa Kbahj

Jizahf cld; nfhz;L capu;fis kfpo;tpj;J Nghf %l;Lfpd;wtu;. Ik;ngUk;

G+jq;fspd; ntt;NtW ,ay;ghf cs;s njhFjpahf epd;W ehjkhfpa ,ir

tbtpy; GfoTk;> mit ,aq;FkhW mtw;Wld; fye;J epw;gtu;. mtupd; ,yf;fzk;:

tpupe;j rlhKbapy; xg;gw;W ePz;l fq;if nts;sj;ij cilau;. kiwg; nghUSld;

VO $wha; tpupe;j Xir NtW ghl;lhspfSk; ,irapw; gLfpd;wtu;. (,irg;gLtu;

vdw;ghyJ ,irghLtu; vd ePl;ly; tpfhuk; ngw;Ws;sJ.) Mof;fly; nts;spa

jpiu tPr Muthupj;J nfhopj;jyhYyjha Eiu nfhz;L fiuNkw; nrd;W ngUfp

epiyj;j mjd; gf;fj;jpy; g+e;jhJld; tpsq;Fk; Gd;id kyuplkha;r; nry;Yk;

tpupe;j rpwFs;s tz;Lfs; xyp nra;Ak; g+q;nfhj;jpd; ,lkha; moF kpFe;j

Nrhiyaplj;Nj Fapy;fs; xyp nra;Ak; jUkGuNk> mtu; ciwAk; ,lkhk;.

147




Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2 : : : : : ,ir cUg;gbfis ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghLthu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • jpUthrfk; mUspatiuf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• jpUthrfj;jpid Nkhfd ,uhfj;jpy; Rj;jhq;fkhfg;

ghLjy;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 3.2.23.2.23.2.23.2.23.2.2 ::::: jpUthrfj;ij Nkhfd ,uhfj;jpy; Rj;jhq;fkhfg; ghLjy;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • tpUk;gpa ,uz;L jpUthrfq;fis Rj;jhq;fkhf Nkhfd,uhfj;jpy; ghLjy;.


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL ::::: • RUjpg;ngl;b• jpUthrfk; vOjg;gl;l ml;il

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • vLj;Jf;nfhz;l jpUthrfj;ij Rj;jhq;fkhfg;ghb khztiu nrtpkLf;fr; nra;jy;.

• jpUthrfk; vOjg;gl;l ml;iliaf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp,uhfk;> mUspatu;> nghUs; vd;gtw;iw $Wjy;.

• vLj;Jf;nfhz;l jpUthrfj;ijg; gFjp gFjpahfr;Rj;jhq;fkhff; fw;gpf;f khztu; ghLjy;.

• jpUthrfj;ij RUjpNahL cr;rupg;Gj; njspTld; nghUs;tpsq;fp czu;e;J ghl topg;gLj;jy;.

• khztiu vOkhw;whfj; njupe;J jdpahfg; ghLtpj;jy;.

• khztu; ghLk;NghJ Vw;gLk; jtWfisj; jpUj;jpnewpg;gLj;jy;.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • jpUthrfk; ghLtjw;Fupa ,uhfk;> mUspatu; ngaiuf;

Fwpg;gpLtu;.

• jpUthrfj;ij nghUSzu;e;J ghLtu;.

• jpUthrfk; Nkhfd ,uhfj;jpy; Rj;jhq;fkhfg; ghlg;gL

tij Vw;Wf; nfhs;tu;.

148




Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.4Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.4Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.4Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.4Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.4 : : : : : ,uhfk;> fw;gdh];tuq;fisg; ghbf; fhl;Ltjd; %yk;

jkJ kNdhju;k Mw;wiy ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • [df ,uhfnkhd;wpid ,uhf];t&gk; khwhky; NtW

,uhff; fyg;gpd;wp Myhgid nra;jy;.

• mt;tpuhfj;jpy; 1Mk;> 2Mk; fhyq;fspy; fw;gdh];tuk;

ghLjy;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 3.2.23.2.23.2.23.2.23.2.2 ::::: ,uhf Myhgid> fw;gdh];tuk; ghLjy;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • [df ,uhfk; xd;iwj; njupT nra;J ,uhf Myhgid.fw;gdh];tuk; ghLjy;.



fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; :::::• njupT nra;j [df ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz> mtNuhfzj;ij Mrpupau; ghbf;fhl;b> khztu; ghl topg;gLj;jy;.

• ,uhf Myhghdiiag; ghb> ,uhfj;jpd; rhaiykhztu; czur; nra;jy;.

• ,uhf Myhgidia khztu; jdpj;jdpahfg; ghlnewpg;gLj;jy;.

• juk; 12,y; fw;gdh];tuk; ghLk; Kiw gw;wp juk; 12,y; fw;w tplaq;fis epidT+l;Lk; tifapy;fye;Jiuahbj; njspTgLj;jy;.

• fPu;j;jidapd; nghUj;jkhd ,lj;jpy; fw;gdh ];tuk;ghl cjTjy; (1Mk;> 2Mk; fyq;fspy;)

(fye;Jiuahly; KiwapYk;> nra;Jfhl;ly; KiwapYk;fw;gpf;fyhk;.)

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • njupT nra;j [df ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz> mtNuhfzj;

ijg; ghLtu;.

• me;j ,uhfj;jpy; Myhgid nra;J fhl;Ltu;.

• fPu;j;jidapd; nghUj;jkhd ,lj;jpy; fw;ghd ];tuj;ij

1Mk;> 2Mk; fhyq;fspy; ghLtu;.

149

crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; :crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; :crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; :crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; :crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; : • xypg;gjpT ehlh> ,Wtl;L


MrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhdit ::::: • gpugy;akhd ,irf;fiyQu;fshy; ,uhf Myhgid>

fw;gdh];tuk; ghlg;gl;l xypg;gjpT ehlh> ,Wtl;L

Nghd;wtw;iw Nfl;gjd; %yk; Myhgid> fw;gdh];

tuk; ghLk; Kiwia mwptJld; jkJ ghLe;jpwid

Ak; tsg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.

khztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhdit ::::: • njupT nra;j [df ,uhfj;jpy; mike;Js;s

ntt;NtW fPu;j;jidfisf; Nfl;gjd; %yk; ,uhfr;

rhaiy ed;F mwpe;J ghLe;jpwid Nkk;gLj;jyhk;.

150




fw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgW : : : : : • jU> jpUthrfk; Mfpa ,irtbtq;fspd; ,yl;rzq;

fis tpsf;Fjy;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 4.1.14.1.14.1.14.1.14.1.1 ::::: ,ir cUg;gbfspd; ,yl;rzj;ij tpsf;Fjy;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • jU> jpUthrfk;; vd;gtw;wpd; ,yl;rzk;

ghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtis ::::: 02 - jU - 01 ghlNtis

jpUthrfk;; - 01 ghlNtis

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • Njthuk;> jpUg;Gfo; Mfpa ,ir cUg;gbfspd;

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ,yl;rzq;fisf; fw;gpg;gjw;F jtiz 1,y; nfhLf;fg;

gl;l fw;gpj;jy; KiwfisAk; fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L Kiw

iaAk; gpd;gw;wyhk;.

151

,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G

jUjUjUjUjU

xU epfo;r;rpiaNah xU goq;fijiaNah mofhf tptupf;Fk; ghl;bw;Fj; jU

vd;W ngau;. ,jd; nrhw;gFjp tuyhw;iw xl;bajhfNth> Guhz epfo;r;rpiag;

gw;wpajhfNth> fhjiy ntspg;gLj;JtjhfNth> nfhilts;sypd; ngUikiag;

gw;wpajhfNth mike;jpUf;Fk;. ,it kj;jpk fhyj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. gy;ytp>

mDgy;ytp> ruzk; vd;w mq;fq;fs; cz;L. ruzq;fs; gy Nru;f;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;

- [jpfSk; nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,ir ehlfq;fspYk; ehl;ba ehlfq;fspYk;

jUf;fs; ngUk; mstpy; ifahsg;gLfpd;wd. mUzhryf;ftpuhau; ,aw;wpAs;s

,uhk ehlfj;jpy; gy mofpa jUf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;jUf;fspy; gy

gonkhopfSk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.

jUf;fspd; tiffs;:jUf;fspd; tiffs;:jUf;fspd; tiffs;:jUf;fspd; tiffs;:jUf;fspd; tiffs;:

1. gpuNtrpf jU: ehl;ba ehlfj;jpd; Muk;gj;jpy;> cWg;gpdu;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jk;

tifapy; mike;Js;s ghly;.

2. tUzid jU: xU epfo;r;rp> Xu; ,aw;iff; fhl;rp> xUtupd; gz;G Mfpatw;Ws;

xd;iw tUzpg;gjhf mike;Js;s ghly;. (cjhuzk;: ,uhk

ehlfj;jpy;> Nkhfd ,uhfj;jpy; mike;Js;s ~~fy;ahz Ngupif

mbj;jhu;.|| vd;W njhlq;Fk; ghly;> rPjh Njtpapd; jpUkz

epfo;r;rpiar; rpj;jpupj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.

3. rk;thj jU: ,UtUf;Fs; elf;Fk; thf;Fthjj;ijr; rhfpj;jpaj;jpy; nfhz;bUf;

Fk; ghly;. (cjhuzk;: ,uhk ehlfj;jpy; fy;ahzp ,uhfj;jpy;

~~kz;zpy; nkj;j muru; Nghy;|| vd;W njhlq;Fk; ghly;>

,uhkDf;Fk; guR ,uhkDf;Fk; elf;Fk; ju;f;fj;ij tptupf;fpwJ.

4. ];thfj jU: jdf;Fj;jhNd ciuahbf; nfhs;Sk; tpjj;jpy; mike;Js;s

ghly;.

5. cj;jugpujpAj;ju jU: ,UtupilNa elf;Fk; ciuahliyr; rpj;jpupg;gjhf

mike;Js;s ghly;.

6. [f;fpdp jU: rhfpj;jpaj;jpy; Kjw; gFjpapy; [jpfisAk; mLj;j gFjpapy;

thu;j;ijfisAk; nfhz;L kj;jpak fhy gpuNahfq;fSk; Nru;f;

fg;gl;Ls;s ghlYf;F [f;fpdp jU vd;W ngau;. rpy rkaq;fspy;

~FU[k;ig| Nghd;w mg+u;t jhsq;fSk; ,q;F ifahsg;gL

fpd;wd.

152

7. Nfhzq;fpj;jU: ~~nja;tPff; Nfhkhsp|| ,irf;Fk; ghly;.

8. Nfhyhl;lj;jU: Nfhyhl;lk; MLk;NghJ ,irf;f Ntz;ba ghly;.

nkul;^u; ntq;fluhk rh];jpup njYq;fpy; gy jUf;fis ,aw;wpAs;shu;.

jpUthrfk;jpUthrfk;jpUthrfk;jpUthrfk;jpUthrfk;

~~jpUthrfj;jpw;F cUfhjhu;

xU thrfj;jpw;Fk; cUfhu;||

vdg; Nghw;wg;gLk; jpUthrfg;ghly;fs; khzpf;f thrf Rthkpfshy; mUsg;

ngw;wit. gf;jpr; Rit edp nrhl;l nrhl;l cs;sk; nef;FUfpg; ghba ,g;ghly;

gd;dpU jpUKiwfSs; vl;lhe; jpUKiwAs; mlq;Ffpd;wd. khzpf;fthrf

Rthkpfshy; mUsg;ngw;w jpUr;rpw;wk;gyf; NfhitahUk; vl;lhk; jpUKiwapy;

mlq;Ffpd;wJ.

jpUthrfk; vd;w E}w;ngau; ~~jpUTila nrhw;fshy; Mfpa mUs; E}y;|| vdg;

nghUs; jUk;. ,e;E}y; njhFg;G rptGuhzk; Kjy; mr;Nrhg;gjpfk; <whf 51

gFjpfisAk; mtw;Ws; mlq;Fk; 656 ghly;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

jpUthrfk; mUsg;gl;lNghNj ,irNahL ghlg;ngw;wJ vd;gjw;F

~~nrhy;ypa ghl;bd; nghUSzu;e;J nrhy;Ythu;. (rptGuhzk;> 93)

~~Nrhjpia ahk; ghl (jpUntk;ghit - 1) Nghd;w khzpf;fthrfu;

tha;nkhopfNs rhd;whfpd;wd. ,g;ghly;fs; gpw;fhyj;jpYk; ,irNahL ghlg;

ngw;wikia>

~~thd; fye;j khzpf;f thrf epd; thrfj;ij

ehd; fye;J ghLq;fhy;....|| vd;Dk; ,uhkypq;f mbfshupd; ghly;fs;

thapyhf mwpayhk;.

MapDk; Njthug; gjpfq;fSf;Fk; jpUg;ghRug; ghly;fSf;Fk; gz;zikjp Fwpf;fg;

ngw;wik Nghy; jpUthrfg; ghly;fSf;F gz;zikjp Fwpf;fg; ngw;wjw;fhd

Mjhuk; vJTk; fpilf;ftpy;iy.

mNefkhd jpUthrfg; ghly;fs; Rj;jhq;fkhf Nkhfd ,uhfj;jpNyNa ghlg;

ngWfpd;wd. MapDk; rpy jpUthrfg; gjpfq;fs; gz;zhq;fkhfTk; ghlg;gLfpd;wd.

cjhuzk;: ~~G+RtJk; ntz;zPW g+z;gJk; nghq;futk;|| (jpUr;rhoy; 1)

~~Kj;jpnewp mwpahj %u;f;fnuhL Kay; Ntid|| (mr;Nrhg;gjpfk; 1)

153

Nkw;$wpa ghly;fs; goe;jf;fuhfg; gz;zikjpapy; (Mugp ,uhfj;jpy;) neLq;fhykhf

ghlg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

jpUj;njs;Nszk;> jpUg;nghw;Rz;zk;> jpUr;rhoy;> jpUg;g+ty;yp> jpUTe;jpahu;>

jpUj;NjNzhf;fk;> jpUg;nghd;D}ry;> jpUtk;khid Mfpa ghlw;gFjpfs; kfspu;

gyu; Nru;e;J ,iwtd; Gfo; ghb tpisahLk; tpisahl;Lf;fshf mikfpd;wd.

cjhuzk;: ~~fUizf; foy; ghbj; njd;dh njd;dh vd;W

njs;Nszq; nfhl;NlhNkh||

(jpUj;njs;Nszk; 11 - 19)

gyu; $bg;ghLk; Kiwapy; ,g;ghly;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sjpdhy; ,it

jhsf;fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; mlq;fpa gz;zhq;fg; ghly;fs; vd mwpayhk;. jpUthrfg;

ghly;fSs; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy ghly;fs; ghlg;gLk; gz;> ,uhfk; tUkhW:

gz;gz;gz;gz;gz; ,uhfk;,uhfk;,uhfk;,uhfk;,uhfk;

jpUtk;khid rPfhkuk; ehjehkf;fpupia

jpUg;nghd;D}ry; rhsughzp Mde;jigutp

(Nfhapy;fspy; mu;j;jrhkg; g+irapd;NghJ ghlg;gLk; jpUg;nghd;D}ry; ghly;fs;

ePyhk;gup ,uhfj;jpy; Rj;jhq;fkhfg; ghLk; tof;;fk; cs;sJ. rpy Nfhapy;fspy;

etNuh[; ,uhfj;jpYk; ghlg;gLfpd;wd.)

jpUr;rhoy; goe;jf;f ,uhfk; Mugp

jpUntk;ghit GwePu;ik G+ghsk;

(jpUntk;ghitg; ghly;fs; ,d;W ntt;NtW ,uhfq;fspy; ghlg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.)

jpUj;njs;Nszk; Fk;kpnkl;L

154



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.4Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.4Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.4Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.4Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.4 : : : : : ,uhfj;jpd; ,yl;rzq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • Fwpg;gpl;l ,uhfj;jpd; ,yl;rzj;ij tpsf;Fjy;

• mt;tpuhfj;jpy; ]Q;rhuk; vOJjy;.

• mt;tpuhfj;jpy; ,aw;wg;gl;l cUg;gbfisf;

Fwpg;gpLjy;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 4.1.14.1.14.1.14.1.14.1.1 ::::: ,uhfj;jpd; ,yl;rzj;ij tpsf;Fjy;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • `pe;J];jhd; ng`hf;> `kPu; fy;ahzp

ghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtis ::::: 04 - `pe;J];jhd; ng`hf; - 02 ghlNtisfs;

`kPu; fy;ahzp - 02 ghlNtisfs;

ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL ::::: • ,uhf ,yl;rzq;fis tpsf;Fk; ml;ilfs;.

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • jtiz I ,y; ,uhfj;jpd; ,yl;rzj;ijf; fw;gpf;f

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL Nkw;nfhz;l fw;gpj;jy; KiwfisAk; fzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPl;L

KiwfisAk; gpd;gw;wyhk;.

155

,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G

ng`hf;ng`hf;ng`hf;ng`hf;ng`hf;

2 tifahd ng`hf; ,uhfq;fs;:2 tifahd ng`hf; ,uhfq;fs;:2 tifahd ng`hf; ,uhfq;fs;:2 tifahd ng`hf; ,uhfq;fs;:2 tifahd ng`hf; ,uhfq;fs;:

1. m) `pe;J];jhd; ng`hf; (29)

MNuhfzk; : ] f k g ep j ep ];

mtNuhfzk; : ]; ep j g k fh up ]

m) fu;ehlf ng`hf; (28)

MNuhfzk; : ] up f k g j ep ];

mtNuhfzk; : ]; ep j ep g j k f up f ]

2. m)m)m)m)m) `pe;J];jhd; ng`hf;:`pe;J];jhd; ng`hf;:`pe;J];jhd; ng`hf;:`pe;J];jhd; ng`hf;:`pe;J];jhd; ng`hf;: 29MtJ Nksj;jpd; [d;ak;> tf;u\htl -

rk;g+u;z ,uhfk;> Jtp md;dpa];tu gh\hq;f

,uhfk;.

3. MNuhfzj;jpy; up\gk; tu;[k;: ,e;j ,uhfj;jpy; \l;[k;> rJRUjp up\gk;>

me;jufhe;jhuk;. Rj;j kj;jpakk;> gpujpkj;jpakk;> gQ;rkk;> rJ];Ujp ijtjk;>

fhfyp ep\hjk;> ifrpfp ep\hjk; Mfpa ];tuq;fs; tUfpd;wd.

4. [Pt ];tuq;fs; : me;jufhe;jhuk;> fhfyp ep\hjk;

5. epahr Ruq;fs; : f.

6. fpuf fuq;fs; : r> f> g> ep

7. ,ju mk;rq;fs; :

i) me;epa ];ukhfpa gpujp kj;jpakk; gkgh - fkgh vd;w Ruf;Nfhu;itfspy;

tUfpwJ@ ghkkfh vd;w gpuNahfj;jpy; Kjy; kj;jpakk; gpujp kj;jpakk;>

2MtJ kj;jpakk; Rj;j kj;jpakk;.

ii) ];h epepjgh vd;w gpuNahfj;jpy; Kjy; ep\hjk; fhfyp ep\hjk;> mLj;j

ep\hjk; ifrpfp ep\hjk;

iii) gjepjgh - gepjgh - jepgjkg vd;w Ruf;Nfhu;itfspy;> ifrpfp ep\hjk;

Njhd;WfpwJ.

iv) g];ep];jep gj kgh - fkgjep jghkfh Mfpa ,itAk; upfkffupr ep ]h

vd;w Ruf;Nfhu;itAk; rpwg;ghdit.

v) ]kfk vd;w gpuNahfKk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

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156

vi) jpup];jhap ,uhfk;.

vii) fUizr; Ritia ntspg;gLj;Jk; ,uhfk; - vg;nghOJk; ghlyhk;.

viii) ];epjg vd;w gpuNahfj;jpy; fhfyp my;yJ ifrpfp ep\hjk; gad;

gLj;jyhk;.

ix) ];thjpj;jpUehs; kfhuh[hTk; Nfhghy fpU\;z ghujpahUk; ,e;j

,uhfj;ij Kjd; Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpajhfr; nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ.

8. rQ;rhuk;:

ep ]fkghfkfh - gh k kfh - gkfup] ep - ]fk

gh> k - fkgePepj];h ];h - epr;fh - up f;k;f;f;up up ];h

- ep];hup ]; epjgkh - gjg];ep];epup -

];up ep];jep gjk ggkfh - ep ]fk ghfkfh -

fkgjep jghfkfh - gh> k k fh - upfkffup] ep ]h

- ep]f k gh - fkgeP epj ];h ];h //

9. ,ir tbtq;fs;:

1. fpUjp: MLk; rpjk;guNkh - Mjp : Nfhghy fpU\;z ghujpahu;

2. fpUjp: ,JjhNdh jpy;iy - Mjp : Nfhghy fpU\;z ghujpahu;

3. fpUjp: jQ;rk; ePNa - Mjp : Ntjehafk; gps;is

4. fpUjp: ,e;j epkp\Nk - &gfk; : Ntjehafk; gps;is

5. fpUjp: xd;Nw cau; - &gfk; : ,yl;Rkzg;gps;is

6. fpUjp: ePNa fjpNa - ml : ftpFQ;ru ghujpahu;

7. fpUjp: Re;juhq;f - jp];uVfk; : gy;ytp Nr\a;au;

8. fpUjp: mk;gh cd;Nky; - Mjp : ghgehrk; rptd;

9. [htsp : rkakpNj - &gfk; : gl;lzk; Rg;gpukzpa Iau;

10. [htsp: tfyhb - &gfk; : jpUg;gjp ehuhazrhkp

`kPu; fy;ahzp`kPu; fy;ahzp`kPu; fy;ahzp`kPu; fy;ahzp`kPu; fy;ahzp

MNuhfzk; : r g k g j ep ]; (rfgkg jep];)

mtNuhfzk; : ];; ep j g fh k f up ]

2. 65MtJ Nkskhfpa fy;ahzpapd; [d;ak;> cga tf;u> xslt - rk;g+u;z

,uhfk;> gh\hq;f ,uhfk;.

3. MNuhfzj;jpy; ~up| ~f| tu;[k;. ,e;j ,uhfj;jpy; \l;[k;> rJ];Ujp up\gk;>

me;j fhe;jhuk;> gpujpkj;jpakk;> Rj;j kj;jpakk;> rJ];Ujp ijtjk;> fhfyp

ep\hjk; Mfpa ];uq;fs; tUfpd;wd.

. .. . .. .

.

*

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*

*

*

*

157

4. [Pt Ruq;fs; : up> f> j

5. epahr Ruq;fs; : f> g.

6. fpuf Ruq;fs; : ]> f.

7. ,ju mk;rq;fs;:

i) MNuhfzj;ijAk; mtNuhfzj;ijAk; ,irf;Fk; nghONj me;epa ];uj;ij

Ak; Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;ba gh\hq;f ,uhfq;fspy; ,Jnthd;W.

(cjhuzk;: rhuq;fh> igutp> mrhNtup)

ii) 2 kj;jpakq;fisAk; vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; gh\hq;f ,uhfq;fspy; ,Jnthd;W.

(cjhuzk;: rhuq;fh> aKdhfy;ahzp)

iii) me;epa];tukhfpa Rj;j kj;jpakk; fhkfup] - fkfkuP Mfpa gpuNahfq;fspy;

tUfpwJ.

iv) muq;fpir epfo;r;rpapy; Kbtpy; ghLtjw;Nfw;w ,uhfk; - ve;NeuKk;

ghlyhk;.

v) ,e;j ,uhfk;> `kPu;> `kPUfy;ahzp> mkPu; fy;ahzp> `k;gPu; Nghd;w gy

ngau;fshy; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

vi) ,e;J];jhdp ,irapy; ,e;j ,uhfk; rk;G+u;zkhf fhzg;gLfpwJ.

vii) r;epjj];h - xU tpNr\g; gpuNahfk;.

8. rQ;rhuk;:

]h> up]h - ]gkgh - kgjep];h - ];h ];epepjjggk - ghjep];h - ];epjgk -

fhkf ghgk - jjgk - fhfk uP> ]h - fgk gjep];h - uP ];epjgk - fkfghk

- jgkfhfk uPrh

9. ,irtbtq;fs;:

1. fpUjp: khdKNyjh - Mjp : jpahfuh[ Rthkpfs;

2. fpUjp: gupksuq;fehjk; - &gfk; : Kj;JRthkp jPl;rpju;

3. fpUjp: ntq;fliry - Mjp : rpahkh (Rg;guha) rh];jpup

4. fpUjp: rptid epid - Mjp : ePyfz;l rptd;

5. fpUjp: ehjd;jhd; cd;id - &gfk;: ghgehrk; rptd;

6. jpUg;Gfo; : ePjhd; vj;jidapYk; - kp. [k;ig : mUzfpupehju;

*

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.

158



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.5Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.5Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.5Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.5Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.5 : : : : : ,irf;fUtpfspd; gpupTfs;> mikg;G> gad;ghL gw;wp

tpsf;Fthu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • taypdpd; mikg;ig tpsf;Fjy;.

• RUjp Nru;f;Fk;Kiw> thrpf;Fk; Kiw gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.

• taypdpd; glj;jpid tiue;J ghfq;fisf; Fwpj;Jf;

fhl;Ljy;.


ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • tapypdpd; mikg;G> thrpf;Fk; Kiw


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL ::::: • taypdpd; glk;

• taypd;

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • jtiz 1y; jk;Guh> ehj];tuk; Mfpa ,irf;fUtpf;

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL isf; fw;gpg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l fw;gpj;jy; Kiw

iag; gpd;gw;wp taypd; ,irf;fUtp gw;wpf; fw;gpf;fyhk;.

159

taypd;taypd;taypd;taypd;taypd;

taypd; thj;jpak; ~gpby;| (fiddle) vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLtJz;L. Nky;ehl;L

thj;jpakhd taypd; tpy; Nghl;L thrpf;Fk; je;jp thj;jpakhFk;. ,e;jpahtpy;

gioa fhyj;jpypUe;Nj> tpy;ypdhy; thrpf;Fk; thj;jpak; tof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wJ

vd;gjw;F rhd;Wfs; fhzf;fplf;fpd;wd. ~,uhtzh];jpuk;| ~,uhtz `];jk;|

vd;w gioa thj;jpaq;fs; tpy;ypdhy; thrpf;Fk; euk;Gf; fUtpfNsahFk;.

INuhg;ghtpy; taypd; thj;jpak; Rkhu; 350 tUlq;fSf;F Kd; Njhd;wpaJ.

jw;NghJ tof;fj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; taypdpd; mikg;ghdJ INuhg;ghtpy; ~];lhbNtupa];

(Stradivarius) vd;gtuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j ,irf;fUtpahdJ INuhg;gpau;fs;

,e;jpahtpw;F te;jNghJ> mtu;fshy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. nrd;idf; Nfhl;ilapy;

mg;NghJ jq;fpapUe;j INuhg;gpau; ,e;j thj;jpaj;ij thrpf;Fk;NghJ ghY];thkp

jPl;rpju; ,e;j thj;jpaj;jpypUe;J cz;lhFk; ,ir xypapdhy; ftug;gl;lhu;.

mq;fpUe;j Mq;fpNyauplNk ,e;j thj;jpaj;ijf; ifahSk; Kiwfisf; fw;whu;.

fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;ij Kjd; Kjypy; ,e;j thj;jpaj;jpy; thrpj;jtUk; ,tNu.

taypd; thj;jpakhdJ INuhg;gpa ,iria ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F Vw;w tifapy;

mikf;fg;gl;ljhapDk;> ,e;jpa rq;fPjf; fiyQu;fs;> jkJ Qhd Kjpu;r;rpapdhYk;

jpwikapdhYk; taypdpy; ,e;jpa rq;fPjj;ij nghypTw thrpj;J tUfpd;wdu;.


taypdhdJ kuj;jpdhy; Mf;fg;gl;Lj; je;jpfs; gpizf;fg;gl;l thj;jpakhFk;.

igd; (Pine)> Nkg;gps; (Maple)> ]pf%u; (sycamore)> ]py;tu; Xf;(Silveroak)> ]plu;

(Ceder)> ];g;&]; (Spruce)> ̀ pkhyad; gPu; (Himalayanfir)> m\;kuk; (W ood os Ash

tree) Nghd;w kuq;fspdhy; taypdpd; clw;ghfk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

tpuw;gyif> gpuilfs;> jpUfhzp> je;jpjhq;fp> Nky;nkl;L vd;git fUq;fhyp

kuj;jpdhy; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

tpy; nra;tjw;F gpNwrpy; T+l; (Brazil W ood)> ];Ndf; t+l; (Snake W ood)> gPr; T+l;

(Beach W ood)> Ngzk;G Nfh (Pernambuco) Nghd;w kuq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

tpy;ypd; kapu;fs; Fjpiu kapupdhy; my;yJ ieNyhd; nky;ypa ,iofspdhy;

Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

taypd; ngl;bia kuj;jhy; my;yJ ml;ilahy; Mf;Ftu;. cl;ghfk; nty;ntw;

(velvet) my;yJ khgps; Ngg;gupdhy; (Marble Paper) xl;lg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

160

tpuw;gyif fOj;Jg; gFjpapy; rpWj;Jk;> ghyj;Jf;F mz;ikapy; tutu rw;Wg;

gUj;Jk; fhzg;gLk;. taypd; nra;tjw;F ed;F tpise;j kuk; eLtpy; Gilg;G

cs;sjhf Mf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Nky; nkl;L vdg;gLfpd;w ];tuf;fl;il tpuw;gyifapd;

kl;lj;ijtpl rw;W cau;e;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

taypdpy; 4 je;jpfs; cz;L. ,it Kd;G euk;Gfshy; Mf;fg;gl;ld. jw;fhyj;jpy;

cNyhfj;jhy; Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Kjyhk; je;jpiatpl mLj;J tUk; je;jpfs;

gUkdpy; gbg;gbahff; $bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. je;jpfspd; Edpapy; fhzg;gLk;

Fkpo;kzpfs; je;jpfs; ,Wfp epw;gjw;F cjTk;.

je;jp jhq;fpapd; (Tail piece) fPo;g;Gwj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s Jisapy; tisj;Jf;

fl;lg;gl;l ehz;> je;jpjhq;fp ehz; vdg;gLk;. taypdpy; ,U tpyhg;gyiffSk;

,izAk; ikaj;jpy; Nkw;gf;fkhfj; JisapDs; nrUfg;gl;l kuMzp nrUfhzp

(End plug) vdg;gLfpd;wJ. clw;ghfj;jpd; Nkw;Gwj;jpy; ghyj;jpw;F ,Ugf;fq;fspYk;

S tbtj;Jthuq;fs; xd;iwnahd;W ghu;j;j tz;zk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

Jthuj;jpYs;s rpW FWf;Ff; Nfhl;Lf;F Neuhfg; ghyk; (Bridge) itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

ghyk; (Beach W ood) Gq;f kuj;jpdhy; G+Ntiyg;ghLfSld; Jisfs; cs;sjhf

mike;Js;sd. ghyj;jpd; Edpg;gFjp tise;jjhf cs;sJ. ghyj;jpd; clw;gFjpapy;

ed;F ghjq;fs; gjpAk; tz;zk; itf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,U tpyhg;gyiff;Fk; ,ilapy;

cl;Gwkhfg; ghyj;Jf;fz;ikapy; ehjf;Fr;rp (Sound post) cs;sJ. je;jpia

kPl;Lk;nghOJ mJ mjpu;tile;J cl;ghfj;jpy; ehjk; gutp ntsptUk; nghOJ

mjpu;tiyfis xUq;fpzj;Jj; njspthd ehjj;ij ntspNaw;WtJ ehjf;

Fr;rpNaahFk;.

tpy;ypd; Fr;rp (Bow Stick) cUz;ilahd 72.5.cm ePsKs;s kuf;Fr;rpahFk;.

tpy;ypd; cNuhk ,iofs; 80 - 100 tiu fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Nuhrpd; (Rosin)

vdg;gLfpd;w t];j;Jtpy; tpy;ypd; kapu;fisj; Nja;j;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,JNt

ePz;l fhu;itahd ehjj;ij cz;L gz;Zfpd;wJ.

Nkhtha; jhq;fp vd;Dk; fUq;fhyp kuj;jpdhyhd gFjp epd;W thrpf;Fk; nghOJ

Nkhthia itj;J thrpf;f cjTfpd;wJ. xypalf;fp (Mute) taypdpd; ehjj;ijf;

Fiwf;f cjTfpd;wJ. ,J cNyhfj;jhyhdJ. kuj;jhYk; $lr; nra;ayhk;. ,J

ghyj;jpy; nrUfg;gLk;. gyu; xNu ,lj;jpypUe;J gapw;rp nra;Ak; nghOJ ,jid

cgNahfpf;fyhk;. RUjp rPuhf;fp (String Adjuster) RUjpiaj; Jy;ypakhfr; Nru;g;gjw;F

cjTfpd;wJ.

161

je;jp jhq;fpapy; ,Uf;Fk; RUjp $l;Lk; jpUfpy; je;jpiag; nghUj;jp> ghyj;jpd;

NkyhfTk; ];tug; gyiff;Fk;> Nky; nkl;Lf;Fk; Nkyhfr; nrd;W gpuilfspy;

Rw;wg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

g]g] Kiwapy; RUjp Nru;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

KjyhtJ je;jp - kj;jpa];jhap gQ;rkk;

,uz;lhtJ je;jp - kj;jpa];jhap ]l;[k;

%d;whtJ je;jp - ke;;ju];jhap gQ;rkk;

ehd;fhtJ je;jp - ke;ju];jhap ]l;[k;

vdr; RUjp Nru;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Nky;ehl;L ,ir Kiwapy; gupjf my;yJ ]gupj

(EADG) vd;w Kiwapy; Nru;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,ij ,lkpUe;J tykhfg; ghu;f;Fk;

nghOJ ]g]g vd;Wk; nrhy;yyhk;.

thrpf;Fk; Kiwthrpf;Fk; Kiwthrpf;Fk; Kiwthrpf;Fk; Kiwthrpf;Fk; Kiw

ghyj;jpw;Fk;> tpuw;gyifapd; Edpg;ghfj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; Nwhrpd; (Rosin) jltpa

tpy;iyj; je;jpfspd; Nky; ghyj;jpw;Fr; rkhe;jukhf yhtfkhf cur ehjk;

cz;lhFk;. tyf;ifahy; tpy;iy curpf;nfhz;L ,lf;if tpuy;fspy; ngUtpuy;

jtpu;e;j Vida tpuy;fspdhy; tpuw;gyifapy; ];tu];jhdq;fs; thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

ngUtpuYf;Fk;> Rl;L tpuYf;Fk; ,ilapYs;s tisitf; fOj;Jg; ghfj;jpy;

itj;J> tpuy;fisj; je;jpfspd; Nky; Fj;njd itj;J thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Nky;];jhap

];tuq;fs; thrpf;Fk;nghOJ ,lJif NkNy efu;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

taypdpy; 4 ];jhapfs; tiu thrpf;f KbAk;. xt;nthU ];tuj;Jf;Fk; tpy;iy

mirf;Fk;nghOJ mJ ~~];tu tpy;|| vd;Wk; rhfpj;jpa tbtpy; rhfpj;jpa

vOj;Jf;fSf;F Vw;whw; Nghd;W ];tuq;fisf; $l;lk; $l;lkhfr; Nru;j;J xNu

tpy;ypy; kPl;Lk;nghOJ mJ ~~rhfpj;jpatpy;|| vd;Wk; $wg;gLk;. jhdk; thrpf;Fk;

nghOJ tpy;iyf; Fjpg;G Kiwapy; NghLk; nghOJ mJ ~~Fjpg;G tpy;||

vdg;gLfpd;wJ. taypdpy; gpb thj;jpak;> [hU thj;jpak; vd;w ,U thrpg;G

Kiwfs; cs;sd. gpb thj;jpak; vd;gJ tpuyb [hU thrpg;G vd;gJ mjpf

mirTs;sJ.

ehk; taypd; thrpf;Fk;nghOJ> taypdpd; fOj;Jg; ghfj;ijf; fhypy; itj;J>

Nkw;gFjpia khu;gpy; rha;j;J my;yJ fOj;Jld; mOj;jp itj;J thrpf;fpd;Nwhk;.

Nkiy ehl;ltu;fs; Nkhtha; jhq;fpapy; Nkhthia mOj;jpf;nfhz;L fOj;Jg;

gFjpapy; ifiaj; jhq;fpg; gpbj;J epd;W nfhz;Nl thrpf;fpd;whu;fs;.

. .

162

taypd; xU g`{j;tdp thj;jpakhFk;. mjhtJ xNu rkaj;jpy; ,uz;L

];tu];jhdq;fis ,jpy; NgRtpf;f KbAk;. ̀ pe;J];jhdp ,irapYk; ,t;thj;jpak;

thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

taypd; thj;jpaj;jpd; rpwg;Gk; cgNahfKk;taypd; thj;jpaj;jpd; rpwg;Gk; cgNahfKk;taypd; thj;jpaj;jpd; rpwg;Gk; cgNahfKk;taypd; thj;jpaj;jpd; rpwg;Gk; cgNahfKk;taypd; thj;jpaj;jpd; rpwg;Gk; cgNahfKk;

1. ];tak;G ];tuq;fSld; $ba mjd; fzprkhd ehjk; ftu;r;rpia mspf;fpd;wJ.

2. ePskhd tpy; Nghl;L thrpf;fg;gLtjd; fhuzkhf mjpypUe;J vOk; fhu;itahd

ehjk; ,dpikiaf; nfhLf;fpd;wJ.

3. Mltu; FuYf;Fk; ngz;fspd; FuYf;Fk; jf;fthW RUjp $l;b thrpg;gjw;fhd

trjp cz;L.

4. ve;j ];UjpapYk; RUjp Nru;j;J thrpf;fyhk;.

5. gQ;rk ];UjpapYk;> kj;jpk ];UjpapYk; thrpf;fyhk;.

6. vspjhf vLj;Jr; nry;yyhk;.

7. mjpJupj fhyj;jpYk; thrpf;fyhk;.

8. fd> ea ghtq;fis thrpg;gjw;fhd trjpAz;L.

9. rhfpj;jpaj;jpw;Nfw;w Kiwapy; thrpf;fyhk;.

10. El;g ];Ujpfs;> typT> nkypT Mfpa ,irj;jd;ikfisj; njspTlDk;> rPUlDk;

ntspg;gLj;Jk; rpwg;gpay;G cz;L.

11. ,izaw;w gf;fthj;jpakhfj; jpfo;fpd;wJ.

12. tha;g;ghl;Lf;F khj;jpukpd;wp> Gy;yhq;Foypw;Fk; gf;fthj;jpakhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

13. jdpf;fr;NrupahfTk; gf;thj;jpakhfTk; thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

14. ,dpa cuj;j Xiria cilajhAs;sjhy; Nfl;gjw;F kNdhuk;akhf cs;sJ.

15. jrtpj fkfq;fisAk; thrpf;fyhk;.

16. gy;ypak; mikf;Fk;nghOJ Kf;fpakhd ,irf;fUtpahf cs;sJ.

17. J}a fu;ehlf ,iria urk; Fd;whky; ,t;thj;jpaj;jpNy Nfl;f Kbfpd;wJ.

18. eld epfo;r;rpfs;> ehl;ba ehlfk;> ,ir ehlfk;> fjhfhyl;Nrgk; Nghd;w

epfo;r;rpfSf;Fk; rpwe;j gf;fthj;jpakhf thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

tapypd; thj;jpaj;ij thrpg;gjpy; gpugy;akhd ,e;jpa ,irf;fiyQu;fs;tapypd; thj;jpaj;ij thrpg;gjpy; gpugy;akhd ,e;jpa ,irf;fiyQu;fs;tapypd; thj;jpaj;ij thrpg;gjpy; gpugy;akhd ,e;jpa ,irf;fiyQu;fs;tapypd; thj;jpaj;ij thrpg;gjpy; gpugy;akhd ,e;jpa ,irf;fiyQu;fs;tapypd; thj;jpaj;ij thrpg;gjpy; gpugy;akhd ,e;jpa ,irf;fiyQu;fs;

GJf;Nfhl;il ehuhazrhkp Iau;

rPu;fhop ehuhaz ];thkp

jpUf;Nfhbf;fhty; fpU\;za;au;

jpUr;rp Nfhtpe;jrhkpg;gps;is

nrk;kq;Fb ehuhazrhkp Iau;

Jthuk; ntq;flrhkp ehAL

ik#u; nrsilah

ghg;gh ntq;fluhka;ah (Fk;gNfhzk; ,uh[khzpf;fk;gps;is) KjypNahu;.

163

tapypd; thj;jpaj;ij thrpg;gjpy; gpugy;akhd ,yq;iff; fiyQu;fs;tapypd; thj;jpaj;ij thrpg;gjpy; gpugy;akhd ,yq;iff; fiyQu;fs;tapypd; thj;jpaj;ij thrpg;gjpy; gpugy;akhd ,yq;iff; fiyQu;fs;tapypd; thj;jpaj;ij thrpg;gjpy; gpugy;akhd ,yq;iff; fiyQu;fs;tapypd; thj;jpaj;ij thrpg;gjpy; gpugy;akhd ,yq;iff; fiyQu;fs;

jpU. T.V. gpr;riag;gh

Gj;Jthl;b NrhK

G. rz;Kfhde;jk;

taypd;taypd;taypd;taypd;taypd;

tpy;tpy;tpy;tpy;tpy;

164

taypd; ghfq;fs;taypd; ghfq;fs;taypd; ghfq;fs;taypd; ghfq;fs;taypd; ghfq;fs;

1. RUs; jiy (Scroll)

2. gpUilfs; (pegs)

3. tpuy; gyif (Finger Board)

4. Nky; gyif (Belly)

5. fPo;g; gyif (Back)

6. Nky; gyif (Ribs)

7. thrpf;Fk; je;jpfs; (4 Strings)

8. f tbt Jisfs; (f - Holes)

9. Fjpiu(bridge)

10. ke;jpu ];jhap rl;lk;

11. ehjf; Fr;rp

12. jpUFfs; (Screw adjuster)

13. nla;y; gP]; (Tail piece)

14. nghj;jhd; (Tail pin)

15. cly; ghfk; (Body)

16. gpuilg; ngl;b (peg box)

17. tpy; Kid

18. cNuhk ,izg;G

19. Fjpiu Kb cNuhkq;fs;

20. Kj;Jr; rpg;gp jfL

21. tpy; jpUF (Bow screw)

22. g+z;

165



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.7Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.7Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.7Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.7Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.7 : : : : : jhsjrg; gpuhzq;fs;> 175 jhsq;fs;> fjpNgjq;fs; gw;wp

tpsf;Ftu;.

fw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgW : : : : : • jhsjrg; gpuhzq;fis cjhuzj;Jld; tpsf;Fjy;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 4.6.14.6.14.6.14.6.14.6.1 ::::: jhsjrg; gpuhzq;fis tpsf;fy;.


ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • jhsjrg; gpuhzq;fspd; tpsf;fk;

ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL ::::: • jhsjrg; gpuhzq;fspd; gl;bay;

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • jhsjrg; gpuhzq;fspd; gl;baiyf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp

jhsjrg;gpuhzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;

• jhsjrg; gpuhzq;fs; jhsj;jpd; 10 capu; epiyfs;

vd;gij tpsf;Fjy;

• jhsjrg; gpuhzq;fs; xt;nthd;iwAk; cjhuzq;f

Sld; tpsf;Fjy;

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • jhsjrg; gpuhzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLtu;.

• jhsjrg; gpuhzq;fis cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Ftu;.

• jhsjrg; gpuhzq;fs; jhsj;jpd; 10 capu; epiyfs;

vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;tu;.

crhj;Jiz E}y;crhj;Jiz E}y;crhj;Jiz E}y;crhj;Jiz E}y;crhj;Jiz E}y; ::::: • Nguhrpupau; gp. rhk;g%u;j;jp

- fu;ehlf ]q;fPj G];jfk; - %d;whk; ghfk;

• gp.b. nry;yj;Jiu

- njd;df ,irapay;

166

jhsjrg;gpuhzq;fs;jhsjrg;gpuhzq;fs;jhsjrg;gpuhzq;fs;jhsjrg;gpuhzq;fs;jhsjrg;gpuhzq;fs;

jhsjrg;gpuhzq;fshtd - fhyk;> khu;f;fk;> fpupia> mq;fk;> fpu`k;> [hjp>

fis> yak;> ajp> gpu];jhuk; vd;gd.

fhyk;:fhyk;:fhyk;:fhyk;:fhyk;:

jhsg; Nghf;fpd; msTf;Fk; ghl;L nry;Yk; Ntfj;jpd; msTf;FKs;s njhlu;igf;

Fwpg;gNj fhyk; vdg;gLk;. 100 xNu msthd jhkiu ,jo;fis vLj;J mLf;fhff;

fl;b mjdpy; Xu; Crpia Eiof;ifapy; vLf;Fk; NeuNk 1 fzk; vdg;gLk;.

8 fzq;fs; - 1 ytk;

8 ytk; - 1 fhl;lk;

8 fhl;lk; - 1 epkplk;

8 epkplk; - 1 fis

2 fis - 1 rJu;g;ghfk;

2 rJu;g;ghfk; - 1 mDj;Ujk;

2 mDj;Ujk; - 1 j;Ujk;

2 j;Ujk; - 1 yF

2 yF - 1 FU

3 yF - 1 g;Yjk;

4 yF - 1 fhfghjk;

,e;j 12 myFfspy; Kjy; 6 myFfSk; #f;Fk; fhyq;fs; vdTk; gpd; 6

myFfSk; ];J}y fhyq;fs; vdTk; $wg;gLk;. mg;gpahr tupirfspy; xU jhs

ml;ru vz;zpf;iff;F xU ];tukhfg; ghLtJ Kjyhk; fhyk; vd;Wk;> ,uz;L

];tukhfg;ghLtJ ,uz;lhk; fhynkd;Wk;> ehd;F ];tukhfg;ghLtJ %d;whk;

fhyk; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. tu;zq;fs;> fPu;j;jidfs;> fpUjpfs; ghLk;nghOJ

xU jhs ml;ru vz;zpf;iff;F 4 ];tuq;fs; vd;w tifapy; Kjyhk; fhyj;ijAk;

8 ];tuq;fs; ,uz;lhk; fhyj;ijAk; 16 ];tuq;fs; %d;whk; fhyj;ijAk;

Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

2. khu;f;fk;2. khu;f;fk;2. khu;f;fk;2. khu;f;fk;2. khu;f;fk;

,J khj;jpiuapd; fhy mistf; nfhz;l 6 fhyj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;. ~~rq;fPj

uj;dhfuj;jpy;|| yFtpd; msitf; nfhz;Nl khj;jpiuia epr;rapj;jpUg;gjhy; 4

ml;ruq;fspd; msitf;nfhz;lNj (rJ];uyF) xU khj;jpiu mDgt uPjpahfg;

nghUe;Jk;. tof;fpy; 6 khu;f;fq;fs; cs;sd. ,it \l;khu;f;fq;fs; vdg;gLk;.

167

mitahtd:

1. jl;rpz khu;f;fk; 2. thu;j;jpf khu;f;fk; 3. rpj;jpu khu;f;fk;

4. rpj;jpu jukhu;f;fk; 5. mu;j;jr; rpj;jpu khu;f;fk; 6. mjp rpj;jpu khu;f;fk;

tiffs; tiffs; tiffs; tiffs; tiffs; xU jhs ml;ruj;jpw;F xU jhs xU jhs ml;ruj;jpw;F xU jhs xU jhs ml;ruj;jpw;F xU jhs xU jhs ml;ruj;jpw;F xU jhs xU jhs ml;ruj;jpw;F xU jhs

khj;jpiufs; khj;jpiufs; khj;jpiufs; khj;jpiufs; khj;jpiufs; ml;ruj;jpw;F Ruq;fs; ml;ruj;jpw;F Ruq;fs; ml;ruj;jpw;F Ruq;fs; ml;ruj;jpw;F Ruq;fs; ml;ruj;jpw;F Ruq;fs;

1. jl;rpz khu;f;fk; 8 32

2. thu;j;jpf khu;f;fk; 4 16

3. rpj;jpu khu;f;fk; 2 8

4. rpj;jpu jukhu;f;fk; 1 4

5. mu;j;jr; rpj;jpu khu;f;fk; 1/2 2

6. mjp rpj;jpu khu;f;fk; 1/4 1

Nkw;$wg;gl;l 6 khu;f;fq;fspy; Kjy; %d;Wk; gy;ytpfs; ghLk; Kiwapy; jhd;

gad;gLk;. vQ;rpAs;s %d;Wk; fpUjpfspYk; kw;w ,ir tbtq;fspYk;

ifahsg;gl;Ls;sd.

cjhuzkhf : rpj;jpuju khu;f;fk;

1. vtudp (Njthk;Ujtu;\zp) - jpahfuh[ Rthkpfs;

2. jhupzp (Rj;jrhNtup) - jpahfuh[ Rthkpfs;

3. kPdhÑp (G+u;tp fy;ahzp) - Kj;J];thkp jPÑpju;

3. fpupia3. fpupia3. fpupia3. fpupia3. fpupia

jhsj;jpd; mq;fq;fisf; ifr; nra;ifapdhy; fhl;LtJ fpupia MFk;. ,J

,uz;L tifg;gLk;.

1. rrg;j fpupia

2. eprg;j fpupia

jhsj;jpd; mq;fq;fisf; ifapdhy; XirAld; jl;Lk;NghJ mjw;Fr; rrg;jf;

fpupia vd;W ngau;. Mjp jhsj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; yFtpd; Kjy; ml;ruj;ijj;

jl;bf; fhl;Lfpd;Nwhk;. ,J rrg;j fpupia MFk;. ,jw;Fg; gpd;G tUk;

tpunyz;zpf;if eprg;jfpupia MFk;.

1. rrg;j fpupia - mDj;Ujk;> j;Ujj;jpd; Muk;gj;jl;L> yFtpd; Muk;gj;jl;L

2. eprg;j fpupia - tPr;R> tpuy; vz;zpf;if> fpU\;ia> ]u;g;gpzp> gjhfk;

168

Ο

Ο

∪

Ο8

Ο8

∪

8

8

∪

8

Ο

∪

8

Ο

4. mq;fk;4. mq;fk;4. mq;fk;4. mq;fk;4. mq;fk;

jhsj;jpy; cs;s gy;NtW gFjpfis mjd; mq;fq;fs; vd;W $Wfpd;Nwhk;. ,it

MW tifg;gLk;. ,it \lq;fq;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLk;. jhsj;jpd; MW

mq;fq;fSk; gpd;tUkhW:

1. mDj;Ujk; (∪) 2. j;Ujk; (Ο) 3. yF ( )

4. FU ( 8) 5. GYjk; (8) 6. fhfghjk; (+)

,tw;wpy; Kjy; %d;W mq;fq;fs; kl;Lk; ]{shjp> rg;j jhsq;fspy; tUfpd;wd.

108 jhsq;fspy; \lq;fq;fisAk; fhzyhk;. NkYk; MW mq;fq;fSk; Nrhlrhq;fk;

vd 16 mq;fq;fshf tpuptilfpd;wd. \lq;fq;fSld; tpuhkk; vd;Dk; Xu;

mq;fj;ij ntt;NtW ,lq;fspy; nghUj;jkhf Nru;f;Fk;NghJ Nrhlrhq;fq;fs;

vd;wiof;fg;gLk;. ,t;thwhf 16 mq;fq;fis ehk; ngw Kbfpd;wJ.

Nrhlrhq;f tpguk;Nrhlrhq;f tpguk;Nrhlrhq;f tpguk;Nrhlrhq;f tpguk;Nrhlrhq;f tpguk;

ngau;ngau;ngau;ngau;ngau; FwpaPLFwpaPLFwpaPLFwpaPLFwpaPL ml;ru fhyk;ml;ru fhyk;ml;ru fhyk;ml;ru fhyk;ml;ru fhyk;

1. mDj;Ujk; ∪ 1

2. j;Ujk; Ο 2

3. j;Ujtpuhkk; ∪ 3

4. yF 4

5. yF tpuhkk; ∪ 5

6. yF j;Ujk; Ο 6

7. yF j;Uj tpuhkk; ∪ 7

8. FU 8 8

9. FU tpuhkk; 8 9

10. FU j;Ujk; 10

11. FUj;Uj tpuhkk; 11

12. GYjk; 12

13. GYj tpuhkk; 13

14. GYj j;Ujk; 14

15. GYjj;Uj tpuhkk; 15

16. fhfghjk; + 16

169

5. fpu`k;5. fpu`k;5. fpu`k;5. fpu`k;5. fpu`k;

jhsj;jpy; ghl;L ve;j ,lj;jpy; Muk;gpf;fpwNjh me;j ,lj;jpw;F fpu`k; my;yJ

vLg;G vd;W ngau;. vLg;G %tifg;gLk;.

1. ]k vLg;G (]k fpu`k;)

2. mdhfj vLg;G ( mdhfj fpu`k;)

3. mjPj vLg;G (mjPj fpu`k;)

rk f;u`k; - jhsKk; ghl;Lk; xNu rkaj;jpy; Muk;gpj;jy;

cjhuzk;: ]jhghya - Nkhfdk;

mdhfj f;u`k; - jhsk; njhlq;fpagpd; ghl;L Muk;gpj;jy;

cjhuzk;: ,lJ ghjk; - fkh];

mjPj f;u`k; - jhsk; njlq;FKd; ghl;L Muk;gpj;jy;.

mjhtJ Ke;jpd Mtu;j;jj;jpy; filrpapy;

ghl;L Muk;gpj;jy;.

cjhuzk;: rptfhkRe;jup - Kfhup

]kkw;w vLg;Ng tprk vLg;ghFk;.

vdNt mdhfj> mjPj vLg;Gfis

tprk vLg;gpd; ,U gpupTfshff;

nfhs;syhk;.

fpu`k; (vLg;G)

rkk; tprkk;

jhsk; mdhfjk; mjPjk;

ghl;L

6. [hjp6. [hjp6. [hjp6. [hjp6. [hjp

[hjp yFtpd; vz;zpf;ifia epu;zapf;fpwJ. yFtpy; 5 [hjpfs; cz;L.

mitahtd : jp];uyF (|3)> rJ];u yF (|

4)> fz;lyF (|

5)> kp];uyF (|

7)>

rq;fPu;z yF (|9) vd;gd. 7 jhsq;fSk; yFtpd; 5 [hjp Ngjj;jhy; (7 x 5 = 35) 35

jhsq;fshfpd;wd.

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12345678901231234567890123123456789012312345678901231234567890123

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170

7. fis7. fis7. fis7. fis7. fis

xU jhs ml;ruj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rpW gFjpf;Ff; fis vd;W ngau;. ,J

jhsq;fSf;Fupa fhy epu;zaj;ij KbT nra;fpwJ. fis %d;W tifg;gLk;.

mitahtd Vf fis> j;tp fis> rJu; fis

1. Vf fis - xU jhs ml;ruj;jpw;F xU ];tukhfg; ghLjy;.

(xU fis)

2. j;tp fis - xU jhs ml;ruj;jpw;F ,uz;L ];tuq;fs; ghLjy;.

(2 fis)

3. rJu; fis - xU jhs ml;ruj;jpw;F ehd;F ];tuq;fs; ghLjy;.

(4 fis)

fPjq;fspy; Vf fisiaAk; tu;zq;fspYk; gy fpUjpfspYk; j;tpfisiaAk;

gy;ytpfspy; rJu;fisiaAk; ehk; fhzyhk;.

8. yak;8. yak;8. yak;8. yak;8. yak;

jhsj;jpd; fhyg;gpukhzk; yak; vdg;gLk;. yapj;jy; xd;Wjy; my;yJ ,ire;jpUj;jy;

vd;Dk; nghUs; nfhz;l ,r;nrhy;> jhsj;jpd; Ntfj;ijAk;> fhyg; gpukhzj;ijAk;

epiy epWj;JtjhFk;. yak; %d;W tifg;gLk;.

tpsk;gpjyak; (nrsf;f fhyk;)

jhsj;jpd; Nghf;F nkJthfr; nry;Yk;.

cjhuzk;: =fhe;jpkjp - N`ktjp - Mjp - Kj;J];thkp jPl;rju;

kj;jpk yak; (kj;jpkfhyk;)

,jpy; jhsj;jpd; Nghf;F eLj;jukhfr; nry;Yk;

cjhuzk;: khatpj;ij - fu`ug;gpupah - Mjp - Kj;Jj;jhz;ltu;

Jupj yak; (Jupj fhyk;)

,jpy; jhsj;jpd; Nghf;F Ntfkhfr; nry;Yk;.

cjhuzk;: ]u]u]kNu - Fe;jytuhsp - jpahfuh[u;

171

,k;%d;W tpj yaq;fSk; NkYk; Kk;%d;whf EZf;fkhfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

1. tpsk;gpj tpsk;gpj yak;

tpsk;gpj kj;jpk yak;

tpsk;gpj Jupj yak;

2. kj;jpk tpsk;gpj yak;

kj;jpk kj;jpk yak;

kj;jpk Jupj yak;

3. Jupj tpsk;gpj yak;

Jupj kj;jpk yak;

Jupj Jupj yak;

9. ajp

xU jhsj;jpd; mikg;gpy; cs;s mq;fq;fisg; gy tiffspy; tptupj;Jf; fhl;Lk;

Kiwf;F ajp vd;W ngau;. ,J ghl;bd; mikg;gpy; cs;s Fwpg;gpl;l tif

mzpiaAk; Fwpf;Fk;. ,jd; mikg;igg; nghWj;J ajpfs; MW tiffshfg;

gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it \l;ajp vdg;gLk;. mitahtd:

1. rkajp 2. tprk ajp

3. NfhGr;rajp 4. ];NuhNjhtfajp

5. lkU ajp 6. kpUjq;f ajp

1. rkajp1. rkajp1. rkajp1. rkajp1. rkajp

,jpy; jhsj;jpd; mq;fq;fs; rkkha; tUk;. gq;f[hÑp vd;W njhlq;Fk; fhk;Nghjp

,uhf tu;zj;jpd; filrp vj;Jf;fil ];tuj;jpd; Kjy; Mtu;j;jk;.

epepjj - ggkk - ffup] epgj];

kfkg - jgkg - jup];ep - gj];];

2. tprkajp2. tprkajp2. tprkajp2. tprkajp2. tprkajp

,jpy; vy;yh mq;fq;fSk; fpukk; jtwpf; FWfpAk;> ePz;Lk; tUk;. ,J Xu;

xOq;fpy; mika khl;lhJ.

cjhuzk;; jfjupfplj - j - jfjpkp - jfpl

172

3. NfhGr;rajp3. NfhGr;rajp3. NfhGr;rajp3. NfhGr;rajp3. NfhGr;rajp

,J gRtpd; thiyg;Nghy Muk;gj;jpy; mfykhfTk;> gpd; FWfpf; nfhz;Nl

NghFk; mikg;ig cilaJ.

cjhuzk;: Kj;J];thkp jPÑpjupd; Mde;j igutp ,uhff; fpUjpapy;

jpahfuh[ Nahf itgtk;

uh[ Nahf itgtk;

Nahf itgtk;

itgtk;

gtk;

4. ];NuhNjht` ajp4. ];NuhNjht` ajp4. ];NuhNjht` ajp4. ];NuhNjht` ajp4. ];NuhNjht` ajp

,J Mw;iwg; Nghy; njhlf;fj;jpy; FWfpAk;> gpd; tpupe;J nfhz;L NghFk;

mikg;igAilaJ.

cjhuzk;: rpiwahUk; klf;fpspNa vd;W njhlf;Fk; Njthuj;jpy;

KiwahNy

ghy; KiwahNy

,q;Nf th NjndhL ghy; KiwahNy

fpspNa ,q;Nf thNjndhL ghy; KiwahNy

klf;fpspNa ,q;Nf thNjndhL ghy; KiwahNy

rpiwahUk; klf;fpspNa ,q;Nf th NjndhL ghy; KiwahNy

5. lkU ajp5. lkU ajp5. lkU ajp5. lkU ajp5. lkU ajp

,J Ntjkj;jpk ajp vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. cLf;if vd;w thj;ak; Nghy;

Kjypy; $bAk; gpd; Fiwe;J> jpUk;gTk; $bAk; tUtJ.

cjhuzk;: jfjup fpljf - jf - jfjupfpljf

6. kpUjq;f ajp6. kpUjq;f ajp6. kpUjq;f ajp6. kpUjq;f ajp6. kpUjq;f ajp

kpUjq;fk; Nghy; eLtpy; mfd;Wk;> ,U gf;fq;fSk; FWfpr; nry;Yk; mikg;igf;

nfhz;lJ. kpUjq;f ajp MFk;. cjhuzk;: fhk;Nghjp ,uhf gq;f[h\p vd;w

tu;zj;jpy; gjep - kgjep - fkgjep - upfkgjep - fkgjep - kgjep - gjep

173

10. gpu];jhuk;10. gpu];jhuk;10. gpu];jhuk;10. gpu];jhuk;10. gpu];jhuk;

gpu];jhuk; vd;why; guTjy;> tpupT nra;jy; vd;W nghUs;. xU jhs mq;fj;ij

vj;jid tiffspy; ehk; tpupj;Jf; fhl;l KbANkh mj;jid tiffspy; tpupj;Jf;

fhl;Lk; NghJ me;j mq;fj;ij gpu];jhuk; nra;fpd;Nwhk; vd;W nghUs;.

cjhuzkhf xU rJ];u yFit vLj;Jf;nfhs;Nthk;.

1. |4 - 4

2. Ο + Ο = 4

2 + 2 = 4

3. ∪ + ∪ = 4

4. Ο + ∪ + ∪ = 4

2 1 1

5. ∪ + ∪ + Ο = 4

1 1 2

6. ∪ + Ο + ∪ = 4

1 2 1

7. ∪ + ∪ + ∪ + ∪ = 4

1 1 1 1

8. ∪ + ∪ = 4

1 3

Ο

Ο

174



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.8Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.8Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.8Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.8Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.8 : : : : : fhJ> Fuy;tis> xyp> xypapd; myFfs; gw;wp mwpe;J

$Wthu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • fhJ> Fuy;tis vd;gdtw;wpd; mikg;ig tpsf;Fjy;.

• fhJ> Fuy;tis vd;gdtw;wpd; njhopw;ghl;il

tpsf;Fjy;.

• Fuy;tisiag; ghJfhj;jy;> ,irapy; Fuy; tisapd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wpf; $Wjy;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 4.1.14.1.14.1.14.1.14.1.1 ::::: fhJ> Fuy;tis Mfpatw;wpd; njhopw;ghLfis

tpsf;Fjy;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • fhJ> Fuy; tisapd; mikg;G> njhopw;ghL> ,irapy;

fhJ ngWk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;> Fuy;tisapd; mikg;G>

njhopw;ghL> ,irapy; Fuy; tisapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL ::::: • fhJ> Fuy;tis Mfpatw;wpd; mikg;ig tpsf;Fk;

glq;fs;.

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • fhJ> Fuy;tis Mfpatw;wpd; mikg;ig tpsf;Fk;

glq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp

• fhjpd; mikg;G> njhopw;ghL> ,irapy; fhJ ngWk;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.

• Fuy;tisapd; mikg;G> njhopw;ghL> ,irapy; Fuy;

tis ngWk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.

• Fuy; tisiag; ghJfhf;Fk; Kiwfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • fhJ> Fuy;tisapd; mikg;G> njhopw;ghL gw;wp

tpsf;Ftu;.

• Fuy; tisapd; mikg;G> njhopw;ghL gw;wp tpsf;Ftu;.

• Fuy;tisiag; ghJfhf;Fk; Kiwia vLj;Jf; $Wtu;.

• ,irf;fy;tpf;F fhJ> Fuy;tis Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngW

fpd;wd vd;gij Vw;Wf; nfhs;tu;.

175


MrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhdit ::::: • ,g;ghlj;jpidf; fw;gpg;gjw;Fk; Nkyjpf tpsf;fj;jpid

mspg;gjw;Fk; tpQ;Qhd Mrpupaupd; cjtpia

ehlyhk;.

khztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhdit ::::: • Nkyjpf tpsf;fj;jpidg; ngw tpQ;Qhd Mrpupaupd;

cjtpia ehlyhk;.

crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; :crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; :crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; :crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; :crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; : • Mu;.Nf. tp];tehjd; - ]q;fPj E}y;

- (Acoustics)

• gp.b. nry;yj;Jiw. Nr.r. - njd;df ,irapay;

• lhf;lu; Nf.V. gf;fpup rhkpghujp - ,e;jpa ,irf;

fUT+yk;

176

fhJ> Fuy;tis Mfpatw;wpd; njhopw;ghLfs;fhJ> Fuy;tis Mfpatw;wpd; njhopw;ghLfs;fhJ> Fuy;tis Mfpatw;wpd; njhopw;ghLfs;fhJ> Fuy;tis Mfpatw;wpd; njhopw;ghLfs;fhJ> Fuy;tis Mfpatw;wpd; njhopw;ghLfs;

fhjpd; mikg;Gfhjpd; mikg;Gfhjpd; mikg;Gfhjpd; mikg;Gfhjpd; mikg;G

• kdpjdJ Ik;Gyd;fspy; nrtpg;Gyd; kpfTk; El;gkhdJk;> tho;f;iff;F kpfTk;

Kf;fpakhdJkhFk;.

• nrtpiag; Gwr;nrtp> eLr;nrtp> cl;nrtp vd %d;whfg; gpupf;fyhk;.

• Gwr;nrtpapy; nrtpg;Gdy; - nrtpr;Nrhiz (Pinna)> Gwr;nrtpf;fhy;tha;; (Audiotary

Canal)> nrtpg;giw nkd;rt;T (Drum skin) vd;gd mlq;fpAs;sd.

• Gwr;nrtpf;fhy;thapd; filrpapy; nrtpg;Gw nkd;rt;T mike;Js;sJ.

• eLr;nrtpapy; M]pf;fps;]; (Ossicles) vd;Dk; %d;W vd;Gfshyhd nrtpr;

rpw;nwd;Gfs; njhlu; xd;W cs;sJ. ,k;%d;W vd;GfSk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W kpfTk;

El;gkhfg; gpizf;fg;gl;L xU Kid nrtpg;Gw nkd;rt;TlDk; kw;nwhU Kid

cl;nrtpAlDk; ,izf;fg; gl;Ls;sd.

• eLr;nrtpapd; Kf;fpa ghfk; ej;ij Xl;ilg; Nghd;w ej;ijr;RUs; (Cochlea)

vdg;gLk; gFjpahFk;. ,jd; ePsk; 3.1cm. ,jd; cl;Gwk; ~~Ngrpyhu; nkk;gpNud;||

(Basilar Membrane) mb nkd;rt;T vdg;gLk; mbr;rt;tpdhy; ,uz;L miwfshfg;

gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jidr; nrtp euk;Gfs; (Auditory Nerves) %isAld;

,izf;fpd;wd.

• Rkhu; 24>000 euk;Gfs; Ngrpyhu; mb nkd;rt;tpy; ,Ug;gjhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

fhjpd; njhopw;ghLfhjpd; njhopw;ghLfhjpd; njhopw;ghLfhjpd; njhopw;ghLfhjpd; njhopw;ghL

• Gwr;nrtpf; fhy;thapd; gf;fq;fspy; FUk;ig vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk; xUtpj nkOF

,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,jdhy; vWk;G Kjypa rpW g+r;rpfs; Rygkhf cl;nry;y KbahJ.

• Ngrpyhu; mb nkd;rt;tpy;; Mapuf;fzf;fhd rpW euk;Gfs; (Fibres) ,Uf;fpd;wd.

,itfs; jhd; ehk; Nfl;Fk; rg;jj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Uf;fpd;wd.

• rg;jj;jpd; xyp miyfs; nrtpg;giw nkd;rt;tpy; NkhJtjhy; Vw;gLk; mjpu;r;rp

fhf;ypahtpy; ej;ijr; RUspy; guTfpwJ. mg;nghOJ me;j mjpu;r;rpf;Ff;

fhuzkhAs;s Jbg;G vz;zpf;iff;Fj; jFe;jhw;Nghy; mbr;rt;tpy; cs;s

euk;Gfs; cldpaf;fk; nra;J Nfs;tp euk;Gfs; %yk; %isf;Fr; rg;jj;jpd;

czu;r;rp Vw;gLfpwJ.

• Nfl;Fk; rg;jj;jpd; RUjpf;Fj; jFe;jhw;Nghy; Ngrpyhu; mbnkd;rt;tpd;; cldpaq;Fk;

gFjp mikfpwJ vdf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

177

fhJ rk;ge;jkhd Vida tplaq;fs;fhJ rk;ge;jkhd Vida tplaq;fs;fhJ rk;ge;jkhd Vida tplaq;fs;fhJ rk;ge;jkhd Vida tplaq;fs;fhJ rk;ge;jkhd Vida tplaq;fs;

• ehk; Nfl;Fk; rg;jq;fspd; RUjpf;F cau;e;j vy;iyAk; jho;e;j vy;iyAk;

cz;L.

• Rkhu; 16 Hz f;Ff; Fiwthf Jbg;G (Hertz) cz;lhdhy; rg;jk; Nfl;fhJ

vd;Wk;> NkNy Rkhu; 20>000 Hz f;F mjpfkhfj; Jbg;G Vw;gl;lhy; rg;jk;

Nfl;fhJ vd;Wk; fz;Lgpbf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ.

• cau;e;j RUjpfisf; Nfl;Fk; rf;jp taijg; nghWj;jpUf;fpd;wJ. KJik

mila mila cau;e;j RUjpfisf; Nfl;f Kbtjpy;iy.

• rq;fPj rk;ge;jkhd 4000 Hz f;F Nky; RUjpAs;s xypfs; cgNahfg;gLj;jg;

gltpy;iy.

• rhjhuzkhf 11 ];jhap tiuapy; rg;jk; Nfl;ff; $Lnkd;W fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

fhJfhJfhJfhJfhJ

Fuy;tisapd; mikg;GFuy;tisapd; mikg;GFuy;tisapd; mikg;GFuy;tisapd; mikg;GFuy;tisapd; mikg;G

• rq;fPj thj;jpaq;fSs; kpfTk; Nkd;ikahdJ kdpjdJ NgRk; mtatkhFk;.

,jid kplw;Wf; fUtp vd;gu;.

• njhz;iliag; nghJthf ghupq;]; (Pharynx) Fuy;tis vd;W nrhy;tu;. ,jd;

mbg;ghfk; Kd;Gwj;jpy; (Larynx) Fuy;tis vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk;. xypg;ngl;b

Kjw;nfhz;l gpd;Gwj;jpy; czTf;Foha; tiu tpahgpj;J ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

178

• xypg;ngl;b (Voice box) ehd;F FUj;njYk;Gfshy; (frpapioaq;fshy;) Mf;fg;

gl;lJ. mjDs; Fuy; ehz;fs; (Vocal corde) vd;w ,U rd;dj; Njhy;fs;

,Uf;fpd;wd. ,it gf;fthl;by; jir fspdhy; ,Of;fg;gl;L Rthrf; Fohapd;

Jthuj;ijf; fjTfs; Nghy; %bf;nfhs;fpd;wd. ehk; Ngrhky; fhw;iw

cl;nfhs;Sk;NghJ mit tpyfp toptpLfpd;wd.

Fuy;tisapd; njhopw;ghLfs;Fuy;tisapd; njhopw;ghLfs;Fuy;tisapd; njhopw;ghLfs;Fuy;tisapd; njhopw;ghLfs;Fuy;tisapd; njhopw;ghLfs;

• ehk; Rthrk; tpLk; fhw;W xypg;ngl;bapy; ,Ue;J te;J njhz;il> tha;> %f;F

topahf ntspg;gLfpd;wJ.

• ehk; NgrKaYk;NghJ Fuy;ehz;fspd; jirfs; nefpo;e;J Fuy;tisapd; tha;

rpwpjha; tpLfpd;wJ. mg;NghJ EiuaPuypy; ,Ue;J ntsptUk; fhw;W Fuy;

ehz;fisj; Jbf;fr; nra;fpd;wd. ,jdhy; xyp cz;lhfpd;wJ. ,t;nthyp

njhz;il> tha;> %f;F Kjypa ,lq;fspy; cs;s fhw;wpdhy; gyg;gLj;jg;gl;L

ntspf;fhw;wpy; guTfpd;wJ.

Fuy;tis njhlu;ghd Vida tplaq;fs;Fuy;tis njhlu;ghd Vida tplaq;fs;Fuy;tis njhlu;ghd Vida tplaq;fs;Fuy;tis njhlu;ghd Vida tplaq;fs;Fuy;tis njhlu;ghd Vida tplaq;fs;

• Fuy; ehz;fs; ngz;fSf;F ,Ug;gjpYk; ghu;f;f Mz;fSf;Fr; rw;W ePz;Lk;

jbj;Jk; ,Ug;gjhy; Mz;fs; ghLk; Mjhu RUjp ngz;fspd; Mjhu RUjpiatplf;

Fiwthf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. NkYk; ,sk; tajpy; Fuy; ehz;fs; nky;ypajha;

,Ug;gjhdy; rpWtu;fsJ Mjhu RUjp ngupatu;fspd; Mjhu RUjpiaf;

fhl;bYk; cau;thfNt ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

• xypfspd; RUjp Fuy; ehz;fspd; ,U tpirfspy; jq;fpAs;sJ. mtw;wpd;

gz;G> tha; %f;F vd;gtw;wpy; jq;fpAs;sJ.

• Fuy; ehz;fis mirf;Fk; fhw;W> tha; %f;F Kjypa ,lq;fspy; ,Ue;J

jq;Fjilapd;wp ntsptug; goFtij xt;nthU ghlfUk; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

• Fuiyj; jpUj;Jtjw;F Kd; Rthrj;jpw;Fz;lhd jirfis rpwe;j Kiwapy;

cgNahfpf;fg; gof Ntz;Lk;.

• Nfs;tp Qhdj;jpd; %yk; jhd; Fuy; ehz;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk;. Vnddpy;

Fuy; ehz;fspd; euk;Gfs; fhJ euk;GfSld; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd.

,jpypUe;J Nfs;tp Qhdj;jpd; mtrpaj;ij ehk; czu;e;J nfhs;syhk;.

179

Fuy; ngl;b (Fuy; ngl;b (Fuy; ngl;b (Fuy; ngl;b (Fuy; ngl;b (Voice box)))))

gf;fthl;Lj; Njhw;wk;gf;fthl;Lj; Njhw;wk;gf;fthl;Lj; Njhw;wk;gf;fthl;Lj; Njhw;wk;gf;fthl;Lj; Njhw;wk;

%bapUj;jy; %bapUj;jy; %bapUj;jy; %bapUj;jy; %bapUj;jy; jpwe;jpUj;jy; jpwe;jpUj;jy; jpwe;jpUj;jy; jpwe;jpUj;jy; jpwe;jpUj;jy;

FWf;Fntl;Lj; Njhw;wk;FWf;Fntl;Lj; Njhw;wk;FWf;Fntl;Lj; Njhw;wk;FWf;Fntl;Lj; Njhw;wk;FWf;Fntl;Lj; Njhw;wk;

%bapUj;jy;%bapUj;jy;%bapUj;jy;%bapUj;jy;%bapUj;jy; jpwe;jpUj;jy; jpwe;jpUj;jy; jpwe;jpUj;jy; jpwe;jpUj;jy; jpwe;jpUj;jy;

Fuy;tisapd; ghfq;fs; (Fuy;tisapd; ghfq;fs; (Fuy;tisapd; ghfq;fs; (Fuy;tisapd; ghfq;fs; (Fuy;tisapd; ghfq;fs; (Parts of voice box)))))

1. Fuy;ngl;b thy;T> Fuy; ehz; (Vocal card)

2. fpupf;Nfhijuha;L rt;T (Cricothyroid Muscle and ligament)

3. fpupf;fha;L FUj;njYk;G (Cricoid Cartilage)

4. mupl;eha;L FUj;njOk;G (Arytenoid Catilage)

5. ijuha;L FUj;njOk;G (Thyroid cartilage)

180



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1 : : : : : p̀e;J];jhdp ,irapd; gpugy;akhd jhsq;fs; thj;jpaf;

fUtpfs; gw;wp mwpe;J $Wthu;.

fw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgW : : : : : • jNgyh> ]huq;fp Mfpa ,irf;fUtpfspd; mikg;gpid

tpsf;Fjy;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 5.1.15.1.15.1.15.1.15.1.1 ::::: `pe;J];jhdp thj;jpaf; fUtpfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • jNgyh> ]huq;fp Mfpatw;wpd; mikg;G.

ghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtis ::::: 04 - jNgyh - 02 ghlNtis

]huq;fp - 02 ghlNtis

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • `pe;J];jhdp ,irf;fUtpfs; gw;wp jtiz 1 ,y;

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL fw;gpg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l fw;gpj;jy; KiwiaAk;>

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L KiwiaAk; gpd;gw;wp jNgyh>

]huq;fp Mfpa `pe;J];jhdp ,irf;fUtpfs; gw;wpf;

fw;gpf;fyhk;.

181

jNgyhjNgyhjNgyhjNgyhjNgyh

tl ,e;jpa rq;fPjj;jpy; jNgyh kpf Kf;fpakhd jhs thj;jpakhf tpsq;FfpwJ.

13MtJ E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j mkPu;F];U vd;gtuhy; jNgyh thj;jpak;

fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. jNgyh ,uz;L ghfq;fshy; MdJ. ,lJ ifahy;

thrpf;fg;gLtJ gahd; vdTk;> tyJ ifahy; thrpf;fg;gLtJ jahd; vdTk;

miof;fg;gLk;. gahd; kz;zpdhNyh> nrk;gpdhNyh Mf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. jahd;

kuj;jpdhy; Mf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,uz;bdJk; Nkw;ghfkhdJ Njhypdhy;

%lg;gl;bUf;Fk;. cUis tbtkhd kuj;Jz;Lfs; jNgyhtpy; nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

kuj;Jz;Lfis NkNyAk; fPNoAk; efu;j;Jtjd; %yk; RUjpiaf; $l;lTk;>

Fiwf;fTk; KbAk;. jNgyh 12 mq;Fyk; Kjy; 15 mq;Fyk; tiu ePsKs;sJ.

jahid tpl gahd; 1 mq;Fyk; my;yJ 2 mq;Fyk; FiwthdJ.

jNgyhtpd; Nkw;Gwj;jpy; eLtpy; ~];ah`p| vdg;gLk; fWg;Gg; gir epue;jukhfg;

g+rg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,J kj;jpapy; ,y;yhky; xU fiuia mz;kpj;J ,Uf;Fk;.

jNgyh thrpg;gjpy; ntt;NtW ghzpfs; cs. ,g;ghzpfs; PURVABAJ, DILLIBAJ,

AJRARABAJ Nghd;witahFk;.

fr;Nrupapy; gpujhd ghlfu; my;yJ thj;jpaf; fUtpia ,irg;gtu; jNgyhtpd;

[jpfis (Nlf;fhf;fis) mDrupj;Nj ghl> thj;jpaj;ij ,irf; Ntz;Lk;. jw;NghJ

njd;dpe;jpahtpy; gf;jpg;ghly;> nky;ypirg;ghly;> g[idg; ghly;;fSf;Fk; jNgyh

gf;fthj;jpakhf thrpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thj;jpak; fjf; eldj;jpw;Fk; gf;fthj;jpakhf

thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. jw;fhyj;jpy; gujehl;ba epfo;r;rpfspYk; jNgyh gf;fthj;jpakhf

thrpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

mghd; E. kp];up (Mistri)

my;yhuf;fhfhd; (Alla Rakka khan)

my;yhuhf;fhfhdpd; Gjy;tu; c];jhj; ]hfpu; `{ird; (Usted Zahir Hussain)

MfpNahu; jNgyh thrpg;gjpy; gpugy;akhdtu;fs;.

182

]huq;fp]huq;fp]huq;fp]huq;fp]huq;fp

tl ,e;jpa ,irapNy ]huq;fp gpujhd

gf;fthj;jpakhf thrpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thj;jp ak;

jdpahf thrpg;gjw;Fk; tha;g;ghl;bw;Fg; gf;fthj;jpa

khf thrpg;gjw;Fk; Vw;wjhf tpsq;FfpwJ.

,t;thj;jpaj;jpy; vy;yh tpjkhd fkfq;fisAk;

thrpf;f KbAk;.

]huq;fp thj;jpak; xU Guhjd thj;jpakhFk;.

,t;thj;jpak; ]huq;fh> ]huq;fp> ]huq;ftPzh

Nghd;w ngau;fSld; rq;fPj uj;dhfuk;> ghu;];t

Guhzk;> rq;fPj ju;g;gzk; Nghd;w E}y;fspy; Fwpg;

gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ]huq;fp thj;jpak; kuj;jpdhyhdJ.

60 nr.kP ePsKilaJ. RUjp $l;Ltjw;fhf ehd;F

gpuilfs; cs;sd. fPo;g;gFjpapd; kj;jpapy; ghyk;

mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ]huq;fpapd; fPo;g;ghfk; thrpg;

gtupd; kbapy; itj;J thrpf ;fg;gLfpwJ.

,t;thj;jpaj;jpd; tpy; Fjpiu kapupdhy; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;tpy;ypid tyJ

ifapdhy; gpbj;J thrpg;gu;. ,lJ if tpuy;fs; ];tu];jhdq;fis thrpg;gjw;Fg;

gad;gLfpd;wd. jw;fhyj;jpy; ]huq;fpapy; 35 - 40 tiuapyhd mDjhgj; je;jpfs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it rpwpa gpuilfspy; Rw;wg;gl;Ls;sd. thrpf;fg;gLk; ,uhfj;jpd;

];tu];jhdq;fSf;F Vw;g mDjhgj; je;jpfs; RUjp $l;lg;gLk;.

,t;thj;jpak; fjf; eldj;jpw;Fk; gf;fthj;jpakhf thrpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ]huq;fp

jdpf;fr;NrupahfTk; gf;fthj;jpakhfTk; thrpf;fg;gLfpwJ. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; rpy

Nfhapy;fspy; XJthu;fs; Njthuq;fs; ghlg;gLk; NghJ ]huq;fpiag;

gf;fthj;jpakhfg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. ~myhTjPd;fhd;| gz;bl;uhk; ehuhazd;>

mg;Jy;yhjPg;fhd;> JUgNfh\; MfpNahu;fs; ,t;thj;jpaj;ij thrpg;gjpy; gpugy;akhf

tpsq;fpdhu;fs;.

183



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.3 : : : : : Nkiyj;Nja ,irapd; ypgp Kiwapid tpsf;Ftu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • Nkiyj;Nja ,ir ypgp Kiwapd; ngaiuf;

Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• Nkiyj;Nja ,irapy; ]g;j];tuq;fSf;Fupa

ngaiuf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• 5 rkhe;ju NfhLfspy; Sharp, Flat NghLk; Kiwia

tpsf;Fjy;.

• fu;ehlf ,irapy; xslt> \hlt> ]k;g+u;z ,uhfq;

fspd; MNuhfz mtNuhfzq;fis Nkiyj;Nja ypgp

Kiwapy; vOJjy;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 4.1.14.1.14.1.14.1.14.1.1 ::::: fu;ehlf ,irapy; tof;fj;jpYs;s gpugy;akhd ,uhfq;

fspd; MNuhfz mtNuhfzq;fis Nkiyj;Nja ypgp

Kiwapy; vOJjy;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • Nkiyj;Nja ,ir ypgp Kiwapd; ngau;.

• Nkiyj;Nja ,irapy; rg;j];tuq;fSf;FKupa ngau;

• ,uhfq;fspd; MNuhfz: mtNuhfzq;fis Nkiyj;

Nja ypgp Kiwapy; vOJjy;


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL ::::: • Nkiyj;Nja ypgp Kiwapy; vOjg;gl;l ml;ilfs;

(fu;ehlf ,ir ,uhfq;fspd; MNuhfz> mtNuhf

zq;fs;)

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • Nkiyj;Nja ypgp Kiw ];lht; (Staff) nehNlrd; vd

miof;fg;gLtijf; $wp 7 ];tuq;fspw;Fk; Nkiyj;Nja

,irapy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; ngau;fis vLj;Jf;$wy;.

Do, Rey, Me, Fa, So, La, Te (Nlh> Nu> kP> th> N]h> yh>

B)

• 5 rkhe;ju tupfspy; G - Clef ,y; ];tuq;fis Nfhl;bd;

NkYk; NfhLfSf;fpilapYk; vOj Ntz;Lk; vd;gij

Niyj;Nja ypgp Kiwapy; vOjg;gl;l ml;il %yk;

tpsf;Fjy;.

• 5 rkhe;ju NfhLfSf;F mg;ghy; (];jhap vy;iyf;F

mg;ghw;gl;l) ];tuq;fs;> ,t;ite;J NfhLfSf;F

NkNyNah> fPNoNah rpwpa NfhLfspNyh (Ledger lines)

mjw;F NkNyNah vOjg;gLk; Kiwia tpsf;Fjy;.

184

• rhjhuzkhf ve;j milahsKk; (Sharp or flat) ,w;Fg;

gf;fj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;glhtpbd; mjd; ];tu];jhdk; rq;fuh

guz ,uhfj;jpw;F cupait vd;gjid rq;fuhguz

,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz - mtNuhfzk; (];lht;

nehNl\dpy;) vOjg;gl;l ml;il %yk; tpsf;Fjy;.

• Flat (b) milahsk;> Sharp # milahsk; vOJk;

Kiwia cjhuzk; %yk; tpsf;Fjy;.

b - `upfhk;Nghjp ,uhfk; (ifrpfp ep\hjk;)

# - fy;ahzp ,uhfk; (gpujp kj;jpkk;)

• NtW ,uhfq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L ,t;tpuhfq;fspd;

MNuhfz - mtNuhfzq;is Nkiyj;Nja ypgp

Kiwapy; vOj topg;gLj;jy;.

(fye;Jiuahly; %yk;; fw;gpf;fyhk;.)

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • rq;fuhguz ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz - mtNuhfzj;ij

Nkiyj;Nja ypgp Kiwapy; vOJtu;.

• Nkhfd ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz - mtNuhfzj;ij


• = uQ;rdp ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz mtNuhfzj;ij


crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; :crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; :crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; :crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; :crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; : • Nguhrpupau;. P. rk;g%u;j;jp

- Elements of W estern Music

• W illiam Lovelock

- The Rudiments of Music

• Dr. Gowri Kuppuswamy

- Text Book of comparative Music


MrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhdit ::::: • Nkiyj;Nja ,ir gw;wpa E}y;fis thrpg;gjpD}lhf

Tk; Nkiyj;Nja ,ir ty;Ydu;fs;> Mrpupau;fSld;

fye;JiuahLtjd; %ykhfTk; Nkiyj;Nja ,ir

gw;wpa mwpit tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;syhk;.

khztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhdit ::::: • jhk; mwpe;j fu;ehlf ,ir ,uhfq;fspd; MNuhfz

- mtNuhfzq;fis Nkiyj;Nja ypgp Kiwapy;

vOJtjd; %yk; Nkiyj;Nja ypgpapy; MNuhfz -

mtNuhfzq;fis vOJk; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;J

nfhs;syhk;.

185

INuhg;gpa rq;fPj ypgp KiwINuhg;gpa rq;fPj ypgp KiwINuhg;gpa rq;fPj ypgp KiwINuhg;gpa rq;fPj ypgp KiwINuhg;gpa rq;fPj ypgp Kiw

cyfj;jpy; toq;Fk; vy;yh rq;fPjj;jpw;Fk; rg;j ];tuq;fs; mbg;gilahd xU

tplakhFk;. Nkw;fj;jpa ,irapy; toq;Fk; rg;j ];tuq;fSk; Nlh> Nu> kP> th>

N]h> yh> B (Doh, Ray, Mi, Fah, Soh, La, Tee) vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,it

KiwNa ,e;jpa rq;fPjj;jpy; toq;Fk; rg;j];tuq;fshfpa ]> up> f> k> g> j> ep

vd;Dk; ];tuq;fSf;F xj;jit. Nkw;fj;jpa Solfa Kiw 995 - 1050 fp.gp.

fhyj;jpypUe;J tof;fpypUe;jJ.

Nkw;fj;jpa ,irapy; mbg;gilahd ,uhfk; Nk[u; ];Nfy; (Major Scale) fu;ehlf

,irapy; jPurq;fuhguzj;jpw;Fk; tl ,e;jpa ,irapy; gpyhtYf;Fk; xg;ghdJ.

Nk[u; ];Nfypy; cs;s ];tuq;fs; ehu;Ruy; (Natural) vd miof;fg;gLk;. ehu;Ruy;

my;yhj ];tuq;fs; gsl; (Flat) vd;Wk; ]hu;g; (Sharp) vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;.

Nfhks ];tuq;fs gsl; vd;Wk; jPtpu ];tuq;fs ]hu;g; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;.

cjhuzkhf fy;ahzp ,uhfj;jpd; gpujpkj;jpkk; (F sharp) vd miof;fg;gLk;.

`upfhk;Nghjp ,uhfj;jpy; tUk; ifrpfp ep\hjk; B - Flat vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLk;.

rg;j ];tuq;fSk; Mq;fpy ,irapy;

C - ]

D - up

E - f

F - k

G - g

A - j

B - ep vd miof;fg;gLk;.

,e;jpa rq;fPj ypgp Kiwia ];fpupg;l; nehNl\d; (Script Notation) vd;Wk; Nkw;fj;jpa

rq;fPj ypgp Kiwia (Staff - Notation) ];lht; nehNl\d; vd;Wk; miog;gu;.

,e;jpa ,irapy; cs;sJ Nghd;Nw %d;W tpj ya NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLtJld;

Nkw;fj;jpa ,irapy; NkYk; cl;gpupTfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

mitahtd: tpsk;gpjyak; - Slow tempo

kj;jpayak; - Medium tempo

Jupjyak; - Fast tempo

Jupa tpsk;gpj - ALLEGRO

Jupj kj;jpk - ALLEGRO MODERATO

Jupj Jupj - ALLEGRO ASSAI vd;W miof;fg;gLk;.

,e;jpa ,irapy; ghlfu; jd; Fuy; tsj;jpw;Nfw;g RUjpia Nju;e;njLf;f Rje;jpuk;

186

cz;L. Nkw;fj;jpa ,irapy; ghly; ve;j Key (pitch or sruti) ,y; vOjg;gl;Ls;sNjh

me;j Key ,NyNa ghl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jpa rq;fPjj;jpy; kNdhju;k rq;fPjk; xU

Kf;fpa mk;rkhFk;. xU ghlfdpd; jpwikia kNdhju;k rq;fPjj;jpd; thapyhfj;jhd;

mwpa KbfpwJ. Mdhy; Nkw;fj;jpa ,irapy; kNdhju;kk; vd;w mk;rj;jpw;F

,lkpy;iy.

Nkw;fj;jpa ,irapy; ,uhfj;ij ];Nfy; (Scale) vd;W miog;gu;. ];Nfy; vd;Dk;

gjkhdJ ,yj;jpd; nkhopapYs;s ];fhyh vd;Dk; gjj;jpypUe;J te;jjhFk;.

];fhyh vd;why; Vzp vd nghUs;gLk;.

Nkw;fj;jpa ,irapd; ,U gpujhd ];Nfy;fshfpa Nk[u;> ikdu; Mfpa ,uz;Lk;

17Mk;> 18Mk; E}w;whz;bw;F ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; tpUj;jpahapd. Nk[u;

];NfypypUe;Nj Gjpa ,uhfq;fs; fpufNgjj;jpd; %yk; cUthapd.

Mq;fpy ,irapy; fhzg;gLk; igjNfhupad; Nksj;jpd; (Pythogorion Mela) MNuh`z

];tuq;fs; NtWgl;bUe;jhYk; mtNuh`z ];tuq;fs; fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpy; toq;Fk;

Njtfhe;jhup ,uhfj;jpw;F xg;ghdjhFk;. ,j;jhypa rq;fPjj;jpYk; vkJ fu;ehlf

,irapy; toq;Fk; ,uhfq;fshfpa FwpQ;rp> Mugp> ehjehkf;upah Nghd;w

,uhfq;fSf;F xg;ghd nkl;Lf;fspy; mike;j ghly;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

]pk;Nke;jpu kj;ak ,uhfk; Nkiy ehl;L [pg;]p rq;fPjj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

`hu;kdpf; ikdu; ];Nfy; (Harmonic Minor scale) ekJ fPuthzp ,uhfj;jpw;F

xj;jjhFk;.

INuhg;gpa rq;fPjj;jpy; ngz;fSf;Fupa Fuiy %d;W tpjkhfg; gpupg;gu;.

1. n]hg;uhNdh (Soprano)> cau;e;jJ (High)

2. nkN]h - n]hg;uhNdh (Mezzo - Soprano)> eLj;jukhdJ (Inter Mediate)

3. nfhd;luhf;Nlh (Contracto)> jho;thdJ (Low)

Mz;fSf;Fupa Fuiy ehd;F tpjkhfg; gpupg;gu;.

1. My;Nlh (Alto)> mg+u;tkhf cau;e;jJ (Exceptionally High)

2. nldu; (Tenor)> cau;e;jJ (High)

3. gupNlhd; (Baritone)> eLj;jukhdJ (Inter Mediate)

4. gh]; (Bass)> jho;thdJ (Low)

12 ];tu];jhdq;fSk; mtw;wpw;F rkhdkhd `pe;J];jhd; ,irapy; toq;Fk;

187

ngau;fSk; Nkiyj;Nja rq;fPjj;jpy; toq;Fk; ngau;fSk; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Nkiyj;Nja rq;fPjk; Nkiyj;Nja rq;fPjk; Nkiyj;Nja rq;fPjk; Nkiyj;Nja rq;fPjk; Nkiyj;Nja rq;fPjk; fu;ehlf rq;fPjk; `pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjk;fu;ehlf rq;fPjk; `pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjk;fu;ehlf rq;fPjk; `pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjk;fu;ehlf rq;fPjk; `pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjk;fu;ehlf rq;fPjk; `pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjk;

1. C ]l;[k; ]l;[k;

2. D flat Rj;j up Nfhks up

3. D rJ];Ujp up jPt;u up my;yJ Rj;j up

4. E flat rhjhuz f Nfhks f

5. E me;ju f jPt;uf my;yJ Rj;j f

6. F Rj;j k Rj;j k

7. F Sharp gpujp k jPt;u k

8. G gQ;rkk; gQ;rkk;

9. A flat Rj;j j Nfhks j

10. A rJ];Ujp j jPt;u j> Rj;j j

11. B flat ifrpfp ep Nfhks ep

12. B fhfyp ep jPt;u ep my;yJ Rj;j ep

INuhg;gpa rq;fPj ypgp Kiwahfpa ];lht; nehNl\d; cyf ehLfspNy ngupJk;

gpd;gw;wp tUk; Xu; rq;fPj ypgp KiwahFk;. nrd;w E}w;whz;by; $l ,e;jpahtpy;

fu;ehlf rq;fPj cUg;gbfis ];lht; nehNl\dpy; vOJk; Kaw;rpfs;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

ruNgh[p kfhuh[htpd; fhyj;jpy; ghy];thkp jPÑpju; rpy cUg;gbfis ];lht;

nehNl\d; Kiwapy; vOjp jdJ ghz;by; (Band) ,y; thrpg;gpj;jhu;. ̀ pe;J];jhdp

rq;fPjj;ij Kjd; Kjyhf ];lht; nehNl\d; Kiwapy; vOjpatu; lhf;lu;. uh[h

Nru; RNue;jpu Nkh`dlh$u;.

];lht; nehNl\d; 5 rkhe;ju tupfspy; vOjg;gLfpd;wJ.

188

];tuq;fspd; epiy NfhLfspd; NkYk; NfhLfSf;F kj;jpapYk; vOjg;gLfpd;wJ.

,f;NfhLfSf;F mg;ghy; vOjg;gLk; (];jhap vy;iyf;F mg;ghw;gl;l) ];tuq;fs;

,t;ite;J NfhLfSf;F NkNyNah> fPNoNah rpwpa NfhLfspNyh (Ledger Lines)

mjw;F NkNyNah vOjg;gLfpwJ.

NfhLfspYk; ,ilapYk; vOjg;gLk; ];tuq;fspd; ngau;fis epu;zapg;gjw;F

fpst; (Clef) vd;Dk; FwpaPL NfhLfspd; Muk;gj;jpy; tiuag;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpa

rq;fPjk; ,yFthd Kiwapy; G fpst; my;yJ TREBLE CLEF ,y; vOjg;gLfpwJ.

,k;Kiwapy; gpujhd ];tuk; (Key - Note) kj;jpa ];jhap ] (Middle - C) MFk;.

fpst;w;F gf;fj;jpy; Sharp

my;yJ flat milahsk;

,lhtpbd; mjd; ];tu];jh

dq;fs; rq;fuhguz ,uhfk;

(major scale) vd;W nfhs;

sg;gLk;.

Nfhks ];tuk; cs;s xU

,uhfj;ij vOj Ntz;L

khapd; clef w;Fg; gf;fj;jpy;

Flat milahsk; b mt;

];tuj;jpw;Fupa Nfhl;by;

my;yJ ,ilntspapy; ,l

Ntz;Lk;.

mt;thNw jPt;u ];tuq;fs;

cs;s xU ,uhfk; vOj

Ntz;Lkha pd ; # sharp

milahsk; ,l Ntz;Lk;.

G my;yJ g

C my;yJ ]

189




fspd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iwAk; ,irj;njhz;ilAk;

kjpg;gpLthu;.

fw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgW : : : : : • n[aNjtu;> khupKj;jhg;gps;is> fdk; fpU\;za;au;

MfpNahupd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iw tpsf;Fjy;.


nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 6.1.16.1.16.1.16.1.16.1.1 ::::: gpd;tUk; thf;Nfafhuu;fspd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iwAk;

,irj;njhz;bidAk; tpsf;Fjy;.

ghl cs;slf;fk; :ghl cs;slf;fk; :ghl cs;slf;fk; :ghl cs;slf;fk; :ghl cs;slf;fk; : • n[aNjtu;

• khupKj;jhg;gps;is

• fdk; fpU\;za;au; MfpNahupd; tho;f;if tuyhW>

,irj;njhz;L


fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • jtiz 1,y; thf;Nfafhuu; gw;wpf; fw;gpj;j Kiwia

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL Ak;> fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L KiwfisAk; gpd;gw;wp Nkw;

Fwpg;gpl;l thf;Nfafhuu;fspd; tho;f;if tuyhW> ,irj;

njhz;L vd;git gw;wpf;fw;gpf;fyhk;.

190

n[aNjtu;n[aNjtu;n[aNjtu;n[aNjtu;n[aNjtu;

fPjNfhtpe;jnkd;Dk; rpUq;fhu kfhfhtpaj;ij ,aw;wpg; Gfo;ngw;w n[aNjtu;

12 Mk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;jtu;. ,tu; xup]htpYs;s ~~fpz;Lgpy;tk;| vd;Dk;

,lj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;. ,tuJ je;ijahu; Ngh[Njtu;> jhahu; ukhNjtp. ,sikapNyNa

fy;tp> Nfs;tpfspy; Nju;r;rpAw;W rpwe;J tpsq;fpdhu;. Vo;ikapYk; vspikahf

tho;e;jtu;. ,tu; xU fpU\;zgf;ju;. jpahdk; nra;tjpNy <LghL nfhz;L fhyk;

fopj;jhu;.

mt;T+upNyNa ~~Njtru;kh|| vd;Dk; gpuhkzu; tho;e;J te;jhu;. nja;t rq;fy;gj;jhy;

mtUf;Fg; gpwe;j ngz; Foe;ijahfpa gj;khtjpia> jf;f tajpy; n[fd;ehju;

Myaj;jpw;F mu;g;gzk; nra;Ak; Nehf;NfhL mf;Nfhapy; mu;r;rfuplk; mtiu

xg;gilj;jhu;. ,iwtd; mu;r;rfupd; fdtpy; Njhd;wp gj;khtjpia n[aNjtUf;F

kzk; Kbf;Fk;gb fl;lisapl;lhu;. n[aNjtu; gj;khtjpia Vw;f kWj;jjhy;

je;ij Njtru;kh n[aNjtUf;Fj; njhz;L nra;Ak;gb tpl;Lr; nrd;whu;.

ehsiltpy; mtspd; md;igAk; gf;jpiaAk; fz;L n;[aNjtu; gj;khtjpia

kze;J nfhz;lhu;. ,jd;gpd; n[aNjtUk;> gj;khtjpAk; =fpU\;zdpd;

Gfo;ghLtjpNyNa jq;fs; fhyj;ijf; fopf;fyhapdu;.

,t;thW ,Uf;ifapy; n[aNjtu; fPjNfhtpe;jk; vd;Dk; rk];fpUj epUj;jpa

ehlfj;ij ,aw;wyhdhu;. n[aNjtu; 19Mk; m\;lgjpia ,aw;wpf;nfhz;bUf;ifapy;

xU mjprak; epfo;e;jJ. fPjNfhtpe;jj;jpy; = fpU\;zd; jd;dplk; Nfhgk; nfhz;bUe;j

uhijaplk; rkhjhdk; nra;aKaYk; fhl;rpia rpj;jpupf;f Neu;e;jNghJ ~~X uhjh|

fhjy; tp\k; vd; jiyf;Nfwpj;jjj;jspf;fpNwd;> vd; jiykPJ cd; Nuh[h ,jo;fis

xj;j> nkd;ikahd ghjq;fis itj;J fhjy; tp\j;ij ,wf;F|| vd = fpU\;zd;

uhijaplk; $Wtjhd fUj;jpidf; nfhz;l ,U tupfis vOjpf; nfhz;bUe;j

n[aNjtu; ,t;tupfs; gukhj;khtpd; nja;tj;jd;ikf;F ,Of;nfdf; fUj;jpj; jhd;

vOjpa ,U tupfisAk; mopj;Jtpl;L ];ehdk; nra;ar; nrd;W jpUk;gpdhu;.

];ehdk; Kbe;J te;J ghu;j;jNghJ jhd; mopj;jpUe;j ,U tupfSk; kWgb

vOjpapUg;gJ fz;L Mr;rupaKw;whu;. gpd;G kidtp ele;jijf; $wNt n[aNjtu;

= fpU\;zdJ juprdk; fpilj;j ghf;fpaj;ijAk; nja;tPfj; jd;ikiaAk; vz;zp>

me;j m\;lgjpapd; ,Wjpapy; ~~gj;khtjp ukz n[aNjtf;tp|| vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

,jd; fhuzkhfNt 19MtJ m\;lgjpf;F ~juprd m\;lgjp| vd;W ngau;

toq;fyhapw;W.

xU rkak; n[aNjtu; ,we;Jtpl;ljhf xU jtwhd nra;jp gj;khtjpaplk;

mwptpf;fg;gl;lNghJ mts; %u;r;irAw;W ,we;JtplNt n[aNjtu; = fpU\;zdpd;

191

mDf;ufj;Jld; gj;khtjpapd; Kfj;jpy; jz;zPu; njspj;J mtis capu;ngw;nwor;

nra;jhu;. ,f;fhuzj;jpdhNyNa 19 MtJ m\;lgjpf;F ~~rQ;rPtpdp m\;lgjp||

vdTk; ngau; toq;fyhapw;W.

fPj Nfhtpe;jk; 12 ru;f;fq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,J 24 ghly;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

,it xt;nthd;Wk; 8 fz;biffisf; nfhz;bUg;gjhy; ~~m\;lgjpfs;|| vd;W

ngau; ngw;wd. m\;lgjpfs; itjPffhd cUg;gbfshFk;.

fPj Nfhtpe;jkhdJ ,e;jpah KOtJk; xNu tpjkhd ,ir epytpa fhyj;jpy;

,aw;wg;gl;lJ. vdNt ,jpYs;s ghly;fs; tl ehl;bYk; njd;dhl;bYk; ghlg;gl;L

tUfpd;wd. xt;nthU m\;lgjpapd; KbtpYk; kq;fs RNyhfq;fs; cs;sd.

khupKj;jhg;gps;iskhupKj;jhg;gps;iskhupKj;jhg;gps;iskhupKj;jhg;gps;iskhupKj;jhg;gps;is

irt rkaj;jpd; rpwg;Gkpf;f jpUj;jykhfpa jpy;iyapd; tl fpof;Fj; jpirapy;

jpy;iytplq;fd; vd;Dk; rpw;W}u; cs;sJ. ,t;t+upy; irt Ntshs kuigr; Nru;e;j

kf;fs; tho;e;jdu;. ,e;j kuigr; Nru;e;j nja;tg; ngUkhs; gps;is vd;gtupd;

mUe;jtg; Gjy;tuhf khupKj;jhg;gps;is fp.gp. 1712 Mk; Mz;L gpwe;jhu;. rpW

tajpy; ,tu; rptfq;fehj Njrpfu; vd;gtuplk; jkpo;f; fy;tpAk; rkaf; fy;tpAk;

gapd;whu;. jf;f FU xUtuplk; rka jPl;irAk; ngw;whu;. mf;fhyj;jpy; rpjk;guj;jpy;

tho;e;j tPiz mg;ghf;fz;Zg;gps;is> ehfRuk; muq;fehjgps;is MfpNahuplk;

,ir gapd;W nfhs;Sk; ey;y tha;g;G mtUf;Ff; fpl;baJ. Kj;Jj;jhz;ltu;

guk;giuiar; Nru;e;j Fg;igahgps;is> rpd;idahgps;is MfpNahuplk; gofpj;

jk; ,ir mwpit mtu; NkYk; tsu;j;Jf; nfhz;lhu;.

rPu;fhop mUzhryf; ftpuhaiuf; fz;Lk; Nfl;Lk; gofpj; jk;Kila ,ir mwpit

NkYk; tskhdjhf Mf;fpf;nfhz;lhu; vd Nguhrpupau; K. mUzhryk;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. rpt gf;jpapy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpa khupKj;jhg;gps;is ,irapy;

rpwe;j gapw;rpAk; Nju;r;rpAk;> jkpo;nkhopapy; rpwe;j GyikAk; xUq;Nf

ngw;wpUe;jikahy; ,iwtidg; Nghw;wpg; gy fPu;j;jidfs; ,aw;Wtjw;F mtUf;F

,ay;ghfNt ey;y jpwik ,Ue;jJ. mtu; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd fPu;j;jidfs;

,aw;wpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdpDk; ,g;nghOJ mtu; ,aw;wpa 25 fPu;j;jidfNs

ekf;Ff; fpilj;jpUf;fpd;wd.

jpy;iy eluh[g; ngUkhd; kPJ gy jkpo;f; fPu;j;jidfSk;> FwtQ;rp> nehz;b

ehlfk; Nghd;w ,ir ehl;ba ehlfq;fSk;> gy mUikahd ,yf;fpag; ghl

192

E}y;fSk; ,aw;wpj; jkpod;idf;Fj; njhz;lhw;wpa NguwpQu; khupKj;jhg; gps;is

ahthu;. ,tu; ,aw;wpa gjq;fSk;> epe;jh];Jjpg;ghly;fSk;> fPu;j;jidfSk;> ,yf;fpa

E}y;fSk; Vida ,ir tpw;gd;du;fSf;Fk;> mwpQu;fSf;Fk; gad;gLgitahfj;

jpfo;fpd;wd.

khupKj;jhg; gps;is> xU rkak; jdJ %j;jFkhuuhd nja;tq;fs; ngUkhs;

gps;is vd;gtu; rpwpJ fhyk; kjpkaq;fp ,Uf;ff;fz;L kdk; tUe;jpj; jpy;iy

eluh[g; ngUkhid Ntz;lNt eluh[g; ngUkhd; fdtpy; Njhd;wp ~~ek; kPJ eP

ghbdhy; cd; ftiy ePq;Fk;|| vdj; njuptpf;fNt ,iwtd; fl;lisiar;

rpuNkw;nfhz;L ~~Gypa+u; ntz;gh|| vd;Dk; xU E}iyg; ghb Kbj;jhu;. clNd

mtuJ kfdpd; kjpkaf;fk; ePq;fg; ngw;wJ. ,jd; gpd;G njhlu;e;J ,iwtidg;

Nghw;wpg; gy;NtW E}y;fisAk; ,aw;wpdhu;.

khupKj;jhg;gps;is ,aw;wpa ghly;fspy; vJFyfhk;Nghjp ,uhfj;jpy; mike;j

~~fhiyj;J}f;fp epd;whLk; nja;tNk|| vdj; njhlq;Fk; ghly; ,ir muq;FfspYk;

ehl;ba muq;FfspYk; fiyQu;fshy; kpfTk; tpUk;gpg; ghlg;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;ghlypy;

nrhy; eak;> nghUs; eaj;jpw;F Vw;w Kiwapy; ,ir mikg;Gk; nghUj;jkhf

mike;Js;sJ. ~~xUf;fhy; rpt rpjk;guk;|| vd;W njhlq;Fk; Mugp ,uhff;

fPu;j;jidAk; jw;fhyj;jpy; ,irf; fiyQu;fshy; ngupJk; ,ir muq;Ffspy;

ghlg;gl;L tUk; cUg;gbahFk;.

khupKj;jhg;gps;is ,aw;wpa fPu;j;jidfspy; ,uz;L gj mikg;gpy; ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sd.

,tw;Ws; xd;whd RUl;b ,uhfj;jpy; ~~VJ fpj;jidNkhb jhd; ckf;F vd;wd;

Nkiyah|| vd;W njhlq;Fk; ghly;> jiytp jiytdhfpa ,iwtidg; ghu;j;Jj;jhd;

Fw;wk; VJk; Gupatpy;iyNa@ gpd; Vd; ,e;j ghuhKfk; vd;W Nfl;Fk; ghtidapy;

mike;Js;sJ.

~~vd;d fhupaj;Jf;F ,e;jg; Ngahz;b Nky; ,r;ir nfhz;lha; kfNs|| vd;w

kw;iwa gjj;jpy; jha; jd; kfisg; ghu;j;Jf; Nfl;Fk; ghtidapy; mike;Js;sJ.

rptngUkhd; kPJ fhjy; nfhz;l jd; kfisj; jha; gopj;Jg; NgRk; Kiwapy;

,g;ghly; ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,g;gjj;jpw;F jpUg;ghk;Guk; ];thkp ehjgps;isatu;fs;

ju;ktjp ,uhfj;jpy; ,iraikj;Js;shu;fs;.

,fo;tJ Nghy ,iwtidg; Gfo;e;J khupKj;jhg;gps;is ,uz;L ghly;fisg;

ghbAs;shu;. ,e;jg; ghly;fs; ~~epe;jh];Jjpg; ghly;fs; vd miof;fg; ngWfpd;wd.

mitahtd:

1. vd;d gpiog;Gd;wd; gpiog;igah - Ntshtsp ,uhfk;> Mjp jhsk;

2. tPLk; mk;gykhfp - tpyhrpdp> Mjp jhsk;

193

rpwe;j ,irawpTk;> jkpo; GyikAk; ngw;w khupKj;jhg;gps;is ,aw;wpa ghly;fspy;

jpy;iyj;jpUj;jyk; gw;wpa Guhzr; nra;jpfSk;> fUj;jhokpf;f nrhw;nwhlu;fSk;

ngUkstpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,tu; ,aw;wpa ghly;fspy; mike;Js;s ,dpa

nrhw;fs;> eputy;> rq;fjp Kjypatw;iw mikj;Jg;ghLk; ,irf; fiyQu;fSf;F

ngUk; cjtpahf cs;sd. ,tu; ,aw;wpa fPu;j;jidfs; gy ruzq;fisf;

nfhz;litahf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

fUj;J tsKk; nrhw;nrwpTk; nfhz;l gy ,yf;fpa E}y;fSk;> cs;sj;ij

cUf;Fk; ,irg; ghly;fSk; ,aw;wpa NguwpQuhd khupKj;jhg;gps;is jkJ

75MtJ tajpy; fp.gp. 1787Mk; Mz;L fhykhdhu;. ,tuJ mbr;Rtl;ilg; gpd;gw;wp

mtuJ %j;jFkhuu; nja;tq;fs; gps;isAk;> %d;whtJ Fkhuu; FkhuRthkpg;

gps;isAk; jkpo;g;Gytuha; ,Ue;jhu;f;s. mtUila topj;Njhd;wy;fspy; xUtuhd

NtYrhkpg;gps;is> khupKj;jhg;gps;isapDila E}y;fs; rpytw;iw mr;rpl;L

cjtpAs;shu;.

,tu; ,aw;wpa ghly;fSs; gpugy;akhdit

ghly;ghly;ghly;ghly;ghly; ,uhfk; ,uhfk; ,uhfk; ,uhfk; ,uhfk; jhsk; jhsk; jhsk; jhsk; jhsk;

1. jpy;iyr; rpjk;guNk fhgpehuhazp Mjp

2. njuptpj;jNgiu fe;jUgkNdhfup &gfk;

3. ve;ehSk; rPfz;b Mjp

4. rptrpjk;gunkd;W gpd;drl;[k; Mjp

5. ve;NeuKk; Njhb Mjp

6. mk;gyj;jhly; nfskhup Mjp

7. vd;d fhupaj;Jf;F ju;ktjp Mjp

8. fhiyj;J}f;fp vJFyfhk;Nghjp Mjp

9. xUfhy; rptrpjk;guk; Mugp Mjp

10. ,d;dKk; xU jyk; mk;rtpNdhjpdp kp];u[k;ig

khupKj;jhg;gps;is ,aw;wpa E}y;fs;khupKj;jhg;gps;is ,aw;wpa E}y;fs;khupKj;jhg;gps;is ,aw;wpa E}y;fs;khupKj;jhg;gps;is ,aw;wpa E}y;fs;khupKj;jhg;gps;is ,aw;wpa E}y;fs;

1. Gypa+u; ntz;gh

2. rpjk;gNuru; tpwyp tpLJ}J

3. jpy;iyg; gs;S

4. rpj;jpuf; ftpfs;

5. rpq;fhu Ntytu; gjpfk;

6. jpy;iy tplq;fd; Iadhu; nehz;b ehlfk;

7. tUzhGupg; gs;S

8. nehz;b ehlfk;

9. tplq;Nfru; gjpfk;

10. mePjp ehlfk; Nghd;wd.

194

fdk; fpU\;izau;fdk; fpU\;izau;fdk; fpU\;izau;fdk; fpU\;izau;fdk; fpU\;izau;

fdk; fpU\;izau; jpUr;rpuhg;gs;spapy; cs;s jpUf;Fd;wk; vd;Dk; Cupy; gpwe;jtu;.

,tu; me;jzFyj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;. ,tu; tho;e;j fhyk; (1790 - 1854) MFk;.

,tuJ je;ijahu; ,uhk rhkp Iau;. ,irapYk;> jkpopYk; ey;y jpwik nfhz;ltu;.

Gjpjhfg; ghly;fis ,aw;wpg; ghLk; ,irj;jkpo; mwpTk; nfhz;ltu;. ,uhkrhkp

IaUf;F Ie;J Gjy;tu;fSk;> xU Gjy;tpAk; gpwe;jdu;. Gjy;tu; Itupy; fdk;

fpU\;izau; ,isatu;. ,sk; gUtj;jpypUe;Nj fpU\;izau; je;ijahuplk;

jkpioAk;> ,iriaAk; fw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;. Gjpa ghly;fis ,aw;Wk; jpwidAk;

mt;tg;NghJ ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;.

,ay;gpNy mQ;rhneQ;rk; gilj;j fpU\;izau; ,sk; tajpNyNa Cf;fKk;

Kaw;rpAk; cilatuha; tpsq;fpdhu;. cs;sj;jhYk;> clyhYk; typik

nghUe;jpatuhfTk; mofhd Njhw;wKilatuhfTk; tpsq;fpdhu;. ,t; ,ay;Gfs;

,tiu MSik kpf;f rpwe;j ,irg; NguwpQu; vdg; Nghw;w itj;jd.

fpU\;izaupd; FLk;gj;jpy; ey;y nghUs; trjp ,Ue;jikahy;> ,irapy; NkYk;

Nju;r;rpngwf; fpU\;izaUk; mtuJ jikad;khu; ,UtUk; jQ;rht+u; nrd;wdu;.

mf;fhyj;jpy; jQ;ir ruNgh[p kfhuhrhtpd; murit ,irg; NguwpQuhf tpsq;fpa

gr;rpkpupak; Mjpag;igauplk; jikad;khu; ,ir gapd;W ey;y Nju;r;rp ngw;wdu;.

fhyg; Nghf;fpy; fpU\;izaUf;Fk; mtuJ rNfhjuu;fSf;Fk; jQ;ir ruNgh[p

kfhuhrhtpd; murit ,ir tpj;Jthd;fshf tpsq;Fk; mupa NgW fpilj;jJ.

fdk;> eak;> Njrpfk; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk; ,irapd; %d;W ghzpfspy; fdk; vd;w

Kiwapy; ghLk; Nju;r;rp ngw;wtu; nghg;gpyp Nfritah Mthu;. fdk; vd;w

ghzpapy; ghba Nfritahtpd; ,iriaf; Nfl;L jQ;ir kd;du; ngupJk; kfpo;e;jhu;.

mNj Ntisapy; ,e;j mUikahd ,ir Kiwapy; ghLgtu;fs; vq;fs; Cupy;

,y;iyNa vd;W ftiyg;gl;lhu;.

tof;fk;Nghy; Nfritah jQ;ir kd;du; muritapy; ghba ,iriaf; Nfl;L

vy;NyhUk; g+upg;gile;jdu;. Nfritah ghb Kbe;jJk; muru; mq;fpUe;j ,irg;

NguwpQu;fis Nehf;fp ,tiug;Nghy; fdKiwapy; ghlf;$ba vtuhtJ ,q;F

,Uf;fpwPu;fsh? vdf; Nfl;lhu;. vtUk; ,jw;Fg; gjpy; nrhy;ytpy;iy. murupd;

tpUg;gj;ij epiwNtw;wpj; juf;$ba kdj;JzpT mr;rigapy; vtUf;Fk;

,Uf;ftpy;iy. fpU\;iza;au; JzpTk;> jd;dk;gpf;ifAk; kpf;ftuhf vOe;J

Nfritah mtu;fs; ,e;j ,ir Kiwiar; nrhy;ypj;je;jhy; ehd; Kaw;rp nra;J

ghlyhk;. vd;W gzpNthL nrhd;dhu;. ,ijf;Nfl;l ,irg; NguwpQu;fs; vy;NyhUk;

195

fpU\;izaupd; jd;dk;gpf;ifia nkr;rpdhu;fs;. NfritahTk; fu;ehlf ,irapd;

fd Kiwfisf; fpU\;izaUf;Fr; nrh;y;ypf; nfhLg;gjw;F cld;gl;lhu;.

murUila fl;lisg;gb nghg;gpyp Nfiritahtplk; fu;ehlf ,irapd; fdk;

ghLk; topKiwfisf; fw;whu;. ,e;j Kiwapd; El;gq;fis ed;F fw;W jpwik

ngw;wJld; cWjpAk; ngw;whu;.

fpU\;izaUf;F fgp];jyj;jpy; tho;e;j rpwe;j jUkthdhfpa ,uhk

gj;jpu%g;gdhupd; cjtp fpilj;jJ. fgp];jyj;jpy; tlf;NfAs;s ehzw;fhl;bd;

eLNt fpU\;izaUf;F ,irg; gapw;rpiar; rpwg;ghfr; nra;a %g;ghdhu; Ntz;ba

trjpfisr; nra;jhu;. fpU\;iza;au; %g;gdhupd; mutizg;gpy; fLikahf

cioj;Jg; gbg;gbahf fdk; ghLk; Kiwapy; kpfj;Nju;r;rp ngw;W tpsq;fpdhu;.

kw;wtu;fs; ,ayhJ iftplg;gl;l xU ,irKiwia fw;Wj;njupe;j fpU\;izaupd;

,iriaf; Nfl;f murUk;> ,irg; NguwpQu;fSk; mthTw;W jQ;ir muru;

Kd;dpiyapy; ngupa rig xd;wpy; fpU\;iza;au; ghLtjw;F Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;lJ.

nghg;gpyp NfritahTk; mq;F gpurd;dkha; ,Ue;jhu;.

fpU\;izau; ghl Muk;gpj;jhu;. Gd;dftuhsp ,uhfk; ghb me;j ,uhfj;jpy;

jhdk;gb ~~Vw;w iff;nfy;yhq; nfhLf;Fk;|| vd;w ghliyg; ghbf; fdk; ghLk;

Kiwapy; El;gq;fis mw;Gjkhfg; ghbf;fhl;bdhu;. rigapy; ,Ue;Njhu; kfpo;r;;rp

Aw;wdu;. fpU\;izaupd; ,irQhdr; rpwg;igAk;> ciog;gpd; Nkd;ikiaAk;

ghuhl;b kfpo;e;jdu;. jkJ ehl;bYk; rpwe;j xU fdk; ghLk; tpj;Jthd;

cUthfptpl;lhu; vd;W jQ;ir murUk; ngUkpjk; mile;jhu;. rpwe;j gupRfis

toq;fpg; ghuhl;bdhu;. md;WKjy; fpU\;iza;aiuf; ~~fdk; fpU\;izau;|| vd

vy;NyhUk; mioj;jdu;.

%g;gdhu; jdf;F md;G ghuhl;baij epidj;J mtuJ ,dpa Fz ,ay;Gfisg;

ghuhl;bg; ghly;fs; gy ,aw;wpdu;.

1. md;dNk> vd;d nra;Ntd; - Njhb ,uhfk;

2. khNj> mtu; nra;jtQ;rid - igutp ,uhfk;

,g;ghly;fs; %g;gdhiuj; jiytdhftk;> jd;idj; jiytpahfTk; nfhz;L ,d;gr;

Rit jJk;Gk; gb ghba ghly;fs;. ,d;Wk; ,ir muq;FfspYk; ehl;ba muq;F

fspYk; ,g;ghly;fisg; ghb tUfpd;wdu;.

196

,tu; ghba ngUk;ghyhd ghly;fs; gy;ytp mDgy;ytp> ruzk; vd;w mikg;gpy;

cs;sd. ,tw;wpd; nghUs; mikjp jiytd;> jiytp cwT Kiwapyhd ,d;g

czu;itNa kpFe;J fhl;Ltjhy; ,it ~~gjq;fs;|| vd;Dk; ,ir tbthf ,d;W

fUjg;gLfpwJ.

fpU\;izaupd; ,irj; jpwikia mwpe;J nfhz;l jpUtpiil kUJ}u; mkurpk;k

,uhrhTk; mtiu cgrupj;J jdJ murit ,ir tpj;Jthdhf mku;j;jpAk;

rpwg;Gr; nra;jhu;. fpU\;iza;au; mkurpk;k ,uhrhtpd; md;igg; ghuhl;bg; ghly;fs;

ghbdhu;.

,tu; jhd; nrd;Wte;j vy;yhj; jpUj;jyq;fspYk; vOe;jUsp ,Uf;Fk; nja;tq;fs;

NkYk; ghly;fs; ,aw;wpdhu;. jhd; topgLk; nja;tkhfpa KUff;flTisr; nre;jpU

Ntytu;> Fkhud;> Kj;JNtyu;> KUNfru;> KUfd;> tbNtyu;> Kj;Jf;Fkud;>

MWKfd; vd;w ngau;fspy; vt;tifapyhapDk; jdJ ghlypd; ruzj;jpy; Nru;j;J

mjidNa jd; ghlypy; ~~Kj;jpiuahfTk;|| mikj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;.

fdk; fpU\;izauhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l gjq;fs; rpy

NtytNu - igutp - Mjp

MuhmKjiu - jd;ah]p - Mjp

ey;y ey;y epyT - rq;fuhguzk; - Mjp

Rk;kh Rk;kh tUjk;khRfk; - mlhzh - Mjp

vd;dNkh tifaha; tUNj khNd- fkh]; - Mjp

fdk; fpU\;izauplk; ,ir gapd;wtu;fspy; ,aypir Nkij Nfhghy fpU\;z

ghujpahu;> jpUtoe;J}u;f; Nfhapy; ehj];tu tpj;Jthd; Rg;gpukzpau;> fpU\;zghftju;>

Rg;guha Iau; MfpNahu; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;fs;.

1842Mk; Mz;L Kjy; ,tiu Mjupj;jtu; cilahu; ghisak; fr;rpuq;fupd;

Gjy;tuhfpa fr;rpf;fy;ahzuq;fNu Mthu;. ,tu; fpU\;izaiu md;GlDk;>

kupahijAlDk; kfpo;tpj;J mtiuj; jdJ rigapd; ,ir tpj;Jthdhf mku;j;jpAk;

,d;Gw;whu;.

fpU\;iza;au; mWgJ tajpw;F Nky; ,k;kz;Zyfpy; tho;e;jtu;. ,tUf;F xU

Gjy;tp kl;Lk; ,Ue;jhu;. rq;fupak;kh vd;gJ mtuJ ngau;.

197

,tu; ,wg;gjw;F ,uz;L ehl;fSf;F Kd; jhk; rpjk;guk; nrd;W eluh[iuf;

fz;zhuf;fz;L topgl;ljhff; fdT fz;lhu;. tpopj;jTld; jpy;iy eNlriu

epide;J kdKUfpj; jpUePw;iw new;wpapy; g+rpf;nfhz;lhu;. Ie;njOj;J ke;jpuj;ij

neQ;rj;jpy; epWj;jp jpy;iyf; $j;jid epidj;J csKUfp ge;Jtuhsp ,uhfj;jpy;

~~jpy;iyag;gh cdJ gQ;rhl;rug;gbapy;

rpd;kakha; jpde;jpdKk; te;J juprpg;Ngd;||

vd;w gy;tpia vLj;Jf; fPu;j;jidiag; ghb Kbj;jhu;. ,JNt fdk; fpU\;izauhy;

ghlg;gl;l ,Wjpg; ghlyhFk;.

,tuJ xU rpy ghly;fs; Rtujhsf; Fwpg;GfSld; jpU ,uq;fuhkDr ma;aq;fhupd;

~~fpUjp kzpkhiy||> Nguhrpupau; rhk;g%u;j;jpapd; ~~fPu;;j;jdh rhfuk;||> Nguhrpupia

nfsup Fg;GrhkpAk;> Kidtu; `up`uDk; ntspapl;l ~~jkpo;gjq;fs;|| vd;w

E}y;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

gy ghly;fis ,aw;wpf; fu;ehlf ,irf;F tsk; je;jtu; ,irj; jkpo; NguwpQu;

fdk; fpU\;izau; Mthu;. njYq;F> fd;dlk;> tlnkhop vd;gd jkpo;ehl;by;

gutp ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; jkpopy; ey;y gy ghly;fis ,irNahL ghbj;je;j

ngUikf;Fupatu; fpU\;izau; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,ir cyfpy; fdk;

ghLk; Kiw vd;Wk; epiyj;jplg;ngUe;njhz;lhw;wpa ,ir Nkij fdk;

fpU\;iza;aupd; Gfo; fu;ehlf ,ir epiyf;Fk; tiu epd;W epyTk;.

198

Nju;r;rp 7.0Nju;r;rp 7.0Nju;r;rp 7.0Nju;r;rp 7.0Nju;r;rp 7.0 : : : : : 20Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapYk;> ,e;jpahtpYk;20Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapYk;> ,e;jpahtpYk;20Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapYk;> ,e;jpahtpYk;20Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapYk;> ,e;jpahtpYk;20Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapYk;> ,e;jpahtpYk;

gpugy;akhd fu;ehlf ,irf;fiyQu;fs; gw;wpgpugy;akhd fu;ehlf ,irf;fiyQu;fs; gw;wpgpugy;akhd fu;ehlf ,irf;fiyQu;fs; gw;wpgpugy;akhd fu;ehlf ,irf;fiyQu;fs; gw;wpgpugy;akhd fu;ehlf ,irf;fiyQu;fs; gw;wp

kjpg;gpLthu;.kjpg;gpLthu;.kjpg;gpLthu;.kjpg;gpLthu;.kjpg;gpLthu;.


tpsf;Fthu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • ,yq;ifapy; gpugy;akhd ,irf;fiyQu;fspd;

tho;f;if tuyhw;iw tpsf;Fjy;.


nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 7.1.17.1.17.1.17.1.17.1.1 ::::: • 20Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapy; gpugy;akhd ,irf;

fiyQu;fs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • Gj;Jthl;b NrhkRe;juk;

• gp.v];. MWKfk;gps;is

• ,uh[uhN[];tup ghyRg;ukzpak; MfpNahupd; ,irg;

gzp


fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • jtiz 1,y; ,yq;ifapy; gpugy;ak; tha;e;j ,irf;

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL fiyQu;fs; gw;wpf; fw;gpf;ff; ifahz;l fw;gpj;jy; Kiw

iaAk; fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L KiwiaAk; gpd;gw;wpf;

fw;gpf;fyhk;.

199

Gj;Jthl;b v];.vd;. NrhkRe;juk; (taypd;)Gj;Jthl;b v];.vd;. NrhkRe;juk; (taypd;)Gj;Jthl;b v];.vd;. NrhkRe;juk; (taypd;)Gj;Jthl;b v];.vd;. NrhkRe;juk; (taypd;)Gj;Jthl;b v];.vd;. NrhkRe;juk; (taypd;)

<oj;jpw;F ,ir tpj;jpl;ltu;fSs; xUtu; Gj;Jthl;b NrhK vd miof;fg;gLk;

v];.vd;. NrhkRe;juk; mtu;fs; Mthu;. Gj;Jthl;b vd;gJ gUj;jpj;Jiwapd; Xu;

Fwpr;rpapd; ngauhFk;. Gj;Jthl;b vd;W $wpdhy; Xu; ,irg; guk;giuf;F Kj;jpiu

gjpj;jtu;fs; vd;W jpl;ltl;lkhff; $wyhk;.

taypd; fiyQuhd Gj;Jthl;b ehfypq;fk;> tp[ak; jk;gjpfl;F NrhkRe;juk;>

eluh[gps;is Mfpa Mz;gps;isfSk;> kNf];tup vd;Dk; ngz;Zk; thupRfshff;

fpilf;fg; ngw;wdu;. %j;jtuhd NrhkRe;juk; mtu;fs; 1895,y; gpwe;jjhf

mwpaKbfpwJ.

Gj;Jthl;b NrhK ,irapy; Nju;r;rp ngw;W tapypd; fUtpiag; gapd;W mf;fUtpapid

Nkilfspy; thrpj;J Gfio <l;bdhu;. ,ijtpl rhuq;fp vd;w fUtpiaAk; jdJ

je;ijahuplk; gapd;W mjidg; gf;fthj;jpakhf Njthu ,irf;F thrpj;Jk;

te;jhu;. ,J NghyNt ,tuJ rNfhjuu; jtpy;> ehj];tuk; Nghd;w thj;jpa

,irapYk; kNf];tup vd;gtu; ehlfk;> tha;g;ghL> rjpu;f; fr;Nrup Nghd;w fiyfspYk;

ed;F Nju;;r;rpAld; epfo;r;rpfis elj;jp te;jhu;fs;.

Gj;Jthl;b jdJ 11MtJ tajpy; ,ir muq;Ffspy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;a Muk;gpj;jhu;.

mtu; fhyj;jpNyNa tha;g;ghl;L ,irauq;Ffs; ,lk;ngw Muk;gpj;jd. ,ir

mwpQu;fspd; ,irauq;Ffspy; Gj;Jthl;b NrhK mtu;fs; taypd; thrpj;Js;shu;.

mj;Jld; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J ,irf; fiyQu;fis <oj;jpw;F tutioj;J ,irf;

fr;Nrupfs; elj;jpAk; te;jhu;. ,tu; tha;g;ghl;L taypd; Mfpa ,irapy; ty;Yduhf

kl;Lk; ,Ue;J tplhky; gf;jpkhdhfTk; ,Ue;J nja;tq;fs; kPJ fPu;j;jid jpy;yhdh

Nghd;witfs; ,aw;wpAk; ghbAk; thrpj;Jk; cs;shu;. Gj;Jthl;b mtu;fspd;

,ir kughdJ mtUila thupRfs; topte;j jw;fhy ,irf;fiyQu;fs; %yk;

tsu;f;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,t;tifapy; ,irg; guk;giuapdiu tha;g;ghl;L tPiz>

rhuq;fp> ehj];tuk;> taypd; vd;w tifapy; cUthf;fpa <oj;jpd; ,ir Nkij

v];.vd;. NrhkRe;juk; mtu;fs; jkJ 60 MtJ taJ tiuapy; tho;e;J ,ir

rhjidfs; gy Gupe;jhu;fs;.

200

aho;g;ghzk;aho;g;ghzk;aho;g;ghzk;aho;g;ghzk;aho;g;ghzk; P.S. MWKfk;gps;is (1919 - 1993) MWKfk;gps;is (1919 - 1993) MWKfk;gps;is (1919 - 1993) MWKfk;gps;is (1919 - 1993) MWKfk;gps;is (1919 - 1993)

aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ,ir Ntshsu; guk;giuapy; tho;e;j rhkpehju;> fkyk;

MfpNahUf;Fg; Gjy;tuhf 19.05.19Mk; Mz;L gpwe;jhu;.

tsu;e;J tUifapy; rhjhuz fy;tpAk; gapd;W jdJ jikadhuhfpa fe;jrhkpaplk;

ehj];tuk; gapd;whu;. gpd;du; ,e;jpa ehj];tur; rf;futu;j;jp jpUthtLJiw

M];jhd tpj;Jthd; T.N. uh[uj;jpdk; gps;is mtu;fsplk; Kiwg;gb FUFythrk;

gapw;rp nra;J> FUTlDk; rpy fr;Nrupfs; nra;J jkJ ehj];tu fiyiar;

rpwg;gpj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. gpd;G ,yq;if te;J jkJ rNfhjuuhd P.S. ,uh[Nfhghy;

gps;is mtu;fSld; (jtpy;) Nru;e;J ehj];tu ,irauq;Ffisg; gpugy Njt];

jhdq;fs;> rghf;fs;> kq;fs itgtq;fs; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; elhj;jp te;jhu;.

,tUila ehj];tuj;jpy; tUk; xypahdJ fpshupdl;> n\dha; Nghd;w ehj xyp

NtWghLfis vLj;Jf; fhl;Ltjha; mikAk;. ,J ,tUila tpj;Jtr; rpwg;gpw;F

rhd;whFk;.

ehj];tuk; kl;Lk; my;yhJ KftPiz> flk;> Gy;yhq;Foy;> fQ;rpuh Nghd;w

thj;jpaq;fisAk;> ,irauq;Ffspy; thrpj;Js;shu;. jdf;F xg;ghUk;> kpf;fhUk;

,y;yhj mstpNyNa thrpj;Js;shu;.

ehj];tuj;jpy; ];tug; gpuNahfk;> uhftp];jhuq;fs; Nghd;wit kpfTk; espdkhfTk;>

RehjKilajhfTk;> gpUfh> rq;fjpfs;> yaRj;jk; epiwe;jitahfTk; mike;

jpUf;Fk;. ,tUila ehj];tuj;Jf;F kaq;fhNjhu; ahUk; ,y;iy.

aho;g;ghzj;ij Nru;e;j MWKfk;gps;is> ,uh[ehafp vd;gtiuj; jpUkzk;

nra;jhu;. ,tu;fSf;F 5 MZk;> 5 ngz;Zkhfg; gps;isfs; ,Ue;jhu;fs;.

,tu;fSs; Fwpg;ghf ghyRg;gpukzpak;> KUfjh]; Mfpa ,UtUk; ntspa+u;fspy;

ehj];tu ,irf; fiyj;njhz;L Gupfpwhu;fs;.

,tUila FUthfpa uh[uj;jpdk; gps;is> Ntjhuzpak; Ntj%u;j;jp Nghd;wtu;fspd;

ghzpia xl;baJ. NkYk; fhyQ;nrd;w tpj;Jthd;fshd fjhgpurq;fk; rp.v];.

kzpghftju;> tha;g;ghl;Lf; fiyQu; ,irg;Gytu;> e. rz;Kfuj;jpdk; MfpNahupd;

gy ,ir muq;Ffspy; KftPiz> flk; Nghd;w thj;jpaq;fis thrpj;J urpfu;fspd;

rpwe;j ghuhl;Lf;fisg; ngw;Ws;shu;.

201

aho;g;ghzj;jpNy KftPiz vd;w Xu; ,irf;fUtpAk; muq;fpw;F cfe;jJ vd;w

mstpy; taypd;> kpUjq;fk;> jtpy; Nghd;w gf;fthj;jpaq;fis Nru;j;J KftPiz

,irauq;Ffs; gy epfo;j;jpAs;shu;.

,tUila rp\;au;fs; gyu;. mtu;fSs; fyh#up vd;.Nf. gj;kehjd;> ey;Y}u; P.S.

gpr;irag;gh> Gd;dhiyf; fl;Ltd; fNzrd; Nghd;wtu;fs; Fwpg;gplf;$batu;fs;.

<oj;jpYk; ntspehLfspYk; P.S. MWKfk;gps;is mtu;fSf;F tpj;trigfsp

ypUe;Jk; ,ir urpfu;fsplj;jpUe;Jk; gy ghuhl;Lf;fSk; fpilj;Js;sd.

,tUf;Ff; fpilj;j gl;lq;fs; yypj ];tug+gjp> ,ir ehjyakzp> Njtfhy

,irj; jpyfk;> ehj];tu k`htypfq;fh> ehj];tutpj;t rug; ,ir muR> gy;ypirg;

Gytu;> ,ir ehjthupjp> ]hkfhdyhtz;a> ,irQhdN[hjp Nghd;wit

Fwpg;gplf;$baitahFk;.

,tu; gyfhyk; Nrit nra;J jdJ 74MtJ tajpy; 07.02.1993 md;W ,irf;fiy

tho;f;ifia ePj;J ,iwtdb Nru;e;jhu;.

202

nry;tp. ,uh[uhN[];tup ghyRg;gpukzpak;nry;tp. ,uh[uhN[];tup ghyRg;gpukzpak;nry;tp. ,uh[uhN[];tup ghyRg;gpukzpak;nry;tp. ,uh[uhN[];tup ghyRg;gpukzpak;nry;tp. ,uh[uhN[];tup ghyRg;gpukzpak;

nry;tp ghyRg;gpukzpak; ,uh[uhN[];tup mtu;fisj; jpUNfhzkiyapw; gpwe;j

vtUk; mwpahkNyh> Nfs;tpg;glhkNyh ,Uf;f KbahJ. ,tu; guk;giuahfj;

jkpOf;Fk;> jkpopirf;Fk; jq;fis mu;g;gzk; nra;j jpUNfhzkiy j. fdfRe;juk;

gps;is> j. rutzKj;Jg;gps;is mtu;fisAk; ngupa je;ijahff;nfhz;l ngUik

tha;e;jtu;. jpUNfhzkiy Kfhe;jpuk; ghyRg;gpukzpak; mtu;fspd; nry;tg;

Gj;jpupahf 24.02.1920 ,y; gpwe;jhu;.

rpWtajpy; ,Ue;Nj fiyahu;tkpFe;jpUe;j ,tu; jkJ fy;tpia jpUNfhzkiy

= rz;Kf tpj;jpahyak;> Gdpj kupahs; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk; cLtpy; kfspu;

fy;Y}up Mfpatw;wpy; fw;Wj; Nju;e;jhu;. nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fof ,irg;gpuptpy;

tha;g;ghl;L> tPiz Mfpa ,U JiwfspYk; bg;Nshkh gl;lk; ngw;W 1942Mk;

Mz;L ,yq;if jpUk;gpdhu;.

jkJ ,sikf; fhyj;jpy; gy NkilfspYk;> ,yq;if thndhypapYk; gy ,ir

epfo;r;rpfspy; gq;F gw;wpAs;shu;. jpUNfhzkiyapypUe;J thndhypapd; gq;F

gw;wpa KjyhtJ fiyQu; ,tNuahthu;.

,iria tsu;f;f Ntz;Lk;> gug;g Ntz;Lk;> jkJ gpwe;j Cuhd jpUNfhzkiyapy;

,ir QhdKs;stu;fisj; Njhw;Wtpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w ngUtpUg;gpdhy; xU

,ir epWtdj;ij mikf;fg; ngupJk; tpioe;jhu;.

1947,y; Rthkp eluh[hde;jh mtu;fsJ MrpAld; jpUNfhzkiy jl;rzfhd

rghit Muk;gpj;jhu;. tl ,yq;if rq;fPj rigg; guPl;irfSf;F khztpaiug;

ngUkstpy; jahu;g;gLj;jpdhu;. ,e;epWtdj;ij jk; ,Wjp %r;Rs;stiu

,ytrkhfNt elj;jpdhu; vd;gJ kl;Lkd;wp jd; cly;> nghUs;> Mtp %d;iwAk;

,r; rghtpw;fhfNt mu;g;gzpj;jhu;. jkJ nrhe;j ,y;yj;ijNa ghlrhiyahf;fp

Cjpak; ngwhky; cioj;j cj;jkg; ngz;zhd ,tu; %yk; cau;e;jtu;fs;

gyu; ;. ,d;W jpUNfhzkiyapy; flik GupAk; 95% tPjj;jpdu; nry;tp.

,uh[uhN[];tup mtu;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; vd;gJ vtuhYk; kWf;f

Kbahj xd;W. Mrpupau;fshf kl;Lkd;wp mjpgu;> ,irf; fy;Y}up mjpgu;fs;;>

,irf;fy;tp mjpfhupfs;; vd ,tuJ khztpfs; cau;e;j epiyapy; ,Ug;gJk;

mtuJ Nritf;F rhd;whf cs;snjdyhk;. fhy; E}w;whz;bw;F Nky; ,ytrkhf

,irj;njhz;L Gupe;j nry;tp. ,uh[ uhN[];tupapd; ,irg;gzp msg;gupaJ.

203

,ir gug;Gk; ngUNehf;fpdhy; jkJ khztpaiu Nfhapy; NjhWk; gz;zpir

ghlitj;J kfpo;e;jhu;. ghit Nehd;gpd; cz;ikahd fUj;ij cyfpw;F

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; tz;zk; jpUntk;ghit eilngWk; fhyq;fspy; 10 ehl;fSk;

fLq;FspiuAk; nghUl;gLj;jhJ NfhtpYf;F khztpaiu mDg;gp nrtpf;fpd;GWk;

tifapy; jpUntk;ghitg; ghly;fs; ghlr; nra;jhu;.

tha;g;ghl;L kl;Lkd;wp taypd;> tPiz> kpUjq;fk;> Gy;yhq;Foy;> rpj;jhu; Nghd;w

thj;jpaq;fisAk; rghtpy; gapw;Wtpj;jhu;. ehlfk;> eldk; Nghd;w JiwfspYk;>

khztu;fsJ Mu;tj;ij tsu;j;jhu;. ,ir tpohf;fspYk;> thndhypapYk;

khztpaiug; ghlitj;J jhKk; Nfl;bd;Gw;whu;. Mz;LNjhWk; fiythzp

tpohitf; nfhY mikj;J 10 ehl;fSk; epfo;r;rpfisj; jahupj;J rpwg;ghf

elhj;Jthu;. jpUNfhzkiy kl;Lkd;wp mfpy ,yq;ifapYk; jl;rzfhd rghtpd;

Gfo; gutr; nra;jhu;. ,tu; ,irAld; kl;Lk; epd;W tplhJ rpwe;j r%f NrtfpahfTk;

tpsq;fpdhu;.

~~vd;fld; gzp nra;J fplg;gNj|| vd;w KJnkhopf;fpzq;f jk; ,Wjp %r;Rtiu

gad;fUjhJ ,irg;gzp Gupe;j nry;tp ,uh[uhN[];tup mtu;fs; 24.11.72 ,y;

,t;Tyf tho;it ePj;jhu;. mtu; Vw;wp itj;j jl;rzfhd rgh vd;Dk; mfy;tpsf;F

,d;Wk; mtu; ngUikiag; giwrhw;wpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wnjd;why; kpifahfhJ.

204


205






tpku;rpg;ghu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • Nkiyj;Nja ,ir epfo;r;rpfspd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;

fis ,dq;fhzy;.

• Nkiyj;Nja ,ir epfo;r;rpfspy; ,urpj;j tplaq;fs;

njhlu;ghf tpku;rdf; fl;Liu vOJjy;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 1.1.11.1.11.1.11.1.11.1.1 : : : : : ntFrdj; njhlu;G Clfq;fspd; %yk; fhl;lg;gLk;

Nkiyj;Nja ,ir rk;ge;jkhd epfo;r;rpfspd; jdpj;J

tkhd mk;rq;fis ,dq;fz;L ,urpj;J tpku;rpj;jy;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • Nkiyj;Nja ,irapd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fs;

- Nkiyj;Nja ,ir epfo;r;rpfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

njupTnra;ag;gl;l thj;jpaq;fs;.

- thj;jpaq;fspd; jd;ik

- thj;jpaq;fisf; ifahSk; Kiw


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL ::::: Nkiyj;Nja ,ir rk;ge;jkhd epfo;r;rpfs; xyp> xsp

gug;gg;gl;l xsp ehlhf;fs;> xyp> xspg;gjpTf; fUtpfs;

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • Nkiyj;Nja ,ir rk;ge;jkhd epfo;r;rpfis xypgug;gp

my;yJ xspgug;gp khztiu nrtpkLf;fr; nra;jy;.

• nrtpkLj;j Nkiyj;Nja ,irapd; jdpj;Jtkhd

mk;rq;fs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.

(gad;gLj;jg;gLk; thj;jpaq;fs;> thj;jpaq;fspd; jd;ik>

thj;jpaq;fisf; ifahSk; Kiw)

• Nkiyj;Nja ,irapy; khztu; ,urpj;j tplaq;fs;

njhlu;ghf tpku;rdf; fl;Liu vOJk;gb khztiu

newpg;gLj;jy;.

(fye;Jiuahly; Kiw %yk; fw;gpf;fyhk;.)

206

• Nkiyj;Nja ,ir epfo;r;rpapy; ,urpj;jtw;iw tpku;rpf;

Fk;NghJ ftdj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba mk;rq;fs;.

• epfo;r;rpapd; jd;ik (`hu;Nkhdpf;fy; ,ir)

• ,ir ntspg;ghL (,irf;fUtpfspd; mzpNru; jd;ik)

• ,irf;fUtpfspd; gq;fspg;G (mDruizahd thrpg;G)

• xj;jpirT

• ,uridapd; %yk; Vw;gl;l mDgtg; gfpu;T (,irf;

fUtpfis thrpg;gtu;fspD}lhf mtu;fsJ mDgtk;

Nfl;Nghiur; nrd;wiljy;)

• epfo;r;rpapd; juk; (epfo;r;rpapd; KOikahd Nehf;F)

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • Nkiyj;Nja ,irapd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fisg;

gl;baw;gLj;Jtu;.

• Nkiyj;Nja thj;jpaq;fspd; xypNtWghl;il ,dq;

fhz;gu;.

• Nkiyj;Nja ,iria ,urpj;J tpku;rpg;;gu;.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz ::::: • Nkiyj;Nja ,ir epfo;r;rpapd; xypg;gjpT ehlh>

xspg;gjpT ehlh


MrpupaUf;fhdit:MrpupaUf;fhdit:MrpupaUf;fhdit:MrpupaUf;fhdit:MrpupaUf;fhdit: • ntFrdj; njhlu;G Clfq;fspd; %yk; fhz;gpf;fg;gLk;

Nkiyj;Nja ,irapid ,urpg;gNjhL Nkiyj;Nja

,irapid xyp> xsp ehlhf;fs; %yKk; ,urpg;gjdhy;

,uridj; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;syhk;.

khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit: • ntFrdj; njhlu;G Clfq;fspd; %yk; fhz;gpf;fg;gLk;

Nkiyj;Nja ,irapid ,urpg;gNjhL> Nkiyj;Nja

,ir mlq;fpa xyp> xsp ehlhf;fis ,urpg;gjd; %yk;

,uridj; jpwidAk; tpku;rpf;Fk; Mw;wiyAk; tpUj;jp

nra;J nfhs;syhk;.

207



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2 : : : : : epfo;r;rpfisf; $l;lhfj; jahupg;gjd; %yk; $l;Lr;

nraw;ghL> tpl;Lf;nfhLj;jy; Kjyhd ed;kdg;

ghq;fpid ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • tUl ,Wjp epfo;r;rpf;Nfw;w Mf;fq;fis jahupj;jy;.

• jkJ Mf;fq;fis NkilNaw;wy;.

• $l;Lr;nraw;ghL> tpl;Lf;nfhLj;jy; Kjyhd ed;kdg;

ghq;Ffis ntspg;gLj;jy;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 2.1.12.1.12.1.12.1.12.1.1 ::::: tUl ,Wjpapy; khztu; Mf;fq;fisf; nfhz;l epfo;r;rp

fis NkilNaw;wy;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • khztu; Mf;fq;fisf;nfhz;l epfo;r;rpfis Nkil

Naw;wy;.



• ,irf;fUtpfs;

• epfo;r;rpfs; mlq;fpa ml;ltiz

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • khztu;fs; fw;w ghly; tiffs;> thj;jpaq;fs; gw;wp

khztu;fNshL fye;Jiuahb tUl ,Wjpapy; khztu;

fspd; Mf;fq;fisf; nfhz;L epfo;r;rpfisj; jahupf;Fk;

Kiwfs; gw;wp tpsf;fk; nra;jy;.

• NkilNaw;w cj;Njrpj;Js;s epfo;r;rpfis ml;ltizg;

gLj;jy;.

(jdpg;ghly;> FOg;ghly;> gy;ypak;> ehl;lhu; ghly;>

ehl;ba ehlfk;> ,ir ehlfk; Nghd;wit)

• vy;yh khztu;fisAk; gq;Nfw;fr;nra;J epfo;r;rpfSf;

Fg; nghUj;jkhd tifapy; njupe;J gapw;rp ngwj;

J}z;Ljy;.

• Mrpupaupd; topfhl;lYld; khztu;fs; gapw;rp ngWjy;.

• epfo;r;rpapd; tif> ghj;jpuq;fs; vd;gtw;wpw;Nfw;w xg;gid

nra;Ak; Kiw gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.

• epfo;r;rpfisf; $l;lhfr; Nru;e;J jahupg;gjw;F

topfhl;Ljy;.

208

• xg;gidAld; xj;jpif ghu;j;jy;.

• epfo;r;rpfis Nkil Vw;Wjy;.


fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • tFg;G kl;lk;> ghlrhiykl;lj;jpy; jk; epfo;r;rpfis

Nkil Vw;Wtu;.

• NkilNaw;Wk; NghJ ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba mk;rq;f

isf; Fwpg;gpLtu;.

• jiyikj;Jtg;ghq;F> tpl;Lf;nfhLf;Fk; kdg;ghq;F> FO

thf ,aq;Fk; jpwd;> gpwu; Mw;Wifia kjpf;Fk; gz;G

Nghd;w ed;kdg;ghq;Ffis ntspg;gLj;Jtu;.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz ::::: • gy;NtW tifahd ,ir epfo;r;rpfslq;fpa xsp ehlh>

,Wtl;L


MrpupaUf;fhdit:MrpupaUf;fhdit:MrpupaUf;fhdit:MrpupaUf;fhdit:MrpupaUf;fhdit: • ghlrhiyfspy; ,lk;ngWk; fiytpohf;fs;> fyhrhu

epfo;r;rpfs;> ,ir epfo;r;rpfisr; nrd;W ghu;itapLtjd;

%yKk;> mtw;wpw;F topfhl;ly;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjdhy;

Vw;gLk; mDgtq;fs; %yKk; jkJ jpwid tpUj;jp

nra;J nfhs;syhk;.

khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit: • ntt;NtW ghlrhiyfspy; eilngWk; fiy tpohf;fs;.

,ir epfo;r;rpfis Neupy; nrd;W ghu;itapLtjd;

%yKk; njhiyf;fhl;rpfspy; ,lk;ngWk; epfo;r;rpfis

ghu;j;J ,urpj;Jg; ngWk; mDgtq;fspd; %yKk; jkJ

Mw;Wifj; jpwid Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.

209





fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • kj;jpkfhyf;fPu;j;jidia RUjp> ,uhf> jhsj;Jld;

ghLjy;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 3.1.13.1.13.1.13.1.13.1.1 ::::: kj;jpk fhyf; fPu;j;jidia ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghLjy;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • kj;jpkfhyf; fPu;j;jid - 01


fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • jtiz 1 ,y; kj;jpkfhyf; fPu;j;jidiaf; fw;gpg;g

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL jw;F Nkw;nfhz;l fw;gpj;jy; KiwiaAk; fzpg;gPl;L

kjpg;gPl;L KiwiaAk; gpd;gw;wyhk;. kj;jpk fhyf;

fPu;j;jidfs; Ie;jpw;Fkhd ];tu jhsf; Fwpg;Gfs;

jtiz 1,y; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

210





fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • m\;lgjpapd; mikg;ig tpsf;Fjy;

• m\;lgjpia RUjp> ,uhf> jhs> ghtj;Jld; ghLjy;

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 3.1.13.1.13.1.13.1.13.1.1 ::::: m\;lgjpia ,uhf jhs ghtj;Jld; ghLjy;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • n[a Njtuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l ~~uhjhtjd|| vd;Dk;

m\;lgjp


fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; :::::• ~~uhjhtjd|| vd;w m\;lgjp vOjg;gl;l ml;iliaf;

fhl;rpg;gLj;jp m\;lgjpapd; mikg;ig tpsf;Fjy;.

• Fwpg;gpl;l m\;lgjp mlq;fpa ,Wtl;L my;yJ xypg;gjpT

ehlhitg; Nghl;Lf;fhl;b khztiur; nrtpkLf;fr;

nra;jy;.

• m\;lgjpia KOikahfg; ghbf;fhl;Ljy;.

• m\;lgjpapd; xt;nthU ruzj;ijAk; gFjp gFjpahfr;

nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;jy;.

• mt;tg;NghJ ]hfpj;jpaj;jpw;Fupa ];tug; gFjpia

mjhtJ jhJitr; nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;jy;.




(nra;Jfhl;ly;> fye;Jiuahly; Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wyhk;.)

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • kj;jpakhtjp ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz mtNuhfzj;ijg;

ghLtu;.

• m\;lgjpiaj; jdpahfTk; FOthfTk; ghLtu;.

• m\;lgjp gf;jp urk; jJk;Gk; cUg;gb vd;gij Vw;Wf;

nfhs;tu;.

211

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz ::::: • ,Wtl;L (CD, DVD)


MrpupaUf;fhdit:MrpupaUf;fhdit:MrpupaUf;fhdit:MrpupaUf;fhdit:MrpupaUf;fhdit: • kj;jpakhtjp ,uhfj;jpy; mike;j NtW cUg;gbfisf;

fw;gjd; %yKk; gpugy tpj;Jthd;fshy; ntspaplg;gl;l

,Wtl;L> xypg;gjpT ehlhf;fspy;; cs;s kj;jpakhtjp

,uhf cUg;gbfisf; Nfl;gjd; %yKk; jkJ kNdhju;k

Qhdj;ij tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.

khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit: • jhk; fw;w m\;lgjpia gd;Kiw gapw;rp nra;tjdhy;

gf;jp urk; jJk;Gk;gb cUg;gbiag; ghlyhk;.

• kj;jpakhtjp ,uhfj;jpy; cs;s NtW cUg;gbfisj;

Njbf; Nfl;gjd; %yk; uhf Qhdj;ij tpUj;jp

nra;ayhk;.

212

m\;lgjpm\;lgjpm\;lgjpm\;lgjpm\;lgjp

,uhfk; - kj;jpakhtjp jhsk;: Mjp

M - ]upkgep];

mt - ];epgkup];

,aw;wpatu;: n[aNjtu;

1. @ uhjh tjd tpNyhfd tpf]pj

@ tptpj tp`hu tpgq;fk;

@ [yepjp kpttpJ kz;ly ju;\d

@ juspj Jq;fjuq;fk; ùPk; fpU\;zk;

@ ùpNkfu]k; rpukgp y]pj tpyh]k; fpU\;zk;

2. @ ]hj ju;\ FU @ ù;\ t]k; tj

@ tjd kdq;f epth]k; fpU\;zk;

@ ùp Nkfu]k; rpukgp y]pj tpyh]k; fpU\;zk;

3. @ = [aNjt gzpj tpgt j;tpF zP`puj; g+\z ghuk;

@ g;uzkj fpUjp RrPuk; tpdpjha ùPk;

uk; Rf;FUNjhja ]huk; fpU\;zk;

ùp Nkfu]k; rpukgp y]pj tpyh]k; fpU\;zk;

}22 MtJ Nksfu;j;jhtpd; [d;dpak;

213





fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • jpUg;Gfopd; nghUisf; $Wjy;.

• jpUg;Gfio re;j mikg;gpw;Nfw;g ghLjy;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 3.1.2 3.1.2 3.1.2 3.1.2 3.1.2 ::::: jpUg;Gfo; ghliy ,uhf jhsj;Jld; nghUSzu;e;J

ghLjy;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • gpd;tUk; jpUg;Gfo; ghly;fspy; %d;iw tpUk;gpa

,uhfj;jpy; ghLjy;.

• mfuKkhfp

• ,aypirapy;

• cyfgRghrk;



• jpUg;Gfo; ];tu ]hfpj;akhf vOjg;gl;l ml;il


• xypg;gjpTf;fUtp

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • jpUg;Gfo; vOjg;gl;l ml;iliaf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp

jpUg;Gfopd; mikg;igAk; mjd; rpwg;Gf;fisAk;vLj;Jf; $Wjy;.

• Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l jpUg;Gfo;g; ghliy xypg;gjpTf;fUtpapy; xypf;fr;nra;J nrtpkLf;fr; nra;jy;.

• vLj;Jf;nfhz;l jpUg;Gfo;g; ghlypd; nghUisf;$Wjy;.

• jpUg;Gfo;g; ghliyg; ghLtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd,uhfj;ijj; njupTnra;J> me;j ,uhfj;jpy; MNuhfzmtNuhfzj;ijf; fw;gpj;jy;.

• me;j ,uhfj;jpy; jpUg;Gfo;g; ghliy KOikahfg;ghbf;fhl;ly;. (xypg;gjpTf; fUtpapy; xypf;fr; nra;j,uhfj;ijAk; ,iraikg;igAk; cilajha;,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.)

• jpUg;Gfiog; gFjp gFjpahfr; nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;jy;.


214




fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • jhk; fw;w jpUg;Gfo;g; ghlypd; ,uhf jhsj;ijf;

$Wtu;.

• jpUg;Gfioj; jdpahfTk; FOthfTk; ghLtu;.

• jpUg;Gfo; re;jr;rpwg;G> Xir eak;> nrhy;yyq;fhuk;

Kjypa gy rpwg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;lJ vd;gij Vw;Wf;

nfhs;tu;.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz ::::: • jpUg;Gfo; ghly;fs; mlq;fpa ,Wtl;L (CD, DVD)


MrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhdit ::::: • Dr. Nryk; n[ayÑ;kp> #ykq;fyk; rNfhjupfs; Nghd;w

gpugy;akhd tpj;Jthd;fspd; jpUg;Gfo;;g; ghly;fisf;

Nfl;gjd; %yk; jkJ Qhdj;ij tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;s

yhk;.

khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit: • jhk; fw;w jpUg;Gfo;g; ghliy kPsg; gapw;rp nra;tjd;

%yKk; me;j ,uhfj;jpy; mike;j NtW jpUg;Gfo;g;

ghly;fisf; Nfl;gjd; %yKk; jkJ Qhdj;ij

tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;syhk;.

215

jpUg;Gfo;jpUg;Gfo;jpUg;Gfo;jpUg;Gfo;jpUg;Gfo;

~mfuKkhfp|~mfuKkhfp|~mfuKkhfp|~mfuKkhfp|~mfuKkhfp|

mfuKkhfp ajpgDkhfp ajpfKkhfp mfkhfp

manddthfp mupnadthfp munddthfp mtu;Nkyha;

,fuKkhfp naitfSkhfp apdpikAkhfp tUNthNd

,Uepy kPjpnyspaDk; tho vdJ Kd;Ndhb tuNtZk;

kfgjpahfp kUTk; tyhup kfpo;fsp$Uk; tbNthNd

tdKiw NtldUspa g+i[ kfpo; fjpu;fhk KilNahNd

nrffdNrF jFjpkpNjhjp jpkpnad ML kapNyhNd

jpUkypthd goKjpu;Nrhiy kiykpirNkT ngUkhNs.

~,aypirapYrpjtQ;rp|~,aypirapYrpjtQ;rp|~,aypirapYrpjtQ;rp|~,aypirapYrpjtQ;rp|~,aypirapYrpjtQ;rp|

,aypirapYrpj tQ;rpf; fau;thfp

,uTgfy; kdJ rpe;jpj; JoyhNj

cau;fUiz GupAkpd;gf; fly;%o;fp

cidnadJ swpA kd;igj; jUthNa

kapu; jfu;fypilaue;jj; jpid fhty;

tdr Fw kfis te;jpj; jiz NthNd

fapiy kiyaida nre;jpw; gjptho;Nt

fupKftdpisa fe;jg; ngUkhNs

~cyfgR ghrk;|~cyfgR ghrk;|~cyfgR ghrk;|~cyfgR ghrk;|~cyfgR ghrk;|

cyf gR ghrk; njhe;j kJthd

cwTfpis jhau; je;ij kidghyu;

kyry Rthr rQ;rykjhnyd;

kjpepiy nflhkYd;w dUs; jhuha;

rykWF g+is Jk;ig azpNrNa

rutzgth KFe;jd; kUNfhNd

gy fiy rpthfkq;fs; gapy;NthNd

godpkiy thote;j ngUkhNs.

216




Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2 : : : : : ,ir cUg;gbfis RUjp> ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghLthu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • ~ryk;g+nthL J}gk; kwe;jwpNad;| vd;Dk; Njthuj;

jpid gz;Kiwf;Nfw;g ghLjy;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 3.2.13.2.13.2.13.2.13.2.1 ::::: Njthuj;jpid gz;NzhL ghLjy;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • ~ryk;g+nthL J}gk; kwe;jwpNad;| vd;Dk; Njthuk;


fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • jtiz 2 ,y; Njthuj;ijf; fw;gpg;gjw;F Nkw;

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL nfhz;l fw;gpj;jy; KiwiaAk; fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L

KiwiaAk; gpd;gw;wpf; fw;gpf;fyhk;.

217


gz; nfhy;yp

,uhfk; : etNuh[; jhsk; : Mjp

mUspatu;: jpUehTf;fuR ehadhu;

jyk;: jpUtjpiftPul;lhdk;

ryk; g+nthL J}gk; kwe;jwpNad;

jkpNohbir ghly; kwe;jwpNad;

eye;jPq;fpY Kd;id kwe;jwpNad;

cd;dhkk; vd;dhtpy; kwe;jwpNad;

cyu;e;jhu; jiyapw; gyp nfhz;Loy;tha;

clYs;SW #iiy jtpu;j;jUsha;

myu;e;Njdb Nadjp iff;nfby

tPul;lhdj; Jiw ak;khNd.

@ @ @ ff k f f up uPup f /

ryk; g+ . . . nthL

]epjh gh gg ];h @ ]h]h /

Na. d; @ jkp Noh. bir

fh @ @ ffkgh@ gh gh /

Nad; . eye;jPq; fpYk;

fupup] ]up]h ]upfupuPuP /

Nad; .cd; eh. .kk;

fupup]

Na.d;.

fupup] ]h]h /

J} . . gk; k

uP]h ];h uP . /

gh. ly; k

gh@ gh gh /

cd; id k

uP uP ]huP /

ve;ehtpy; .k

];h @ ]h]h //

we; . j wp

fh@ fhkh //

we; jwp .

fh@ fhkh //

we;. j.wp

uP @ fkjg //

we;. jwp.

@ @ @ cye;jhu; jiyapw; gyp nfhz;Loy;

tha; clYs;SW #iy jtpj;jU

sha; mye;Njd; mbNad; mjpiff; nfby

tPul;lhdj;Jiw mk;khNd.

218

nghopg;Giu:nghopg;Giu:nghopg;Giu:nghopg;Giu:nghopg;Giu:

ePu;> kyu; vd;gtw;NwhL J}gk; ,LtijAk; kwe;jwpa khl;Nld;. jkpo;g;ghlNyhL

gz; ghLjiy kwe;jwpa khl;Nld;. ed;ik> jPikfspYk; cd;id kwe;jwpa

khl;Nld;. cd; jpUehkj;ij vd; ehitf;nfhz;L cr;rupg;gij kwe;jwpa

khl;Nld;. ,we;NjhuJ jiyNahl;by; gyp Vw;Wj; jpupNthNd!

vd; clk;gpDs;Ns jq;fpa #iy Nehia ePf;fp mUspdhapy;iy. Mjyhy;

mbNad; tUe;jpNdd;. (mjpiff; nfby tPul;lhdj;Jiw mk;khNd) jpUf;nfby

ejpapd; tl fiuapYs;s jpUtjpif tPul;lhdj;jpy; vOe;jUspa vkJ je;ijNa.

219




Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.3 : : : : : jhsj;jpyike;j ];tu rQ;rhuq;fisg; ghLthu;.

fw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgW : : : : : • nfhLf;fg;gl;l ];turQ;rhuq;fspd; MNuhfz mtNuhf

zq;fisg; ghLjy;.

• ];tu];jhdq;fisf; $Wjy;.

• nfhLf;fg;gl;l ];tu rQ;rhuq;fis cupa ,uhfj;jpy;

jhsj;jpy; ghLjy;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 3.2.23.2.23.2.23.2.23.2.2 ::::: jhsj;jpyike;j ];tu rQ;rhuq;fisg; ghLjy;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • gpd;tUk; ,uhfq;fspy; jhsj;jpyike;j ];tu rQ;rhuq;fisg; ghLjy;.fy;ahzp> rq;fuhguzk;> khahkhstnfsis>Nkhfdk;> gpy`up> Mugp> fu`ug;gpupah> `k;rj;tdp>Njhb> Rj;jrhNtup> kj;jpakhtjp> fhk;Nghjp


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL ::::: • RUjpg;ngl;b• ];tu rQ;rhuq;fs;; vOjg;gl;l ml;il

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; :::::• ];tu rQ;rhuq;fs; vOjg;gl;l ml;iliaf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpmjidg; ghLk; Kiw gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.

• Fwpg;gpl;l rQ;rhuq;fs; mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpd;MNuhfz mtNuhfzj;ijg; ghbf;fhl;b mjd; ];tu];jhdq;fisf; $Wjy;.

• MNuhfz mtNuhfzj;ijr; nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;jy;.

• Fwpg;gpl;l rQ;rhuj;ijg; gFjp gFjpahfr; nrhy;ypf;nfhLj;jy;.


• khztu; Nru;e;J ghLjy;.

• khztiu vOkhw;whfj; njupT nra;J ghlr; nra;jy;.

• ntt;NtW ,uhfq;fspy; 2> 3> 4 Mtu;j;jdq;fspy;mike;j rQ;rhuq;fis vOjpf;nfhLj;J> khztu;fs;jhkhfNt Maj;jk; nra;J ghlr; nra;jy;.

220

• ntt;NtW ,uhfq;fspy; ];tu rQ;rhuq;fisg;ghbmtw;wpd; ,uhfq;fis ,dq;fhzr; nra;jy;.

(nra;Jfhl;ly; Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wyhk;.)

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • ,uhfq;fspd; MNuhfz mtNuhfzq;fisg; ghLjy;.

• ];tu rQ;rhuq;fisj; jhsj;NjhL ghu;j;Jg; ghLtu;.

• ];tu rQ;rhuq;fisg; ghu;j;Jg; ghbg; gapw;rp nra;tjd;

%yk; kNdhju;k Qhdk; tpUj;jpailAk; vd;gij

Vw;Wf;nfhs;tu;.


MrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhdit ::::: • ,irf;fr;Nrupfisf; Nfl;gjd; %yk; jkJ ];tu

Qhdj;ij tpUj;jp nra;ayhk;.

khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit:khztUf;fhdit: • ntt;NtW ,uhfq;fspd; MNuhfz mtNuhfzq;fis

%d;W fhyq;fSk; gapw;rp nra;tjd; %yk;

];tu];jhd Rj;jk; tYg;ngWk;. mjd; thapyhf

jhsj;jpyike;j rQ;rhuq;fis RUjp ghtj;Jld; ghbj;

jkJ ];tuQhdj;ij tpUj;jp nra;ayhk;.

221




Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.4Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.4Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.4Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.4Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.4 : : : : : ,uhfk;> fw;gdh ];tuq;fisg; ghbf; fhl;Ltjd; %yk;

jkJ kNdhju;k Mw;wiy ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

fw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgW : : : : : • [d;dpa ,uhfnkhd;wpid NtW ,uhff; fyg;gpd;wp

Myhgid nra;jy;.

• mt;tpuhfj;jpy; 1Mk;> 2Mk; fhyq;fspy; fw;gdh];tuk;

ghly;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 3.2.23.2.23.2.23.2.23.2.2 ::::: [d;dpa ,uhfk; xd;wpid ,uhf Myhgid nra;J

nghUj;jkhd ,lj;jpy; fw;gdh ];tuk; ghLjy;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • [d;dpa ,uhfk; 1


fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • jtiz 2 ,y; [df ,uhfj;jpy; ,uhf Myhgid>

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL fw;gdh];tuk; fw;gpg;gjw;F Nkw;nfhz;l fw;gpj;jy;

KiwiaAk; fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L KiwiaAk; gpd;

gw;wpf; fw;gpf;fyhk;.

222



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.2 : : : : : 72 Nksfu;j;jhf;fspd; tuyhW> mikg;G> ml;ltiz>

flgahjp rf;fuk; cs;slq;fpa KO tptuq;fisAk;

tpsf;Fthu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • thjp> ]k;thjp> tpthjp> mDthjp ];tuq;fis

cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;fy;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 4.1.14.1.14.1.14.1.14.1.1 ::::: thjp> ]k;thjp> tpthjp> mDthjp ];tuq;fis tpsf;fy;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • thjp> ]k;thjp> tpthjp> mDthjp ];tuq;fs; gw;wpa

tpsf;fk;.


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL ::::: • thjp> ]k;thjp> tpthjp> mDthjp ];tuq;fs; gw;wpa

Fwpg;Gfs;.

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • thjp> ]k;thjp> tpthjp> mDthjp ];tuq;fisg; ghb

cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Fjy;.

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • thjp> ]k;thjp> tpthjp> mDthjp ];tuq;fis

cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Fthu;.

crhj;Jiz E}y;crhj;Jiz E}y;crhj;Jiz E}y;crhj;Jiz E}y;crhj;Jiz E}y; ::::: • nry;yj;Jiu gp.b. - njd;df ,ir ,ay;

223

thjp> rk;thjp> mDthjp> tpthjp ];tuq;fs;thjp> rk;thjp> mDthjp> tpthjp ];tuq;fs;thjp> rk;thjp> mDthjp> tpthjp ];tuq;fs;thjp> rk;thjp> mDthjp> tpthjp ];tuq;fs;thjp> rk;thjp> mDthjp> tpthjp ];tuq;fs;

mbg;gilahd VO ];tuq;fisAk;> ];jhd mbg;gilapYk; RUjpapd; mbg;gilapYk;

,ilntspfisf; fzf;fpl;L mitfis ehd;F tifahfg; gpupj;Js;sdu;.

mitahtd:

1. thjp ];tuk;

2. rk;thjp ];tuk;

3. mDthjp ];tuk;

4. tpthjp ];tuk; vd;gdthFk;.

thjp ];tuk;thjp ];tuk;thjp ];tuk;thjp ];tuk;thjp ];tuk;

thjp vd;gJ Xu; ,uhfj;jpy; mtrpakhf ,Uf;fNtz;ba Mjhu ];tukhFk;. ,J

,uhfj;jpd; ,d;wpaikahj ];tukhfTk; cs;sJ. ghliyAk; ,uhfj;jpidAk;

topelj;JtJk;> murDf;Fr; rkkhf nrhy;yg;gLtJkhd ~]l;[k;| jhd; thjp

];tukhFk;. ,J ,uhfj;jpy; gyKiw xypf;Fk;. ,J gz;ila jkpopirapy; Fuy;

vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ@ murDf;F xg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. muru; xUtu; vt;thW

cs;shNuh> mNj Nghy; kf;fSk; me;ehl;by; tho;tu;. ,uhfj;jpYs;s kw;w

];tuq;fis topelj;JtJ murdhd ]l;[k; vd;gjdhy; ,jid thjp ];tuk;

vd;W miog;gu;.

rk;thjp ];tuk; (,iz ];tuk; my;yJ fpis ];tuk;)rk;thjp ];tuk; (,iz ];tuk; my;yJ fpis ];tuk;)rk;thjp ];tuk; (,iz ];tuk; my;yJ fpis ];tuk;)rk;thjp ];tuk; (,iz ];tuk; my;yJ fpis ];tuk;)rk;thjp ];tuk; (,iz ];tuk; my;yJ fpis ];tuk;)

xU ehL rpwf;f murDf;F ke;jpup vt;thW Gj;jprhypj;jdkhf mikfpd;whNuh

mJNghy; ve;nje;j ];tuq;fs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W ,ize;jhy; mjpf uQ;rfj;ijf;

nfhLf;FNkh mtw;iwr; rk;thjp ];tuq;fs; vd;W miog;gu;.

cjhuzk;: 1. rhjhuz fhe;jhuKk; - ifrpfp ep\hjKk;

2. me;ju fhe;jhuKk; - fhfyp ep\hjKk;

3. rJ];Ujp ijtjKk; - me;ju fhe;jhuKk;

4. rJ];Ujp up\gKk; - fhfyp ep\hjKk;

Nghd;wit rk;thjp ];tuq;fshFk;.

fu`ug;gpupah> fy;ahzp> `upfhk;Nghjp> rq;fuhguzk; Nghd;w ,uhfq;fspy;

Nkw;$wpa rk;thjp ];tuq;fs; moiff;nfhLf;fpd;wd. rk;thjp ];tuq;fs; vd;gJ

8 my;yJ 12 RUjp ,ilntspfisf; nfhz;l ];tuq;fshFk; vd;W rhuq;fNjtupd;

rq;fPj uj;dhfuj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; gz;ilj; jkpopirapy; rk;thjp

];tuq;fis ,iz ];tuq;fs; vd;Wk; fpis ];tuq;fs; vd;Wk; ,uz;L tifahfg;

gpupf;fpd;wdu;.

224

(1) ]l;[ - gQ;rk Kiwapy;> mjhtJ ];tuj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; vLj;Jf;nfhz;l

];tuj;jpypUe;J 5MtJ ];tukhfTk; ];tu];jhd mbg;gilapy; vLj;Jf;nfhz;l

];tuj;jpw;F 7MtJ ];tukhfTk; tuf;$ba ];tuq;fis ~~,iz ];tuk;|| vd;W

$Wtu;.

(2) ]l;[ - kj;jpak Kiwapy;> mjhtJ ];tuj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; vLj;Jf;nfhz;l

];tuj;jpypUe;J 4MtJ ];tukhfTk; ];tu];jhd mbg;gilapy; vLj;Jf;nfhz;l

];tuj;jpw;F 5MtJ ];tukhfTk; tUk; ];tuq;fis fpis ];tuk; vd;W $Wtu;.

cjhuzk;: ]l;[k; - gQ;rkk;

]l;[k; - kj;akk;

Rj;j up\gk; - Rj;j ijtjk;

rhjhuz fhe;jhuk; - ifrpfp ep\hjk;

me;jufhe;jhuk; - fhfyp ep\hjk;

Rj;j up\gk; - gpujp kj;jpkk;

Mfpad.

mDthjp ];tuk; (el;G ];tuk;)mDthjp ];tuk; (el;G ];tuk;)mDthjp ];tuk; (el;G ];tuk;)mDthjp ];tuk; (el;G ];tuk;)mDthjp ];tuk; (el;G ];tuk;)

,e;j ];tuk; Nrdhjpgjpf;F rkkhdjhFk;. mjhtJ murDf;Fk; ke;jpupf;Fk;

el;Gld; xj;Jiog;gtNd Nrdhjpgjp. mJNghy ve;j ];tuj;Jld; ve;j ];tuk;

xj;Jg;NghFk; vd;W fzf;fpl;Ls;sdu;. mitNa mDthjp ];tuq;fshFk;. ,it

thjp ];tuj;jpw;F xj;J ,aq;Ftjhy; ,jid el;G ];tuk; vd;W $Wtu;.

]l;[j;jpw;F me;ju fhe;jhuk; el;G ];tukhFk;. rhuq;f Njtupd; rq;fPj

uj;dhfhuj;jpy; tpthjp my;yhj ];tuq;fSk; rk;thjp nghUj;jky;yhj ];tuq;fSk;

mDthjp ];tuq;fs;. (el;G ];tuq;fs;) vd;W $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

tpthjp ];tuq;fs; (gif ];tuk;)tpthjp ];tuq;fs; (gif ];tuk;)tpthjp ];tuq;fs; (gif ];tuk;)tpthjp ];tuq;fs; (gif ];tuk;)tpthjp ];tuq;fs; (gif ];tuk;)

tpthjp vd;why; gif vd;W nghUs;. mjhtJ jdf;nfd;W xU jdp ,lk;

,y;yhky; NtW ];tuj;jpd; ];jhdj;jpy; epd;W xypf;Fk; ];tuq;fs; tpthjp ];tuq;fs;

vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,uz;L ];tuq;fSf;fpilNa xU RUjp ,ilntsp

,Ue;jhy; me;j ,uz;L ];tuq;fis tpthjp ];tuq;fs; vd;W miof;fyhk;.

1. Rj;j up\gk; - Rj;j fhe;jhuk;

2. Rj;j ijtjk; - Rj;j ep\hjk;

Mfpad tpthjp ];tuq;fshFk;.

] - g Kiw

] - k Kiw

225




fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • #shjp> m\;lgjp Mfpa ,ir cUg;gbfspd;


• ,t; cUg;gbfis ,aw;wpatu; ngau;fisf;

Fwpg;gpLjy;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 4.1.14.1.14.1.14.1.14.1.1 ::::: ,ir cUg;gbfspd; ,yl;rzq;fis tpsf;Fjy;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • #shjp> m\;lgjp Mfpatw;wpd; ,yl;rzk;

ghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtis ::::: 04 - #shjp - 02 ghlNtisfs;

m\;lgjp - 02 ghlNtisfs;

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • ,ir cUg;gbfs; gw;wp jtiz 1 ,y; fw;gpg;gjw;F

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL Nkw;nfhz;l fw;gpj;jy; KiwiaAk; fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;

gPl;L KiwiaAk; gpd;gw;wpf; fw;gpf;fyhk;.

226

#shjp#shjp#shjp#shjp#shjp

#shjp ]{l vd;w fd;dlr; nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J Njhd;wpa xU cUg;gb tifahFk;.

jhJtpd; mikg;gpy; #shjp fPjj;ij xj;jpUf;Fk;. ,jd; ]hfpj;jpak; gf;jp u]k;

nghUe;jpajhf mike;jpUf;Fk;. xNu ,uhfj;jpy; 2> 5> 7 jhsq;fisr; Nru;j;J

,t;TUg;gb mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rpy #shjpfs; ,uhf jhskhypifahfTk;

,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sd. xt;nthU jhsj;jpd; KbtpYk; ,aw;wpatupd; ngau; my;yJ

nja;tj;jpd; ngau; Kj;jpiuahf ,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk;.

Mjp jhsKk; ,ul;bj;j kl;ba jhsKk; #shjpfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. #shjpfs;

tpsk;g> kj;jpk> Jupj fhyq;fspy; mike;jpUf;Fk;. Gue;jujh]u; Muk;gj;jpy;

fd;dlnkhopapy; #shjpfis ,aw;wpdhu;. gpd;du; jpUg;gjp md;dkhrhupahu;

njYq;fpy; ,uhf jhs khypifahf mike;Js;s #shjp xd;iw ,aw;wpAs;shu;.

fyhepjp Nf. nghd;idahgps;is mtu;fs; jkpopy; gQ;rjhs #shjpia

,aw;wpAs;shu;. (fjputd; Fzjpir - ngssp) #shjpfs; jhs gpuge;jq;fshfNt

Njhd;wp ehsiltpy; tof;nfhope;J tpl;ld. #shjpfs; jhskhypifahfTk;

mike;Js;sd. khztu;fs; mtw;iwf; fw;gjdhy; jhs Qhdk; tpUj;jpailfpd;wJ.

m\;lgjpm\;lgjpm\;lgjpm\;lgjpm\;lgjp

12Mk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j n[aNjtuhy; mUspr;nra;ag;gl;l kfh fhtpak;

m\;lgjpahFk;. ,jid fPj Nfhtpe;jk; vd;Wk; miog;gu;. rk];fpUj nkhopapy;

,t;TUg;gb ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. 12 ru;f;fq;fisAk; 24 ghl;Lf;fisAk; nfhz;lJ.

xt;Nthu; fPu;j;jdj;jpYk; 8 ruzq;fs; ,Ug;gjhy; m\;lgjp vdg; ngau; ngw;wJ>

rpUq;fhu u]j;ijf; nfhz;l ,t;TUg;gb ntspg;nghUshf rpw;wpd;gj;ijNa nfhz;L

tu;zpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mgpeaj;jpw;F cfe;j ,g;ghly;fs; ehl;baf; fr;NrupapYk;

,lk; ngWfpd;wd.

fPj Nfhtpe;jk; vd;Dk; fhtpaj;jpd; rhfpj;jpaj;jpy; uhij> fpU\;zd;> rfp Mfpa

3 fjhghj;jpuq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fu;ehlf> ̀ pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjk; vd;w gpupTfs;

cz;lhtjw;F Kd;dNu m\;lgjpfs; ,aw;wg;gl;likapdhy; tlehl;bYk;>

njd;dhl;bYk; ghlg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ehaf> ehafp ghtj;jpy; vOjg;gl;l

,t;TUg;gbapy; kJu ghtj;jpd; gf;jpg; gputhfk; ntspg;gLfpwJ. n[aNjtiug;

gpd;gw;wp njd;dpe;jpa thf;Nfafhuu;fs; m\;lgjpfis ,aw;wpAs;sdu;. n[aNjtu;

jdJ ngaiuNa Kj;jpiuahff; ifahz;Ls;shu;. fPj Nfhtpe;jk; Nru; vl;tpd;

vd;gtuhy; Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop ngau;f;fg;gl;lJ.

m\;lgjpfSf;F rpy cjhuzq;fs;:

yypjs tq;fs (tre;jh)

uhjhtjd (kj;jpakhtjp)

ujp]{frhNu (aKdh fy;ahzp)

227



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.4Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.4Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.4Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.4Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.4 : : : : : ,uhfj;jpd; ,yl;rzq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • fPuthzp ,uhfj;jpd; ,yl;rzj;ij tpsf;Fjy;.

• fPuthzp ,uhfj;jpd; rQ;rhuq;fis vOJjy;.

• fPuthzp ,uhfj;jpy; mike;j cUg;gbfisf;

Fwpg;gpLjy;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 4.1.14.1.14.1.14.1.14.1.1 ::::: fPuthzp ,uhfj;jpd;; ,yl;rzj;ij tpsf;Fjy;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • fPuthzp ,yl;rzk;


fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • jtiz 1 ,y; ,uhf ,yl;rzj;ijf; fw;gpg;gjw;F

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL Nkw;nfhz;l fw;gpj;jy; KiwiaAk; fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;

gPl;L KiwiaAk; gpd;gw;wpf; fw;gpf;fyhk;.

228

fPuthzpfPuthzpfPuthzpfPuthzpfPuthzp

1. MNuhfzk; : ] up f k g j ep ];

mtNuhfzk; : ]; ep j g k f up ]

2. ,J 21MtJ Nksfu;j;jh. 4MtJ rf;fuj;jpy; 3MtJ Nksk; (Ntj - Nfh)

3. ,e;j ,uhfj;jpy; ]l;[k;> rJ];Ujp up\gk;> rhjhuz fhe;jhuk;> Rj;j kj;jpakk;>

gQ;rkk;> Rj;j ijtjk;> fhfyp ep\hjk; Mfpa ];tuq;fs; tUfpd;wd. (rupfpkgjE)

4. [Pt ];tuq;fs; : up> k> g> ep

5. epahr ];tuq;fs; : up> g> ep.

6. fpuf ];tuq;fs; : up> g.

7. ,ju mk;rq;fs;:

1. ,J xU %u;r;rdhfhuf Nksk;> fpuf Ngjj;jpd; topahf ,e;j ,uhfj;jpd;

kj;jpakk; N`ktjpiaAk; (58)> gQ;rkk; tFshguzj;ijAk; (14)> ijtjk;

Nfhryj;ijAk; (71) nfhLf;Fk;.

2. gpuj;jpahfj fkfk; ,e;j ,uhfj;jpd; rhaiy ed;F ntspg;gLj;Jk;.

3. tpupthd Myhgidf;F ,lk; nfhLf;Fk; ,uhfk;.

4. gf;jpr;Ritia ntspg;gLj;Jk; ,uhfk; - vg;NghJk; ghlyhk;.

5. Nky; ehl;L ,irapy; Harmonic Minor Scale vd;gJ fPuthzp ,uhfNk.

6. mrk;G+u;z Nksgj;jjpapy; ~fpuzhtsp| vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ>

8. rQ;rhuk;:

upfup]eP - ]upfuPup - ]upfupup]eP - ]ep ep j j gh - k g j ep ]uP - upfkfup]

- upfkgh - gjgjgk - g;jepep]h > ] - gjep ]; uP up - ]; up f;up up ];ep - ];up

f;upf;k;f;up ]u; - ]u; ];epjgh - gjep];uP - ];epjgh - jggkkffupuP - ]up]upup]

- eP j gh - gj epep]hk

. . . . . . . .

.. . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

229

9.9.9.9.9. ,ir tbtq;fs,ir tbtq;fs,ir tbtq;fs,ir tbtq;fs,ir tbtq;fs ;

1. fpUjp : fypfpAz;Nlfjh - Mjp : jpahfuh[ ];thkpfs;

2. fpUjp : tuKnyh]fp - &gfk; : gl;lzk; Rg;gpukzpa ma;au;

3. fpUjp : cd;id ek;gpNdd; ma;ah- Mjp: Kj;Jj; jhz;ltu;

4. fpUjp : ,d;dKk; re;Njf - kp];u rhG : Nfhghy fpU\;z ghujpahu;

5. fpUjp : Ntyth tpidjPu - kp];u[k;ig : NfhB];tu ma;au;

6. fpUjp : mstpwe;jNj - Mjp : ,yl;Rkzg; gps;is

7. fpUjp : KUfh jQ;rk; - Mjp : ,yl;Rkzg; gps;is

8. fpUjp : flTs; mUis - &gfk; : vk;.vk;. jz;lghzp Njrpfu;

9. fpUjp : Njtp ePNa Jiz - Mjp : ghgehrk; rptd;

10. jpUg;Gfo;: FfNd FUguNd - rJ];u [k;ig : mUzfpupehju;

230



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.5Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.5Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.5Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.5Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.5 : : : : : ,irf;fUtpfspd; mikg;G> gad;ghL gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • jtpy;> kpUjq;fk; Mfpa ,irf;fUtpfspd; mikg;ig

tpsf;Fjy;.

• ,t;thj;jpaq;fs; RUjp Nru;f;Fk;Kiw thrpf;Fk;

Kiw gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.

• ,t;thj;jpaq;fs; thrpg;gjpy; gpugy;ak; ngw;w tpj;Jthd;

fisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 4.1.14.1.14.1.14.1.14.1.1 ::::: ,irf;fUtpfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • jtpy; - mikg;G> thrpf;Fk; Kiw

• kpUjq;fk; - mikg;G> thrpf;Fk; Kiw

ghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtis ::::: 04 jtpy; - 02 ghlNtisfs;

kpUjq;fk; - 02 ghlNtisfs;

ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL ::::: • jtpy; - jtpypd; ghfq;fs; Fwpf;fg;gl;l glk;

• kpUjq;fk; - kpUjq;fj;jpd; ghfq;fs; Fwpf;fg;gl;l glk;

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • jtiz I ,y; ,irf;fUtpfs; gw;wpf; fw;gpg;gjw;F

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL Nkw;nfhz;l fw;gpj;jy; KiwfisAk; fzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPl;L

KiwfisAk; gpd;gw;wyhk;.

231

jtpy;jtpy;jtpy;jtpy;jtpy;

ehj];tuj;jpw;Fupa jhsthj;jpakhf jtpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. kq;fs ,irapy;

,lk;ngwf;$ba Kf;fpakhd ya thj;jpak; jtpy; MFk;. njhd;ik tha;e;j

Njhw;fUtpfSs; jtpYk; xd;whFk;. Nfhapy; tpohf;fs;> Rgfhupaq;fs; kw;Wk;

jpUtpohf;fspy; jtpy; ,irahdJ rpwg;ghfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

Njhspy; njhq;ftpl;L thrpg;gjdhy; Nlhsk; (njhq;ftpLjy;) vd;gJ Nlhy;> lTy;>

jTy; vd khw;wk; ngw;W ,Wjpapy; jtpy; vd miof;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk; vdf; fUj

,lKz;L. jtpy; thrpf;fg;gLk; NghJ> xU gf;fk; fopapdhYk; kWgf;fk;

tpuy;fspdhYk; thrpf;fg;gLtjdhy; ,jid mjj> tpjj thj;jpak; vd;Wk;> Njhy;

thj;jpakhifahy; mtdj;j thj;jpak; vd;Wk; miog;gu;.

mikg;G:mikg;G:mikg;G:mikg;G:mikg;G:

,t;thj;jpaj;jpd; nfhl;L gyh kuj;jhy; Mf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Nfhapy; kzpNahir

Nfl;Fk; kuq;fshfTk;> 42 taJf;F Nkw;gl;l kuq;fshfTk; njupe;njLf;fg;gLk;.

jtpyhdJ fl;il (nfhl;L)> Njhy;> %l;Lf;fs;> thu; vd;gtw;wpdhy; Mf;fg;gl;l

fUtpahFk;. ,J kpUjq;fj;ijg; NghyNt thu; Nghl;Lf; fl;lg;gl;L ,Ue;jhYk;>

tha; tpl;lj;jpd; mfyj;jhYk;> gUkdhYk; rw;Wg; ngupjhf ,Uf;Fk;.

jtpypd; nfhl;Lg; gFjpahdJ gyh kuj;jpy; cUis tbtkhf cl;Gwj;jpy;

File;njLf;fg;gl;L> ,U GwKk; Njhyhy; %lg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,J tye;jiy>

,le;jiy vd;Dk; ,U gFjpfis cilaJ. tye;jiy jl;L vd;Wk;> ,le;jiy

njhg;gp vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;. tye;jiy ,U Njhy;fSk; njhg;gp xUNjhYk;

nfhz;L %lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it Ml;Lj; Njhyhyhdit. jtpypd; ,UGwq;fspYk;

nghUj;jg;gLk; xyp vOg;Gk; Njhw;gFjpfs;> vUik khl;Lj; Njhyhy; %q;fpy;

tisfspy; ,izj;Jr; Rw;wg;gLk;. tyJ if tpuy;fshy; thrpf;fg;gLk; mfd;w

Njhw;gFjpf;F tye;jiy vd;W ngau;. ,lJ ifapy; Fr;rpahy; (fopahy;) mbj;J

thrpf;fg;gLk; gFjpf;F ,le;jiy vd;W ngau;. ,t;tpU Njhw;gFjpfspYk; thu;fs;

Eiotjw;F Vw;wthW Jthuq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;Jisfis ~fz;fs;|

vd;W $Wthu;fs;. ,tw;wpd; ,ilNa thu;f; fw;iwfs; Eiof;fg;gl;L tisfSld;

,Wf;fpf; fl;lg;gLfpd;wd. jw;fhyj;jpy; Njhy;thUf;Fg; gjpyhf cNyhf thu;

gad;gLfpd;wJ.

jtpy; thj;jpaj;ijf; fl;bAs;s ehlhit ,izf;Fk; tisaj;jpd; ngau; ~ntz;lak;|

,J gQ;r cNyhfq;fshyhdJ. ,J jQ;ir ehr;rpkhu; Nfhtpybapy; nra;ag;gl;L

tUfpwJ.

232

jtpy; (jtpy; (jtpy; (jtpy; (jtpy; (Tavil)))))

jtpypd; ghfq;fs;jtpypd; ghfq;fs;jtpypd; ghfq;fs;jtpypd; ghfq;fs;jtpypd; ghfq;fs;

1. ,le;jiy (njhg;gp)

2. thu;fs; Eiotjw;F 11 Jthuq;fs;

2. Njhyhy; Rw;wg;gl;l %q;fpy; tis

4. gyh kuj;jhy; Md cUis

5. thu;fs; ,Oj;Jf;fl;l 2 tisaq;fs;

6. ika thu; (,Oj;Jf;fl;Ltjw;F)

7. Njhy; thu;fs;

8. tye;jiy (jl;L)

9. jpUthr;rp kuj;jhy; Md Fr;rp (jtpy; fop)

RUjp Nru;f;Fk; Kiw:RUjp Nru;f;Fk; Kiw:RUjp Nru;f;Fk; Kiw:RUjp Nru;f;Fk; Kiw:RUjp Nru;f;Fk; Kiw:

jtpy; RUjp Nru;j;J thrpf;f Kbahj thj;jpankdpDk; ehj];tuj;jpd; RUjpf;Nfw;w

thW RUjp mikf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

233

thrpf;Fk; Kiw:thrpf;Fk; Kiw:thrpf;Fk; Kiw:thrpf;Fk; Kiw:thrpf;Fk; Kiw:

,le;jiyapy; fop vdg;gLfpd;w rpW NfhyhYk;> tye;jiyapy; $Lfs; mzpe;j

tpuy;fshYk; thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jw;F 7 $Lfs; gad;gLfpd;wd. ,J typikahd

Jzpr;Rw;whFk;. ,J Rz;LtpuYf;F - 1

NkhjputpuYf;F - 2

eL tpuYf;F - 2

Ml;fhl;b tpuYf;F - 2

,le;jiyapy; thrpf;fg;gad;gLk; Fr;rp jtpw;fop vdg;gLk;. ,J 12 mq;Fy

ePsKilaJ. ,J jpUthr;rp kuf;nfhk;gpdhy; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; ePsk;

22.5cm fdk; 1.8cm mbg;ghfk; cUisahf ,Uf;Fk;.

jpwe;j ntsp ,irauq;fpy; thrpg;Nghu; jtpiy Kd; gf;fkhfj; njhq;f tpl;L

epd;W nfhz;Nl thrpg;gu;. ,le;jiy fop vdg;gLk; NfhyhYk;> tye;jiy $Lfs;

mzpe;j tpuy;fspdhYk; thrpf;fg;gLfpd;w NghjpYk;> mt;tg;NghJ uQ;ridf;fhf

tyJ if kzpf;fl;Lk;> ,lJ if kzpf;fl;Lk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

yatpe;epahrk; nra;Ak; NghJ ,urid Cl;Ltjw;fhf tye;jiyapy; fopapdhYk;

ifapdhYk; ,uQ;rfkhd thrpg;G thrpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

ehj];tuj;jpy; ,uhf Myhgid thrpf;Fk;NghJ ,ilapilNa jtpypy; rJ];ufjp

thrpg;gJ tof;fj;jpy; cs;sJ. gQ;rfjpfspy; thrpf;Fk; gof;fKk; cz;L. Nfhtpypy;

];thkp tPjp cyhg; Gwg;gLifapy; ~ky;yhup| thrpf;ifapy; jtpy; thrpg;G kpf

uk;kpakhf ,Uf;Fk;. kq;fs epfo;thd jhypfl;ly;> fq;fzk; fl;Ljy; Nghd;wtw;wpy;

ngupa Nksf; FOtpduhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; cuj;j ,irNa ~~nfl;bNksk;|| MFk;.

jtpy; thrpj;Jg; gpugy;akhdjtpy; thrpj;Jg; gpugy;akhdjtpy; thrpj;Jg; gpugy;akhdjtpy; thrpj;Jg; gpugy;akhdjtpy; thrpj;Jg; gpugy;akhd

,e;jpa ,irf;fiyQu;fs;,e;jpa ,irf;fiyQu;fs;,e;jpa ,irf;fiyQu;fs;,e;jpa ,irf;fiyQu;fs;,e;jpa ,irf;fiyQu;fs;

• mk;ghrKj;jpuk; fz;Zrhkpg;gps;is

• mk;khNgl;il gf;fpup

• jpUf;fUfht+u; rptFUehjg;gps;is

• tOT+u; Kj;JtPug;gps;is

• =epthQ;rpak; Nfhtpe;jg;gps;is

• ePlhkq;fyk; kPdhl;rp Re;juk;gps;is

• tyq;ifkhd; \z;KfRe;juk;.

,yq;iff; fiyQu;fs;,yq;iff; fiyQu;fs;,yq;iff; fiyQu;fs;,yq;iff; fiyQu;fs;,yq;iff; fiyQu;fs;

• msita+u; jtpy; jl;rzh%u;j;jp

• ,Ztpy; rpd;duhrh

• yaQhd FNguG+gjp e. FkuFU

• ehr;rpkhu; Nfhtpyb fNzrgps;is

234

kpUjq;fk;kpUjq;fk;kpUjq;fk;kpUjq;fk;kpUjq;fk;

,e;jpa rq;fPjj;jpw;Fj; jdpr; rpwg;igf; nfhLf;Fk; ,irf;fUtpfspy; kpUjq;fKk;

xd;whFk;. thj;jpaj; jpuaq;fshd tPiz> NtZ> kpUjq;fk; vd;gtw;wpy; kpUjq;fKk;

njhd;Wnjhl;L tof;fpypUe;J tUk; thj;jpakhFk;. ,J ,irf;fr;NrupfspYk;

epUj;jpa. ehlfq;fspYk;> ehl;baf; fr;NrupfspYk; ,d;wpaikahj yathj;jpakhf

cgNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. vdpDk; ehl;baf; fr;Nrupfspy; kpUjq;fk; Kf;fpa

];jhdj;ij tfpj;J tUfpd;wJ.

,t;thj;jpak; jz;ik nghUe;jpa ehjj;ijAilajhy; jz;Zik vd;Wk; eluh[upd;

Mde;j jhz;ltj;jpd;NghJ thrpf;fg;gl;likahy; Mde;j thj;jpak; vd;Wk;>

ee;jpnak;ngUkhdhy; thrpf;fg;gl;l thj;jpakhifahy; ee;jp thj;jpankd;Wk;

$j;Jf;fSf;F thrpg;gjhy; ehd;Kfd; vd;Wk; Vida yathj;jpaq;fSf;nfy;yhk;

,t;thj;jpak; Mjhukhf tpsq;Ftjdhy; kj;jsk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

,ijtpl Kl;L> KoT vd;Wk; Kw;fhyj;jpy; miof;fg;gl;ljhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

,uz;L iffshYk; kpUjq;fk; thrpf;fg;gLtjdhy; ku;j;jdk; vd miof;fg;gl;Lg;

gpw;fhyj;jpy; kj;jsk; vdg;gl;lJ vd;Wk; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

ghLgtu;fSf;F ];Ujp rk;ge;jkhfj; jk;Guh cjTtJ Nghy ya rk;ge;jj;jpy;

kpUjq;fk; cjTfpd;wJ. ghl;bd; fhyg;gpukhzk; NtfkhfhkYk;> FiwahkYk;

jLf;fpd;wJ. ghl;bd; vLg;G> mWjp vd;gdtw;iw ed;F mDrupj;J thrpf;Fk;nghOJ

ghLNthUf;Fk;> Nfl;NghUf;Fk; ,d;gk;> cw;rhfj;ijf; nfhLf;fpd;wJ. Njhw;fUtpfspy;

kpUjq;fk; gf;fthj;jpakhf kl;Lkd;wp jdpf;fr;NrupahfTk; thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

nky;ypd ty;ypdj;NjhL thrpf;Fk;nghOJ ftu;r;rpfukhfTk;> ,dpikahfTk;

cs;sJ. kpUjq;fj;jpy; ~~ya tpe;epahrk;|| Nfl;gjw;F kpf;f uk;akhf cs;sJ.

xU ,uhfj;ij Myhgid nra;tJ Nghd;W jhsj;ijAk; Muk;gk;> tpupT> KbT

vd %d;whfg; gpupj;J ntFNeuk; tpe;epahrk; nra;J thrpg;gu;.

,iwtd; fhspAld; jhz;ltkhba nghOJ> fhypd; ghjr; rpyk;G fod;W NkNy

Ngha;f; fPNo tUk;nghOJ rptDila Njhs;> njhil> ghjk; vd;gtw;wpy; tpOe;j

XirahdJ jh - jP - njhk; - ek; vd;w nrhw;fisAilajhapw;W. ,ij

kpUjq;fj;jpy; thrpf;Fk; nghOJ 7 ];tuq;fspd; ehjj;Jf;Fr; rkdhf ,Ue;jJ

vdf; Nfhfs Kdptu; $wpAs;shu;.

235

kpUjq;fk;kpUjq;fk;kpUjq;fk;kpUjq;fk;kpUjq;fk;

01. njhg;gp 02. fz;fs; 03. rhjk;

04. tye;jiy 05. thu; 06. nfhl;L

,le;jiy ,le;jiy ,le;jiy ,le;jiy ,le;jiy tye;jiytye;jiytye;jiytye;jiytye;jiy

kpUjq;fj;jpd; ghfq;fs;kpUjq;fj;jpd; ghfq;fs;kpUjq;fj;jpd; ghfq;fs;kpUjq;fj;jpd; ghfq;fs;kpUjq;fj;jpd; ghfq;fs;

1. Njhy;thu; 2. ,le;jiy (njhg;gpj;jl;L)

3. tisak; 4. Njhy; tisak;

5. kPl;Lj; Njhy; (ntl;Lj; jl;L) 6. rhg;Gj; Njhy; (nfhl;Lj; jl;L)

7. cs;gFjpapYs;s cl;fiuj; jl;L 8. fuiz (NrhW)


kpUjq;fkhdJ kuj;jpdhYk; NjhypdhYk; Mf;fg;gl;l ePz;l cUis tbtKila

jhFk;. ,J tye;jiy> ,le;jiy> nfhl;L (fl;il) vd;Dk; %d;W ghfq;fisf;

nfhz;lJ. kpUjq;ff; nfhl;bid re;jdkuk;> gyh> ntz;nfhz;ly;> fUq;nfhz;ly;>

nrk;kzj;jp (mfpy;)> Ntk;G> njd;id> gid> khtpyq;if> nrk;kuk;> Ezhkuk;

vd;gtw;wpdhy; Mf;fyhk;. kpUjq;ff; nfhl;L nra;Ak; kuk; Nfhtpy;kzpNahir

Nfl;Fk; #oypYs;sjhf ,Ug;gJ ey;yJ.

kpUjq;fk; nra;aTs;s kuj;Jz;il cUis tbtkhf;fpf;nfhz;L> mijf; filry;

gl;lilapYs;s ,ae;jpuj;jpy; kpUjq;f tbtkhFk; tiu nra;thu;fs;. gpd;G

nfhl;bd; cl;ghfj;ijf; File;J vLj;Jf;nfhs;tu;. eLg;ghfk; rw;Wf; fdkhfTk;>

Xug;gf;fq;fs; rw;W NyrhfTk; nra;ag;gLk;. Xug;gf;fq;fs; Rkhu; 1.25 cm fdj;jpy;

,Uf;Fk;.

236

kpUjq;fj;jpy; ,uz;L tifAz;L. Mz;fspd; RUjpf;Fupa (1 - fl;il)

kpUjq;fk; jf;F ];Ujp kpUjq;fk; vd;Wk;> ngz;fspd; RUjpf;Fupa (4 - fl;il)

kpUjq;fk; n`r;R ];Ujp kpUjq;fk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;. jf;F];Ujp kpUjq;ff;

nfhl;L 60 cm - 65 cm ePsKs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,jd; Rw;wsT 90cm - 95cm tiu

,Uf;Fk;. tye;jiy tha; tpl;lk; 17cm - 17.5cm tiu ,Uf;Fk;. njhg;gpapd;

tha;tpl;lk; 18.25cm - 20.25 cm tiuapUf;Fk;.

n`r;R ];Ujp kpUjq;ff; nfhl;bd; ePsk; 50cm - 55cm MFk;. Rw;wsT 82.5cm -

90cm ,Uf;Fk;. tye;jiy 15.6cm - 16.25cm njhg;gpapd; tha;tpl;lk; 17cm - 17.5cm

Mf ,Uf;Fk;. kpUjq;fj;jpd; ehjk; jPu;f;fkhd fhu;itAilajha; miktJ

fl;ilapd; mikg;gpNyNa jq;fpAs;sJ. fl;ilapd; fdk; Fiwe;jhy; fhu;itAk;

FiwAk;. fl;ilapy; ntbg;G Rop fhzg;gbDk; fhu;it Fd;Wk;. ,jd; eLg;ghfk;

gUj;J ,Ug;gjdhy; njhe;jp vdg;gLfpd;wJ. eLtpy; cs;s nfhl;Lf;F ~mulh|

vd;W ngau;. nfhl;bd; ,U gf;fq;fspYk; cs;s tha;fspy; tye;jiy> ,le;jiy

%l;Lf;fs; vUik thupd; cjtpahy; nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;. tye;jiy %l;Lf;Fg;

~Glh|> ~eq;fp| vd;w ngau;fSz;L. ,le;jiy %l;L njhg;gp> ftiz vdg;gLfpd;wJ.

tye;jiy %l;lhdJ ntl;Lj;jl;L> nfhl;Lj;jl;L> cl;fhuj;jl;L Mfpatw;iw

KiwNa NkypUe;J fPohf xd;wd;gpd; xd;whf mLf;fg;gl;L rhl;il thupdhy;

,izj;Jg; gpd;dg;gl;l xU mq;fkhFk;. ntl;Lj;jl;L> nfhl;Lj;jl;L> cl;fiuj;jl;L

vd;gd Ml;Lj;Njhy;> gRj;Njhy; vd;gtw;wpdhy; Mdit. ,e;j %l;lhdJ 48

rhl;il thu;f; fz;fisAk;> gpd;dypy; thu; Nfhu;f;fg;gLfpd;w 16 fz;fisAk;

cilaJ.

ntl;Lj;jl;lhdJ thu;g; gpd;dypd; Xukhf cl;gf;fj;Nj Rw;wptu 5cm mfyKila

tisak; Nghd;wjhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,J ~kPl;L| vd miof;fg;gLk;. nfhl;Lj;jl;L

fl;ilapd; tha;g;gFjp KOtijAk; %Lk;gbahf ,Uf;Fk;. ,jd; Nkw;Gwj;Nj

eLg;ghfj;jpy; 5cm mstpw;F tl;ltbtkhd gFjpf;F fupa epwKs;s ~rhjk;|

vdg;gLk; gir g+rg;gLk;. ,J fuiz> kz;> khu;r;ris> NrhW> gwhis vd;Wk;

nrhy;yg;gLk;. ,jdhy;jhd; kpUjq;fj;Jf;F ,dpikahd ehjk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

cl;fiuj;jl;lhdJ fl;ilapd; tha; tpspk;Gld; rhl;il thu;g; gpd;dypypUe;J

2cm mfy msthdJ. ,jd; njhopy; Kf;fpakhf kw;iwa ,U jl;Lf;fisAk;

fl;ilAld; xd;wtplhky; mit mjpu;T ngw cjTjyhFk;.

,le;jiy%l;L vd;gJ njhg;gpg;ghfkhFk;. ,jpy; %d;W Njhy;fs; nghUj;jg;

gl;Ls;sd. ,it gRf;fd;Wj; Njhyhy; MdJ. njhg;gpj; Njhypd; eLtpy; ePupy;

gpire;j NfhJik uitia rpwpa mstpy; mg;gp ,lJ iftpuy;fisr; Nru;j;Jj;

jl;Lk; nghOJ ~Njhk;| vd;Dk; ehjk; xypf;Fk;.

237

kpUjq;fj;jpd; thu; vUikj; Njhyhy; MdJ. ,J fl;ilAld; %l;bidAk;>

njhg;gpiaAk; ,izf;f cjTfpd;wJ. RUjpapd; Vw;w ,wf;fkhdJ thupd;

,Wf;fj;jpy; jq;fpAs;sJ.

fuizaply; vd;gJ rhjk; itj;jiyf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. fpl;lk; vd;Dk; xUtpj

cNyhff; fy;ypid cilj;J ed;F nghb nra;J t];jpu fhak; nra;J

nkd;ikahf;fp xU mstpy; cUl;b vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,J cyuhj tifapy;

ePu; eidj;j Jzpapy; itf;fg;gLk;. gpd; tye;jiyapy; nfhl;Lj; jl;bd; eLg;ghfj;jpy;

7.5cm tpl;lKs;s tl;l mstpy; ePUld; fye;j girg;nghUs; g+rg;gl;L 10 - 15

epkplq;fSf;F ntapypy;tpl Ntz;Lk;. rhjk; eLg;ghfj;jpy; rw;Wg; gUkdhfTk;

Xug;gf;fj;jpy; jbg;Gf; Fiwe;Jk; fhzg;gLk;. %l;by; vy;yhf; fz;fSk; rkRUjpahfr;

Nru;f;f Ntz;Lk;. gpd; fpl;lg; girapy; Fz;L kzpastpy; vLj;Jg; gir g+rpa

Nkw;gug;gpy; itj;J mOj;jpj; Nja;f;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW rpwpJ rpwpjhfr; rhjj;ij

itj;J tOtOg;ghd fUq;fy;yhy; Nja;f;f Ntz;Lk;. kPl;L ehjKk; rhg;G (rhjk;)

ehjKk; xNuasthFk; tiu ,t;thW nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW rhjk; itg;gjw;F

kpFe;j mDgtKk; RUjpQhdKk; mtrpak;.

RUjp Nru;f;Fk; KiwRUjp Nru;f;Fk; KiwRUjp Nru;f;Fk; KiwRUjp Nru;f;Fk; KiwRUjp Nru;f;Fk; Kiw

kpUjq;fj;jpd; tye;jiyia Mjhu ]l;[j;jpd; ehjj;Jf;Fr; rkdhfr; Nru;j;Jf;

nfhs;Stu;. njhg;gpg; ghfk; uit itj;J ke;ju gQ;rkj;jpw;Fr; rkdhfr; Nru;f;fg;gLk;.

fz;fspy; Gs;is itj;J fUq;fy;ypdhy; fPo;Nehf;fpj; jl;bdhy; ];Ujp mjpfkhFk;.

Nky; Nehf;fpj; jl;bdhy; ];Ujp Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;. fr;Nrup Kbe;jJk; uitia

vLj;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;.

thrpf;Fk; Kiwthrpf;Fk; Kiwthrpf;Fk; Kiwthrpf;Fk; Kiwthrpf;Fk; Kiw

kpUjq;fj;ij ed;F RUjp Nru;j;J ,uz;L iffshYk; ,yhtfkhf thrpf;fg;gL

fpd;wJ. cs;sq;if> tpuy;fs;> kzpf;fl;L vd;gd gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. nrhw;fs;

nfhLf;fNtz;ba ];jhdq;fs; 12. tyJif tpuy;fspdhy; 8 tpjkhfTk; ,lJ

ifahy; 4 tpjkhfTk; nrhw;fs; thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. jh> jP> njhk;> ek;> jupfpl>

jfn[hZ> jshq;F jj;jpd;> jhq;fpl> j Pk ; > jpj ; Nghd;w nrhw;fs;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

Kw;fhyj;jpy; njhg;gpapd; Njhiyj; jz;zPu; jltpg; gf;Ftg;gLj;jpf;nfhz;L

thrpj;jdu;. jQ;ir ehuhaz rhkpg;gps;is vd;gtu; NrhWk;> rhk;gy; J}Sk;

fye;J njhg;gpapy; itj;J thrpj;jhu;. ,J Kjw;nfhz;L njhg;gpf;F khT itf;Fk;

tof;fk; Vw;gl;lJ. jw;NghJ njhg;gpg; ghfj;jpy; uitkhT ePUld; fye;J itj;J

thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

238

ghlfu;fspd; fhyg;gpukhzj;ij mDrupj;J kpUjq;fk; thrpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F

kpFe;j rhjfk; Njit. ,lj;Jf;Fj; jFe;jgb jPu;khdq;fisf; ftu;r;rpahff; nfhLf;f

Ntz;Lk;. fr;Nrupapd; eLNt thrpf;Fk; jdpahtu;j;jdk; fr;Nrupia nkU$l;Ltjhf

mikAk;.

kpUjq;fk; thrpj;Jg; gpugykile;j ,e;jpaf; fiyQu;fs;kpUjq;fk; thrpj;Jg; gpugykile;j ,e;jpaf; fiyQu;fs;kpUjq;fk; thrpj;Jg; gpugykile;j ,e;jpaf; fiyQu;fs;kpUjq;fk; thrpj;Jg; gpugykile;j ,e;jpaf; fiyQu;fs;kpUjq;fk; thrpj;Jg; gpugykile;j ,e;jpaf; fiyQu;fs;

• ehuhazrhkp mg;gh

• Jf;;fhuhk;

• Rthkpehjgps;is

• mofek;gpg;gps;is

• njl;rzh%u;j;jpg;gps;is

• ghyf;fhL kzp

• fhiuf;Fbkzp

• rq;fu; Nghd;Nwhu;.

,yq;iff; fiyQu;fs;,yq;iff; fiyQu;fs;,yq;iff; fiyQu;fs;,yq;iff; fiyQu;fs;,yq;iff; fiyQu;fs;

• V . mk;gythzu;

• T. ul;zk;

• A. fNzr ru;kh Nghd;Nwhu;.

239



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1 : : : : : fu;ehlf ,ir> ̀ pe;J];jhdp ,ir> Nkiyj;Nja ,irf

Sf;fpilapyhd xw;Wik> Ntw;Wik gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • fu;ehlf ,ir> Nkiyj;Nja ,ir Mfpa ,U ,ir

kuGfSf;FkpilNa cs;s NtWghLfisf; Fwpg;gply;.

• ,t;tpU ,ir KiwikfspdJk; ypgp Kiw> fr;Nrup

nra;Ak; Kiw> jhs Kiw gw;wp tptupj;jy;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 5.1.15.1.15.1.15.1.15.1.1 ::::: fu;ehlf ,ir> Nkiyj;Nja ,irf;Fk; ,ilapyhd

xw;Wik> Ntw;Wikfis ,dq;fz;L tpsf;Fjy;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • Nkiyj;Nja ypgp Kiwapd; ngau;

• rg;j ];tuq;fSf;F Nkiyj;Nja ,irapy; toq;Fk;

ngau;fs;.

• ,U ,ir KiwikapYk; fr;Nrup nra;Ak; Kiwapy;

cs;s NtWghL


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL ::::: • fu;ehlf ,ir> Nkiyj;Nja ,ir xypg;gjpT nra;ag;

gl;l xyp> xspg;gjpT ehlh.

• ,U ,ir KiwikapYk; vOjg;gl;l ypgp

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • fu;ehlf ,ir> Nkiyj;Nja ,ir Mfpa ,U ,ir

tiffSk; xypg;gjpT nra;ag;gl;l xyp> xspg;gjpT

ehlhf;fis nrtpkLf;fTk; ghu;f;fTk; fsk; mikj;

Jf; nfhLj;jy;.

• mjd; mbg;gilapy; ,U ,irKiwikapYk; cs;s

NtWghLfisf; fye;Jiuahly;.

• fu;ehlf ,ir ypgpKiw> Nkiyj;Nja ypgp Kiw

vOjg;gl;l ml;ilfspd; cjtpAld; ,U ,ir

KiwikapYk; cs;s ypgp NtWghl;il tpsf;Fjy;.

• fr;Nrup Kiwikapy; cs;s NtWghLfisf;

fye;Jiuahly;.

(fye;Jiuahly; %yk; fw;gpf;fyhk;.)

240

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • fu;ehlf ,ir> Nkiyj;Nja ,irf;Fkpilapyhd

NtWghLfis ml;ltizg;gj;Jtu;.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz ::::: 1. W illiam Love Lock -The Rudiments of Music

2. Prof. P. Sambamoorthy -Elements of W estern Music

3. Dr. Gowry. Kuppuswamy

- Text Book of Comparative Music


MrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhdit ::::: • Nkiyj;Nja ,ir Mrpupau;fs;> ty;Ydu;fSld;

fye;JiuahLtjd; %yk; Nkiyj;Nja ,ir gw;wpa

mwpit Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.

khztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhdit : • Nkiyj;Nja ,ir epfo;r;rpfis Neubahff; fz;Lfspg;

gjd; %yNkh ntFrdj;njhlu;G Clfq;fspD}lhf (TV,

Radio) ghu;j;Jf; Nfl;gjd; %yNkh jkJ eaj;jy; jpwid

tpUj;jp nra;tJld; Nkiyj;Nja ,irapd; mbg;gil

mk;rq;fisAk; NtWghLfisAk; ,dq;fhZk; jpwid

Ak; tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;syhk;.

241

fu;ehlf ,ir> Nkiyj;Nja ,irf;Fk; ,ilapyhdfu;ehlf ,ir> Nkiyj;Nja ,irf;Fk; ,ilapyhdfu;ehlf ,ir> Nkiyj;Nja ,irf;Fk; ,ilapyhdfu;ehlf ,ir> Nkiyj;Nja ,irf;Fk; ,ilapyhdfu;ehlf ,ir> Nkiyj;Nja ,irf;Fk; ,ilapyhd

xw;Wik> Ntw;Wikfs;xw;Wik> Ntw;Wikfs;xw;Wik> Ntw;Wikfs;xw;Wik> Ntw;Wikfs;xw;Wik> Ntw;Wikfs;

fPioj;Nja ,ir tiffSs; xd;whd fu;ehlf rq;fPjk; nkyhbf;fy; ,ir

tifiar; Nru;e;jJ. nkyhbf;fy; rq;fPjj;jpy; xw;iw ];tuq;fs; xd;wd;gpd; xd;whfj;

njhlu;r;rpahf tUk;. INuhg;gpa ,ir (Nkiyj;Nja ,ir) `hu;Nkhdpf;fy;

,ir tifiar; Nru;e;jJ. ̀ hu;Nkhdpf;fy; ,irapy; xd;Wld; xd;W rk;ge;jKs;s

];tuq;fs; xNu jUzj;jpy; xypf;Fk;. ]k;thjpj;tk; vd;gNj `hu;kdpf;F

mbg;gilahd jj;JtkhFk;. INuhg;gpa ,irg; Gytu;fs; ghly;fis ,aw;Wk;

nghOJ mg;ghly; ̀ hu;kdpAld; vt;thW gpufhrpf;fpd;wJ vd;Dk; Nehf;FlNdNa

,aw;Wfpwhu;fs;.

mbg;gil mk;rq;fs;mbg;gil mk;rq;fs;mbg;gil mk;rq;fs;mbg;gil mk;rq;fs;mbg;gil mk;rq;fs;

,U ,ir KiwikfSk; ]g;j ];tuq;fisAk; 12 ];tu];jhdq;fisAk;

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit. fu;ehlf ,irapy; cs;s rg;j ];tuq;fSk;

Nkiyj;Nja ,irapy; gpd;tUkhW miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

fu;ehlf ,irfu;ehlf ,irfu;ehlf ,irfu;ehlf ,irfu;ehlf ,ir Nkiyj;Nja ,ir Nkiyj;Nja ,ir Nkiyj;Nja ,ir Nkiyj;Nja ,ir Nkiyj;Nja ,ir

] C doy

up D Rey

f E me

k F Fa

g G So

j A La

ep B Te

];tu];jhdq;fSk; mtw;Wf;Fr; rkkhf Nkiyj;Nja ,irapy; toq;Fk; ngau;fSk;

tUkhW:

fu;ehlf ,irfu;ehlf ,irfu;ehlf ,irfu;ehlf ,irfu;ehlf ,ir Nkiyj;Nja ,ir Nkiyj;Nja ,ir Nkiyj;Nja ,ir Nkiyj;Nja ,ir Nkiyj;Nja ,ir

1. ]l;[k; C

2. Rj;jup\gk; D FLAT

3. rJ];Ujp up\gk; D

4. rhjhuz fhe;jhuk; E FLAT

5. me;jufhe;jhuk; E

6. Rj;jkj;akk; F

7. gpujpkj;akk; F SHARP

8. gQ;rkk; G

9. Rj;jijtjk; A FLAT

10. rJ];Ujp ijtjk; A

11. ifrpfp ep\hjk; B FLAT

12. fhfyp ep\hjk; B

242

ypgp Kiwypgp Kiwypgp Kiwypgp Kiwypgp Kiw

ghly;fis ];tug;gLj;jp vOJk;Kiw ,U ,ir KiwikapYk; cz;L. fu;ehlf

rq;fPj ypgp KiwahdJ xNu Neu;Nfhl;by; vOjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,k;Kiw ];fpupg;l;

(Script Notation) vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Nkiyj;Nja ypgp KiwahdJ Ie;J

rkhe;juf; NfhLfspy; vOjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,k;Kiw ];lht; nehNl\d; (Staff Notation)

vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.Nkiyj;Nja ,ir Nk[u; ];Nfiy (rq;fuhguzk;)

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. Nk[u; ];Nfypy; cs;s ];tuq;fs; ehr;Ruy; (Natural)

vd miof;fg;gLk;. ehr;Ruy; my;yhj ];tuq;fis vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; ,uhfq;fis

];lht; nehNl\dpy; vOJk;NghJ me;j ];tuq;fSf;Fupa tupapy; g;sl; (Flat)

\hu;g; (Sharp) FwpaPLfs; vOjg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

Nkiyj;Nja ,irapy; nehNl\Nd Kjd;ikahd ,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;wJ. ghl;L

(Vocal)> thj;jpak; fw;g;gtu;> nehNl\d; mwpe;jpUg;gJ mtrpakhFk;. Mdhy;

fu;ehlf ,irapy; Mrpupau; JizAlNdNa fw;wy; mtrpakhfpd;wJ> fu;ehlf

,irapy; fkfq;fs;> El;g RUjpfs; epiwe;jpUg;gjdhy; Mrpupaupd; Jizapd;wp

nehNl\idg; ghu;j;J ghlNth thrpf;fNth ,ayhJ.

fr;Nrup Kiwfr;Nrup Kiwfr;Nrup Kiwfr;Nrup Kiwfr;Nrup Kiw

fu;ehlf ,irapy; gyu; Nru;e;J ,irauq;F elj;JtJ tof;fpypy;iy. ,uz;L>

%d;W Jizf; fUtpfNshL fr;Nrup elj;JtNj tof;fkhFk;. fu;ehlf rq;fPjf;

fr;Nrupfspy; kNdhju;k rq;fPjk; gpujhd mk;rkhf cs;sJ. jhs thj;jpaq;fSf;F

jdpahtu;j;jdk; thrpf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. fu;ehlf ,irf; fr;Nrupfspy;

rhe;jk;> fUiz> gf;jp Mfpa u]q;fs; NkNyhq;fp ,Uf;Fk;.

Nkiyj;Nja ,irapy; gyu; xd;W Nru;e;J fr;Nrup (Orchestra) nra;tu;. mjw;F

mtu;fspd; nehNl\d; kpfTk; gad;gLfpd;wJ. (Staff Notation) ,irg;Nghu;

,e;nehNl\idg; ghu;j;J nehNl\dpy; cs;sthNw ,irg;gu;. Mifahy; ,q;F

tpj;thd;fspd; kNdhju;kj;jpw;F ,lkpy;iy. ,q;F epfo;r;rpia elhj;j Conductor

cs;shu;. ,ir my;yJ Music Piece ve;j (Pitch) RUjpapy; ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sNjh

me;j RUjpapNyNa mtu;fs; thrpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Nkiyj;Nja ,irapy; (Rhythm)

jhs rk;ge;jkhd czu;r;rp Vw;gLk;. ,ir ngUk;ghYk; ,aw;ifia tu;zpg;gjhfNt

mike;jpUf;Fk;.


fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpy; rg;j jhsq;fs;> Kg;gj;ije;J jhsq;fs;> 175 jhsq;fs;> 108

jhsq;fs;> rhG jhsq;fs; Nghd;wit cs;sd. Nkiyj;Nja rq;fPjj;jpy; jp];u

rJ];u fjpfNs gpujhdkhf eilKiwapy; cs;sd.

243



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 : : : : : p̀e;J];jhdp ,irapd; gpugy;akhd jhsq;fs;> thj;jpaf;

fUtpfs; gw;wp mwpe;J $Wthu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • `pe;J];jhdp jhsq;fshfpa jpupjhy;> jhjuh> [g;jhy;>

jPg;re;jp Mfpa jhsq;fspd; Nlf;fh> khj;jpiufisf;

$wy;.

• mj;jhsq;fisg; Nghl;Lf; fhl;ly;;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 5.1.15.1.15.1.15.1.15.1.1 ::::: `pe;J];jhdp ,irapd; gpugy;akhd jhsq;fspd; Nlf;

fhf;fisf; $WtJld; mj;jhsq;fisg; Nghl;Lf;fhl;ly;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • jpupjhy;> jhjuh> [g;jhy;> jPg;re;jp Mfpa jhsq;fspd;

Nlf;fh> khj;jpiu> NghLk; Kiw vd;gd.


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL ::::: • jNgyh thj;jpak; thrpf;fg;gl;l xypg;gjpT ehlh>

xspg;gjpT ehlh

• jhsq;fs; vOjg;gl;l ml;il

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • jNgyhtpy; Nkw;Fwpj;j jhs tiffs; thrpf;fg;gl;l

xypg;gjpT ehlhit nrtpkLf;fr; nra;jy;.

• jhsq;fs; vOjg;gl;l ml;ilapd; cjtpAld; Nkw;

Fwpj;j jhsq;fs; NghLk; KiwiaAk; Nlf;fhitAk;

tpsf;Fjy;.

• xt;nthU khztiuAk; jhsj;jpid Nghlr; nra;jy;.

(nra;Jfhl;ly; Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wyhk;.)

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • jpupjhy; jhsj;jpd; Nlf;fhtpid vOJtu;.

• [g;jhy;> jhjuh Mfpa jhsq;fisg; Nghl;Lf;

fhl;Ltu;.

• jpupjhy;> jhjuh> [g;jhy;> jPg;re;jp Mfpa jhsq;fspd;

khj;jpiufisf; Fwpg;gpLtu;.

crhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz ::::: 1. Prof. V.S. Nigam - Musicology of India Part I & II

2. C.E. Page - Musical Instruments

244


MrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhditMrpupaUf;fhdit ::::: • `pe;J];jhdp ,ir fw;w tpj;Jthd;fs;/Mrpupau;fsplk;

`pe;J];jhdp ,ir gw;wpAk; jhsq;fs; gw;wpAk; mwpe;J

nfhs;sy;.

khztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhdit : • `pe;J];jhdp ,irf;fr;Nrupfis Neubahff; Nfl;gjd;

%yNKh> xspg;gjpT ehlh %ykhfNth ghu;g;gjd;

%yNkh jNgyh thj;jpaj;jpy; jhsq;fs; thrpf;Fk;

Kiw gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;sy;.

`pe;J];jhdp ,irj; jhsq;fs;`pe;J];jhdp ,irj; jhsq;fs;`pe;J];jhdp ,irj; jhsq;fs;`pe;J];jhdp ,irj; jhsq;fs;`pe;J];jhdp ,irj; jhsq;fs;

`pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjj;jpy; fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpy; cs;sJNghy Vuhskhd jhs

tiffs; ,y;iy. `pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjj;jpy; cs;s gpujhd jhs tiffs; fPNo

tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

jpupjhy;jpupjhy;jpupjhy;jpupjhy;jpupjhy;

,j;jhsk; 16 khj;jpiufisf; nfhz;lJ.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

DA DHIN DHIN DHA DHA DHIN DHIN DHA

jh jpd; jpd; jh jh jpd; jpd; jh

× 2

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

DHA TIN TIN TA TA DHIN DHIN DHA

jh jpd; jpd; jh jh jpd; jpd; jh

0 3

16 khj;jpiufisf; nfhz;l ,j;jhsk; 4 rk ghfq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

xt;nthU ghfKk; 4 khj;jpiufisf; nfhz;lJ. 3 ghfq;fspy; jl;L (Beat)

Nghlg;gLk;. xU ghfj;jpy; khj;jpuk; jl;L Nghlg;gLtjpy;iy. ,jid fyp vd;W

$Wtu;. ,jd; milahsk; O KjyhtJ> Ie;jhtJ> gjpd;%d;whtJ khj;jpiuapy;

jl;L ,lg;gLk;. 9MtJ khj;jpiuapy; jl;Lg; Nghlg;gLtjpy;iy. KjyhtJ jl;L

Kf;fpakhd jl;lhFk;. ,jid ]k; (×) vd miog;gu;.

245

jhjuhjhjuhjhjuhjhjuhjhjuh


1 2 3 4 5 6

DHA DHIN NA DHA THU N A

jh jpd; dh jh J dh

× Ο

6 khj;jpiufisf;nfhz;l ,j;jhsk; 2 rkghfq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU

ghfKk; 3 khj;jpiufisf; nfhz;lJ.

[g;jhy;[g;jhy;[g;jhy;[g;jhy;[g;jhy;

10 khj;jpiufisf; nfhz;lJ.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

DHI NA DHI DHI NA TI NA DHI DHI NA

jp dh jp jp dh jp dh jp jp dh

× 2 Ο 3

10 khj;jpuiufisf; nfhz;l ,j;jhsk; 4 gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,uz;L

ghfq;fspy; xt;nthU ghfKk; 2 khj;jpiufisAk; kw;iwa ,uz;L ghfq;fspy;

xt;nthU ghfKk; 3 khj;jpiufisAk; nfhz;lJ. KjyhtJ> %d;whtJ> vl;lhtJ

khj;jpiufspy; jl;L ,lg;gLk;. 6MtJ khj;jpiuapy; jl;L ,lg;gLtjpy;iy.

KjyhtJ jl;L gpujhdkhdJ. ]k; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

jPg;re;jpjPg;re;jpjPg;re;jpjPg;re;jpjPg;re;jp


,j;jhsk; 4 gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 2 ghfq;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; 3

khj;jpiufisAk; kw;iwa 2 ghfq;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; 4 khj;jpiufisAk; nfhz;lJ.

KjyhtJ> ehd;fhtJ> gjpNdhuhtJ khj;jpiufspy; jl;L ,lg;gLk;. 8MtJ

khj;jpiuapy; jl;L ,lg;gLtjpy;iy.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

DHA DIN - DHA DHA TIN -

jh jpd; - jh jh jpd; -

× 2

8 9 10 11 12 13 14

THA TIN - DHA DHA DIN -

jh jpd; - jh jh jpd; -

0 3

246



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.3 : : : : : Nkiyj;Nja thj;jpaf; fUtpfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • fpw;whu;> gpahNdh thj;jpaq;fspd; mikg;ig tpsf;fy;.

• thrpf;Fk; Kiw gw;wpf; Fwpg;gply;.

• Nkiyj;Nja ,irapy; fpw;whu;> gpahNdh thj;jpaq;

fspd;; gq;fspg;G gw;wpf; $Wjy;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 5.1.15.1.15.1.15.1.15.1.1 ::::: fpw;whu;> gpahNdh Nkiyj;Nja thj;jpaf; fUtpfs;

gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • fpw;whu;> gpahNdh Mfpa thj;jpaf;fUtpfspd;

mikg;G> thrpf;Fk;Kiw> gq;fspg;G

ghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtis ::::: 04 - fpw;whu; - 02 ghlNtisfs;

gpahNdh - 02 ghlNtisfs;

ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL ::::: • fpw;whu; thj;jpaj;jpd; glk;/thj;jpak;

• gpahNdh thj;jpaj;jpd; glk;

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • Nkiyj;Nja ,irapy; tof;fj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; thj;jpaq;

fs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.

• fpw;whu; thj;jpaj;ij my;yJ mjd; glj;ijf; fhl;rpg;

gLj;jp mjd; mikg;G> thrpf;Fk; Kiw gw;wp

tpsf;Fjy;.

• gpahNdh thj;jpaj;jpd; glj;ijf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp mjd;

mikg;G> thrpf;fk;Kiw gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;

• Nkiyj;Nja rq;fPjj;jpy; ,t;thj;jpaq;fspd; gq;fspg;

Gg; gw;wpf; $Wjy;.


fw;gpf;fyhk;.)

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL ::::: • fpw;whu; thj;jpaj;jpd; mikg;gpid tpsf;Ftu;.

• ,jid thrpf;Fk; Kiw gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLtu;.

• Nkiyj;Nja ,irapy; ,t;thj;jpaj;jpd; gq;fspg;ig

kjpg;gpLtu;.

• gpahNdh thj;jpaj;jpd; mikg;G> thrpf;Fk; Kiw

gw;wp tpsf;Ftu;.

247


khztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhditkhztUf;fhdit : • fpw;whu; thj;jpak;> gpahNdh thj;jpak; gw;wpa Nkyjpf

jfty;fis E}y;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;> ,izaj;

jsq;fspD}lhfg; ngw;W mwpit Nkk;gLj;jyhk;.

fpw;whu;fpw;whu;fpw;whu;fpw;whu;fpw;whu;

,t;thj;jpak; jl;ilahd Nkw;ghfj;ijAk;> fPo;g;ghfj;ijAk; nkl;Lf;fisf; nfhz;l

tpuw; gyifiaAk; nfhz;lJ. nkl;Lf;fs; cNyhfj;jpyhdit. ,it 1/2 ];tuq;fs;

(Semitone) thrpg;gjw;fhf mike;Js;sd.

rh];jpupa rq;fPjk; thrpf;Fk; fpw;whu; 6 je;jpfis cilaJ. ,j; je;jpfs;

ieNyhd; my;yJ kpUfj;jpd; FlypdhNyh MdJ. KjyhtJ je;jpNa kpf cr;r

ehjj;ij mspf;fpd;wJ.

MW je;jpfSk; thrpf;Fk; Kiwapy; ,lkpUe;J tykhfg; gpd;tUkhW RUjp

$l;lg;gLfpwJ:

1MtJ je;jp - jhu];jhap f - E

2MtJ je;jp - kj;jpa ];jhap ep - B

3MtJ je;jp - kj;jpa ];jhap g - G

4MtJ je;jp - kj;jpa];jhap up - D

5MtJ je;jp - kj;jpa];jhap j - A

6MtJ je;jp - ke;ju];jhap f - E

,t;thj;jpak; jdp thj;jpakhfTk; (Solo Instrument) gf;f thj;jpakhfTk;

(Accompaniment) thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thj;jpak; ghukw;w thj;jpakhifahy;

vq;Fk; vLj;Jr; nry;yf;$bajhf cs;sJ.

tyJ if tpuypdhy; je;jpfis epWj;jp thrpg;gu;. fpw;whu; thj;jpaj;jpy; gy

tpjkhd thrpg;G Kiwfisf; ifahsyhk;. 16Mk; E}w;whz;by; fpw;whu; thrpf;Fk;

Kiwapy; rpy khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. ,k;khw;wk; ];ngapd; ehl;bypUe;J

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ljhy; ,J ];ghdp\; fpw;whu; (Spanish Guitar) vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

kpf nkd;ikahd ehjj;ijAk; mNj rkak; Nfhl; (Chord) thrpg;G KiwiaAk;

,t;thj;jpaj;jpy; ed;F thrpf;ff;$bajhf cs;sJ.

248

fpw;whu;fpw;whu;fpw;whu;fpw;whu;fpw;whu;

rh];jpupa uPjpahd thrpg;GKiw 16Mk; E}w;whz;bNyNa Muk;gkhdJ. ,k;Kiw

Box Guitar ,NyNa thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Kjd; Kjyhf fpw;whu; thj;jpaj;jpy;

thrpf;ff;$ba cUg;gbfs; fp.gp. 1554Mk; Mz;L ,aw;wg;gl;ld. ];ngapd; njd;

mnkupf;fh ehl;L thf;Nfafhuu;fNs ngUkstpy; ,tw;iw ,aw;wp cs;sdu;.

,jpy; ghl;NlhL jhsKk; ,ize;J thrpf;fg;gLk;.

jw;rkak; %d;W tifahd fpw;whu;fs; tof;fj;jpy; cs;sd. mitahtd:

1) Ng]; fpw;whu; (Base Guitar)

2) upjk; fpw;whu; (Rhythum Guitar)

2) yPl; fpw;whu; (Lead Guitar)

vnyf;upf; fpw;whu; Ascoustic fpw;whu; Nghd;wjhFk;. Mdhy; vnyf;upf; fpw;whupy;

ehjg; ngl;b (Sound Box) ,y;iy. ,J ,d;iwa etehfuPf cyfpy; nuhf;

rq;fPjj;jpy; (Rock Music) gpugy;akhdJ. ,t;thj;jpaj;jpy; xNu ];tuj;jpy; ePz;l

Neuk; epWj;jp thrpf;ff;$bajhf cs;sJ. Ng]; fpw;whUk; (Bass Guitar) ck;>

vnyf;upf; thj;jpaNk vdpDk; ,J ehd;F je;jpfis cilaJ.

249

gpahNdhgpahNdhgpahNdhgpahNdhgpahNdh

10Mk; E}w;whz;by; `hu;g;]pNfhu;l; vd;wpUe;j fUtpapy; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; Vw;gl;l

khw;wNk gpahNdh MFk;. ,J 1709 Mk; Mz;L ghu;Nlh Nyhkpah fpwp];Nlh

Nthup (Barto Lomia Christo Fori) vd;gtuhy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. J.C. ghf; vd;gtuhy;

1968 Mk; Mz;L Kjd;Kjyhf kf;fs; Kd;dpiyapy; thrpf;fg;gl;lJ.

gpahNdhtpy; je;jpfs; cz;L. ,it fP (Key)fspy; nghUj;jg;gl;bUg;gjhy; Keys

vd miof;fg;gl;ld. xt;nthU fPAk; 3/4 mq;Fy ,ilntspapy; mike;Js;sd.

rhjhuzkhf gpahNdhtpy; 2 ngly;]; (Pedals) cz;L. xd;W tyJ gf;fj;jpy;

gykhd rg;jj;ij cz;lhf;ff;$baJ. kw;wJ ,lg;gf;fj;jpy; cdhNfhu;lh (Una

corda) vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

gpahNdh Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;L gjg;gLj;jg;gl;l kuj;jpdhyhdJ. ,t;thj;jpaj;jpy;

7 ];jhapfs; tiu thrpf;fyhk;. ,t;thj;jpaj;jpy; ke;ju];jhapapypUe;J cr;r];jhap

tiu thrpf;fyhk;. ,t;thj;jpaj;jpy; vy;yh ];tu];jhdq;fisAk; ghu;f;ff;$bathW

cs;sJ. ,t;thj;jpaj;jpy; nts;isAk;> fWg;Gk; fye;j fl;ilfs; (Reeds)

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;jf; fl;ilfspd; mikg;G rq;fuhguz ];tuq;fis

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sd.

250

,J ehjj;ijf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jf;$ba thj;jpakhifahy; ~gpahNdh| vd

miof;fg;gl;lJ. gioa fhyj;jpy; gpahNdh gpahNdh Nghu;b (Piano Forte)

vdg;gl;lJ. ,j;jhyp ehl;by; ,jid gpahNdh ngl;b vdTk; u\;a ehl;by;

Nghu;l;b gpNahNdh vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

,yq;ifapy; Ie;J tifahd fPNghu;l; (Key board) thj;jpaq;fs; cz;L.

mitahtd:

1. gpahNdh Nghu;l;b (Piano Forte)

2. gpahNdh mf;Nfhbad; (Piano Accordian)

3. Mu;Nkhdpak; (Harmoniam)

4. nkNyhbf;fh (Melodica)

5. Xu;fd; (Organ) vd;gdthFk;.

gpahNdh ad;dy;fSf;F mUfpNyNah ntg;gj;ij ntsptpLk; fUtpfSf;F

mUfpNyNah itj;jy; MfhJ.

Nkiyj;Nja thj;jpakhf gpahNdh mike;jpUe;jNghjpYk; fPioj;Njr ,irapYk;

,t;thj;jpaj;jpd; gad;ghl;bidf; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ. cjhuzkhf ehl;ba

ehlfk; cl;gl gy;NtW ehl;ba epfo;r;rpfspYk; ,J gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

NkYk; xU ghlYf;F ,irahf;fk; nra;Ak; NghJk; ,jd; gad;ghl;ilf;

fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ. Js;sypir> nky;ypir> rpdpkh ,ir vd;gtw;wpYk;

,f;fUtpapd; gad;ghl;ilf; fhz KbfpwJ.

251




fspd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iwAk; ,irj;njhz;ilAk;

kjpg;gpLthu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • Nguhrpupau; P. rhk;g%u;j;jp> Cj;Jf;fhL Ntq;fl

Rg;igau; MfpNahupd; tho;f;if tuyhW gw;wp

tptupj;jy;.

• mtu;fs; ,irf;fhw;wpa njhz;bid kjpg;gply;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 5.1.15.1.15.1.15.1.15.1.1 ::::: fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpw;Fj; njhz;lhw;wpa thf;Nfafhuu;fs;

gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • Nguhrpupau; P. rhk;g%u;j;jp> Cj;Jf;fhL Ntq;fl

Rg;igau;

ghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtis ::::: 04 - Nguhrpupau; P. rhk;g%u;j;jp - 02 ghlNtisfs;

Cj;Jf;fhL Ntq;fl Rg;igau; - 0 2 ghlNtisfs

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfw;gpj;jy; Kiwfw;gpj;jy; Kiwfw;gpj;jy; Kiwfw;gpj;jy; Kiw ;; ;; ; ::::: • jtiz 1 ,y; thf;Nfafhuu;fs; gw;wpf; fw;gpg;gjw;F

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL Nkw;nfhz;l fw;gpj;jy; KiwiaAk; fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L

KiwiaAk; gpd;gw;wyhk;.

252

Nguhrpupau;Nguhrpupau;Nguhrpupau;Nguhrpupau;Nguhrpupau; P. rhk;g%u;j;jp rhk;g%u;j;jp rhk;g%u;j;jp rhk;g%u;j;jp rhk;g%u;j;jp

jQ;ir khtl;lj;jpy; jpUg;g+e;JUj;jpf; fpuhkj;jpy; 14.02.1901 Mk; Mz;by;

gpr;RitaUf;Fk; ghu;tjp mk;khSf;Fk; kfdhfg; gpwe;jhu;. ,tUf;F ,U rNfhjuu;

fs; cs;sdu;. ,tuJ FLk;gk; ,irj;Jiwapy; <LghL cilaJ. rpW tajpNyNa

taypDk; tha;g;ghl;Lk; gapd;whu;. kzy; jl;il Jiur;rhkp Iauplk; rpy fhyk;

,ir gapd;whu;. ,j;Jld; Mq;fpyf; fy;tpapYk; Kd;Ndwp 1922 ,y; B.A.

gl;ljhupahdhu;. ,tuJ %jhijaupy; xUtuhd fhdk; jpUkiy Iau;> jQ;rht+upy;

Ml;rp nra;j ruNgh[p kfhuh[htpd; M];jhd ,irf; fiyQuhf tpsq;fpatu;.

gpd; nrd;id rl;lf; fy;Y}upapy; rl;lj;Jiwapy; fy;tp gapd;W 1926 ,y; rl;lj;juzpg;

gl;lk; ngw;whu;. rl;lf; fy;Y}upapy; gbj;j fhyj;jpy; ,ir E}y;fis Muha;tjpYk;

,ir E}y;fis ntspapLtjpYk;> gpugy ,ir Nkijfspd; ,ir epfo;r;rpfisf;

Nfl;Lg; gad;ngWtjpYk; <Lgl;lhu;. gpd; 1928 ,y; nrd;id uhzp Nkupf; fy;Y}upapy;

,ir tpupTiuahsuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.

1931 ,y; N[u;kdp Njrj;jpy; kpA+dpr; efupy; cs;s uhfhq;f ,irf; fofj;jpYk;>

gy;fiyf;fofj;jpYk; ,ir xypapaypy; rpwg;ghfg; gapw;rp ngw;W INuhg;gpa ehLfspw;

Rw;Wg; gpuahzk; nra;jhu;. Nky; ehl;birAk; xg;gpaypiriaAk; fw;whu;. 1937

,y; nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; ,irj;Jiwj; jiytuhf gjtp tfpj;jhu;.

,tu; tpj;Jthd; rNgr Iaupd; neUq;fpa cwtpduhd Mde;jty;ypiaj; jpUkzk;

nra;jhu;. rNgr Iau; ,tupd; Ma;TfSf;Fk; gpuRuq;fSf;Fk; cWJizahf

tpsq;fpatu;.

fy;tpf; $lq;fspy; ,iria xU ghlkhfg; GFj;jp ,d;W tiu rpwg;ghf elg;gjw;Fg;

ngUk;gq;F nfhz;L cioj;jhu;. tha;g;ghl;L> taypd;> Gy;yhq;Foy; Mfpa

JiwfspYk; Mw;wy; ngw;wtu;. fPioj;Nja ,irapYk; eldj;jpYk; Nky;ehl;L

,irapYk; ,d;W ehk; gapw;rp ngWtjw;Fj; J}z;LNfhyhf tpsq;fpatu; ,tNu.

,ir> eldk; ,tw;wpy; xOq;fhd kuG Kiwiag; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,tu;

fUj;jhFk;. ,tu; jpahfuh[uplk; vy;iyapy;yh gf;jp nfhz;ltu;.

,tuJ ,ir E}y;fs; Vuhskhf Mq;fpyj;jpYk;> jkpopYk; cs;sd. ,ir mfuhjp

(3 njhFjpfs;) tuyhw;W E}y;fs; ,ir Nghjpf;Fk; Kiw> gpuju;rd tPiz> f;uf

Nghj gpupaju;rpdp vd;git ,tu; ,ir cyfj;Jf;F mspj;j mopahr; nry;tq;fshFk;.

1961 - 1974 tiu rq;fPj tpj;jpahya ,af;FeuhfTk; 1964 - 1966 tiu jpUg;gjp

253

= Ntq;fNl];tuh gy;fiyf;fofj;jpNy rq;fPjtpay; NguhrpupauhfTk; tpsq;fpdhu;.

Nfhilf;fhy tFg;Gf;fs; elj;jpAk;> ghlj;jpl;lq;fs; tFj;Jk; gupNrhjfuhf ,Ue;Jk;

,yq;ifapd; ,irj;Jiw tsu;r;rpf;Fj; njhz;lhw;wpdhu;. fu;ehlf ,irapd;

ngUikia cynfq;Fk; mwpar; nra;jhu;.

,tu; gj;kg+\z;> ,irg;NguwpQu;> rq;fPj fyhepjp> rq;fPj rh];jpu ,uj;jpdhfuu;

vd;Dk; gl;lq;fisAk; N[u;kdpapy; Nguhrpupau; gl;lKk; ngw;whu;.

tpj;t rigapy; mwpQu; FO mq;fj;jtuhfTk;> ,af;Feu;> ,ir Mrpupau;> gFjp

Neu tpupTiuahsuhfTk; jpUg;gjp ntq;fNl];tu gy;fiyf;fof mwpQu; FOtpd;

mq;fj;jtuhfTk;> nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fof ,irj;Jiwj; jiytuhftk;> mfpy

ghuj rq;fPj ehlf rq;f mq;fj;jtuhfTk;> rq;fPj ehlf Muha;r;rpj; Jiwapd;

,iz cWg;gpduhfTk; gjtp tfpj;jhu;.

rq;fPj Kk;%u;j;jpfspd; ,y;yq;fisAk; mtu;fNshL njhlu;Gila ifnaOj;Jg;

gpujpfisAk; NtW nghUl;fisAk; JUtp Muha;e;J fz;Lgpbj;J nghJkf;fs;

mwpAk;gb gy ];jhgdq;fspy; epiyg;gLj;jp itj;jhu;.

tlnkhop> Mq;fpyk;> jkpo;> njYq;F> N[u;kd;> yj;jPd; Mfpa nkhopfspy; ey;y

ghz;bj;jpaKk; ,e;jpa nkhopfs; gytw;wpy; Nju;r;rpAk; cs;stu;. mzp eil

fPjq;fs;> KffPjq;fs;> kzpg;gputhsfPjq;fs;> ,uhf khypif vd;gtw;iwAk; ,ju

cUg;gbfisAk; tlnkhop> jkpo;> njYq;F Nghd;w ghi\fspy; Vuhskhf

,aw;wpAs;shu;. Vuhskhd ,ir vOj;Jg; gpujpfs; ,tuplk; ,Ue;jd. ,irj;Jiwapy;

nghUl;fhl;rpfs;> ,irf;Nfhyk; vd;gtw;iw mjprapf;fj;jf;f Kiwapy; elj;jpdhu;.

gy;fiyf;fof khdpaf; fkp\dpy; NguhrpupauhfTk; ,tu; rpy fhyk; ,Ue;jhu;.

,e;jpa murpd; ,irf;FOtpd; jiytuhf 1955Mk; Mz;L kdpyhtpNy eilngw;w

njd;fpof;fhrpa rq;fPj kfhehl;bNy ,tu; fye;J fyhepjpg;gl;lk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;

vdTk; ,ir MrpupaUf;fhd gapw;rp newpg;gl;lg; gbg;G kl;lj;jpypUf;f Ntz;Lk;

vdTk; mwpTiu toq;fpdhu;.

,tuJ kidtp Gj;jpu ghf;fpak; ,y;yhtpbDk; ,irf;fiyia kfthff; fUjp

,tu; ,ir Muha;r;rpapy; rpwe;j Kiwapy; Kd;Ndw cjtp nra;jhu;. rhk;g%u;j;jp

mtu;fs; 50 f;F Nkw;gl;l E}y;fis vOjpAs;shu;. ,tw;wpy; ngUk;ghyhdit

Mq;fpy nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. fu;ehlf ,iriag; gw;wp Nky;ehl;lhu; mwpa

,it cjTfpd;wd.

254

INuhg;gpa ,iriaf; fw;W mjw;Fk; ,e;jpa ,irf;Fk; cs;s xw;Wik

Ntw;Wikfis Muha;e;jhu;. ,e;jpa ,ir khztu;fSf;fhd Nky;ehl;birapd;

mk;rq;fs; vd;w E}iy vOjpAs;shu;. thf;Nfafhuu; gw;wpAk; vOjpAs;shu;.

rpwe;j fPu;j;jidfisj; njupe;njLj;Jr; rq;fPj ypgpapy; (FwpaPLld;) fPu;j;jdh

rhfuk; vDk; jiyg;gpy; 5 ghfq;fshf ntspapl;Ls;shu;. thj;jpa ,ir gw;wpAk;

thj;jpaq;fs; gw;wpAk; E}y;fs; vOjpAs;shu;.

jpahfuh[uJ nesfh rupj;jpuk; nry;tuh[ rh];jpupapd; Re;jNur tpyhrk; Jsrp

kfhuh[htpd; gy;ytp Nr\ gpuge;jk; vd;Dk; njYq;F E}y;fis jkpopy; nkhop

ngau;j;Js;shu;. fhQ;rp fhkNfhb gPl jiytuhd re;jpu Nrfu ru];tjp vd;gtu;

~fPj thj;a tpNdhj| vd;Dk; tpUjpid ,tUf;F toq;fpdhu;. FUFy KiwapYk;

ghu;f;f epWtd Kiwapyhd gapw;rp ed;ik gaf;Fk; vd ,tu; $wpAs;shu;. ,tu;

,ir cyFf;F rpwe;j Kiwapy; Nritahw;wp 23.10.1972 ,y; fhykhdhu;.

255

Cj;Jf;fhL Ntq;fl Rg;igau;Cj;Jf;fhL Ntq;fl Rg;igau;Cj;Jf;fhL Ntq;fl Rg;igau;Cj;Jf;fhL Ntq;fl Rg;igau;Cj;Jf;fhL Ntq;fl Rg;igau;

miyghANj fz;zh vd;w ghliyf; Nfl;L kaq;fhjtu;fs; vtUk; ,y;iy. ,J

Nghd;w ,d;Dk; Vuhskhd ghly;fis ,dpikahd ,ir$l;b ,aw;wpg; ghbatu;

Cj;Jf;fhL Ntq;fl Rg;igau;. ,tu; ,w;iwf;F Vwj;jho Ke;E}W Mz;LfSf;F

Kd; Cj;Jf;fhl;by; tho;e;j Kj;Jf;fpU\;z ma;aUf;Fk; nrq;fkyk;

mk;ikahUf;Fk; ,uz;lhtJ kfdhfg; gpwe;jhu;. fhl;Lf; fpU\;iza;au; vd;w

rpwg;Gg; ngau; ngw;w rq;fPj tpj;thd; ,tuJ %j;j rNfhjuu;. ,uhkr;re;jpu

thJyu; vd;gtu; ,tu;fsJ ghl;ldhu; Mthu;. ,tu;fs; ahtUk; fpU\;zidf;

Fynja;tkhff; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. Mjyhy; fpU\;zid tho;j;jp> cs;sk; cUfpg;

ghLtijNa tho;tpd; rpwe;j newpahfTk; gadhfTk; nfhz;L gf;jpNahL tho;e;jdu;.

Ntq;fl Rg;igau; mtu;fs; ePlhkq;fyj;jpy; tho;e;J te;j ,uh[h ghftju;

vd;gtuplk; ,ir gapyj; njhlq;fpdhu;;. rpwpJ fhyk; gapw;rp ngw;wJk;> ghftju;

Ntq;fl Rg;igaiug; ghu;j;J mg;gh> ,irapd; mbg;gil Kiwfis cdf;Fr;

nrhy;ypj; je;Jtpl;Nld;. NkYk; fw;Wf;nfhs;s cdf;F Mu;tk; ,Ue;jhy; rpwe;j

,irahrpupau; xUtiuj; Njbf;nfhs; vd;W $wpdhu;. Ntq;fl Rg;igaUf;Nfh

,ir EZf;fq;fis ,d;Dk; mwpe;J nfhs;sg; Nguth ,Ue;jJ. vdNt ,ir

El;gk; Nju;e;j fpU\;zNahfp vd;w FUitj; Njbr; nrd;whu;.

fpU\;zNahfp vd;gtu; xU Jwtp. fLikahd jtj;jpd; gadha; gpwu; Neha;fisf;

Fzg;gLj;Jk; mg+u;t rf;jp mtuplk; ,Ue;jJ. fdk;> eak;> Njrpak; vd;w %d;W

tifahd ,ir kuGfspy; fdk; vd;w tifapy; mlq;Fk; ,ir Kiwfis

Nahfpahu; ed;F mwpe;jpUe;jhu;. ,e;j mw;Gjkhd ,irKiwia NahfpahuplkpUe;J

njupe;J nfhs;s Ntq;fl Rg;igau; kpfTk; tpUk;gpdhu;. vdNt kpFe;j gzpNthL

Nahfpahiu mZfp mtu; fhybapy; tpOe;J> ~~Rthkp> vd;idj; jq;fSila

khztdhf Vw;W ,irg; gpr;ir juNtz;Lk;.|| vd;W nfQ;rpf; Nfl;lhu;.

Nahfpahu; xd;Wk; nrhy;ytpy;iy. jiyia nkJthf mirj;jhu;. jk;kWg;igf;

if mirg;gpdhy; Fwpg;ghf czu;j;jpdhu;. gpd;du; tpiue;J vOe;J jpUk;gpg;

ghu;f;fhkNyNa nrd;W kiwe;jhu;. Ntq;fl Rg;igauhy; ,e;j Vkhw;wj;ijj;

jhq;fNt Kbatpy;iy neQ;rk; FKwp mOjhu;. FUtpy;yh tpj;ijAk; xU

tpj;ijah vd;W kdk; nehe;J tUe;jpdhu;.

Ntq;fl Rg;igaupd; kdf; ftiyiaj; njupe;J nfhz;l ,tUila jahuhfpa

nrq;fkyk; gupNthL jd;kfid mizj;J> ~~kfNd ftig;glhNj. fz;z ngUkhd;

ekJ Fynja;tk;. kdj;ij xU epiyg;gLj;jp eP fz;zidNa topgL fz;zd;

256

cdf;F Ntz;baij vy;yhk; jUthd; mg;gh|| vd mwpTiu $wpdhu;. jhahupd;

md;ghd nrhw;fis Mizahf Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhu; Ntq;fl Rg;igau;. fdtpYk;

edtpYk; fz;zngUkhd; epidNtahdhu;. fz;zd; Gfio cs;sk; cUfpg;

ghbdhu;. ,jidNa jd; tho;tpd; Ngwhff; nfhz;L thoyhdhu;.

,t;thW rpy Mz;Lfs; nrd;wd. xU ehs; tof;fk; Nghy Ntq;fl Rg;igau;

fz;z ngUkhid vz;zp kdk; frpe;J ghbf;nfhz;bUe;jhu;. mg;nghOJ tpiue;J

mtu; kbapy; VNjh xd;W jPz;Lk; czu;itg; ngw;whu;. fz;fisj; jpwe;J

ghu;j;jhu; Ntq;fl Rg;igau;. kbapy; xU Foe;ij. mOf;Fk; GOjpAk; epiwe;j

Nkdp. rpwpJ mUtUg;NghL Foe;ijia efu;j;jp tpl;Lf; fz;fis %bf;nfhz;lhu;.

kPz;Lk; ghlj;njhlq;fpdhu;. Foe;ij kWgbAk; te;J mtu; njhilapy; mku;e;jJ.

ghl;Lj; jilg;gl;lJ.

Nr! ,J kpfTk; njhy;iyaha; ,Uf;fpwNj vd vz;zpa Ntq;flRg;igau;

Foe;ijia kWgbAk; vLj;J mg;ghy; efu;j;jp tpl;Lf; fz;fis %bf;nfhz;lhu;.

Foe;ijapd; fyfyntd;w rpupg;nghyp mjNdhL njhlu;e;J ,dpikahd Gy;yhq;Foy;

,ir Nfl;lJ. rpiyahfp epd;whu; Ntq;fl Rg;igau;. vd;id Ml;nfhs;s te;jJ

fz;zngUkhNd vd;W Mde;jf; fz;zPu; nrhupe;jhu;. neQ;rk; nefpo;e;J kfpo;e;jhu;.

igj;jpak; gpbj;jtu; Nghy; Mbg;ghbf; $j;jhbdhu;. fz;zd; jdf;F mUspa

mw;Gjj;ij epide;J epide;J Gsfhq;fpjKw;whu;.

~~fz;zNd vd; Mrhd;||> ~~fz;zNd vd; QhdFU||> ~~fz;zNd vdf;F ,ir

Qhdk; mUspa ts;sy;|| vd;W cs;sk; g+upj;jhu;. mw;Gjkhd me;j mDgtj;ijg;

ngw;w ehs; Kjy; fz;zidNa jd; ,irQhd FUthff; nfhz;L kfpo;e;jpUe;jhu;

Ntq;flRg;igau;. fpU\;zNahfpaplkpUe;J fw;f tpUk;gpaijnay;yhk; fz;zd;

jpUtUshy; ngw;whu;. Ntq;flRg;igau;> nja;tj; jd;ik mtu; ,irapy; Cw

Cwj; nja;tPfg; ghly;fis ,aw;Wk; Mw;wy; mtuplk; jhdhfNt Vw;gl;lJ.

fz;zgpuhd; Foe;ijahfj; jd;kbNky; mku;e;J mUs; nra;j rk;gtj;ij xl;b

mtu;ghba ghly;fs; Gdy; nts;sk; vd;w mftw;ghTk;> ~,J xU jpwkhNkh|

vd;w ghlYk; ~~fhahk; g+|| vd;w fPu;j;jidAkhFk;.

~~ePythdk; jdpNy xsp tPRk;

epidkjpNah cd; KfNk||

vd;w ghlypy; fz;zdpd; mofpa jpUf;Nfhyf; fhl;rpia kdjpy; ,Uj;jp>

mf;fhyj;ijf; fz;fis tpl;L mfw;w Kbahj jd; jhg epiyiag; ghlyhfg;

ghbdhu;. ,JNghyg; gy ghly;fisg; ghbdhu;.

257

fz;zidj; jd; mUapu;f; fhjydhf epide;J ,tu; ghba ghly;fs; Vuhsk;.

jiytd; jiytp cwTKiwapy; mikAk; gjq;fs; gytw;iw ,aw;wpg;ghb

,d;Gw;Ws;shu;.

~~M&lk; xd;W nrhy;yb - vd;

me;juq;f rpe;ijAld; te;J cwthbd

ee;j KFe;jd; ve;j ehSk; mfyhjpUf;f|| vd;w ghly;

,jw;Fj; jf;fnthU vLj;Jf; fhl;lhFk;.

FoY}jp kdnky;yhk; nfhs;is nfhz;l gpd;Dk;

FiwNaJk; vdf;Nfjb Njhop

vdf; fz;zd; FoY}jp vd;kdij KOikahff; nfhs;is nfhz;L tpl;lhd;.

,dp vdf;F vd;d Fiw vd epiwe;j kdj;NjhL Njhopiaf; Nfl;Fk; jiytpahfg;

ghbdhu; Ntq;fl Rg;igau;. ,t;thwhf gy gjq;fis ,aw;wpf; fu;ehlf ,ir

tsu;r;rpf;Fg; ngUe;njhz;lhw;wpAs;shu;.

Ntq;fl Rg;igau; fhk;Nghjp> fhdlh> kj;jpakhtjp> Njhb Nghd;w gpugy;akhd

,uhfq;fs; kl;Lkd;wp> khQ;rp> fdftre;jk;> fd;dlkhUt> jPghuh Nghd;w mg+u;t

,uhfq;fspYk; cUg;gbfis ,aw;wpAs;shu;. gy ,uhfq;fisf;nfhz;l

,uhfkhypiffspYk; ghly;fis ,aw;wpAs;shu;.

Ntq;fl Rg;igau; 1700 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; 1765 Mk; Mz;L tiu tho;e;jhnudr;

nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wJ. ,tu; ghba ghly;fs; Vuhsk;. ,it jkpopYk;> tlnkhopapYk;

ghlg;ngw;wit. Vwj;jho vy;yhg; ghly;fSk; fz;z ngUkhid ghlw; nghUshff;

nfhz;bUg;gpDk; xU rpy ghly;fs; KUfd;> mk;gpif Mfpa nja;tq;fs; Nky;

ghlg;gl;ldtha; cs;sd.

Ntq;fl Rg;igau; jkf;nfd xU rPlu; guk;giuia cUthf;ftpy;iy vd;whYk;>

,tuJ jikadhfpa fhl;Lf; fpU\;z IaUila re;jjpapdu; ,tuJ ghly;fisg;

ghJfhj;J te;jdu;. fhl;Lf; fpU\;za;aUila MwhtJ jiyKiwapy; te;jtuhfpa

ePlhkq;fyk; fpU\;z %u;j;jp ghftju; Ntq;flRg;igaupd; ghly;fis ehnlq;Fk;

ghbg;gug;Gk; gzpiag; ngUtpUg;NghL nra;jhu;.

fhl;Lf; fpU\;za;aupd; ngz; topapy; kw;nwhU fpisapy; te;j fypahz Re;juk;>

,uh[Nfhghyd;> Kj;Jf;fpU\;zd; Mfpa %tUk; Cj;Jf;fhL rNfhjuu;fs; vd;w

ngaupy; ,ize;J Ntq;fl Rg;igaupd; ghly;fisg; ghb te;jdu;.

258

Ntq;fl Rg;igau; ghly;fis fhl;Lf; fpU\;za;au; re;jjpapdu; Vl;Lr; Rtbfspy;

vOjpg; ghJfhj;J itj;jpUe;jdu;. ,it ,e;j E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;f fhyk;

Kjy; rpwpJ rpwpjhf ntspf;nfhz;L tug;gLfpd;wd. ,g;ghly;fs; ~~fpU\;z

fhdk;|| vd;w jiyg;gpy; rpy njhFjpfshfg; Gj;jfg; gjpg;Gf;fshf ntsp te;Js;sd.

,e;E}y;fspy; ntspte;Js;s ghly;fs; Rujhsf; Fwpg;GfSld; vOjg;gl;Ls;sik

rpwg;ghFk;.

Ntq;fl Rg;igaupd; ghly;fs; gy;NtW rpwg;Gf;fis cilaJ. ,uhf jhsr;

rpwg;Gf;fshy; ,tuJ ghly;fs; ,irauq;Ffs;> ehl;ba epfo;r;rpfs;> g[idfs;

Nghd;w vy;yh epfo;r;rpfspYk; ghlg;gLfpd;wd.

miyghANj fz;zh - (fhdlh)

MlhJ mrq;fhJ th fz;zh (kj;jpakhtjp)

kufj kzpka Nyhyh (Mugp)

kJukJu NtZ fPj (mlhzh)

kjdhq;f Nkhfd RFkhuNd (fkh];)

jhNa aNrhjh (Njhb)

ghy;tbAk; Kfk; (ehl;ilf;FwpQ;rp)

FoY}jp kdnky;yhk; ( fhk;Nghjp)

Nghd;w ghly;fs; Cj;Jf;fhL Ntq;fl Rg;igau; ,aw;wpa ghly;fspy; gpugy;ak;

tha;e;jitahFk;.

259

Nju;r;rp 7.0Nju;r;rp 7.0Nju;r;rp 7.0Nju;r;rp 7.0Nju;r;rp 7.0 : : : : : ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapYk;> ,e;jpah,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapYk;> ,e;jpah,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapYk;> ,e;jpah,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapYk;> ,e;jpah,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapYk;> ,e;jpah

tpYk; gpugy;akhd fu;ehlf ,irf;fiyQu;fs;tpYk; gpugy;akhd fu;ehlf ,irf;fiyQu;fs;tpYk; gpugy;akhd fu;ehlf ,irf;fiyQu;fs;tpYk; gpugy;akhd fu;ehlf ,irf;fiyQu;fs;tpYk; gpugy;akhd fu;ehlf ,irf;fiyQu;fs;

gw;wp kjpg;gpLthu;.gw;wp kjpg;gpLthu;.gw;wp kjpg;gpLthu;.gw;wp kjpg;gpLthu;.gw;wp kjpg;gpLthu;.


tpsf;Fthu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : : : : : • ,yq;ifapy; tho;e;j gpugy;akhd ,irf;fiyQu;fs;

gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• ,t; ,irf;fiyQu;fspd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iw

tptupj;jy;.


nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 5.1.15.1.15.1.15.1.15.1.1 ::::: 20Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapy; tho;e;j gpugy;akhd

,irf;fiyQu;fs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; ::::: • khtplg;Guk; vd;.v];. cUj;jpuhgjp

• tz;iz fhkhl;rp Re;juk;

• ,aypirthupjp vd;. tPukzp Iau;

• vd;.Nf. gj;kehjd; MfpNahupd; tho;f;if tuyhW>

,irg;gzp


fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ::::: • jtiz 1 ,y; ,irf;fiyQu;fs; gw;wpf; fw;gpg;gjw;F

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL/kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL Nkw;nfhz;l fw;gpj;jy; KiwiaAk; fzpg;gPL kjpg;gPl;L

KiwiaAk; gpd;gw;wyhk;.

260

vd;.v];. cUj;jpuhgjpvd;.v];. cUj;jpuhgjpvd;.v];. cUj;jpuhgjpvd;.v];. cUj;jpuhgjpvd;.v];. cUj;jpuhgjp

,tu; khtpl;lGuj;jpy; 1900 Mk; Mz;L vd;. NrhkRe;juk; jk;gjpfSf;Fg; Gjy;tdhfg;

gpwe;jhu;. gpugy ehj];tu tpj;Jthdhfj; jpfo;e;j jpU. gf;fpup Rthkpg;gps;is

,tuJ %j;j jikadhuhthu;. jk;gp eluh[d; gpugy ehj];tu tpj;JthdhfTk;

,irahrpupauhfTk; ehlf ,af;FduhfTk; jpfo;e;jhu;.

jpU. cUj;jpuhgjp mtu;fs; jdJ ehd;fhtJ tajpy; je;ijia ,oe;jhu;. ,tupd;

jhahu; jkJ gps;isfisj; jpwikkpf;f ,irf;fiyQu; Mf;Ftjpy; gl;l ,d;dy;fs;

vj;jidNah> ,ijg; NghyNt %j;j jikad; jpU. gf;fpuprhkpg;gps;is cUj;jpuhgjp

mtu;fis ,e;jpahtpy; ,ir gapy mDg;gp itj;jhu;. ,tuJ Kjw; FU rpjk;guk;

ehj];tu tpj;Jthd; itj;jpaehjdhthu;. ,uz;L tUlk; fw;wgpd; kPz;Lk; ,e;jpah

nrd;W nfhj;jkq;fyk; jz;lhlAjghzpaplk; ehj];tuf; fiyiaf; fw;whu;.

jz;lhAjghzp mtu;fspd; kjpg;Gf;Fupa rp\;adhf kl;Lky;yhJ vLg;Gg;

gps;isahfNt tho;e;j vd;.v];. cUj;jpuhgjp mtu;fs; FUtpd; <kf; fld;fisAk;

Kbj;Jtpl;L aho;g;ghzk; te;J NgUk; GfNohLk; tho;e;jhu;.

1927,y; Nahfhk;ghis tpthfk; nra;jhu;. ,tUf;F ,uz;L ngz; Foe;ijfs;>

%j;jtu; ,uh[kzp> ,isatu;; ju;ktjp> ,UtUk; ,irahrpupauhf ,Ue;jtu;fs;.

,uhfq;fis kj;jpk RUjp gz;zp cUg;gb thrpg;gjpYk;> gy;ytp ];tuq;fis

tpj;jpahrkhd jhsq;fspy; ruskhf thrpg;gjpy; jpwik ngw;wtu;. vy;yh

thj;jpaq;fspYk; Nju;r;rp ngw;W ,irahrpupauhfTk; jpfo;e;jtu;. ,tuJ

,irj;njhz;il ghuhl;b khit JiuRthkpf; FUf;fs; mtu;fshy; jq;f ehj];tuk;

toq;fg;gl;lJ. 1964 Mk; Mz;by; mfpy ,yq;if murpdu; ,ir Mrpupau;

rq;fj;jhy; ~~rq;fPj tpj;Jt g+\zk;|| vd;w gl;lk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. aho;g;ghzk;

rq;fPj tpj;t rigapdhy; ~~rq;fPj tpj;Jtkzp|| vd;Dk; gl;lKk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.

1980 Mk; Mz;L Nk khjk; 24Mk; jpfjp ,iwtdb Nru;e;jhu;.

tz;iz tp. fhkhl;rp Re;juk;tz;iz tp. fhkhl;rp Re;juk;tz;iz tp. fhkhl;rp Re;juk;tz;iz tp. fhkhl;rp Re;juk;tz;iz tp. fhkhl;rp Re;juk;

,tu; 1906Mk; Mz;by; aho;g;ghzj;J tz;zhu;gz;iz ehfypq;fk; jk;gjpfSf;F

kfdhfg; gpwe;jhu;. ,tu; Muk;gj;jpy; rpd;dj;Jiu cghj;jpahauplk; fw;whu;.

,tu; jd; jikadhuhfpa rpd;dj;Jiu cghj;jpahaUld; Nru;e;J jtpy;> fQ;rpuh

Nghd;w thj;jpaq;fisf; fw;W thrpf;fTk; Muk;gpj;jhu;. ,tUila thrpg;ig

yaf; fzprk; epuk;gpaJ vd;W Fwpg;gpLthu;fs;. ,tupd; jpwikapdhy; jkpo;ehl;Lf;

261

fiyQu; ehj];tur; rf;futu;j;jp up.vd;. uh[uj;jpdk;gps;is mtu;fSf;Fj; jtpy;

thrpf;Fk; Ngw;wpidg; ngw;whu;. jpUtPopkpoiy Rg;gpukzpak; gps;is mtu;fsJ

ehj];tuj;jpw;Fk; rpwg;ghfj; jtpy; thrpf;fyhdhu;.

aho;g;ghzk; KUifah vd;gtUila ehj];tu ,irf;Fj; njhlu;e;;J jtpy;

thrpj;Jr; rpwg;Gw;whu;. ,tuJ Gfo; ,yq;ifapy; kl;Lky;yhJ ,e;jpahtpd; gy

,lq;fspYk; gutpaJ. ,tu; fQ;rpuh thrpg;gjpYk; ghz;bj;jpak; ngw;wtu;. ,tuJ

thuprhf tp. jl;rzh%u;j;jp> ,isauR rpd;dg;godp MfpNahu; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;fs;.

,tu; 1944 Mk; Mz;by; ,sk;gpuhaj;jpNyNa ,t;Tyf tho;f;ifia ePj;jhu;.

,tUila gps;isfSk; jtpy; thrpg;gpy; <Lgl;L tUfpd;wdu;. ,tu;fSs; jp.fh.

Ffd; vd;gtu; ,d;Dk; jtpw;fiyapy; gzpahw;wp tUgtuhthu;.

gpuk;k= k.j.e. tPukzpIau;gpuk;k= k.j.e. tPukzpIau;gpuk;k= k.j.e. tPukzpIau;gpuk;k= k.j.e. tPukzpIau;gpuk;k= k.j.e. tPukzpIau;

1931Mk; Mz;L xf;Nlhgu; khjk; 15Mk; jpfjp eluh[ IaUf;Fk; Re;juhk;ghSf;Fk;

,uz;lhtJ kfdhfg; gpwe;jhu;. ,tu; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; cs;s ,Ztpiyj; jdJ

gpwg;gplkhff; nfhz;lhu;. rpWtajpNyNa jdJ ngw;Nwhiu ,oe;j tPukzpIau;

jdJ jikad; fe;jrhkpIaupd; topfhl;lypy; jdJ jpwikfis tsu;j;Jf;

nfhz;lhu;. jdJ Muk;gf;fy;tpia ,Ztpy; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}upapYk; cau; fy;tpia

khdpg;gha; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}upapYk; fw;whu;. ,tu; njhlu;e;J gy;Jiw tpw;gd;duhf

tpsq;fpdhu;.

tPukzpIau; Muk;gj;jpy; eld Mrhd; Vuk;G Rg;igahtplk; fw;W gpd; eld

Nkij Uf;kzp mUz;Nly; mtu;fsplk; gujf;fy;tpia gapd;W mtiuNa guj

fyh FUthf Mf;fpf;nfhz;lhu;. mj;NjhL ,irNkij vk;.b. ,uhkehjdplk;

,irf;fiyia gapd;whu;.

262

Iau; mtu;fspd; rhfpj;jpa fyh FUthf ghgehrk; rptd; mtu;fs; tpsq;fpdhu;.

,t;thwhf ew;FUitg; ngw;Wf; fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;ijAk; gujj;ijAk; jpwikahff;

fw;W ey;yhrhdhf tpsq;fpdhu;.

,aypir thupjp tPukzpIau; mtu;fs; khdpg;gha; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}upapy; rq;fPj

MrpupauhfTk;> khdpg;gha; kfspu; fy;Y}upapy; ehl;ba MrpupauhfTk; tpsq;fpdhu;.

gy ehl;ba ehlfq;fs; tPukzpIaupd; gilg;ghf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. 350 ,w;Fk;

Nkw;gl;l ehl;ba ehlfq;fis ,Jtiu gilj;Js;shu;.

tPukzpIau; mtu;fs; vtUk; ghlhj 35 jhsq;fspYk; 175 jhsq;fspYk; jkpopir

ghly;fisg; ghbAs;shu;. ,tu; ,aw;wpa kapiyf; FwtQ;rp> fPu;j;jidkhiy>

kapiyf; fPu;j;jid khiy> 175 jhsf; fPu;j;jidkhiy> 35 jhsf;fPu;j;jid

khiy> Nksuhff; fPu;j;jidkhiy Mfpad ,ir El;gq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltdtha;

cs;sd. mj;NjhL 72 Nksfu;j;jh ,uhfq;fspy; fPu;j;jidfis ,aw;wpAs;shu;.;

mtUila gilg;Gf;fs; Kw;WKOjhf kuG jOtpadthfTk; re;jk;

nfhQ;rptpisahLk; jd;ikAiladthfTk; rkaq;fspy; eturk; jJk;GtdthfTk;

gilf;fg; ngw;Ws;d.

~fw;gfty;yp epd; nghw;gjq;fs; gpbj;Njd;| vd;W Muk;gpf;Fk; uhfkhypiff;

fPu;j;jidapy; uhf Kj;jpiu nghwpf;fg;gl;L ghbAs;shu;. ,J Kf;fpa mk;rk;

MFk;. ,f;fPu;j;jid njd;dpe;jpa ,ir ty;Yeu; up.vk;. nrse;juh[d; mtu;fshy;

ghlg;ngw;W cyfg; gpurpj;jp ngw;wjhFk;. jpUikyhg;g+u; fghyP];tuu; Myaj;jpd;

cl;Rtupy; ,g;ghly; ,g;NghJk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

1957Mk; Mz;L ~~jpUkapiyf;FwtQ;rp|| vd;w fiyE}iy ntspapl;L ngUkjpg;Gf;

fpilf;fg;ngw;wJld; 1956 Mk; Mz;L ey;iy MjPd rQ;rpifahd mUs Kjj;jpy;

~~rhuq;fd; kUfNd rhNtup ghyfNd

Nkhfd FkuNd ehafp ehafNd

vd;w gy;ytpapidf; nfhz;l 16 ,uhfq;fspy; mike;j ,uhfkhypif fPu;j;jidia

ntspapl;L ngUk; Gfo; fpilf;fg;ngw;whu;. ,e;jf; fPu;j;jid k`huh[Guk; re;jhdk;

mtu;fshy; ghlg;ngw;W rpwe;j tuNtw;Gf; fpilf;fg;ngw;wJld; kpfTk; gpugy;aKk;

ngw;Ws;sJ.

khdpg;gha; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}upapy; Mrpupauhf flikahw;wp gjtp cau;T ngw;W

gyhyp> Nfhg;gha; Mrpupau; fyhrhiyapy; tpupTiuahsuhff; flikahw;wpdhu;.

,q;F flikahw;Wk;NghJ aho;g ;ghzk; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; gFjpNeu

tpupTiuahsuhff; flikahw;wpdhu;.

263

Nfhg;gha; Mrpupa gapw;rpf; fyhrhiyapy; ~~]h`pj;a]h`uk;|| vd;w rpwg;Gg;gl;lk;

toq;fg;gl;lJ. 1999 Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgu; 6Mk; ehs; aho;. gy;fiyf;foj;jpy;

eilngw;w gl;lkspg;G tpohtpy; nfsut KJkhzp (M.A) gl;lk; toq;fp

nfsutpf;fg;gl;lhu;. tl ,yq;if rq;fPj rig nghd; tpohtpy; ftpkhkzp vd;w

rpwg;Gg;gl;lk; toq;fp nfsutpf;fg;gl;lhu;. ,ay; ,irapy; ,tUf;F ,Ue;j

Nkd;ikahy; ,aypirthupjp> k`h tpj;Jthd; vd;w rpwg;G tpUJfs; ngw;W

ghuhl;Lg; ngw;whu;. fyhrhu mikr;Rk; fyhg+\zk; tpUJ toq;fp nfsutpj;jJ.

tlf;F fpof;F khfhzf; fy;tp> gz;ghl;lhYty;fs; tpisahl;Lj; Jiw mikr;R

tPukzp Iau; mtu;fspd; fiyr;Nritiag; ghuhl;b MSeu; tpUJ toq;fpf;

nfsutpj;jJ.

ftpkhkzp k`htpj;Jthd;> rg;jup\p> fyhuj;dh> Kj;jkpo;f; fyhepjp> Kj;jkpo;r;

Rugp Nghd;w rpwg;Gg; gl;lq;fisg; ngw;W vkJ jhafj;jpw;Fg; ngUik Njbj;je;j

tPukzp Iau; 2003 Mk; Mz;L xf;Nlhgu; khjk; 7Mk; jpfjp ,iwgjk; mile;jhu;.

vd;.Nf. gj;kehjd;vd;.Nf. gj;kehjd;vd;.Nf. gj;kehjd;vd;.Nf. gj;kehjd;vd;.Nf. gj;kehjd;

aho; efupd; msntl;b Cupy; 1931Mk; Mz;L gpwe;jhu;. je;ijahu; ngau; eh.

fe;jrhkp> jhahu; ngau; gupksk;> rNfhjuu; ehy;tu;> rNfhjupfs; ,Utu;. ,tu;

jdJ Muk;gf;fy;tpia msntl;b rPdd; fyl;b QhNdhjah tpj;jpahrhiyapy;

fy;tp fw;whu;. jkJ VohtJ tajpy; jkJ je;ijahiuf; FUthf Vw;W ,ir

gapd;whu;. ,tu; jkJ jfg;gdhuplk; 13> 14 taJtiu ehj];tuk; gapd;w gpd;du;

ehj];tu tpj;Jthd; gp.v];. MWKfk; gps;isapd; jikadhuhd ehj];tu

tpj;Jthd; gp.v];. fe;jRthkpaplk; ehj];tuk; gapd;whu;. mjidj; njhlu;e;J

jkpofj;ijr; Nru;e;j ehj];tu Nkijfshd rPu;fhop gp.vk;. jpUehTf;fuR

gps;isaplKk; jpUr;Nrup fpU\;z%u;j;jp gps;isaplKk; fw;whu;.

264

jpUr;Nrup Kj;Jf;Fkhu Rthkpg;gps;is jpUtpil kUJ}u; kfhypq;fk;> tyq;ifkhd;

rz;Kf Re;juk;gps;is> ehr;rpkhu; Nfhtpy; ,uhftg;gps;is Kjyhd jkpof

ehj];tu jtpy; tpj;Jthd;fs; aho;g;ghzj;Jf;F te;J me;ehl;fspy; fr;Nrupfs;

epfo;j;jpa Nghnjy;yhk; mtu;fSld; ,ize;J ehj];tuk; thrpj;Js;shu;.

,tu; jkJ ,Ugj;ije;jhtJ tajpy; jdpahf xU FOtpid cUthf;fpf;nfhz;lhu;.

mf;FOtpy; jtpy; Nkij tp. njl;rzh%u;j;jpAk;> gp.vk;. jpUehTf;fuRk;> gj;kehjdpd;

ikj;Jduhd gp.v];. rhuq;fghzpAk; jtpy; thrpj;jhu;fs;. gj;kehjDld; gp.v];

ghyfpU];zDk; ehj];tuk; thrpj;jhu;.

1957 ,y; jtpy; tpj;Jthd; eluh[h> ghf;fpak; jk;gjpfspd; Gjy;tpahd ehNf];tupia

jpUkzQ;nra;J nfhz;l ~Vopir Nte;J| gj;kehjDf;F ehd;F Gjy;tu;fSk;

%d;W Gjy;tpfSkhf VO gps;isfs;.

1963 ,y; rpyhgk; mUs;kpF Kd;Nd];tu rpthya kfh Fk;ghgpN\f tpohtpd;NghJ

jkpo;ehl;il Nru;e;j ,ir Nkij kfhuh[Guk; re;jhdk; mtu;fshy; gj;kehjd;

nghd;dhil Nghu;j;jg;gl;Lf;nfsutpf;fg;gl;lhu;. 1964 ,y; gd;dhiyapy; eilngw;w

Nrf;fpohu; khehl;by; mkuu; Nru;. fe;ijah itj;jpaehjd; mtu;fshy; ,tUf;F

~~ehj];tu fyhepjp|| gl;lk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.

1982 ,y; ,yq;ifapd; fiyQu;fSf;fhd cau; tpUJfspy; xd;whd ~~fyh#up||

vd;Dk; tpUjpid md;iwa [dhjpgjpahd N[.Mu;. [atu;j;jd mtu;fs; #l;bf;

nfsutpj;jhu;.

ehj];tuj;jpy; cUg;gbfis mjhtJ fpUjpfisAk; fPu;j;jidfisAk;

thrpf;Fk;NghJ ntspg;gLk; ehjRfk;> jdpr;Rfk;> ,jd; thapyhf urpfu;fis

mg;gbNa tisj;Jg; Nghl;LtpLthu;. ,jw;F ey;Y}u; tPjpapy; miyNkhJk; urpfu;

$l;lk; rhd;whf tpsq;FfpwJ. ey;Y}u; Njt];jhd tpj;Jthdhf ehw;gJ

tUlq;fSf;F Nkyhf thrpj;Js;shu;. ,yq;ifapy; gy ghfq;fspy; ,irf;fr;NRup

elj;jpa ,tu; ntspehLfspy; Fwpg;ghf ,e;jpah> kNyrpah> rpq;fg+u;> fdlh>

,q;fpyhe;J> mnkupf;fh> N[u;kdp> mT];jpNuypah Nghd;w ,lq;fspYk; fr;Nrup

epfo;j;jpAs;shu;. aho;g;ghzj;jpy; eilngw;w 4MtJ cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp

khehl;bYk; rpwg;Gf; fr;Nrup elj;jpAs;shu;.

vd;.Nf. gj;kehjd; mtu;fs; 72 MtJ tajpy; 15Mk; jpfjp 7Mk; khjk; 2003

Mk; Mz;L ,iwgjk; mile;jhu;.

265

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;

266

ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPLghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPLghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPLghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPLghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPL

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; kjpg;gPL Mfpad fy;tpr; nrad;Kiwfspd; Kf;fpa %d;W

$WfshFk; vd;gJk;> fw;wy; fw;gpj;jypd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij mwpa fzpg;gPL kjpg;gPl;il

gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk; vy;yh Mrpupah;fSk; njspthf mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;ba

xU tplakhFk;. mit xd;wd; kPJ xd;W nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; mNjNtis

xt;nthd;Wk; kw;iwatw;wpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpYk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd vd;gJ

Mrpupah;fs; ahtUk; mwpe;j cz;ikahFk;. njhlh; (epjKk; epfOk;) kjpg;gPl;L

Nfhl;ghLfSf;fpzq;f fw;wy; eilngWk; NghNj kjpg;gPLk; ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk;. ,J

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwapd; Muk;gg;gFjp> ,ilg;gFjp> ,Wjpg;gFjp Mfpa

ve;j xU rkaj;jpYk; ,lk; ngwyhk; vd;gij Mrpupah;fs; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ

mtrpakhFk;. jkJ khztiu kjpg;gpl vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; Xh; Mrpupah; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy;

kjpg;gPL Mfpad njhlh;ghd xOq;fhd jpl;lnkhd;iwg; gad;gLj;jy; mtrpak;.

ghlrhiyia mbg;gilahf nfhz;l fzpg;gPl;L Ntiyj;jpl;lkhdJ xU guPl;ir

KiwNah Nrhjid elhj;JtNjh my;y. mJ khzth;fsJ fw;wiyAk;> Mrpupah;fsJ

fw;gpj;jiyAk; Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU jiyaPlhFk;. Mjyhy;

khzth;fSf;F mUfpy; ,Ue;J mth;fSila gyq;fisAk; gytPdq;fisAk;

,dq;fz;L mtw;wpw;F gupfhuk; fz;lthW khzth;fis mth;fsJ cr;r tsu;r;rp

kl;lj;ij milar; nra;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba xU Ntiyj; jpl;lkhFk;.

fw;wy;- fw;gpj;jy; nrad;%yk; Njly; nrad;Kiwapd; ghy; khzth;fs; topg;gLj;jg;gL

fpd;wdh;. ghlrhiyia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fzpg;gPl;L Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ij

nraw;gLj; Jk;NghJ khzth;fspilNa Mrpupah; rQ;rupj;J mth;fs; nra;Ak;

Ntiyfis mtjh dpj;J topfhl;liy toq;fpr; nraw;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd

vjpu ;ghu ;f ;fg ;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F khzth;fs; njhlu ;r ;rpahf kjpg ;g Pl ;Lf;F

cs;shf;fg;gLtNjhL khzth; Mw;wy; mgptpUj;jp vjpu;ghu;j;jthW eilngWfpd;wjh

vd;gij Mrpupau; cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.

khztUf;F jf;f mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;J mtw;iw khzth;fs; rupahfg;

ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhh;fsh vd cWjpg;gLj;jy; fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; Clhfj; epfo Ntz;Lk;.

mj;NjhL mjw;F jf;f topfhl;ly; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. kjpg;gPl;by; (fzpg;gPl;by;)

<Lgl;Ls;s Mrpupah;fs; jkJ khzth;fSf;F ,uz;L tifahd topfhl;ly;fis

toq;f KbAk;. mit nghJthf gpd;D}l;ly; / Kd;D}l;ly; vdg;gLk;.

khzth;fspd; gytPdq;fisAk; ,ayhikfisAk; fz;;;lwpe;jNghJ mth;fsJ fw;wy;

gpur;rpidfis eptu;j;jpg;gjw;fhfg; gpd;D}l;liyAk; khztu;fspd; jpwikfisAk;

Mw;wy;fisAk; ,dk;fhZk;NghJ mtw;iw Nkd;gLj;j> Kd;D}l;liyAk; toq;FtJ

Mrpupaupd; flikahFk;.

fw;wy;- fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwapd; ntw;wpf;fhf ghlnewpapd; Nehf;fq;fSs; ve;j

Nehf;fj;ij ve;j kl;lj;jpy; epiwNtw;w Kbe;jJ vd;gij ,dq;fhzy;> khzth;fSf;F

mtrpakhfpd;wJ. kjpg;gPLfs; %yk; khzth;fs; mile;Js;s Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fisj;

jPu;khdpj;jy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l MrpupauplkpUe;J vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. khztu;fs;>

Mrpupau;fs;> NtW gpuptpdu;fSf;F khzth;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wk; gw;wpa jfty;fis

mwptpg;gjw;F Mrpupau; Kida Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;Fg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba kpfTk;

nghUj;jkhd Kiw> njhlu;r;rpahf khztiu kjpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;j tha;g;gspf;Fk;

ghlrhiy kl;l kjpg;gPl;L KiwahFk;.

267

Nkw;gb Nehf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLk; Mrpupah;fs; jkJ fw;gpj;jy; nrad;KiwiaAk;

khzth;fspd; fw;wy; nrad;KiwiaAk; NkYk; tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fjhf;Ftjw;F

tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f fw;wy; -fw;gpj;jy; kjpg;gply; Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

,J njhlu;ghf Mrpupau;fSf;Fk; khzth;fSf;Fk; gad;gLj;jj; jf;f mZFKiwg;

Ngjq;fs; (tiffs;) rpy fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd. ,it ePz;lfhykhf Mrpupau;fSf;F

Njrpa fy;tp epWtdj;jpdhYk;> guPl;ir jpizf;fsj;jpdhYk; tpsf;fkspf;fg;gl;l

KiwfshFk;. vdNt mit njhlu;ghf ghlrhiyj; njhFjpiar; Nru;e;j Mrpupau;fs;

Nghjpa mwpt+l;lk; ngw;wpUg;gh; vd vjph;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mg;Ngjq;fs; tUkhW@

1. xg;gilfs;

2. nraw;wpl;lq;fs;

3. mstha;Tfs;

4. Njbaha;Tfs;.

5. mtjhdpg;Gf;fs;

6. fz;fhl;rp / Kd;itj;jy;fs;

7. fsr; Rw;Wyhf;fs;

8. FWfpa vOj;Jg; guPl;irfs;

9. mikg;Gf; fl;Liufs;

10. jpwe;j E}y; Nrhjidfs;

11. Mf;fr; nraw;ghLfs;

12. nrtpkLj;jy; Nrhjidfs;

13. nra;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfs;

14. Ngr;Rf;fs;

15. Ra Mf;fq;fs;

16. FOr; nraw;ghLfs;

17. vz;zf;fU glq;fs;

18. ,ul;ilg; gjpT - N[h;dy;

19. Rth;g; gj;jpupiffs;

20. tpdh-tpil epfo;r;rpfs;

21. tpdh-tpilg; Gj;jfq;fs;

22. tpthjq;fs;

23. FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fs;

24. fUj;juq;Ffs;.

25. cldbr; nrhw;nghopT

26. ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jy;

mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s Nkw;gb fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; kjpg;gPl;L Kiwfs; midj;ijAk;>

vy;yhg; ghlq;fspdJ vy;yh myFfSf;fhfTk; gad;gLj;j KbT vd

vjpu;ghu;fg;gltpy;iy. jkJ ghlj;jpw;Fk; Fwpj;j ghl myfpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd

Ngjq;fisj; njupT nra;Jnfhs;tjw;F mwpt+l;lk; ngw Ntz;Lk;.

Nkw;gb Mrpupah; mwpTiug;gb topfhl;ba jkJ khzth;fspd; fw;wy; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij

fzpg;gplg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;L Ngjq;fs; gw;wpf;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mrpupah;fs; jkJ khzth;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf mtw;iw

jf;fthW gad;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;iwg; gad;gLj;jhJ jtpu;;j;jy; khztu; jkJ

mwpthw;wy; kw;Wk; cs vOr;rp> cs ,af;f jpwd;fis tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;

mtw;iw ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; jilahf mikAk;.

268

fzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPLfzpg;gPL

fUtp - 01fUtp - 01fUtp - 01fUtp - 01fUtp - 01

01.01.01.01.01. fzpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk;fzpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk;fzpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk;fzpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk;fzpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk; ::::: Kjyhk; jtiz

02.02.02.02.02. cs;slf;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rp kl;lk;cs;slf;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rp kl;lk;cs;slf;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rp kl;lk;cs;slf;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rp kl;lk;cs;slf;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ::::: 3.2

03.03.03.03.03. fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;;fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;;fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;;fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;;fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;; ::::: • nrsf fhyf; fpUjp

gh`p ju\{Guhya -

Mde;jigutp my;yJ

khukzd; - `pe;Njhsk;

04.04.04.04.04. fUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ik ::::: • nra;Kiwr; Nrhjid

05.05.05.05.05. fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;:fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;:fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;:fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;:fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;: • nrsf fhyf; fpUjp mike;j ,uhfk;> jhsk;>

,aw;wpatu;> ngau; vd;gtw;iwf; $Wthu;.

• nrsf fhyf; fpUjp mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpd;

MNuhfz mtNuhfzj;ijg; ghLthu;.

• nrsf fhyf; fpUjpia ,uhf> jhsj;Jld;

ghLthu;.

06.06.06.06.06. fUtpiag; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiw gw;wpa MNyhridfs;fUtpiag; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiw gw;wpa MNyhridfs;fUtpiag; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiw gw;wpa MNyhridfs;fUtpiag; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiw gw;wpa MNyhridfs;fUtpiag; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiw gw;wpa MNyhridfs; :::::

MrpupaUf;FMrpupaUf;FMrpupaUf;FMrpupaUf;FMrpupaUf;F ::::: • khztiuj; jdpj;jdpahfg; ghlr; re;ju;g;gk;

toq;Ff.

• ghLk;NghJ kjpg;gPl;Lf;Fupa epajpfSf;Nfw;g

fzpg;gPL nra;f.

khztUf;FkhztUf;FkhztUf;FkhztUf;FkhztUf;F ::::: • nrsf fhyf; fpUjpia ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghbg;

gapw;rp nra;f.

• rupahd cr;rupg;Gj; njspTld; fpUjpia kddk;

nra;f.

• fpUjpia ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghLf.

07.07.07.07.07. Gs;sp toq;Fk; epajpfs;:Gs;sp toq;Fk; epajpfs;:Gs;sp toq;Fk; epajpfs;:Gs;sp toq;Fk; epajpfs;:Gs;sp toq;Fk; epajpfs;:• RUjpNahL ghLthu;.

• ];tu];jhd Rj;jj;Jld; ghLthu;.

• jhsj;Jld; ghLthu;.

• nrsf fhyj;jpy; ghLthu;.

• kddk; nra;J rupahf xg;Gtpg;ghu;.

08.08.08.08.08. Gs;spj;jpl;lk;Gs;spj;jpl;lk;Gs;spj;jpl;lk;Gs;spj;jpl;lk;Gs;spj;jpl;lk; ::::: • kpf ed;W - 04 Gs;spfs;

• ed;W - 03 Gs;spfs;

• rhjhuzk; - 02 Gs;spfs;

• tpUj;jpaila Ntz;Lk; - 01 Gs;sp

269




03.03.03.03.03. fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;;fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;;fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;;fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;;fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;; ::::: • kNdhju;k rq;fPjj;jpd; Ie;J

gpupTfs;

04.04.04.04.04. fUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ik ::::: • tpku;rdk;

05.05.05.05.05. fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;:fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;:fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;:fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;:fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;: • kNdhju;k rq;fPjj;jpd; Ie;J gpupTfisAk;

Fwpg;gpLthu;.

• kNdhju;k rq;fPjj;jpd; gpupTfis XUtu; ghLk;

NghJ mjid tpku;r;rpf;Fk; jpwid ntspg;gLj;J

thu;.


MrpupaUf;FMrpupaUf;FMrpupaUf;FMrpupaUf;FMrpupaUf;F ::::: • kNdhju;k rq;fPjj;jpd; Ie;J gpupTfSk; mlq;fpa

xypg;gjpT ehlhit xypf;fr;nra;J khztiur;

nrtpkLf;fr; nra;f.

• nrtpkLj;j tplaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

tpku;rdf; fl;Liu vOJk;gb gzpf;f.

• tpku;rdf; fl;Liuapy; ghlfupd; Fuy;tsk;> ghLe;

jpwd;> mzpNru; fiyQu;fspd; gq;F> Mw;Wifj;

jpwd; Nghd;w mk;rq;fs; cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;

vd;gij typAWj;Jf.

khztUf;FkhztUf;FkhztUf;FkhztUf;FkhztUf;F ::::: • jug;gl;l xypg;gjpT ehlhit xypf;fr;nra;J>

mjid ed;F nrtpkLf;f.

• nrtpkLj;j tplaq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ghlfupd;

Fuy;tsk;> ghLe;jpwd;> mzpNru; fiyQu;fspd;

gq;F> Mw;Wifj;jpwd; Nghd;w mk;rq;fs; cs;s

lq;fyhf tpku;rdf; fl;Liu tiuf.

270

07.07.07.07.07. Gs;sp toq;Fk; epajpfs;:Gs;sp toq;Fk; epajpfs;:Gs;sp toq;Fk; epajpfs;:Gs;sp toq;Fk; epajpfs;:Gs;sp toq;Fk; epajpfs;:• tpku;rpf;Fk; jpwid ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

• Mu;tj;Jld; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLthu;.

• rpwe;j Kiwapy; xOq;fikg;ghu;.

• rpwe;j nkhopg;gpuNahfj;ijg; NgZthu;.

• jkJ ,uridia ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.


(epajpfSf;Nfw;g)(epajpfSf;Nfw;g)(epajpfSf;Nfw;g)(epajpfSf;Nfw;g)(epajpfSf;Nfw;g) • ed;W - 03 Gs;spfs;



271




03.03.03.03.03. fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;;fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;;fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;;fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;;fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;; ::::: • gjk;

NtytNu - igutp

my;yJ

ghy;tbak; Kfk; - ehl;ilf;

FwpQ;rp

04.04.04.04.04. fUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ik ::::: • nra;Kiwr; Nrhjid

05.05.05.05.05. fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;:fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;:fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;:fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;:fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;: • gjk; mike;Js;s ,uhfk;> jhsk;> ,aw;wpatu;

gw;wpf; $Wthu;.

• gjk; mike;j ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz mtNuhfzj;

ijg; ghLthu;.

• gjj;jpid ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghLthu;.



toq;Ff.


fzpg;gPL nra;f.

khztUf;FkhztUf;FkhztUf;FkhztUf;FkhztUf;F ::::: • gjj;ij ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghbg; gapw;rp nra;f.

• rupahd cr;rupg;Gj; njspTld; kddk; nra;f.

• ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghLf.




• ghtj;Jld; ghLthu;.






272


01.01.01.01.01. fzpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk;fzpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk;fzpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk;fzpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk;fzpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk; ::::: ,uz;lhe; jtiz


03.03.03.03.03. fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;;fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;;fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;;fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;;fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;; ::::: • [htsp

NtfePT - RUl;b

my;yJ

thdpg;nghe;J - fdlh

04.04.04.04.04. fUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ik ::::: • nra;;Kiwr; Nrhjid

05.05.05.05.05. fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;:fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;:fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;:fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;:fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;: • [htsp mike;j ,uhfk;> jhsk;> ,aw;wpatu;

gw;wpf; $Wthu;.

• [htsp mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz

mtNuhfzj;ijg; ghLthu;.

• [htspia ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghLthu;.



toq;Ff.


fzpg;gPL nra;f.

khztUf;FkhztUf;FkhztUf;FkhztUf;FkhztUf;F ::::: • [htspia ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghbg; gapw;rp nra;f.

• rupahd cr;rupg;Gj; njspTld; kddk; nra;f.

• [htspia ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghLf.




• rupahd cr;rupg;Gj; njspTld; ghLthu;.






273


01.01.01.01.01. fzpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk;fzpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk;fzpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk;fzpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk;fzpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk; ::::: ,uz;lhk; jtiz


03.03.03.03.03. fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;;fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;;fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;;fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;;fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;; ::::: • ,irf;fUtpfs;

jk;Guh

ehj];tuk;

taypd;

04.04.04.04.04. fUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ik ::::: • xg;gil - ntspf;fsg;Gj;jfk; jahupj;jy;.

05.05.05.05.05. fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;:fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;:fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;:fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;:fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;: • jk;Guh> ehj];tuk;> taypd; Mfpa ,irf;fUtp

fspd; mikg;gpid tpsf;Fthu;.

• ,t; ,irf;fUtpfis thrpf;Fk; Kiw gw;wpAk;

RUjp Nru;f;Fk; Kiw gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

• ,irf;fUtpfspd; glq;fis tiue;J ghfq;f

isf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.


MrpupaUf;FMrpupaUf;FMrpupaUf;FMrpupaUf;FMrpupaUf;F ::::: • ntspf;fsg; Gj;jfj;jpd; mikg;G gw;wp tpsf;Ff.

- ml;ilg;glk;

- KfTiu

- cs;slf;fk;

- ed;wpAiu

• jk;Guh> ehj];tuk;> taypd; Mfpa ,irf;

fUtpfs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fisAk;> glq;fis

Ak; Nrfupg;gjw;fhd MNyhridfis toq;Ff.

• xt;nthU khztDk; jdpj;jdpahfr; nraw;gl

Ntz;Lk; vd;gjidf; $Wf.

• ntspf;fsg; Gj;jfk; jahupg;gjw;fhd fhy vy;iy

iaf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; $Wf.

khztUf;FkhztUf;FkhztUf;FkhztUf;FkhztUf;F ::::: • jk;Guh> ehj];tuk;> taypd; Mfpa ,irf;

fUtpfs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fisAk; glq;fis

Ak; vt;thW Nrfupf;fyhk; vd;gJ gw;wp mrpupaup

lk; Nfl;lwpf.

274

• xt;nthU khztUk; jdpj;jdpNa nraw;ghl;by;

<LgLf.

• ntspf;fsg; Gj;jfj;ijj; jahupj;J Fwpj;j fhy

vy;iyf;Fs; rku;g;gpf;f.

07.07.07.07.07. Gs;sp toq;Fk; epajpfs;:Gs;sp toq;Fk; epajpfs;:Gs;sp toq;Fk; epajpfs;:Gs;sp toq;Fk; epajpfs;:Gs;sp toq;Fk; epajpfs;:

• nghUj;jkhd jfty;fisr; Nrfupg;ghu;.

• Mu;tj;Jld; tplaq;fisj; Njbf; nfhs;thu;.

• jfty;fspd; ek;gfj;jd;ikiag; NgZthu;.

• Neu;j;jpahfg; Gj;jfj;ij Mf;Fthu;.

• Fwpj;j fhyj;jpy; rku;g;gpg;ghu;.





275


01.01.01.01.01. fzpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk;fzpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk;fzpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk;fzpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk;fzpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk; ::::: ,uz;lhk; jtiz


03.03.03.03.03. fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;;fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;;fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;;fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;;fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;; ::::: • fu;ehlf rq;fPj thf;Nfa

fhuu;fs;

- n[aNjtu;

- khupKj;jhg;gps;is

- fdk; fpU\;za;au;;

04.04.04.04.04. fUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ik ::::: • Ra Mf;fj;njhFg;G

05.05.05.05.05. fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;:fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;:fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;:fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;:fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;: • thf;Nfafhuupd; tho;f;if tuyhw;wpidf;

$Wthu;.

• mtu;fs; ,irf;fhw;wpa njhz;bid tpsf;Fthu;.


MrpupaUf;FMrpupaUf;FMrpupaUf;FMrpupaUf;FMrpupaUf;F ::::: • nraw;ghl;il Muk;gpf;Fk; Kd;du; fzpg;gPl;Lf;

fUtp gw;wp khztUf;F mwpKfQ; nra;f.

• Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l thf;Nfafhuu;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty;

fisAk; glq;fisAk; Nrfupg;gjw;fhd MNyhr

idfis toq;Ff.

• Nrfupj;j jfty;fis rupahd xOq;fpy; njhFf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd;gij typAWj;Jf.

• xt;nthU khztDk; jdpj;jdpahfr; nraw;gl

Ntz;Lk; vd;gjidf; $Wf.

• Ra Mf;fj;njhFg;gpid epiwT nra;tjw;fhd

fhy vy;iyiaf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; $Wf.

khztUf;FkhztUf;FkhztUf;FkhztUf;FkhztUf;F ::::: • nraw;ghl;il Muk;gpf;Fk; Kd; fzpg;gPl;Lf; fUtp

gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijAk;> fzpg;gPL Kbf;f Ntz;ba

fhy vy;iyiaAk; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;f.

• Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l thf;Nfafhuu;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty;

fs;> glq;fis vt;thW Nrfupf;fyhk; vd;gJ

gw;wpa MNyhridfis Mrpupauplk; Nfl;lwpf.

276

• Nrfupj;j jfty;fisj; njhFf;Fk; xOq;FKiw

gw;wpf; Nfl;lwpf.

• xt;nthU khztDk; jdpj;jdpahf nraw;ghl;by;

<LgLf.


• nghUj;jkhd jfty;fisr; Nrfupg;ghu;.

• Mu;tj;Jld; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLthu;.

• Nrfupj;j tplaq;fis Neu;j;jpahfj; njhFg;ghu;.

• jfty;fspd; ek;gfj;jd;ikiag; NgZthu;.

• Fwpj;j fhy vy;iyf;Fs; nraw;ghl;il epiwT

nra;thu;.





277


01.01.01.01.01. fzpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk;fzpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk;fzpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk;fzpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk;fzpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk; ::::: %d;whe; jtiz


03.03.03.03.03. fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;;fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;;fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;;fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;;fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;; ::::: • ,uhfkhypif

04.04.04.04.04. fUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ik ::::: • nra;k;;Kiwr; Nrhjid

05.05.05.05.05. fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;:fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;:fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;:fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;:fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;: • ,uhfkhypif mike;j ,uhfq;fs;> jhsk;>

,aw;wpatu; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

• ,uhfkhypif mike;j ,uhfq;fspd; MNuhfz>

mtNuhfzj;ijg; ghLthu;.

• ,uhfkhypifia ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghLthu;.



toq;Ff.


fzpg;gPL nra;f.

khztUf;FkhztUf;FkhztUf;FkhztUf;FkhztUf;F ::::: • ,uhfkhypifia ,uhff; fyg;gpd;wp ,uhf> jhsj;

Jld; ghbg; gapw;rp nra;f.

• rupahd cr;rupg;Gj; njspTld; ,uhfkhypifia

kddk; nra;f.

• ,uhfkhypifia ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghLf.


• njspthf cr;rupg;ghu;.

• ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghLthu;.

• RUjpNahL ghLthu;.

• ];tu];jhd Rj;jj;Jld; ,uhff; fyg;gpd;wpg;

ghLthu;.


278





279




03.03.03.03.03. fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;;fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;;fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;;fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;;fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;; ::::: • ,uhf ,yl;rzk;

- MNghfp

- Rj;jrhNtup

04.04.04.04.04. fUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ik ::::: • tpdh tpilg; Gj;jfk;

05.05.05.05.05. fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;:fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;:fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;:fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;:fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;: • MNghfp ,uhfj;jpd; ,yl;rzj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

• Rj;jrhNtup ,uhfj;jpd; ,yl;rzj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.


MrpupaUf;FMrpupaUf;FMrpupaUf;FMrpupaUf;FMrpupaUf;F ::::: • ,f;fzpg;gPl;Lf; fUtp gw;wp khztUf;F mwpKfQ;

nra;f.

• tpdhf;fspd; tiffisf; Fwpg;gpl;L> tpdh tpilg;

Gj;jfk; jahupf;Fk; Kiw gw;wp khztUf;F

tpsf;Ff.

• xt;nthU khztUk; jdpj;jdpahfr; nraw;gl

Ntz;Lk; vd;gijf; $Wf.

• fzpg;gPl;bw;fhd fhy vy;iyiaf; $Wf.

khztUf;FkhztUf;FkhztUf;FkhztUf;FkhztUf;F ::::: • fzpg;gPl;Lf; fUtp gw;wp Mrpupauplk; Nfl;lwpf.

• nfhLf;fg;gl;l gFjpfis mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L

tpdh tpilg; Gj;jfk; jahupf;f.

• khztu; xt;nthUtUk; jdpj;jdpahf nraw;

ghl;by; <LgLf.

• nraw;ghl;bw;fhd fhy vy;iyia Mrpupauplk;

Nfl;lwpf.


• cw;rhfj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;.

• Fwpj;j gFjpf;Fs; tpdhf;fisj; njupe;njLg;ghu;.

• tpdhf;fspd; juj;ijg; NgZthu;.

280

• tpdhf;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tpilfisf;

Fwpg;gpLthu;.

• fhy vy;iyiag; NgZthu;.





281




03.03.03.03.03. fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;;fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;;fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;;fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;;fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;; ::::: • tUl ,Wjpapy; khztu;

Mf;fq;fisf; nfhz;l

epfo;r;rpfisj; jahupj;jy;

04.04.04.04.04. fUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ikfUtpapd; jd;ik ::::: • Mf;fr; nraw;ghL

05.05.05.05.05. fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;:fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;:fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;:fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;:fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;: • NkilNaw;wf;$ba epfo;r;rpfisj; njupe;njLg;

ghu;.

• epfo;r;rpfSf;Fupa khztu;fisj; njupe;J

gapw;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;thu;.

• NkilNaw;Wtjw;Fj; Njitahd rfy tplaq;

fisAk; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L nraw;gLthu;.

• tUl ,Wjpapy; epfo;r;rpfis NkilNaw;Wthu;.


MrpupaUf;FMrpupaUf;FMrpupaUf;FMrpupaUf;FMrpupaUf;F ::::: • nraw;ghl;il Muk;gpf;Fk; Kd;du; fzpg;gPl;Lf;

fUtp gw;wp khztUf;F mwpKfQ; nra;f.

• NkilNaw;Wtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd epfo;r;rpfis

Ak; > mjw;fhd khztu;fisAk; njupe;J gapw;rp

apy; <Lglg; gzpf;f.

• Fwpj;j jpdj;jpy; NkilNaw;Wtjw;Fj; Njitahd

rfy tplaq;fisAk; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L nraw;

ghl;by; <Lglg; gzpf;f.

• khztu; FOepiyapy; nraw;gLk;NghJ xt;nthU

khztuJ jpwidAk; mtjhdpj;J> kjpg;gPl;bw;Fupa

epge;jidfSf;Nfw;g fzpg;gPL nra;f.

khztUf;FkhztUf;FkhztUf;FkhztUf;FkhztUf;F ::::: • fzpg;gPl;Lf; fUtp gw;wp Mrpupauplk; Nfl;lwpf.

• NkilNaw;Wtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd epfo;r;rpfs;

gw;wpAk;> khztu;fs; gw;wpAk; fye;Jiuahb>

gapw;rpapy; <LgLf.

282

• NkilNaw;Wtjw;Fj; Njitahd ,ju tplaq;

fisAk; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L nraw;gLf.

• Fwpj;j jpdj;jpy; jpl;lkpl;lgb Nkil epfo;r;rpfis

Mw;Wifg;gLj;Jf.


• nghUj;jkhd epfo;r;rpfisj; njupthu;.

• Mu;tj;Jld; gapw;rpapy; <LgLthu;.

• epfo;r;rpfspy; rpwe;j juj;ijg; NgZthu;.

• Nkil epfo;Tfs; jtpu;e;j ,ju mk;rq;fspYk;

ftdk; nrYj;Jthu;.

• rpwe;j Kiwapy; Mw;Wifg;gLj;Jthu;.





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