GPWS
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Transcript of GPWS
GROUND PROXIMITY GROUND PROXIMITY WARNING SYSTEMWARNING SYSTEM
A CFIT ACCIDENT OCCURS WHEN AN AIRWORTHY AIRCRAFT, EXPERIENCING NO CONTRIBUTORY SYSTEMS OR EQUIPMENT PROBLEMS, UNDER THE CONTROL OF A CERTIFICATED, FULLY QUALIFIED FLIGHT CREW NOT SUFFERING FROM ANY IMPAIRMENT, IS FLOWN INTO TERRAIN (OR WATER OR OBSTACLE) WITH NO DEMONSTRATED PRIOR AWARENESS OF THE IMPENDING COLLISION ON THE PART OF THE CREW
CONTROLLED FLIGHT INTO TERRAIN
SOLUTION TRADITIONALLY ADEQUATE PROCEDURES AND CREW
COORDINATION AND COMMUNICATION (CRM) AS WELL AS CONTROL OR SURVEILLANCE BY AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES MAY REDUCE THE LIKELIHOOD OF CFIT.
IN ORDER TO PREVENT THE OCCURRENCE OF CFIT ACCIDENTS, MANUFACTURERS AND SAFETY REGULATORS DEVELOPED TERRAIN AWARENESS AND WARNING SYSTEMS (TAWS). THE FIRST GENERATION OF THESE TAWS SYSTEMS IS KNOWN AS A GROUND PROXIMITY WARNING SYSTEM(GPWS)
Statistics in 2006 have shown that over a 10 year average, 39% of all aviation /military accidents are due to CFIT.
CFIT incidents have been reduced since GPWS entered widespread use in the 1970s.
REQUIREMENTS OF TERRAIN PROXIMITY WARNING SYSTEM
CONTROLLED FLIGHT INTO TERRAIN (CFIT) IS THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF FATAL ACCIDENT
TO PROVIDE WARNINGS TO ALERT PILOTS TO AN EMMINENT COLLISION WITH GROUND
GROUND PROXIMITY WARNING SYSTEM
(GPWS)
PRINCIPLETHE GPWS TAKES INPUTS FROM SENSORS AND
NAV EQUIPMENT
FEEDS THEM INTO A ONBOARD CPU
THE CPU COMPARES THE INPUTS AND DECIDES WHICH ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT FOR THE PHASE OF FLIGHT
GPWS PROVIDES TWO LEVELS OF WARNINGS
PRINCIPLETHE FIRST LEVEL OF `ALERT ` TELLS THE PILOT
THAT HE IS APPROACHING A DANGEROUS SITUATION AND TO TAKE ACTION TO RETURN TO SAFE CONDITION
SECOND LEVEL - MORE CRITICAL STAGE `WARNING ` TELLS THE PILOT HE IS ALREADY IN A DANGEROUS SITUATION AND MUST TAKE AN IMMEDIATE AND STANDARD ACTION TO RECOVER
GPWS INPUTSTHE RADALT GIVES A CONSTANT FEED OF HT
ABOVE GROUND
A VERTICAL SPEED SENSOR ,DIGITISING THE VSI INFORMATION IS ALSO CONSTANTLY PROVIDING AN INPUT
POSN OF LANDING GEAR AND FLAPS
ILS GLIDEPATH
RADALT
CENTRAL PROCESING UNIT
VETICAL SPEED SENSOR
GLIDEPATHDEVIATION
UNDERCARRIAGEPOSITION
FLAP POSITION
INPUTS
GPWS OUTPUTS
IF THE CPU DECIDES THERE IS A POTENTIAL
DANGER IT GIVES AUDIO AND VISUAL WARNINGS
THE CPU INDICATES IF THERE IS ANY COMPUTER
FAILURE OR FAILURE IN ANY INPUT SIGNALS ON
ANOTHER MONITOR
RADALT
MASTER INDICATOR
CENTRAL PROCESING
UNIT
VETICAL SPEED SENSOR
GLIDEPATHDEVIATION
UNDERCARRIAGEPOSITION
FLAP POSITION
VISUAL WARNING
AUDIO WARNING
INPUTS OUTPUTS
ALERT
WARN
ALERT - CAUTION GENERATED BY GPWS EQUIPMENT / AUDIO SIGNAL
WARNING - COMMAND GENERATED BY GPWS EQUIPMENT. DESCRIBED AS GENUINE, NUISANCE OR FALSE
TERMINOLOGIES
GENUINE WARNING - WARNING GENERATED BY GPWS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ITS TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
NUISANCE WARNING - WARNING GENERATED BY GPWS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ITS TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS BUT PILOT IS ACTUALLY FLYING AN ACCEPTED SAFE PROCEDURE
FALSE WARNING - WARNING GENERATED BY GPWS NOT IN ACCORDANCE WITH ITS TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS, BUT DUE TO A FAULT OR FAILURE IN SYSTEM
TERMINOLOGIES
MODES OF OPERATION
EXCESSIVE RATE OF DESCENT WITH RESPECT TO TERRAIN BELOW 2500 FT
50 ft - 2450 ft
SINK RATE
WHOOP WHOOP PULL UP + FLASHING LAMP
MODE 1 – SINK RATE
MODE 1 – SINK RATE
EXCESSIVE RATE OF TERRAIN CLOSURE (A/C NOT IN A LANDING CONFIGURATION)
50 ft -1800 ft
TERRAIN TERRAIN
WHOOP WHOOP PULL UP + FLASHING LAMP
MODE 2A – TERRAIN CLOSURE
EXCESSIVE RATE OF TERRAIN CLOSURE (AC IN A LDG CONFIGURATION)
220ft -790 ft
TERRAIN TERRAIN
WHOOP WHOOP PULL UP + FLASHING LAMP
MODE 2B - TERRAIN CLOSURE
MODE 2 - TERRAIN CLOSURE
NEGATIVE ROC AFTER TAKE-OFF OR GO- AROUND
50 ft- 700 ft
DON'T SINK
DONT SINK
MODE 3 – NEGATIVE ROC
MODE 3 – NEGATIVE ROC
UNSAFE TERRAIN CLEARANCE (AC NOT IN A LANDING CONFIGURATIONGEAR UP)
50 ft - 500 ft
TOO LOW TERRAIN
TOO LOW GEAR
PULL UPPULL UP + FLASHING LAMP
MODE 4A - UNSAFE TERRAIN CLEARANCE
UNSAFE TERRAIN CLEARANCE (AC NOT IN A LDG CONFIGURATION FLAPS UP )
50 ft -500ft
TOO LOW TERRAIN
TOO LOW FLAPS
PULL UPPULL UP + FLASHING LAMP
MODE 4B – UNSAFE TERRAIN CLEARANCE
MODE 4 – UNSAFE TERRAIN CLEARANCE
DOWNWARD DEPARTURE FROM ILS GLIDESLOPE
BELOW 1000ft OR 1.3 DOTS BELOW
G/S
GLIDE SLOPE
---
EXCESSIVE DOWNWARD DEPARTURE FROM ILS GLIDESLOPE
2.5 DOTS BELOW G/S
BELOW 150ft
GLIDE SLOPE
---
SOFT ALERT
HARD ALERT
MODE 5 – GLIDE SLOPE DOWNWARD DEPARTURE
MODE 5 – GLIDE SLOPE DOWNWARD DEPARTURE
MODE 5 – GLIDE SLOPE DOWNWARD DEPARTURE
ADVISORY CALL OUTS AND BANK ANGLE DEVIATION
BELOW SET ALTITUDE
OPTION SET ON INST.
OPTION SET ON INST.
MODE 6 – ADVISORY CALL OUTS
ADVISORY CALL -BANK ANGLE
MODE 6 - ADVISORY CALL OUTS
DESCENDING BELOW SELECTED DH
DH MINIMUM -
MODE 6 – ADVISORY CALL OUTS
MODE 1 SINK RATE MODE 2 TERRAIN MODE 3 DON'T SINK MODE 4A TOO LOW –GEAR MODE 4B TOO LOW –FLAPS MODE 5 GLIDE SLOPE MODE 6 MINIMUMS / ADVISORY
AUDIO ALERTS
MODE 1 WHOOP WHOOP PULL UP
MODE 2 WHOOP WHOOP PULL UP
MODE 3 -----------
MODE 4A WHOOP WHOOP PULL UP MODE 4B ------------
MODE 5 GLIDE SCOPE
WARNING
ALERT - TAKE IMMEDIATE ACTION TO GET OUT OF THE DANGEROUS SITUATION AND STOP ALERT INDICATION
WARNING - TREAT IT AS A COMMAND TO IMMEDIATELY LEVEL THE AIRCRAFT’S WINGS, APPLY TAKE-OFF POWER, AND CLIMB AWAY AT SPEED AND ANGLE FOR MAXIMUM GRADIENT CLIMB UNTIL AIRCRAFT HAS REACHED EN-ROUTE MINIMUM SAFE ALTITUDE
PILOTS ACTION
RESPONSE TO WARNING CAN BE LIMITED TO THAT OF ALERT
AIRCRAFT IS OPERATING BY DAY IN VMC
IT IS IMMEDIATELY OBVIOUS THAT AIRCRAFT IS NOT IN A DANGEROUS SITUATION WITH REGARD TO TERRAIN, AIRCRAFT CONFIGURATION OR PRESENT MANOEUVRE
PILOTS ACTION
BITE CHECK
HAS AN BUILT IN TEST EQUIPMENT TO MONITOR EQPT SERVICEABILITY
PROVIDES BOTH AUDIO AND VISUAL WARNINGS WITH SYS CHECK
SYSTEM MONITORS ITS HEALTH CONSTANTLY
FAA WEF 1992 / JAR-OPS WEF 1994
ALL TURBINE-POWERED AEROPLANE OF MAXIMUM CERTIFIED TAKE-OFF MASS IN EXCESS OF 5700 KG OR TYPE CERTIFIED TO CARRY MORE THAN 09 PASSENGERS
SYSTEM TO PROVIDE TIMELY AND DISTINCT WARNING ON ‘SINK RATE, GROUND PROXIMITY, ALTITUDE LOSS, INCORRECT LANDING CONFIGURATION AND GLIDE SLOPE DEVIATION’
LEGISLATION
DGCA WEF 01 JAN 2003
ALL TURBINE-ENGINED AEROPLANE OF MAXIMUM CERTIFIED TAKE-OFF MASS IN EXCESS OF 15000 KG OR TYPE CERTIFIED TO CARRY MORE THAN 30 PASSENGERS
ALL PISTON-ENGINED AEROPLANE OF MAXIMUM CERTIFIED TAKE-OFF MASS IN EXCESS OF 5700 KGS OF TYPE CERTIFIED TO CARRY MORE THAN 9 PASSENGERS
LEGISLATION
SERVICEABILITY
IF UNSERVICEABLE FLIGHT IS NOT ALLOWED
ONLY FLIGHT TO TECHNICAL FACILITY FOR REPAIR OF EQUIPMENT ALLOWED
LEGISLATION
GPWS HAS NO KNOWLEDGE OF TERRAIN AHEAD
ANY WARNING OF AIRCRAFT’S FLIGHT TOWARDS HIGH GROUND WAS MINIMAL AND DEPENDENT UPON STEEPNESS OF RISING GROUND
FALSE ALARMS ARE GENERATED BY GPWS EQUIPMENT USUALLY WHILE AIRCRAFT IS FOLLOWING A TRACK IN HILLY TERRAIN
OPERATIONS MANUAL SPECIFIES CONDITIONS WHEN FLIGHT CREW MAY INHIBIT GPWS
LIMITATIONS
MODE FLIGHT HAZARD AUDIO ALERT WARNING
1 EXCESSIVE RATE OF DESCENT WITH RESPECT TO TERRAIN
SINK RATE WHOOP WHOOP PULL UP + FLASHING LAMP
2 A EXCESSIVE RATE OF TERRAIN CLOSURE (AC NOT IN A LANDING CONFIGURATION)
TERRAIN TERRAIN WHOOP WHOOP PULL UP + FLASHING LAMP
2 B EXCESSIVE RATE OF TERRAIN CLOSURE (AC NOT IN A LANDING CONFIGURATION) 220ft -790 ft
TERRAIN TERRAIN WHOOP WHOOP PULL UP + FLASHING LAMP
3 NEGATIVE ROC AFTER TAKE-OFF OR GO- AROUND DON'T SINK ---
4A UNSAFE TERRAIN CLEARANCE (AC NOT IN A LANDING CONFIGURATION- GEAR UP)
TOO LOW -GEAR WHOOP WHOOP PULL UP + FLASHING LAMP
4B UNSAFE TERRAIN CLEARANCE (AC NOT IN A LANDING CONFIGURATION FLAPS UP )
TOO LOW- FLAPS --
5 EXCESSIVE DOWNWARD DEPARTURE FROM ILS GLIDESLOPE
GLIDE SLOPE ---
6 ADVISORY CALL OUTS MINIMUM ---
TERRAIN AWARENESS TERRAIN AWARENESS AND WARNING SYSTEMAND WARNING SYSTEM
THANK YOU