GPS- Global Positioning System (US)

by Mehul Patel (CED, Asst. Professor)

Vidhyadeep institute of Engineering and Technology, Kim

DATE: 16 APRIL 2020 SURVEYING 02

GPS Constellation

Previously developed GNS systems

Global Positioning System (United States)

• GPS is the oldest GNSS system. It initiated its operations in 1978 and was available for global use from 1994.

• Currently, GPS has a 33 satellite constellation, out of which 31 are in orbit and operational. It is maintained by the US Air Force and is committed to maintaining the availability of at least 24 operational GPS satellites. Till date, GPS has launched 72 satellites.

GLONASS (Russia)

• GLObal NAvigation Satellite System or GLONASS is global navigation system of Russia. GLONASS became operational in year 1993 with 12 satellites in 2 orbits at the height of 19,130 km. At present, there are total 27 satellites in orbit and all are operational. GLONASS is operated by Russian Aerospace Defence Forces and is the Second alternative navigational system in operation.

Galileo (EU)

• Galileo is European Union’s GNSS constellation, which is being put together by the European Space Agency, and the European GNSS Agency will operate it. Galileo is global navigation system available for civilian and commercial use. The fully deployed Galileo system will consist of 30 operational satellites and 6 in-orbit spares. As of now 22 out of 30 satellites are in orbit. Galileo started offering Early Operational Capability from 2016 and is expected to reach full operational capability by 2020.

BeiDou (China)

• BeiDou is Satellite Navigation System of China. It has total 22 Operational satellites in orbit and the full constellation is scheduled to comprise 35 satellites. BeiDou has two separate constellations, BeiDou-1 and BeiDou-2. BeiDou-1 also known as first generation was a constellation of three satellites. It became operational in year 2000 and offered limited coverage and navigation services, mainly for users in China and neighboring regions. Beidou-1 was decommissioned at the end of 2012.

3 May to 26 July 1999

When the Pakistani troops took positions in Kargil in 1999 India asked for help to provide GPS Data of region.

The space based navigation system maintained by the US government would have provided vital information, but the US denied it to India.

War cost us many live and ranged about (2 months, 3 weeks and 2 days)….!

This ultimately led to India developing its own navigation system IRNSS-1G (Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System).

KARGIL

NAVIC- NAVigation in Indian Constellation

(INDIA)by Mehul Patel (CED, Asst. Professor)

DATE: 16 APRIL 2020 SURVEYING 02

Remote Sensingby Mehul Patel (CED, Asst. Professor)

Vidhyadeep institute of Engineering and Technology, Kim

DATE: 17 APRIL 2020 SURVEYING 03

Any Questions..?

Modern surveying instruments

by Mehul Patel (CED, Asst. Professor)

Vidhyadeep institute of Engineering and Technology, Kim

DATE: 14 APRIL 2020

SURVEYING 01

THANK YOU....

Any questions?

Area and Volumeby Mehul Patel (CED, Asst. Professor)

Vidhyadeep institute of Engineering and Technology, Kim

DATE: 21 APRIL 2020 SURVEYING 04

Difference Between Trapezoidal Rule And

Simpson’s Rule

SURVEYING 06 24/04/2020

MEHUL R PATEL

BASIS OF COMPARISON

TRAPEZOIDAL RULE SIMPSON’S RULE

Result Obtained

The result obtained by the trapezoidal rule is not affected

because the boundary between the ordinates is considered straight.

The result obtained by the Simpson’s rule is greater or lesser

as the curve of the boundary is convex or concave towards the baseline.

Alternative

Name

Trapezoidal rule can also be referred to

as Trapezium rule.

Simpson’s Rule can also be

referred to as Parabolic Rule.

Accuracy

Gives an estimated result. For

example, the area of an irregular piece of land obtained by trapezoidal rule is just an

approximate value and not the accurate value.

Gives accurate result when compared to Simpsons rule.

Boundary Between Ordinates

The boundary between the ordinates is considered straight.

The boundary between the ordinates is considered to be an arc of a parabola.

Applicability There is no limitation for this rule. This rule can be applied

for any number of ordinates.

This rule is applicable only when the number of divisions is even i.e

the number of ordinates is odd.

Computation

Computations involved in

Trapezoidal rule are not as complex as those in Simpson’s rule.

Greater computational effort is

involved and rounding errors may become a more significant problem.

Rule

To the sum of the first and last ordinate, twice the sum of

intermediate ordinate is added. This total sum is multiplied by the common distance. Half of

this product is the required area.

To the sum of the first and the last ordinate, four times the sum of even ordinates and twice the sum

of the remaining odd ordinates are added. This total sum is multiplied by the common distance. One

third of this product is the required area.