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CENTRAL POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

Tharamani - chennai-113.

PROJECT REPORT(2014-2015)

DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER VISSION

SYSTEM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED

Submitted in partial full fillment for the award of diploma in

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

GUIDED BY

Mr.T.PADMANATHAN.,B.E

DONE BY

S.GOWTHAM 401112019

S.LOGESWARAN 401112041

S.MANOJ KUMAR 401112046

S.PONNAIYAN 401112060

M.PRASANTH 401112062

K.PRATHAP 401112064

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CENTRAL POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE, THARAMANI,CHENNAI-113

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

PROJECT REPORT

(2014-2015)

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this is a bonafide record of the project work

done by

Selvan........................................... Reg. no................... of final year

Diploma in ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING who carried out the project work under my

supervision during the Academic Year 2014-2015. submitted for

board examination held on.................

MARKS AWARDED: __/25

PROJECT GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, would like to express our sincere thanks to our parents

creating us as diploma engineers.

Next our thanks to our honourable THE DIRECTOR, DIRECTORATE OF

TECHNICAL EDUCATION who made me our ways full of light will a

kind heart to achieve our targets.

We would all so like to thank our honourable principle.

DR.SOKKALINGAM. M.E., Ph.D.,who leads our college in a

respectable manner.

We thank our respectable Head of the Department

Mr.JAYAPAL for providing us more facilities and also for the great

encouragement while doing our project.

We thank our respectable project guide

Mr.T.PADMANATHAN.,B.E.,for his valuable suggestions.

We would thank our department staff and other department staffs

for providing us a great support by helping in various times to finish

our project.

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PREFACE

PROJECT WORK IMPORTANCE

Project work plays an important role in technical education.

With working through the project, students are exposed to

different fields in production.

Thus the students get an opportunity to make use of his

knowledge, skill and ability in the design, fabrication and

erection of the project.

He even learns new subjects and practical works as well. He

gains great experience in getting ideas in organizing the work

and putting them into practice.

He learns to approach various problems systematically,

thereby constructing a project and improving his knowledge.

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CONTENTS

CHAPTERS page no

1. INTRODUCTION . . .6

2. AIM OF THE PROJECT . . .7

3. SYSTEM DESIGN . . .8

BLOCK DIAGRAM BLOCK DESCRIPTION

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

PIC MICROCONTROLLER 16F877A

POWER SUPPLY

MAX 232

APR 9600 VOICE IC

LCD MODULE

MPLAB IDE V8

4. SYSTEM SOFTWARE . . .59

5. CONCLUSION . . .69

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INTRODUCTION

The Embedded Technology is now in its prime and

the wealth of Knowledge available is mind-blowing.

Embedded System is a combination of hardware

and software. Embedded technology plays a major

role in integrating the various functions associated

with it.

This needs to tie up the various sources of the

Department in a closed loop system. This proposal

greatly reduces the manpower, saves time and

operates efficiently without human interference.

Basedon statistics from the World Health

Organization (WHO), there are more than 161

million visually impaired people around the world,

and 37 million of them are blind.

Choosing clothes with suitable colors and patterns is

a challenging task for blind or visually impaired

people.

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AIM OF PROJECT

The aim of the project is about DEVELOPMENT OF

COMPUTER VISSION SYSTEM FOR VISUALLY

IMPAIRED

METHODOLOGY:

With the help of PIC microcontroller and WEB camerais used to find the

person and path without anyone help.

WORKING PRINCIPLE:

The system integrates a camera, a microphone, a

computer, and a speaker for audio description of certain

objects.

A camera is used to capture the certain objects like table,

chair. Also person face recognition is done for

authentication.

The detected object and status of the system displayed on

LCD. Also the voice is alerted using APR.

ADVANTAGES:

Very much helpful for blind people

More reliable system

Portable

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SYSTEM DESIGN

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Power

Supply

PIC16F877A

MAX232 APR Voice

playback

Speaker

Recognition

Authentication

Processing

LCD

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BLOCK DESCRIPTION:

POWER SUPPLY

PIC MICROCONTROLLER

MAX 232

LCD MODULE

APR 9600 VOICE IC

MPLAM COMPILER

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BLOCK 1: POWER SUPPLY

Power Supply for PIC 16F877A Microcontroller

This section describes how to generate +5V DC power supply

The power supply section is the important one. It should

deliver constant output regulated power supply for successful

working of the project. A 0-12V/1 mA transformer is used for

this purpose.

The primary of this transformer is connected in to main

supply through on/off switch& fuse for protecting from

overload and short circuit protection. The secondary is

connected to the diodes to convert 12V AC to 12V DC voltage.

And filtered by the capacitor. Which is further regulated to

+5v, by using IC 7805.

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BLOCK 2: PIC MICROCONTROLLER

INTRODUCTION OF PIC16F877A:

The PIC16F877A CMOS FLASH-based 8-bit microcontroller is upward

compatible with the PIC16C5x, PIC12Cxxx and PIC16C7x devices. It

features 200 ns instruction execution, 256 bytes of EEPROM data

memory, self programming, an ICD, 2 Comparators, 8 channels of 10-bit

Analog-to-Digital (A/D) converter, 2 capture/compare/PWM functions, a

synchronous serial port that can be configured as either 3-wire SPI or 2-

wire I2C bus, a USART, and a Parallel Slave Port.

Microchip PIC16F877A Microcontroller Features:

High-Performance RISC CPU

Operating speed: 20 MHz, 200 ns instruction cycle Operating voltage: 4.0-5.5V Industrial temperature range (-40° to +85°C) 15 Interrupt Sources 35 single-word instructions All single-cycle instructions except for program branches (two-

cycle)

Special Microcontroller Features

Flash Memory: 14.3 Kbytes (8192 words) Data SRAM: 368 bytes Data EEPROM: 256 bytes Self-reprogrammable under software control In-Circuit Serial Programming via two pins (5V) Watchdog Timer with on-chip RC oscillator Programmable code protection

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Power-saving Sleep mode Selectable oscillator options In-Circuit Debug via two pins

Peripheral Features

33 I/O pins; 5 I/O ports Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler

o Can be incremented during Sleep via external crystal/clock Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and

prescaler Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules

o 16-bit Capture input; max resolution 12.5 ns o 16-bit Compare; max resolution 200 ns o 10-bit PWM

Synchronous Serial Port with two modes: o SPI Master o I2C Master and Slave

USART/SCI with 9-bit address detection Parallel Slave Port (PSP)

o 8 bits wide with external RD, WR and CS controls Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-Out Reset

Analog Features

10-bit, 8-channel A/D Converter Brown-Out Reset Analog Comparator module

o 2 analog comparators o Programmable on-chip voltage reference module

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PIN DIAGRAM:

Memory of the PIC16F877 divided into 3 types of memories:

Program Memory- A memory that contains the program(which we had written), after we've burned it. As a reminder, Program Counter executes commands stored in the program memory, one after the other.

Data Memory – This is RAM memory type, which contains a special registers like SFR (Special Faction Register) and GPR (General Purpose Register). The variables that we store in the Data Memory during the program are deleted after we turn of the micro.

These two memories have separated data buses, which makes the

access to each one of them very easy.

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Data EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory)- A memory that allows storing the variables as a result of burning the written program.

Each one of them has a different role. Program Memory and Data Memory

two memories that are needed to build a program, and Data EEPROM is

used to save data after the microcontroller is turn off.

Program Memory and Data EEPROM they are non-volatile memories,

which store the information even after the power is turn off. These

memories called Flash Or EEPROM. In contrast, Data Memory does not

save the information because it needs power in order to maintain the

information stored in the chip.

PIC16F87XA Program Memory

The PIC16F87XA devices have a 13-bit program counter capable

of addressing an 8K word x 14 bit program memory space. This

memory is used to store the program after we burn it to the

microcontroller. The PIC16F876A/877A devices have 8K words x

14 bits of Flash program memory that can be electrically erased

and reprogrammed. Each time we burn program into the micro,

we erase an old program and write a new one.

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PIC16F876A/877A program memory map and stack

Program Counter (PC) keeps track of the program execution by holding

the address of the current instruction. It is automatically incremented to

the next instruction during the current instruction execution.

The PIC16F87XA family has an 8-level deep x 13-bit wide hardware

stack. The stack space is not part of either program or data space

and the stack pointer is not readable or writable. In the PIC

microcontrollers, this is a special block of RAM memory used only

for this purpose.

The CALL instruction is used to jump to a subroutine, which must

be terminated with the RETURN instruction. CALL has the address

of the first instruction in the subroutine as its operand. When the

CALL instruction is executed, the destination address is copied to

the PC. The PC is PUSHed onto the stack when a CALL instruction

is executed, or an interrupt causes a branch. The stack is POP’ed in

the event of a RETURN, RETLW or a RETFIE instruction execution.

The stack operates as a circular buffer. This means that after the

stack has been PUSHed eight times, the ninth push overwrites the

value that was stored from the first push. The tenth push overwrites

the second push (and so on).

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Each time the main program execution starts at address 0000 -

Reset Vector. The address 0004 is “reserved” for the “interrupt

service routine” (ISR).

If we plan to use an interrupt, our program will begin after the

Interrupt Vector; and if not we can start to write from the beginning

of the Reset Vector.

Some of the memory is divided into the pages that are designed for

write/burn the program into them; the remaining memory (Stack,

Interrupt Vector, and Reset Vector) is hardware registers.

Attention!

Program Memory is divided into the pages, where the program is stored.

Data Memory is divided into the banks. The banks are located inside the

RAM, where the special registers and the data located.

STATUS register

In most cases, this register is used to switch between the banks (Register Bank

Select), but also has other capabilities.

PIC STATUS register

With the help of three left bits (IRP, RP1, and RP0) one can control the

transition between the banks:

IRP - Register Bank Select bit, used for indirect addressing method.

RP1:RP0: - Register Bank Select bits, used for direct addressing method.

To distinguish between the two methods, at this point, the will use the definition

of fundamental concepts. Later on, the two methods will be studied in detail.

When the IRP Equal to 0, the program will work with banks 0, 1.

When the IRP Equal to 1, the program will work with banks 2, 3.

The following table demonstrates, which of the Banks the program is working

with, based on the selection of the RP0 and RP1 bits:

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RP1:RP0 BANK

00 0

01 1

10 2

11 3

An example of using STATUS register and Register Bank Select bit:

1. bsf STATUS, 5 ; Change to Bank 1 2. clrf TRISB ; Set PORTB as output 3. bcf STATUS, 5 ; Change to Bank 0

In the first line, we are in changing/setting the 5th bit, RP0, in the STATUS

register to 1, and thus, base on the table we are switching/selecting Bank 1.

After PortB was set as output in the second line, we switched back to Bank 0 by

in changing/setting the 5th bit, RP0, in the STATUS register to 0, in the third

line.

C: Carry/borrow bit (ADDWF, ADDLW,SUBLW,SUBWF instructions) 1 = A carry-out from the Most Significant bit of the result occurred

0 = No carry-out from the Most Significant bit of the result occurred

An example of using STATUS register and Carry/borrow bit:

1. Movlw 200 2. Addwf 100, 0

In this example, we are assigning value of 200 to the W (working) register.

Then, we are adding the value of 100 and the W register together. The result is

stored in W register and should be 300 (200+100).

However, the maximum value is 256, resulting in carry out. The C (bit 0) of the

STATUS register becomes 1 (C = 1). Register W will contain the reminder: 44.

DC: Digit carry/borrow bit (ADDWF, ADDLW,SUBLW,SUBWF

instructions) (for borrow, the polarity is reversed)

1 = A carry-out from the 4th low order bit of the result occurred

0 = No carry-out from the 4th low order bit of the result

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Z: Zero bit 1 = The result of an arithmetic or logic operation is zero

0 = The result of an arithmetic or logic operation is not zero

The bits 3 and 4 are used with WDT - Watchdog Timer.

PD: Power-down bit 1 = After power-up or by the CLRWDT instruction

0 = By execution of the SLEEP instruction

TO: Time-out bit 1 = After power-up, CLRWDT instruction or SLEEP instruction

0 = A WDT time-out occurred

PORT register

The role of the PORT register is to receive the information from an external

source (e.g. sensor) or to send information to the external elements (e.g. LCD).

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We can control each port by using an assigned address of specific port, but there

is much easier way to control the port. We are allowed to use the names of the

ports without considering their addresses.

For example:

# define SWITCH PORTA, 0

We define a variable named SWITCH, which received a value of bit number 0

of the PORTA. Usually we define the ports at the beginning of the program, and

then we use only the given names.

TRIS register

The TRIS register is data direction register which defines if the specific bit or

whole port will be an input or an output. Each PORT has its own TRIS register.

Here's a map of the locations:

BANK0 BANK1

PORTA TRISA

PORTB TRISB

PORTC TRISC

PORTD TRISD

PORTE TRISE

The default mode of each TRIS is input. If you want to set a specific port as exit

you must change the state of the TRIS to 0.

Keep in mind: to change a specific port to an output, one should first move to

the BANK1, make the change, and then return to BANK0. The default state of

the banks is BANK0.

The running program is working only with one bank at all time. If not set

otherwise, then as stated, the default bank is BANK0. Part of the registers

located inside BANK0, and some are not. When we need to access a register

that is not located inside BANK0, we are required to switch between the banks.

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For example, the access to PORT registers is done inside BANK0. However, to

change port from an input to an output and vice versa, we need to access TRIS

register that is located inside BANK1. From the moment we moved to the

BANK1, the program will always work with BANK1; at this time, to access

registers inside BANK0, we will have to return to the situation in which our

program will work with BANK0.

Direct and Indirect addressing

Direct Addressing: Using this method we are accessing the registers directly by

detecting location inside Data Memory from Opcode and by selecting the bank

using bits RP1 and RP0 of the STATUS register.

Indirect Addressing: To implement indirect addressing, a File Select Register

(FSR) and indirect register (INDF) are used. In addition, when using this

method we choose bank using bit IRP of the STATUS register. Indirect

addressing treated like a stack pointer, allowing much more efficient work with

a number of variables. INDF register is not an actual register (it is a virtual

register that is not found in any bank).

Don’t be confused! There is SFR (Special Function Register) - special registers

of RAM, and there is FSR (File Select Register).

The following figure shows the two addressing methods:

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To the left you can see the direct addressing method, where the bank selection is

made by RP bits and the referencing is made directly from memory Opcode by

using the variable name.

To the right you can see the indirect addressing method, where the bank

selection is made by IRP bit and accessing the variable by pointer FSR.

Let’s explore the differences between the 2 methods:

We want to assign number 5 to the variable TEMP located at address 0X030. In

the first row of each example, we will define the variable TEMP at the address

0X030.

Example of direct addressing:

1. TEMP Equ 0x030 2. Movlw 5 3. Movwf TEMP

It's easy to understand, that direct addressing method means working directly

with the variables. In the second line we put the number 5 into the working

register W, and in the line 3, the content of the W passes to the TEMP variable.

Example of indirect addressing:

1. TEMP Equ 0x030 2. Movlw 0x030 3. Movwf FSR 4. Movlw 5 5. Movwf INDF

In the second line, we put a value into the W register. In the third line, the value

passes to the FSR register, and from this moment FSR points to the address of

the TEMP variable. In the fourth line, the number 5 passes to the W register,

and in the fifth line, we move the contents of W register (which is 5) to the

INDF. In fact INDF performs the following: it takes the number 5 and puts it in

the address indicated by FSR register.

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PIC16F87XA Data EEPROM

The data EEPROM and Flash program memory is readable and writable during

normal operation (over the full VDD range). This memory is not directly

mapped in the register file space. Instead, it is indirectly addressed through the

Special Function Registers.

There are six SFRs used to read and write to this memory:

1. EECON1 2. EECON2 3. EEDATA 4. EEDATH 5. EEADR 6. EEADRH

When interfacing to the data memory block, EEDATA holds the 8-bit data for

read/write and EEADR holds the address of the EEPROM location being

accessed. These devices have 128 or 256 bytes of data EEPROM (depending on

the device), with an address range from 00h to FFh. On devices with 128 bytes,

addresses from 80h to FFh are unimplemented.

A few important points about Data EEPROM memory:

It lets you save data DURING programming The data is saved during the “burning” process You can read the data memory during the programming and use it The use is made possible with the help of SFR

At this point there is no need to learn how to use this memory with special

registers, because there are functions (writing and reading) that are ready.

Write to DATA EEPROM

To write to an EEPROM data location, the user must first write the address to

the EEADR register and the data to the EEDATA register. Then the user must

follow a specific write sequence to initiate the write for each byte.

BSF STATUS, RP1 ;

BSF STATUS, RP0 ; Bank 3

BTFSC EECON1, WR ;Wait for write

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GOTO $-1 ;to complete

BCF STATUS, RP0 ;Bank 2

MOVF DATA_EE_ADDR, W ;Data Memory

MOVWF EEADR ;Address to write

MOVF DATA_EE_DATA, W ;Data Memory Value

MOVWF EEDATA ;to write

BSF STATUS, RP0 ;Bank 3

BCF EECON1, EEPGD ;Point to DATA memory

BSF EECON1, WREN ;Enable writes

BCF INTCON, GIE ;Disable INTs.

MOVLW 55h ;

MOVWF EECON2 ;Write 55h

MOVLW AAh ;

MOVWF EECON2 ;Write AAh

BSF EECON1, WR ;Set WR bit to begin write

BSF INTCON, GIE ;Enable INTs

BCF EECON1, WREN ;Disable writes

Read DATA EEPROM

To read a data memory location, the user must write the address to the

EEADR register, clear the EEPGD control bit (EECON1<7>) and then set

control bit RD (EECON1<0>). The data is available in the very next cycle

in the EEDATA register; therefore, it can be read in the next instruction.

EEDATA will hold this value until another read or until it is written to by

the user (during a write operation).

BSF STATUS, RP1 ;

BCF STATUS, RP0 ; Bank 2

MOVF DATA_EE_ADDR, W ; Data Memory

MOVWF EEADR ; Address to read

BSF STATUS, RP0 ; Bank 3

BCF EECON1, EEPGD ; Point to Data memory

BSF EECON1, RD ; EE Read

BCF STATUS, RP0 ; Bank 2

MOVF EEDATA, W ; W = EEDATA

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Both of these functions are provided by the manufacturer. There is a

required sequence in order to write/read to/from the memory; that

process can be performed independently, but it is better to use ready

functions of Microchip.

PIC Timer0:

Many times, we plan and build systems that perform various processes

that depend on time.

Simple example of this process is the digital wristwatch. The role of this

electronic system is to display time in a very precise manner and change

the display every second (for seconds), every minute (for minutes) and so

on.

To perform the steps we've listed, the system must use a timer, which

needs to be very accurate in order to take necessary actions. The clock is

actually a core of any electronic system.

In this PIC timer module tutorial we will study the existing PIC timer

modules. The microcontroller PIC16F877 has 3 different timers:

PIC Timer0 PIC Timer1 PIC Timer2

We can use these timers for various important purposes. So far we used

“delay procedure” to implement some delay in the program, that was

counting up to a specific value, before the program could be continued.

"Delay procedure" had two disadvantages:

we could not say exactly how long the Delay procedure was in progress

we could not perform any further steps while the program executes the "delay procedure"

Now, using Timers we can build a very precise time delays which will be

based on the system clock and allow us to achieve our desired time delay

well-known in advance.

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In order for us to know how to work with these timers, we need to learn

some things about each one of them. We will study each one separately.

PIC Timer0

The Timer0 module timer/counter has the following features:

8-bit timer/counter Readable and writable 8-bit software programmable prescaler Internal (4 Mhz) or external clock select Interrupt on overflow from FFh to 00h Edge select (rising or falling) for external clock

Let’s explain the features of PIC Timer0 we have listed above:

Timer0 has a register called TMR0 Register, which is 8 bits of size.

We can write the desired value into the register which will be increment

as the program progresses. Frequency varies depending on the Prescaler.

Maximum value that can be assigned to this register is 255.

TMR0IF - TMR0 Overflow Interrupt Flag bit.

The TMR0 interrupt is generated when the TMR0 register overflows from

FFh to 00h. This overflow sets bit TMR0IF (INTCON<2>). You can

initialize the value of this register to what ever you want (not necessarily

"0").

We can read the value of the register TMR0 and write into. We can reset

its value at any given moment (write) or we can check if there is a certain

numeric value that we need (read).

Prescaler - Frequency divider.

1:2

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1:4 1:8 1:16 1:32 1:64 1:128 1:256

The structure of the OPTION_REG register

We perform all the necessary settings with OPTION_REG Register. The

size of the register is 8 bits.

Initializing the OPTION_REG register

The following is an example how we can initialize the OPTION_REG:

1. PSA=0; // Prescaler is assigned to the Timer0 module 2. PS0=1; // Prescaler rate bits 3. PS1=1; // are set to “111” 4. PS2=1; // which means divide by 256 5. TOSE=0; // rising edge 6. TOCS=0; // Internal instruction cycle clock

Block diagram of the PIC Timer0 / WDT prescaler

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PIC TIMER0 block diagram

Calculating Count, Fout, and TMR0 values

If using INTERNAL crystal as clock, the division is performed as follow:

PIC TIMER0 formula for internal clock

Fout– Output frequency after the division.

Tout – The Cycle Time after the division.

4 - The division of the original clock (4 MHz) by 4, when using internal

crystal as clock (and not external oscillator).

Count - A numeric value to be placed to obtain the desired output

frequency - Fout.

(256 - TMR0) - The number of times in the timer will count based on the

register TMR0.

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An example of INTERNAL crystal as clock

Suppose we want to create a delay of 0.5 second in our program using

Timer0. What is the value of Count?

Calculation:

First, let’s assume that the frequency division by the Prescaler will be

1:256. Second, let’s set TMR0=0. Thus:

Formula to calculate Cout using Timer0

If using EXTERNAL clock source (oscillator), the division is performed as

follow:

PIC TIMER0 formula for external clock

In this case there is no division by 4 of the original clock. We use the

external frequency as it is.

An example of EXTERNAL clock source (oscillator):

What is the output frequency - Fout, when the external oscillator is 100kHz and

Count=8?

Calculation:

First, let’s assume that the frequency division by the Prescaler will be 1:256.

Second, let’s set TMR0=0. Thus:

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Formula to calculate Fout for Timer0

PIC Timer1:

The Timer1 module, timer/counter, has the following features:

16-bit timer/counter consisting of two 8-bit registers (TMR1H and TMR1L)

readable and writable 8-bit software programmable prescaler Internal (4 Mhz) or external clock select Interrupt on overflow from FFFFh to 0000h

Let’s explain the features of PIC Timer1 we have listed above:

Timer1 has a register called TMR1 register, which is 16 bits of size.

Actually, the TMR1 consists of two 8-bits registers:

TMR1H TMR1L

It increments from 0000h to the maximum value of 0xFFFFh (or 0 b1111 1111

1111 1111 or 65,535 decimal). The TMR1 interrupt, if enabled, is generated on

overflow which is latched in interrupt flag bit, TMR1IF (PIR1<0>). This

interrupt can be enabled/disabled by setting/clearing TMR1 interrupt

enable bit, TMR1IE (PIE1<0>). You can initialize the value of this register

to what ever you want (not necessarily "0").

TMR1IF – TMR1 overflow Interrupt Flag bit.

This flag marks the end of ONE cycle count. The flag need to be reset in

the software if you want to do another cycle count. We can read the value

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of the register TMR1 and write into. We can reset its value at any given

moment (write) or we can check if there is a certain numeric value that

we need (read).

Prescaler – Frequency divider.

We can use Prescaler for further division of the system clock. The size of

the register is 2-bit only, so you can make four different division. The

options are:

1:1 1:2 1:4 1:8

You can choose whether to use an internal system clock (crystal) or

external oscillator that can be connected to a pin RC0.

The structure of the T1CON register

We perform all the necessary settings with T1CON register. As we can see,

the size of the register is 8 bits. Let’s explore the relevant bits:

Initializing the T1CON register

The following is an example how we can initialize the T1CON register:

1. TMR1ON=1; // the timer is enable 2. TMR1CS=0; // internal clock source 3. T1CKPS0=0; // Prescaler value set to “00” 4. T1CKPS1=0; // which means 1:1 (no division)

Or you can set all the T1CON register at once as follows:

T1CON=0b00000001;

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Block diagram of the PIC Timer1

PIC TIMER1 block diagram

Calculating Count, Fout, and Timer1 values

If using INTERNAL crystal as clock, the division is performed as follow:

PIC TIMER1 formula for internal clock

Fout– The output frequency after the division.

Tout – The Cycle Time after the division.

4 - The division of the original clock (4 MHz) by 4, when using internal crystal

as clock (and not external oscillator).

Count - A numeric value to be placed to obtain the desired output frequency -

Fout.

(256 - TMR1) - The number of times in the timer will count based on the

register TMR0.

If using EXTERNAL clock source (oscillator), the division is performed as

follow:

PIC TIMER1 formula for external clock

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Simple example and calculation of how to use TIMER1:

Suppose we want to create a delay of 2 second in the our program using Timer1.

What is the value of Count?

Calculation:

First, let’s assume that the frequency division by the Prescaler will be 1:1.

Second, let’s set TMR1=0, which means the TMR1 will count 65,536 times.

Thus:

Formula to calculate Cout for Timer1

PIC Timer2:

The Timer2 module has the following features:

• two 8-bit registers (TMR2 and PR2)

• readable and writable

• prescaler and a postscaler

• connected only to an internal clock - 4 MHz crystal

• Interrupt on overflow

Let’s explain the features we have listed above:

• Timer2 has 2 count registers: TMR2 and PR2. The size of each registers is

8-bit in which we can write numbers from 0 to 255. The TMR2 register is

readable and writable and is cleared on any device Reset. PR2 is a readable

and writable register and initialized to FFh upon Reset.

Register TMR2 is used to store the “initial” count value (the value from

which it begins to count). Register PR2 is used to store the “ending” count

value (the maximum value we need/want to reach). ie: using Timer2 we

can determine the started count value, the final count value, and the

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count will be between these two values. The Timer2 increments from 00h

until it matches PR2 and then resets to 00h on the next increment cycle.

• Prescaler and Postscaler - Timer2 is an 8-bit timer with a prescaler and a

postscaler. Each allows to make additional division of the frequency clock

source.

Prescaler divides the frequency clock source BEFORE the counting take

place at the register TMR2, thus the counting inside the TMR2 register is

performed based on the divided frequency clock source by the Prescaler

The match output of TMR2 goes through a 4-bit postscaler (which gives a

1:1 to 1:16 scaling inclusive) to generate a TMR2 interrupt (latched in flag

bit, TMR2IF (PIR1<1>)).

Postscaler divides the frequency that comes out of the Comparator again

for the last time.

TIMER2 Prescaler and Postscaler

• TMR2IF - TMR2 to PR2 Match Interrupt Flag bit.

• Comparator – Compares the value of the register TMR2 and the

maximum value of the register PR2.

• TMR2 – The register in which the “initial” count value is written.

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• PR2 – The register in which the final or the maximum count value is

written.

We perform all the necessary settings with T2CON Register The structure

of the T2CON register:

As we can see, the size of the register is 8 bits. Let’s explore the relevant

bits:

T2CKPS1:T2CKPS0: Timer2 Clock Prescale Select bits

The input clock (FOSC/4) has a prescale option of 1:1, 1:4 or 1:16, selected

by control bits T2CKPS1:T2CKPS0 (T2CON<1:0>).

00 = Prescaler is 1

01 = Prescaler is 4

1x = Prescaler is 16

TMR2ON: Timer2 On bit

Timer2 can be shut-off by clearing control bit, TMR2ON (T2CON<2>), to

minimize power consumption.

1 = Timer2 is on

0 = Timer2 is off

TOUTPS3:TOUTPS0: Timer2 Output Postscale Select bits

The match output of TMR2 goes through a 4-bit postscaler (which gives a

1:1 to 1:16 scaling inclusive selected by control bits TOUTPS3:TOUTPS0

(T2CON<6:3>).

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0000 = 1:1 postscale

0001 = 1:2 postscale

0010 = 1:3 postscale

1111 = 1:16 postscale

The following is an example how we can initialize the T2CON register:

1. TMR2ON=1; // the timer is enable

2. T2CKPS0=0; // Prescaler – 1:1

3. T2CKPS1=0;

4. TOUTPS0=1; // Postscaler – 1:16

5. TOUTPS0=1;

6. TOUTPS0=1;

7. TOUTPS0=1;

Or you can set all the T2CON register at once as follows:

T2CON=0b01111100;

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TIMER2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

How to calculate the required values of the TIMER2:

Fout – The output frequency after the division.

Tout – The Cycle Time after the division.

4 - The division of the original clock (4 MHz) by 4, when using internal

crystal as clock (and not external oscillator).

Count - A numeric value to be placed to obtain the desired output

frequency - fout.

(PR2 – TMR2) - The number of times the counter will count.

Simple example and calculation of how to use TIMER2:

Suppose we want to create a delay of 1 second in the our program using

Timer2. What is the value of Count?

Calculation:

First, let’s assume that the frequency division by the Prescaler will be 1:1

and Postscaler will be 1:16. Second, let’s set TMR1=0 and PR2=255. Thus:

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Introduction to Serial communication with PIC16F877

microcontroller

In this tutorial we will study the communication component – USART

(Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) located

within the PIC. It is a universal communication component

(Synchronous/Asynchronous), which can be used as transmitter or as

receiver. We will look at:

serial and parallel communications synchronous and asynchronous communications how to enable serial communication - TXSTA and RCSTA registers An example of 8-bit transmission An example of 9-bit transmission how to calculate the value being placed in the SPBRG register USART Transmit and Receive block diagrams Max323 Driver/Receiver the implementation of the PIC serial communication (C program

and a video)

We will show how to set USART in order to allow communication

between PIC to PIC or between PIC to a personal computer. We will start

with the definition of media concepts. There are two options to

differentiate when speaking about transmission of information on the

transmission lines:

serial communication parallel communication

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In order to understand what serial communication is, and emphasize the

difference between serial communication and parallel communication,

let’s take a look at the following example:

We have a multi-bit word, and we want to transmit it from one computer

to the second computer.

Using the serial communication:

When using the serial communication we transmit the multi-bit word bit

after bit (when at any given moment only one bit will pass).

Transmitting the word 10011101 using serial communication.

Using the parallel communication:

When using the parallel communication, however, the number of bits will be

transmitted at once from one computer to the second computer.

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Transmitting the word 10011101 using parallel communication.

In addition to the serial and parallel communications, there are 2 types of

communication we will explore:

Synchronous communication Asynchronous communication

Synchronous communication

When using the synchronous communication – the information is

transmitted from the transmitter to the receiver:

in sequence bit after bit with fixed baud rate and the clock frequency is transmitted along with the bits

That means that the transmitter and the receiver are synchronized

between them by the same clock frequency. The clock frequency can be

transmitted along with the information, while it is encoded in the

information itself, or in many cases there is an additional wire for the

clock.

This type of communication is faster compare to the asynchronous

communication since it is "constantly transmitting” the information, with

no stops.

Asynchronous communication

When using the asynchronous communication - the transmitter and the receiver

refraining to transmit long sequences of bits because there isn't a full

synchronization between the transmitter, that sends the data, and the receiver,

that receives the data.

In this case, the information is divided into frames, in the size of byte.

Each one of the frame has:

“Start” bit marks the beginning of a new frame. “Stop” bit marks the end of the frame.

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Frames of information must not necessarily be transmitted at equal time

space, since they are independent of the clock.

Enabling Serial Communication

To communicate with external components such as computers or

microcontrollers, the PIC micro uses a component called USART -

Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter. This

component can be configured as:

a Full-Duplex asynchronous system that can communicate with peripheral devices, such as CRT terminals and personal computers

a Half-Duplex synchronous system that can communicate with peripheral devices, such as A/D or D/A integrated circuits, serial EEPROMs, etc.

To enable the serial communication with PIC micro we must set different

parameters within two registers: (click the links for the explanation of

each bit)

1. TXSTA - Transmit Status and Control Register

2. RCSTA - Receive Status and Control Register

An example of 8-bit transmission:

Let’s assume that we need to transmit the following information: 10110010.

This information will be stored inside TXREG register, which acts as a

temporary buffer storage of information prior to transmission.

The bit TX9 will be zero (TX9=0) - which determines that the

transmission will be 8-bit transmission, so there is no need to address

TX9D bit, which stores the ninth bit of information.

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The information before the transmission looks like this:

Transmitting 8 bit data

Now, let’s define the receiver side to receive 8 bit information. To do so,

the register RX9 will be zero (RX9=0). The received information will be

stored in the RSR register, which acts as a temporary buffer storage.

The received information will look like this:

Receiving 8 bit data

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BLOCK 3:MAX 232

MAX 232 The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver that includes a

capacitive voltage generator to supply RS 232 voltage levels

from a single 5v supply.

Each receiver converts RS-232 to 5v TTL/CMOS levels. Each

driver converts TLL/CMOS input levels into EIA-232 levels.

The P3_0 (RX) and P3_1 (TX) pin of controller is connected to

the max 232 driver and the TX and RX pin of max 232 is

connected to the GSM modem or PC.

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In this circuit the microcontroller transmitter pin is

connected in the MAX232 T2IN pin which converts input 5v

TTL/CMOS level to RS232 level.

Then T2OUT pin is connected to reviver pin of 9 pin D type

serial connector which is directly connected to PC.

In PC the transmitting data is given to R2IN of MAX232

through transmitting pin of 9 pin D type connector which

converts the RS232 level to 5v TTL/CMOS level.

The R2OUT pin is connected to receiver pin of the

microcontroller. Likewise the data is transmitted and received

between the microcontroller and PC or other device vice

versa.

CIRCUIT

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BLOCK4 : LCD MODULE

►Introduction

The most commonly used Character based LCDs are based on Hitachi's

HD44780 controller or other which are compatible with HD44580. In this

tutorial, we will discuss about character based LCDs, their interfacing with

various microcontrollers, various interfaces (8-bit/4-bit), programming, special

stuff and tricks you can do with these simple looking LCDs which can give a

new look to your application.

►Pin Description

The most commonly used LCDs found in the market today are 1 Line, 2

Line or 4 Line LCDs which have only 1 controller and support at most of 80

charachers, whereas LCDs supporting more than 80 characters make use of 2

HD44780 controllers.

Most LCDs with 1 controller has 14 Pins and LCDs with 2 controller has 16

Pins (two pins are extra in both for back-light LED connections). Pin

description is shown in the table below.

Figure 1: Character LCD type HD44780 Pin diagram

Pin No. Name Description

Pin no. 1 D7 Data bus line 7 (MSB)

Pin no. 2 D6 Data bus line 6

Pin no. 3 D5 Data bus line 5

Pin no. 4 D4 Data bus line 4

Pin no. 5 D3 Data bus line 3

Pin no. 6 D2 Data bus line 2

Pin no. 7 D1 Data bus line 1

Pin no. 8 D0 Data bus line 0 (LSB)

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Pin no. 9 EN1 Enable signal for row 0 and 1 (1stcontroller)

Pin no. 10 R/W 0 = Write to LCD module

1 = Read from LCD module

Pin no. 11 RS 0 = Instruction input

1 = Data input

Pin no. 12 VEE Contrast adjust

Pin no. 13 VSS Power supply (GND)

Pin no. 14 VCC Power supply (+5V)

Pin no. 15 EN2 Enable signal for row 2 and 3 (2ndcontroller)

Pin no. 16 NC Not Connected

Table 2: Character LCD pins with 2 Controller

Usually these days you will find single controller LCD modules are used more

in the market. So in the tutorial we will discuss more about the single controller

LCD, the operation and everything else is same for the double controller too.

Lets take a look at the basic information which is there in every LCD.

►BF - Busy Flag:

Busy Flag is an status indicator flag for LCD. When we send a command

or data to the LCD for processing, this flag is set (i.e BF =1) and as soon as the

instruction is executed successfully this flag is cleared (BF = 0). This is helpful

in producing and exact amount of delay. for the LCD processing. To read Busy

Flag, the condition RS = 0 and R/W = 1 must be met and The MSB of the LCD

data bus (D7) act as busy flag. When BF = 1 means LCD is busy and will not

accept next command or data and BF = 0 means LCD is ready for the next

command or data to process.

►Instruction Register (IR) and Data Register (DR)

There are two 8-bit registers in HD44780 controller Instruction and Data

register. Instruction register corresponds to the register where you send

commands to LCD e.g LCD shift command, LCD clear, LCD address etc. and

Data register is used for storing data which is to be displayed on LCD. when

send the enable signal of the LCD is asserted, the data on the pins is latched in

to the data register and data is then moved automatically to the DDRAM and

hence is displayed on the LCD. Data Register is not only used for sending data

to DDRAM but also for CGRAM, the address where you want to send the data,

is decided by the instruction you send to LCD. We will discuss more on LCD

instruction set further in this tutorial.

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►Commands and Instruction set

Only the instruction register (IR) and the data register (DR) of the

LCD can be controlled by the MCU. Before starting the internal operation of the

LCD, control information is temporarily stored into these registers to allow

interfacing with various MCUs, which operate at different speeds, or various

peripheral control devices. The internal operation of the LCD is determined by

signals sent from the MCU. These signals, which include register selection

signal (RS), read/write signal (R/W), and the data bus (DB0 to DB7), make up

the LCD instructions (Table 3). There are four categories of instructions that:

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Although looking at the table you can make your own commands and test them. Below is a

brief list of useful commands which are used frequently while working on the LCD.

No. Instruction Hex Decimal

1 Function Set: 8-bit, 1 Line, 5x7 Dots 0x30 48

2 Function Set: 8-bit, 2 Line, 5x7 Dots 0x38 56

3 Function Set: 4-bit, 1 Line, 5x7 Dots 0x20 32

4 Function Set: 4-bit, 2 Line, 5x7 Dots 0x28 40

5 Entry Mode 0x06 6

6

Display off Cursor off

(clearing display without clearing DDRAM

content)

0x08 8

7 Display on Cursor on 0x0E 14

8 Display on Cursor off 0x0C 12

9 Display on Cursor blinking 0x0F 15

10 Shift entire display left 0x18 24

12 Shift entire display right 0x1C 30

13 Move cursor left by one character 0x10 16

14 Move cursor right by one character 0x14 20

15 Clear Display (also clear DDRAM content) 0x01 1

16 Set DDRAM address or coursor position on

display 0x80+add* 128+add*

17 Set CGRAM address or set pointer to

CGRAM location 0x40+add** 64+add**

Table 4: Frequently used commands and instructions for LCD

* DDRAM address given in LCD basics section see Figure 2,3,4

** CGRAM address from 0x00 to 0x3F, 0x00 to 0x07 for char1 and so on.

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BLOCK 5: APR 9600 VOICE IC

APR9600 is a low-cost high performance sound

record/replay IC incorporating flash analogue storage

technique. Recorded sound is retained even after power

supply is removed from the module.

The replayed sound exhibits high quality with a low noise

level. Sampling rate for a 60 second recording period is

4.2 kHz that gives a sound record/replay bandwidth of

20Hz to 2.1 kHz.

However, by changing an oscillation resistor, a sampling

rate as high as 8.0 kHz can be achieved. This shortens the

total length of sound recording to 32 seconds.

Total sound recording time can be varied from 32 seconds

to 60 seconds by changing the value of a single resistor.

The IC can operate in one of two modes: serial mode and

parallel mode. In serial access mode, sound can be

recorded in 256 sections.

In parallel access mode, sound can be recorded in 2, 4 or 8

sections. The IC can be controlled simply using push

button keys. It is also possible to control the IC using

external digital circuitry such as micro-controllers and

computers.

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The APR9600 has a 28 pin DIP package. Supply voltage is

between 4.5V to 6.5V. During recording and replaying,

current consumption is 25 mA. In idle mode, the current

drops to 1 mA.

The APR9600 experimental board is an assembled PCB

board consisting of an APR9600 IC, an electrets

microphone, support components and necessary switches

to allow users to explore all functions of the APR9600

chip. The oscillation resistor is chosen so that the total

recording period is 60 seconds with a sampling rate of 4.2

kHz. The board measures 80mm by 55mm.

APR 9600 EXPERIMENT BOARD

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APR 9600

Pin-out of the APR9600 is given in Figure 1. A typical connection

of the chip is given in Figure 2 (This is the circuit diagram of the

module).

During sound recording, sound is picked up by the microphone. A

microphone pre-amplifier amplifies the voltage signal from the

microphone. An AGC circuit is included in the pre-amplifier, the

extent of which is controlled by an external capacitor and resistor.

If the voltage level of a sound signal is around 100 mV peak to-

peak, the signal can be fed directly into the IC through ANA IN pin

(pin 20). The sound signal passes through a filter and a sampling

and hold circuit. The analogue voltage is then written into non-

volatile flash analogue RAMs. It has a 28 pin DIP package. Supply

voltage is between 4.5V to 6.5V.

During recording and replaying, current consumption is 25 mA. In

idle mode, the current drops to 1 mA.

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TYPICAL CONNECTION OF APR9600

APR9600 MODULE

The circuit diagram of the module is shown in Figure 2. The module consists of an

APR9600 chip, an electrets microphone, support components, a mode selection

switch (-RE, MSEL1, MSEL2 and – M8) and 9 keys (-M1 to –M8 and CE). The

oscillation resistor is chosen so that the total recording period is 60 seconds with a

sampling rate of 4.2 kHz.

Users can change the value of the ROSC to obtain other sampling frequencies. It

should be noted that if the sampling rate is increased, the length of recording time is

decreased. Table 3 gives the details. An 8-16 Ohm speaker is to be used with the

module. Users can select different modes using the mode selection switch.

The module is measured 80mm´55mm. Connection points (0-8, C and B) can connect

to other switches or external digital circuits. In this cased, on-board keys M1 to M8

and CE are by-passed.

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Application tips

1. Use a good quality 8 Ohm speaker with a cavity such as speakers for

computer sound systems. Do not use a bare speaker which gives you degraded

sound.

2. For better sound replay quality, speak with a distance to the on-board

microphone and speak clearly. Also keep the background noise as low as

possible.

3. For even better sound replay quality, use microphone input or Audio Line In

input. If Audio Line In is used, the amplitude of input signal should be < 100

mV p-p.

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BLOCK 6: MPLAB COMPILER

ABOUT MPLAB COMPILER:

The MPLAB X IDE is the new graphical, integrated debugging tool set for all of

Microchip’s more than 800 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit MCUs and digital signal

controllers, and memory devices.

It includes a feature-rich editor, source-level debugger, project manager, software

simulator, and supports Microchip’s popular hardware tools, such as the MPLAB ICD

3 in-circuit debugger, PICkit™ 3, and MPLAB PM3 programmer.

Based on the open-source NetBeans platform, MPLAB X runs on Windows® OS,

MAC® OS and Linux, supports many third-party tools, and is compatible with many

NetBeans plug-ins.

MPLAB IDE v8

What is MPLAB IDE?

MPLAB Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a free, integrated toolset for the

development of embedded applications employing Microchip's PIC® and

dsPIC® microcontrollers. MPLAB IDE runs as a 32-bit application on MS Windows®, is easy

to use and includes a host of free software components for fast application development and

super-charged debugging. MPLAB IDE also serves as a single, unified graphical user

interface for additional Microchip and third party software and hardware development tools.

Moving between tools is a snap, and upgrading from the free software simulator to hardware

debug and programming tools is done in a flash because MPLAB IDE has the same user

interface for all tools.

Don't know where to start?

Download MPLAB IDE and use the tutorial in the MPLAB IDE User’s Guide at the bottom

of this page to explore how easy it is to create an application. Write assembly code, build and

assemble your project with MPLAB's wizards, then test your code with the built-in simulator

and debugger. When you are ready to test your own application, select one of our low-cost

debugger/programmers to program a device and analyze your hardware.

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Want to write your code in C?

Choose MPLAB C Compilers, the highly optimized compilers for the PIC18 series

microcontrollers, high performance PIC24 MCUs, dsPIC digital signal controllers and

PIC32MX MCUs. Or, use one of the many products from third party language tools vendors.

Most integrate into MPLAB IDE to function transparently from the MPLAB project

manager, editor and debugger.

Want to know more?

See the Microchip Web Seminars for up-to-date information on using Microchip products.

The archive section contains the Introduction to MPLAB IDE Web Seminar for a tutorial

that will get you started quickly with MPLAB projects. There is also an Overview of

Microchip Development Tools Seminar, and a walk-through of the powerful features of the

simulator and stimulus generator.

MPLAB IDE features include:

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Flexible customizable programmer's text

editor

Free components

Fully integrated debugging with

right mouse click menus for

breakpoints, trace and editor

functions

Tabbed editor option or separate

source windows

Recordable macros

Context sensitive color

highlighting for assembly, C and

BASIC code readability

Mouse over variable to instantly

evaluate the contents of variables

and registers

Set breakpoints and

tracepoints directly in editor to

instantly make changes and evaluate

their effects

Graphical project manager

Version control support for MS

Source Safe, CVS, PVCS,

Subversion

Programmer’s text editor

MPLAB SIM, high speed software

simulator for PIC and dsPIC devices with

peripheral simulation, complex stimulus

injection and register logging

Full featured debugger

MPASM™ and MPLINK for PIC MCUs

and dsPIC DSC devices

HI-TECH C PRO for PIC10/12/16 MCU

Families running in lite mode

CCS PCB C Compiler

Labcenter Electronic’s Proteus

VSM spice simulator

Many Powerful Plug-Ins including

○ AN851 Bootloader programmer

○ AN901 BLDC Motor Control Interface

○ AN908 ACIM Tuning Interface

○ KeeLoq support

○ Real Time Data Monitor and Control

Simple, powerful source level debugging Built in support for hardware and add-on

components

Auto alignment of

breakpoints after source code

modification

Mouse-over variable inspection

Drag and drop variables to watch

windows

Watch variables, structures and

MPLAB C Compilers (free student

editions available for download)

MPLAB REAL ICE™ in-circuit emulator

MPLAB ICD 2 and MPLAB ICD 3 in-

circuit debuggers and engineering

programmers for selected Flash devices

PICkit 2 and PICkit 3 Debug

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arrays

Mixed source code/disassembly

view

Stack symbolic return label

display

Automatic single-step "animate"

feature

Pass counts and break on PIC18F,

PIC24 and dsPIC file register R/W

for MPLAB ICD 2

Step-Out-Of function

Custom hot keys

Powerful simulator stimulus

generator

Trace to source correlation to

compare real time data collected

with original source code and

comments

Express economy debug/programmers

PICSTART Plus development

programmer

MPLAB PM3 device programmer

Third Party tools, including HI-TECH,

IAR, Byte Craft, B. Knudsen, CCS,

Micrium, microEngineering Labs,

Labcenter, MATLAB, Segger

A host of low cost starter boards,

demonstration and evaluation kits

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SYSTEM SOFTWARE

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clc;

close all

clear all

%%%% TAKE THE INPUT IMAGE FROM THE CAMERA %%%

warning off;

vid = videoinput('winvideo',1,'YUY2_640x480');

preview(vid);

%% FACE DETECTION BY VIALO JONES ALGORITHM

FDetect = vision.CascadeObjectDetector;

for ii=1:50

pause(15);

b1 = getsnapshot(vid);

b = YUY2toRGB(b1);

figure,imshow(b);

%Returns Bounding Box values based on number of objects

BB = step(FDetect,b);

if ~isempty(BB)

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hold on

for i = 1:size(BB,1)

rectangle('Position',BB(i,:),'LineWidth',5,'LineStyle','-','EdgeColor','r');

end

title('Face Detection');

Face = imcrop(b,BB);

figure,imshow(Face);title('face detected image')

Face=imresize(Face,[160,160]);

hold off;

b1=Face;

%imwrite(Face,'im.jpg');

%% GRAYSCALE CONVERSION

[m,n,o]=size(b1);

if o==3

im=(rgb2gray(b1));

else

im=(b1);

end

figure,imshow(im);

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I1=im2double(im);

%pause(5)

d=[pwd,'\database'];

cd(d);

n=length(dir);

f1=[];

for i=1

k=sprintf('%d.jpg',i);

k1=imread(k);

k2=imresize(rgb2gray(k1),[160,160]);

ff=corr2(I1,k2);

%f1=[f1,ff];

if sign(ff)==-1

aa=1;

else

aa=0;

end

end

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%[g,g1]=max(f1);

cd ..\

%{

%% SIFT ALGORITHM

sigmae=1.6;

ev=1;

[KP,KPL,KPORI,KPMAG,KPD] = SIFT(I1,sigmae,ev);

figure,imshow(I1);

title('keypoint extraction of input image');

%% KEYPOINT SHOW

for i=1:length(KP)

ab1=KPL(i,2);

ab2=KPL(i,1);

ab=[ab1,ab2];

viscircles(ab,5);

end

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figure,imshow(I1);

title('feature extraction input image');

%% KEYPOINT DESCRIPTOR AND PLOTTING

KPO=(KPORI*pi)/180;

KPOD=KPD';

A=[KPL(:,2)';KPL(:,1)';KPO';KPMAG'];

perm = randperm(size(A,2)) ;

sel = perm(1:10) ;

h1 = vl_plotframe(A(:,sel)) ;

h2 = vl_plotframe(A(:,sel)) ;

set(h1,'color','k','linewidth',3) ;

set(h2,'color','y','linewidth',2) ;

h3 = vl_plotsiftdescriptor(KPOD(:,sel),A(:,sel)) ;

set(h3,'color','g') ;

%% template generation

[test_feat,test_point]=extractFeatures(I1,KPL);

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% temp=cell(1,1);

% temp{1,1}=test_feat;

%% MATCHING PROCESS

load template;

M=[];

N=[];

for i=1

in_feat=temp;

ma_feat=matchFeatures(in_feat,test_feat);

M=[M,length(ma_feat)];

end

if ff<=0.30 || M<=0

fprintf('UnAuthorized person \n');

elseif aa==1 || ff<=0.09

fprintf('UnAuthorized person \n');

%}

if ff>=0.4

fprintf('GOWTHAM \n')

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ccf=3;

else

fprintf('UnAuthorized person')

end

else

%disp('input image is not clear');

b2=rgb2gray(b);

s=imresize(b2,[512,512]);

figure,imshow(s);

s1=im2bw(s);

figure,imshow(s1);

s2=bwareaopen(s1,40);

figure,imshow(s2)

s3=bwconncomp(s2);

nn=s3.NumObjects

if nn<=4

disp('mobile')

ccf=4;

elseif nn>=5 && nn<=8

disp('table');

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ccf=2;

elseif nn>=9 && nn<=20

disp('chair');

ccf=1;

else

disp('unwanted content');

end

end

%% HARDWARE

instrumentObjects=instrfind; % don't pass it anything - find all of them.

delete(instrumentObjects)

a=serial('COM1','BaudRate',9600);

fopen(a);

if ccf==1

fprintf(a,'1');

elseif ccf==2

fprintf(a,'2');

elseif ccf==3

fprintf(a,'3');

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elseif ccf==4

fprintf(a,'4');

end

fclose(a);

pause(2)

close all;

end

delete(vid);

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CONCLUSION

The aim of this project work undertaken in our polytechnic is to improve our practical knowledge and to implement our creativity in scientific and technical way.

The project work teaches us, how the work can be done collectively with proper understanding among the members of the team.

We have successfully completed the project. We have made this project entirely different from the rest. Since concepts involved is entirely different that based blind person to find the person or way without anyone help with the use of pic micro controller and the web camera, which makes our project a unique.

By doing this project we gained knowledge of pic micro controller based systems and knew many things related to our project`

In this way, we can conclude that this project idea will take a major role in our science world to give a confidential survive for a blind person.

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