GOVERNANCE AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN BARANGAY ZONE 1, DIGOS CITY

A ThesisPresented to the BA-Political Science Department

University of Mindanao Digos CollegeDigos City

In Partial Fulfillment of the RequirementsFor the Degree Bachelor of Arts

Major in Political Science

___________________________________________

By

Renel B. Cagasan

November 2007

iiTHESIS ABSTRACT

The study is conducted to determine the presence of governance in Barangay Zone 1,

Digos City; it implication to human development. The researchers seek answers

to find out and measure how far Barangay Zone 1, Digos City accomplishes the status of

human development towards governance in fulfilling the welfare of the said area. The study

is conducted using survey method of research by which the researchers disseminate questions

particularly on the twenty-five puroks with the seven officials in each.

The study resulted to data and findings determined that, there is a significant

relationship between the governance and human development in Barangay Zone 1, Digos

City. This entails that any of the indicators of the Governance like Ordinance Made, Delivery

of Basic Social Services, Infrastructure Development, Protection of Environment and Sports

Development, is indeed a factor to be considered since it affects the Human Development so

as to Education and Standard of Living.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Title i

Approval Sheet ii

Abstract iii

Acknowledgment iv

Dedication v

List of Tables vi

List of Figure vii

CHAPTER

1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Background of the Study 1

Statement of the Problem 3

Hypothesis 4

Review of Related Literature 4

Theoretical and Conceptual Framework 16

Significance of the Study 18

Definition of Terms 19

2 METHOD

Research Design 21

Research Subject 21

Research Instrument 23

Data Gathering and Procedure 23

Statistical Treatment of Data 24

3 PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS

Extent of Governance in Barangay Zone 1, Digos City 25

Levels of Human Development in Zone 1, Digos City 27

Significant Relations Between Governance and

Human Development 29

4 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary 33

Conclusions 34

Recommendations 34

REFERENCES

APEPENDICES

Letter of Permission

Letter to Evaluators

Survey Questionnaires

CURRICULUM VITAE

viii

LIST OF TABBLES

TABLE Page

1 Frequency Distribution of Respondents 22

2 Extent of Governance in Zone 1, Digos City 26

3 Level of Human Development in Zone 1, Digos City 28

4 Significance of the Relationship Between Governance

And Human Development in Zone 1, Digos City 30

ixLIST OF FIGURE

FIGURE Page

1 Schematic Diagram Showing the Variables of the Study 17

CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Background of the Study

Human capital is a crucially significant factor for a developing

country. The world has before it a great opportunity to realize the promise of equality

and freedom, all around the globe the positive and active influence that

globalization is having on human development is spectacularly observed.

All societies have been influenced by the rapid progress of science and

technology, especially information technology (IT), which gives people

more information, more choice and more freedom. China for instance, as

one of the world’s most populated countries made use of its human

capital to rise by interacting with the international society on matters that

which especially confront both the rare opportunities and the severe

challenges arising from governance and human development issues.

(http://www.ourplanet.com/imgversn/edge/Dr%20Zhao%20Baige.pdf)

In the Philippines, governments and other regulators increasingly are part of the

problem in development and not part of the solution. There is a role for the government of its

implications, without emphasizing a political agenda but the social and economic interests of

the nations. However, to ensure sustainable human development, actions must be taken to

work towards this ideal, major donors and international financial institutions, like IMF or

World Bank are increasingly basing their aids and loans on the condition that reforms

ensuring good governance are undertaken. (www.wikepedia.org/wiki/good-governance )

In countries where electoral processes exist, the state is composed of an elected

2

government and an executive branch. The state’s functions are manifold among them, being

the process of the social contract that defines citizenship, being the authority that is mandated

to control and exert force, having responsibility for public services and creating an enabling

environment for sustainable human development. The latter, means establishing and

maintaining stable, effective and fair legal-regulatory frameworks for

public and private activity. It means mediating interest for the public good. And it means

providing effective and accountable public services. In all four roles, the state faces

challenge, ensuring that good governance addresses the concerns and needs of the poorest by

increasingly the opportunities for people to seek achieve and sustain the kind of life they

aspire to. ( http://magnet.undp.org/policy )

Human developments must measure in two basic dimensions, namely: education and

a decent standard of living. It is premised on the principle that human development cannot be

measured by the yardstick of income alone since income is a means, not an end, and there is

no automatic link between income growth and human progress.( Human development

Network ,PHDR2005 )

Hence, our Barangay Zone 1,Digos City, do much in such areas, as upholding the

rights of the vulnerable, protecting the environment, maintaining stable macroeconomic

conditions, maintaining standards of public health and safety for all at an affordable cost,

mobilizing resources to provide essential public services and infrastructure and maintaining

order, security and social harmony as an ordinance. Through all these, the government of

Barangay Zone 1,Digos City have an outcome of making their responsibilities from public

services to create and enabling the people to sustain well and

3

human develop.

It is needed to conduct this study for the researcher and the Purok officials and

residents in Zone 1, Digos City, to be aware that through all these things brought a big

impact and progress to the area. This study is conducted to find out and measure how far

Digos City accomplishes the status of human development with the collaboration of two

factors in fulfilling the welfare of an area particularly the interests of the people in

education and their standard of living.

Statement of the Problem

The main problem of this study was to measure the status of governance and human

development in Brgy. Zone I, Digos City.

Specifically, the study sought to address the following questions:

1. What is the extent of governance in Barangay Zone 1,Digos City as perceived by

the respondents in terms of;

Formulated Ordinances

Delivery of basic Social Services

Infrastructure Development

Protection of the Environment

Sports Development

2. What is the level of human development in Barangay Zone 1,Digos City as

perceived by the respondents in terms of;

Education

Standard of living

4

3. Is there a significant relationship between Governance and Human

Development in Barangay Zone 1,Digos City as perceived by the respondents ?

Hypothesis of the Study

The null hypothesis was tested in this study at 0.05 level of significance.

1. There is no significant relationship between Governance and Human

Development in Barangay Zone 1,Digos City as perceived by the respondents.

Review of Related Literature

The following related studies and researches are provided to give more insights for

better understanding of this study.

Frankel (2005) theorized that major deficiency in developing countries is not lack of

resources but the lack of knowledge and education. According to him, education generates

knowledge and facilitates the ability of human to govern the environment and its resources

for their betterment. Development and higher standards of living depend mainly on human

capability to shape and use the

environment and all it offers.

Governance

ISKOLAR BOS, in their political study found out that the Philippines has a long story of

centralization wherein the National government exercised major political powers and even

greater responsibilities in the delivery of basic services. This condition started during the

Spanish era, when the colonial government felt the need to unite and dominate the colony

through a strong central government in Manila. The same was followed by the

5

American regime where political decisions were made at the top level of the government.

The Local Government was merely implementer of the central government’s plan, programs

and project. Even when the Philippines became a republic in 1946, the central government

did not really grant significant powers to the local governments which choose to expand or

limit these delegated powers.

But nowadays, as stated in the DILG Basic Orientation Manual, the Philippines has

become the leading exponent of devolution and Local autonomy. Local services of the

Department of Health were devolved to the LGUs thru transfer of personnel and equipment.

LGUs now provide health services thru their respective Health Department. Like the local

Health services, local Agricultural services are now devolved to LGUs which include

production and dispersal of planting materials, distribution of fingerlings and seedlings,

livestock production, prevention and control of animal pests, maintenance of demonstration

farms and animal breeding stations, agricultural extensions and provision of facilities for the

prevention and control of animal and plant diseases. In effect, these personnel and

equipment were transferred to LGUs from the Department of Agriculture. Social Services

and Welfare were also devolved such as the undertaking of activities on youth and child

welfare of the disabled and elderly persons, rehabilitation programs for rebel returnees,

evacuees and relief operations. Likewise, the Public Works services such as maintenance of

barangay/municipality/provincial roads and bridges, construction, maintenance and repair of

elementary public school building, public markets and etc..were also devolved.

Lastly, the Environmental and Natural Resources was part of the services being

6

devolved to LGUs. This includes integrated social forestry, enforcement of laws on pollution

control and environmental protection, small scale mining, utilization of hydroelectric power,

management of communal forests and watersheds, Ultimately, modernization is about good

government. If a nation were to improve the quality of its national life, it must first improve

the quality of its governance. In some parts of the world, the economic success of less than

democratic societies is being used to cost doubt on the prospects of countries like Philippines

which seek to modernize as functional democracies. A reply is already given to this false

wisdom. But the core of the authoritarian challenge, cannot be neglected. Filipinos must

prove democratic government is not necessarily inefficient and ineffectual.

The Government have gained much headway in preventing constitutional gridlock and in

legislating reform. But, the level of political will and national capacity that enable a nation to

transform its dream of modernization into reality is not yet achieved. The true measure of

national capacity is neither the size of a country, army, nor the power is centralized in one

man or group of men. It is how effective political institutions are at solving problems,

mediating conflicts, carrying out policies and implementing programs for the people’s

welfare.

Formulation of Ordinances

Jardiniano P. and Ortiz J.(1993) asserted that enactment of ordinances is necessary to

discharge the responsibilities conferred upon it by law or ordinance and to promote the

general welfare of the inhabitants there in. Barangay ordinances are laws directly affecting

the affairs of the community and way prescribe fines for their violation.

7

Local ordinances of a general nature are binding upon all persons within the

corporation limits, whether residents or not. The principles is that whoever comes to reside in

any place for however short a duration of time, is an inhabitant proboc vice, and

consequently bound by the same regulations as the other members of the corporations or

community.

Delivery of Basic Social Services

Iskolar Bos asserted that local government units shall endeavor to be self-reliant and

shall continue exercising the powers and discharging the duties and functions currently

vested upon them. They shall also discharge the functions and responsibilities of national

agencies and offices devolved to the pursuant to this code. Local government units shall

likewise exercise such other powers and discharge such other functions and responsibilities

as are necessary, appropriate, or incidental to efficient and effective provision of the basic

services and facilities. The participation of the private sector in local governance, particularly

in delivery of basic services, shall be encouraged to ensure the viability of local autonomy as

an alternative strategy for sustainable development.

Infrastructure Development

R A No.7160 LGC of 1991 stated: Each local government unit shall conduct a

periodic inventory of infrastructure and other community facilities and undertake the

maintenance, repair, improvement, or reconstruction of these facilities through a closer

cooperation among the various agencies of the national government operating with the

province, city or municipality concerned.

8

Protection of the Environment

R A No.7160 LGC of 1991 reiterated: the State has the obligation to promote and

protect the right of the people to health. as stated in Article II, Sec. 16 of the Philippine

Constitution. It further, stated that the State shall protect and advance the right of the people

to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature. (New

Philippine Constitution). It shall be the dirt of every national agency or government-

owned or controlled corporation authorizing or involved in the planning and

implementation of any project or program that may cause pollution, climatic charge,

depletion of non-renewable resources, loss of crop land, rangeland, or forest cover, and

extinction of animal or plant species, to consult with the local government units, non

government organization, and other sectors concerned and explain the goals and objectives of

the project or program, its impact upon the people and the community in terms of

environmental or ecological balance, and the measures that will be undertaken to prevent or

minimized the adverse effects thereof.

Sports Development

Art XIV. Sec 19- of Philippine Constitution stated: the State shall promote physical

education and encourage sports programs league competitions, and amateur sports including

training for international competitions, to foster self-discipline, teamwork and excellence for

the development of a healthy and alert citizenry.

Likewise the two objectives of the SK sports program for the barangay focused on the

promotion of sports to enhance and foster physical fitness and general health of the

9

barangay residents, and development of sports with an eye on discovering and providing

support incentives to new talents whose skills and confidence must be upgraded for tougher

competitions ahead.

Human Development

Human Development Network (2005) accounted: the global Human Development

Report (HDR) published by the United Nations Development Programmed (UNDP)

measures these dimensions across countries using life expectancy, educational attainment

(simple literacy and combined primary, secondary, and tertiary enrollment) and adjusted per

capita income in purchasing power parity (PPS) US dollars.

In the latest HDR (2005), THE Philippines ranked 84th among 177 countries, placing

it in the upper half of countries with middle development. Over the years, the country’s HDI

has steadily been improving from 0.736 in 1995 to 0.758 in 2003. As noted in previous

PHDRs, the Philippines has a high education index but a low GDP per capita income relative

to other countries. While GDP per capita is lower for the Philippines than the group average

of countries with medium human development, and life expectancy only 4.8 percent better

than the average for the same group of countries, adult literacy and combined enrollment

rates continued to be higher than the group average at 16.6 percent and 24.2 percent higher,

respectively. This has enabled the country to rank much better in HDI (84TH) than it does in

terms of per capita GDP (103RD). Moreover, in terms of gender-related development index

(GDI), which is simply HDI adjusted for gender inequality, the Philippines ranked 63rd

among the 177 countries.

While it is interesting to know how the country fares relative to other countries, a

10

closer examination of the components of human development is required to understand the

quality of overall performance, including any internal disparities hidden in national averages.

In this people look more closely into sub national performance to identify which provinces

have performed better or worse across time by component of the human

development index. In so doing, a fuller picture of the state of human development in the

country will be presented.

Education

Dubois, et al.( 2006 ) assessed that: many have been concerned about the illiteracy in

the world population, despite the past few decades, especially in the third World. Third

World nation which adopted Marxist ideology ( China, Cuba and Vietnam for example ),

experienced some of the most dramatic growth of literacy, approaching Canadian and

European rates. The United Nations defined literacy as the ability to read and write a simple

sentence in any language. In 1998, record showed that 16 percent of the World population is

illiterate.

Education is becoming increasingly international. Not only are the materials

becoming more influenced by the rich international environment, but exchanges among

students at all levels are also playing an increasingly important role. In Europe, for example,

the Socrates Eurasians program stimulates exchanges across European Universities. Also, the

Soros foundation provides many opportunities for students from central Asia and Europe.

Some scholars argue, that regardless of whether one system is considered better or worse

than another, experiencing a different way of education can be considered the most

important enriching element of an international learning

11

experience.

When provincial HDI’s were generated in the second and third issues where index

was based, functional literacy rates were obtained from the Functional Literacy, Education,

and Mass Media Survey (FLEMMS) of the National Statistics Office (NSO).

This was consistent with the global HDI. However, since the FLEMMS had not been

updated since 1194 and was not likely to be repeated (according to the National Statistics

Office at the time), the fourth issue of the PHDR (2002) replaced functional literacy rate with

high school graduate ratio, defined as the percentage of those 18 years and above in the

province who are at least high-school graduates.

This year, even though a new FLEMMS was undertaken in 2003, the use of the high-

school graduate ratio has been maintained, and will be henceforth. Reasons for permanently

adopting this statistics are (i) availability, (ii) timeliness, and (iii) consistency over time since

the operational definition of “functional literacy” and thus how the FLEMMS will measure it

may change according to expert opinion. While high-school graduate ration is not a

qualitative measure of literacy, the rank correlation between this statistics and functional

literacy is quite high: 0.71 for 2003, 0.71 for 1994, and 0.93 in 1989 using the labor force

survey.

The second component of the education index remains the basic education enrollment

ratio or the proportion of children aged 7-16 years who are currently enrolled.

This age range is used despite the lowering of the minimum age for grade 1 enrollees to 6

years in 1995 since there are still a handful of provinces where only 0 to 10 percent

proportion of children aged 6 are enrolled in grade 1. The estimate comes from the

12

Annual Poverty and Indicator Survey (APIS) 2002. As explained in the 2002 PHDR, this

statistics had been previously estimated using (i) estimates from the Department of Education

(DepEd) in the numerator, i.e., the number of elementary and secondary school enrollees by

province, including projections on private school enrollment and (ii) NSO population

estimates of 7-16 year olds in the denominator. Since some implausible figures (i.e.,ratio

greater than 1) were encountered, however, the shift to using APIS data was made, although

sampling errors would still be present.

For the country as a whole, the proportion of high- school graduates among adults in

2003 was 52.1 percent. This was an improvement from the 2000 level of 49.4 percent and

1997 level of 46.8 percent. The greatest progress has been made by Western Samar (from

22.3 percent in 2000 to 31 percent in 2003, or a 39-percentage change) and Lanao del Sur

(from 35.7% in 2000 to 45.9% in 2003, or a 29 percentage change), while Sarangani (from

33.6% in 2000 to 25.3% in 2003,or a 25 percentage change) and Maguindanao (from 36.1%

in 2000 to 26.9% in 2003, or -20 percentage change) have made the least progress.

In the current ranking, Batanes (76 percent) heads the list with more than three-

fourths of its adult population having completed at least high school, greater than Metro

Manila at 75.7 percent and overtaking five other provinces. Rizal, Cavite, Benguet, Laguna,

Bataan, Pangasinan, Zambales, and Misamis Oriental continue to be in the top 10 although

ranking have been altered since 2000.

At the other side of the spectrum, Sulu continues to have the smallest proportion

of high-school graduates among its adult population at 21.1 percent, with a slight

13

improvement from its level in 2000 of 18.1 percent. Improvements from there 2000 levels are

also noted for Northern Samar (from 31.8 percent), Basilan (from 28.6 percent), Western

Samar (from 22.3 percent) and Masbate (from 23.3 percent ) although they continue to be in

the bottom 10. On the other hand, three provinces in Mindanao- Sarangani, Maguindanao,

and Agusan del Sur-along with Negros Oriental are now among the bottom 10, replacing

Bohol, Biliran, Northern Samar and Apayao.

The overall basic education enrollment ratio has slightly increased across the years,

from 88 percent in 1998 to 89 percent in 1999 and to 91 percent in 2002. Largest gainers

since 2000 are Sarangani, followed by Sulu, while losers include Western Samar, Biliran,

and Apayao ( On a subnational level, Batanes and Mt. Province continue to be highest-

ranked provinces, with nearly all their children aged 7-16 enrolled. Benguet, Zambales and

Ilocos Norte also remain in the top 10 while new additions are Misamis Oriental, Kalinga,

Ifugao, Aklan and Southern Leyte.At the other extreme are six provinces of Mindanao-

Bukidnon, Basilan, Sulu, Sarangani, Maguindanao, and Lanao del Sur – which have

consistently appeared at the bottom 10 since 1998. The others at the bottom are Negros

Oriental, Western Samar, Biliran and Camarines Sur. All six Mindanao provinces, along with

Negros Oriental, Masbate and Camarines Sur appear in the bottom 10 for at least one of the

education indicators

Standard of living

There can be problems even with just using numerical averages to compare

material standard of living, as opposed, a pare to index ( a measure of the breadth of income

or wealth distribution ) Standards of living are perhaps inherently subjective. As

14

an example, countries with a very small, very rich upper class and a very large, very poor

class may have a high mean level of income, even though the majority of people have a low

“standard of living”. The mirrors the problem of poverty measurement, which also tends

towards the relative. This illustrates how distribution of income can disguise the actual

standard of living.

Balisacan (2000) in his Family Income and Expenditures Survey (FIES) for 1997,

2000 and 2003 provides the source of estimates of provincial per capita income. Consistency

with the global HDI would have required provincial per capita GDP, but the latter is

unavailable since GDP is disaggregated only up to the regional level. As discussed in the

PHDR 2002, to make sure income comparisons are consistent, two adjustments are made:

first, income is measured consistently over time by deflating it to 1997 price levels using

regional consumer price indices from the National Statistics Office; and second, they were

made consistent across space by adjusting them using provincial cost-of-living indices.

In the course of computing real per capita incomes this year, it was discovered that

there were outliers-that is, households with extraordinarily high incomes-which were causing

high-income variances within each province. For instance, in the province of Nueve Vizcaya,

one household was recorded with a declared income P6 million. To address this problem, this

report computed for a top and bottom 0.5 percent-trimmed mean of per capita income. For

purposes of comparisons over t ime, trimmed mean per

capita incomes for 2000 and 1997 were also computed.

In the aggregate, real per capita income declined between 1997 and 2000, from

15

27,896 (NCR 1997 pesos) to 26,881 (NCR 1997 pesos), then slightly rose again in 2003.

This is likely to reflect the struggle towards recovery from the political and social unrest

the country has experienced for the pass few years. Between 2000 and 2003, per capita

incomes rose in 40 provinces and fell in 37 provinces. Metro Manila per capita income

declined by 14.5 percent (table 4.6). Largest gainers were Quirino (51.1 percent) and Ifugao

(50.2 percent) while Marinduque experienced no change. On the other hand, the province of

Zamboanga del Norte had the highest drop in income (-32.3 percent) followed by Palawan

and Davao Oriental.

The top 10 and the bottom 10 provinces in terms of real per capita income (NCR

1997 pesos), excluding Metro Manila, Nueva Vizcaya which previously ranked seventh with

P30,892, remaining in the top 10 since 2000 are Benguet, Laguna, Cavite, Rizal and Bataan.

They are joined this year by Batanes, Quirino, Pampanga and Tarlac, which replace Ilocos

Norte, Bulacan, Abra, and Misamis Oriental.

At the other extreme is Sulu, the lowest- ranked since 1997. Other provinces which

continue to occupy the bottom slots are Tawi-Tawi, Basilan, Masbate, Marinduque and

Romblon. Three Mindanao provinces (Maguindanao, Zamboanga del Norte and Sarangani)

along with Guimaras are new additions to the bottom 10 replacing Western and Eastern

Samar, Sorsogon, and, bucking the ARMM trend, Lanao del Sur which has moved from 70 th

to 48th place. ARMM provinces figure prominently in the bottom four provinces. While the

Davao region comprising Davao del Sur, Davao del Norte, Davao

Oriental and Compostela Valley is on the first class status because of its low level of poverty

and good amount of labor. Surprisingly Davao region had become the food

16

basket. ( http://en.wikepedia.org.standard of living

The Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

The result in extent of governance towards human development as understood by Thomas

Hobbes, John Locke and Jean Jacques Rosseau are based on the social contract theory.

Assuming these are appropriate to the settings in Zone 1, Digos City, it may result into

rewards. These rewards then helped reinforce the extent of governance, which was said to be

greatly affecting the level of human development.

Based on the conceptual framework, the The independent variable is governance which

include the following; formulated ordinances, delivery of basic social services, infrastructure

development protection of the environment and sports development which was followed to

UNDP 2005 and Human development Network, PHDR2005. The dependent variables are the

two basic dimensions of human development, namely: literacy and a standard of living,

which was based on the DILG basic orientation manual and ISKOLAR BOS.

17

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

GOVERNANCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

- Formulated Ordinances - Education

- Delivery of Basic Social - Standard of Living

Services

- Infrastructure

- Protection of Environment

- Sports Development

Figure 1 Schematic Diagram Showing the Variables of the Study

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Significance of the Study

Governance and human development in barangay Zone 1, Digos City are the main

concern of this research. It tried to determine if there is a relationship between governance

and human development in the said area. Hence, this research would

be able to help the following:

Barangay Officials. The findings of this study serve as their basis in determining the

need to alter, improve or retain their different programs on governance and human

development towards the constituent.

Constituents. Results of this study will serve as their magnifying glass for them to

know the governance status as far as human development is concerned. As a hint it will also

be the tool for them to information and be knowledgeable to carryout the goals of their

community effectively and efficiently.

Officials in other Barangays. Results of this study will be able to guide them to

know the things to do or to be adopted for the attainment of good governance towards human

development. It will enable them to understand better that the reason for good governance is

the human factor, that it is good governance to satisfy the needs of the people and

accomplish the goals of the community they are serving.

Researchers. The findings of this study provide them information and be informed

about governance and human development that will lead them to do further research related

to this topic.

19

Definition of Terms

The following terms were conceptually and operationally defined in this study:

Governance. In this study, it refers the capability of a barangay and local government

units to effectively manage or administer local affairs such that performance brings about

efficient delivery of basis and essential services to the community.

Protection of Environment. It focuses on the local Government Code of 1991

Chapter 3, Sec. 389 (9) which provided for the enforcement of laws and regulations relative

to pollution control and protection of the environment and of RA 9003 ( Solid Waste

Management Program).

Delivery of Basic Social Services. In this study, it is the exercise of its police power

that the health and social welfare services which include maintenance of barangay health

center and day care center should attend and the last is maintenance of Barangay roads

infrastructure facilities such as multi-purpose hall, multi-purpose pavement plaza center.

Ordinance. In this study, it refers to refers to local legislative body to carry out or

discharge the responsibility conferred upon it by law. As such, it is vested with the power to

promote community well-being, health and safety, public morality, peace and order.

Human development. Enlarging people’s choices is achieved by expanding human

capabilities and functioning. At all levels of development the two essential capabilities for

human development are for people to have good education and stable standard of living.

(http://gd.tuwien.ac.at/soc/undp/hd.htm). In this study, it refers to the

20

indicators of life expectancy, literacy or education and standards of living in social, political,

cultural and economic conditions

Education. Refers to individuals potential on reading and writing at a level adequate

for communication or at level that enables one to successfully comprehend and communicate

in print society, it may also serve the purpose of equipping the individual with necessary

education.(http://en.wikepedia.org.literacy). In this study, this refers to the learning, to enable

an individual knowledge and educational attainment.

Standard of living. Refers to the quality and quantity of goods and services to people

and the way these services and goods are distributed within a population.

(http://en.wikepedia.org.standard of living ).In this study, this refers to the indicators in

social political, cultural and income.

Chapter 2

METHOD

This chapter presents the research design, the subjects, research instrument, procedure

of data gathering, and the data analysis tools.

Research Design

This research study used the descriptive-correlation method to measure governance

and human development. It is the best method in obtaining significant relationships between

two variables of a study in the present period

The Subjects

The subjects of this research study were the Purok Officials from Barangay Zone 1,

Digos City, Davao del Sur. The total number of Puroks in Barangay Zone 1 is twenty-five

(25) and there are seven (7) officials in each Purok.

Shown in Table 1 is the distribution of the respondents according to sex or gender.

Based on the data that was gathered in Chapter 2, manifested that there are seventy-nine (79)

women (46%) and ninety-six (96) men (54%) with the total of one hundred seventy-five

(175) purok officers to be considered as respondents.

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Table 1.1

Frequency Distribution of Respondents

Gender Number of RespondentsPercent (%)

Male

Female

96

79 54 %

46 %

Total175

100

23

Research Instrument

The study utilized both the self-made questionnaires, consisting of two parts

evaluated by the experts. The first part is for Governance consisting with Formulation of

Ordinances, Delivery of basic Social Services, Infrastructure Development, Protection of the

Environment, Sports Development and the second part is, Human Development consisting of

Life Expectancy, Education, and Standard of living. These questionnaires were utilized to be

able to attain the goals of this study.

Range of Score on Average Mean

(Extent/Level)

Mean Range Description

4.50-5.0 Very Extensive / Very High

3.50-4.49 Extensive / High

2.50-3.49 Moderately Extensive / Moderate

1.50-2.49 Less Extensive / Low

1.00-1.49 Not Extensive / Very low

Data Gathering Procedure

These following were the steps undertaken in conducting the study:

1. Researchers made the letter of permission to the office of the barangay captain on

barangay Zone I, Digos City.

2. Administer the distribution of the questionnaires to the respondents as

determined through the sample size.

3. Retrieval and encoding of the results.

4. Analysis and interpretation of the gathered data by the experts.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The data gathered were tached and treated using the following statistical tools.

Mean. This was used to determine the extent of governance in Zone 1, Digos City as

perceived by the respondents.

Pearson r. This was used to determine significant relationship between governance

and human development in Zone 1, Digos City.

The degree of linear relationship is interpreted by using a range values for the Pearson

r whether positive or negative as shown below.

Chapter 3

PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS

Presented in this chapter are the results of the computed data as well as the discussion

or the interpretations based on the computed results of the data gathered to further

understand the main problem of the study which is the level of governance in Brgy. Zone I,

Digos City, its implication to Human development.

As mentioned, the main problem of this study was to find out the extent of

governance in Brgy. Zone I, Digos City; its implication to human development. Specifically,

it presents the following: Governance in Barangay Zone 1,Digos City as perceived by the

respondents in terms of: Ordinance Making, Delivery of basic Social Services, Protection on

Environment, Infrastructure Development and Sports Development; and the level of Human

Development in Barangay Zone 1,Digos City as perceived by the respondents in terms of:

Education and Standard of Living.

Extent of Governance in Barangay Zone 1, Digos City

Shown in Table 2 is the extent of governance in Barangay Zone 1, Digos City.

Ordinances made obtain a mean of 2.82 described as moderately extensive; delivery of basic

social services has 2.84 average mean or moderately extensive; infrastructure development

has an average mean of 2.83 still moderately extensive; protection on environment has 2.87

average mean described as moderately extensive; and the sports development has an average

mean of 2.83. All the indicators were described as moderately extensive respectively, he

expectations of the respondents were met in 2.50-

3.49 in scale.

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Table 2

Extent of Governance in Zone 1, Digos City

Indicators Mean Extent

Ordinance Made

Delivery of Basic Social Services

Infrastructure Development

Protection of Environment

Sports Development

2.82

2.84

2.83

2.87

2.83

Moderately Extensive

Moderately Extensive

Moderately Extensive

Moderately Extensive

Moderately Extensive

Overall2.84

Moderately Extensive

27

This signifies that respondents have moderate ratings in assessing the extent of

governance in terms of; making of ordinance, delivery of basic social services, infrastructure

development, protection of environment and sports development. However, the highest

among the five (5) indicators of Governance as proven by their average mean was the

protection on environment but yielded the same interpretation. The reason for such outcome

is the fact that the actions of the barangay officials, as perceived by the respondents, are more

often can be determined as program for the Protection on Environment. In short, they gave

more importance on the Environmental task such as implementation of RA 9003 (Solid

Waste Management Act).

Levels of Human Development

Presented in Table 3 is the level of Human Development in Barangay Zone 1, Digos

City as perceived by the respondents. As proven by the data, the Education has 2.85 average

mean; and the Standard of Living has an average mean of 2.81.Both indicators have

moderate-ratings which mean that the expectations of the respondents are met at 2.50-3.49

range of Scores.

This entails that the respondents have moderate ratings in assessing the level of

human development in the aspects of education and standard of living. Based on the results,

the data shows that the highest between the two was the education. This implies that the

barangay Zone 1, Digos City are more focused on having an education. It only shows that

people in this barangay are literate persons. The people are more focused on

sustaining education. For this program the barangay even gave the constituents different

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Table 3

Level of Human Development in Zone 1, Digos City

Indicators Mean Extent

Education

Standard of Living

2.85

2.81

Moderate

Moderate

Overall 2.82 Moderate

29

scholarship grants from the LGU, National Government and NGO’s. The barangay supplies

necessary facilities and equipment needed by the people for quality education but yet they

still lack those highly sophisticated gadgets for modern time.

Significant Relations between Governance and Human Development in Barangay Zone 1, Digos City

Presented in Table 4 is the correlation between the governance and human

development in Barangay Zone 1, Digos City. The human development in the Formulated

Ordinances has a correlation index of 0.557 which shows Moderate Correlation, in the

Delivery of Basic Social Services, its correlation index is 0.600 which shows Moderate

Correlation, the Infrastructure Development has a correlation index of 0.783 which shows

High Correlation, in the Protection of Environment, the correlation index is 0.735 which

shows High Correlation and in the Sports Development, the correlation index is 0.696 which

shows Moderate Correlation. Computation shows that there is a marked relationship in all

indicators, since the p-values obtained (0.000) were all less than the 0.05 level of

significance.

This entails that any of the indicators of Governance like Formulated Ordinances,

Delivery of Basic Social Services, Infrastructure Development, Protection of Environment

and Sports Development, is indeed a factor to be considered since it affects the Human

Development so as to Education and Standard of Living. As proven by the data, governance

can moderately and highly affect, human development. The overall correlation index

obtained is 0.908 which shows a Very High Correlation or Very

30

Table 4

Significance of the Relationship Between Governance and Human development in Zone 1, Digos City

Indicators r-value Extent of Relation P-value Decision on Ho

Ordinance Made

Delivery of Basic Social Services

Infrastructure Development

Protection of Environment

Sports Development

0.557

0.600

0.783

0.735

0.696

Moderate Correlation

Moderate Correlation

High Correlation

High Correlation

Moderate Correlation

0.000Sig

0.000Sig

0.000Sig

0.000Sig

0.000Sig

Rejected

Rejected

Rejected

Rejected

Rejected

Overall 0.908 Very High Correlation 0.000SigRejected

Note: P<0.05 Significant (Sig)

31

Dependable Relationship. This means that the Human Development in Brgy. Zone 1 as to

Education and Standard of Living is highly depending on the level of Governance in terms of

Formulated Ordinances, Delivery of Basic Social Services, Infrastructure Development,

Protection of Environment and Sports Development.

The overall p-value is 0.000 which is less than the 0.05 level of significance.

This means that there is a significant relationships between Governance and Human

Development. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected.

Findings imply that the welfare of the people in a community lies in the hands of the

people that rule them. If the Barangay Officials perform their functions with the people’s

welfare as their prime motive they could mobilize them for the common good, through

cooperation and collaboration.

Chapter 4

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION

Included in this chapter are the presentation of the summary of findings, conclusions

and recommendations derived from the results obtained.

Summary

The Study was conducted to determine the governance in Baranagay Zone 1, Digos

City; its implication to human development.

Specifically, the study sought to address the following questions:

1.) What is the extent of \governance in Barangay Zone 1,Digos City as perceived by

the respondents in terms of;

FormulatedOrdinances

Delivery of Basic Social Services

Infrastructure Development

Protection of the Environment and

Sports Development

2.) What is the level of human development in Barangay Zone 1,Digos City as

perceived by the respondents in terms of;

Education

Standard of living

3.) Is there a significant relationship between Governance and Human Development

in Barangay Zone 1,Digos City as perceived by the respondents ?

33

The following were the findings of the study:

1. The extent of governance in Barangay Zone 1, Digos City obtained a mean of

2.84.

2. The level of human development in Barangay Zone 1, Digos City got a 2.82

total mean.

3. The relationship between governance and human development in Barangay Zone

1, Digos City resulted to 0.908 r-value.

Conclusions

The following conclusions are made based on the results and findings:

1. The assessment on the extent of governance in Barangay Zone 1, Digos City

is Moderately Extensive.

2. The assessment on the Human Development in Barangay Zone 1, Digos City

is Moderate.

3. There is a significant relationship between Governance and Human

Development in Barangay Zone 1, Digos City.

Recommendations

Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, the following recommendations

are presented:

1. The barangay officials must initiate thorough study with the same concerns so

as to come up with programs that will reinforce the lapses and deficiencies with regards to

formulated ordinances, delivery of basic social services, infrastructure

34

development, protection on environment and sports development for a very extensive result.

2. Study on the management capabilities as well as the performance level of

barangay officials to possibly arrive with the findings that may lead to techniques and

strategies in enhancing the extent of governance to come up with a very high level of human

development is highly recommended.

3. The Constituents must also perform their functions as active citizens in the

community since there should be symbiotic relationship between the officials and the

constituents if high level of human development is to be achieved.

4. Moderator Variables must also be utilized such as age, sex, educational

attainment, civil status and occupation for further study because people with different age,

sex, educational attainment, civil status and occupation may differ as far as human

development is concerned.

5. Another study must be conducted with similar variables in another barangay

to really attest that the extent of governance indeed affects the level of human development.

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