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GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 1
Environmental Investigations Using Environmental Investigations Using Versatile, Vapor-Permeable, Versatile, Vapor-Permeable,
Adsorbent-based Passive SamplersAdsorbent-based Passive Samplers
Jay W. Hodny, Ph.D. & George ShawJay W. Hodny, Ph.D. & George ShawW. L. Gore & Associates, Inc.W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc.
77thth Passive Sampling Workshop and Symposium Passive Sampling Workshop and SymposiumReston, VAReston, VA
April 24–26, 2007April 24–26, 2007
GORE™ Surveys: Investigating Air, Soil, and Water
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 2
OutlineOutline
• Introduction
• Environmental investigations– Passive sampling – soil gas, subslab soil gas, air
– Common applications
– Benefits
• GORE™ Module– What it is and how it works
• Example
• New advances– Concentration reporting – air, water
• Examples
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 3
Do you prefer an informative picture Do you prefer an informative picture beforebefore an operation? an operation?
Where’s the problem?
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 4
Do you prefer an informative picture Do you prefer an informative picture beforebefore remediating? remediating?
Reconnaissance Tool• Type• Source• Extent
“Environmental X-ray”
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 5
• Site assessment (Conceptual Site Models)
• Vapor intrusion
• Remedial optimization
• Property transfer - Brownfields
• Monitoring– Long-term GW
– Remediation
• Pipeline integrity
* - partial list
Common Applications – Passive SamplingCommon Applications – Passive Sampling
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 6
• Rapid, inexpensive, unobtrusive installation & retrieval
• Minimal operator & field sampling error
• Time-integrated sampling• ppt sensitivity
• Sensitivity to broad range of compounds VOCs, SVOCs, PAHs
• Minimizes sampling variability
• Virtually any soil and moisture condition
• No forced extraction of vapor
• No mechanical parts
• No energy required
Benefits – Passive SamplingBenefits – Passive Sampling
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 7
• Active soil gas and subslab soil gas
– Forced withdrawal of vapor
– Complex setup
• Potential for error
ComparisonComparison
Courtesy of ZEBRA Environmental Corporation
• Passive soil gas and subslab soil gas
– No forced withdrawal of vapor
– Simple setup
• Minimal error
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 8
Passive
Volatile SemivolatileDri
er
Wett
er
Active
San
ds
Cla
ys
Shorter Sampling Longer Sampling
Time-integrated:Sensitive to a broader range of compounds, present in lower concentrations, in virtually any soil condition.
Silts
Sh
allow
GW
Deep
GW
Organic Compound Universe
Geolo
gic
al
Un
ivers
eWhy Passive Sampling?Why Passive Sampling?
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 9
1) GORE-TEX® Membrane• Chemically-inert, waterproof, vapor permeable
2) Engineered sorbents• Hydrophobic
• VOCs, SVOCs, PAHs
3) Sample analysis• EPA 8260/8270 or TO-15
• Duplicate samples
• Direct detection of organic compounds
• Sample integrity protected
1) GORE-TEX® Membrane• Chemically-inert, waterproof, vapor permeable
2) Engineered sorbents• Hydrophobic
• VOCs, SVOCs, PAHs
3) Sample analysis• EPA 8260/8270 or TO-15
• Duplicate samples
• Direct detection of organic compounds
• Sample integrity protected
GORE-TEX® Membrane
GOREGORETMTM Modules Modules
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 10
GORE™ ModuleGORE™ Module
String and cork
Insertion rod
Field Kit
Subsurface InstallationSubsurface Installation
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 11
Installation - Soil Gas, Subslab Soil Gas and AirInstallation - Soil Gas, Subslab Soil Gas and Air
Subslab Soil GasSoil Gas
Slam bar Hammer drill
Module insertionAngle beneath slab
Crawlspace air
Indoor air
Air
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 12
Installation – Sediment and GroundwaterInstallation – Sediment and Groundwater
Sediment Groundwater
Vertical Profiling in Wells
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 13
Objective: optimize recovery well placementObjective: optimize recovery well placement
• Chlorinated compounds in groundwater
• 30ft weathered, “tight” clay (10-8), fractured bedrock
• Groundwater ~30ft depth• Geophysical survey lacked resolution • Active soil gas survey failed• PETREX survey performed poorly
• 77 GORETM Modules, 30 x 4ft sample spacing
Manufacturing Facility
Remedial Optimization ExampleRemedial Optimization Example
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 14
SOURCE AREA
“Groundwate
r Data”
Remedial Optimization ExampleRemedial Optimization Example
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 15
“Soil Gas
Data & New
Recovery
Well”
Remedial Optimization ExampleRemedial Optimization Example
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 16
• Sample spacing delineated suspect fracture
• TCE in groundwater detected in soil gas• Challenging site geology
• Recovery well location optimized
• 25x increase in fluid removal
• 75% increase in TCE removal
Conclusions
Remedial Optimization ExampleRemedial Optimization Example
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 17
• Quantify (measure) uptake rate
– Experimental conditions
– Varying concentrations, conditions
– Air, water
• Exposure period
• Quantify (measure) mass desorbed
• Soil gas
– Eff. Diff.=[total porosity, water-filled porosity]*• Johnson-Ettinger VI model terms
• Millington-Quirk
• Conc = [volume=(uptake rate, time), mass, soil*]
• Approach – IH methods-solid, sorbent-based diffusion samplers• ASTM 6306 (1998); 6246 (1998); 4597 (1987)
• MDHS 70 (1990); 80 (1995); 27 (1983)
Calculating ConcentrationsCalculating Concentrations
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 18
NAPL
GW Impact
Basement
SubslabCrawlspace
Monitoring Well
GORE Module
Vapor Intrusion InvestigationVapor Intrusion Investigation
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 19
Indianapolis site
• US EPA - IDEM• Objective:
– “First look”• July
• VOCs, SVOCs, PAHs
– Guide next sampling• July, August
• “sampling boot camp”
Vapor Intrusion Concentration ExampleVapor Intrusion Concentration Example
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 20
TCECalculated vs Measured Concentrations
y = 7.0722x - 185.49
R2 = 0.9696
-2000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Gore TCE (ppbv)
Me
as
ure
d T
CE
(p
pb
v)
Courtesy of Todd McAlary, GeoSyntec Consultants
• 3 ft sample depth
• Excellent correlation
TCE (r^2 = 92%)
10.0
100.0
1000.0
10000.0
10.0 100.0 1000.0
Gore Concentration (ppbv)
TA
GA
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n
(pp
bv
)JulyJuly
AugustAugust
Vapor Intrusion Concentration ExampleVapor Intrusion Concentration Example
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 21
Vapor Intrusion Concentration ExampleVapor Intrusion Concentration Example
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 22
• 3 ft sample depth
• One hour exposure
• Correlates spatially
• Matches P5
503053 – 2.7 ppmv 503055 - 8.8 ppmv
P-5 - 9.4 ppmv
503051 – 17.1 ppmv
TCETCE
Vapor Intrusion Concentration ExampleVapor Intrusion Concentration Example
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 23
Groundwater Sampling ExampleGroundwater Sampling Example
Dry cleaner site – southeast US• Chlorinated solvents in groundwater• Shallow water table ~ 8ft.• Up to four GORETM Modules per four wells
– Vertical profile– One hour exposure
• Slow purge (peristaltic pump); disposable bailer
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 24
Groundwater Sampling ExampleGroundwater Sampling Example
PCE, TCE, cis-1,2-DCE (ug/L)
y = 1.1611x
R2 = 0.982n = 12
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Concentrations - Passive
Co
nce
ntr
atio
ns
- B
aile
r
c12DCE
TCE
PCE
Linear
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 25
ConclusionsConclusions
GORETM Module - versatile, membrane-based passive sampler• Effective in broad scope of environmental investigations
• Sample virtually any media– Air, soil gas, water
• Inexpensive installation, retrieval & operation– Minimizes sampling error
• Concentration reporting– Relatively new capability– Sound science– Favorable data comparisons
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 26
The authors acknowledge:
Louise Parker, USACE
US EPA
IDEM
Todd McAlary, GeoSyntec Consultants
S & ME
410-392-7600
www.gore.com/surveys
For more information, contact:
THANK YOU!THANK YOU!