Good Day! 4/14/2015 Starter: So why do we create all of these elements if many are radioactive?...

Good Day! Good Day! 04/18/2304/18/23Good Day! Good Day! 04/18/2304/18/23

• Starter: So why do we create all of Starter: So why do we create all of these elements if many are radioactive? these elements if many are radioactive? (what does radioactive mean?)(what does radioactive mean?)

• Today we are going to…Today we are going to…

– Discuss the uses of Radioactive Discuss the uses of Radioactive Isotopes.Isotopes.

• Answer: We create them because Answer: We create them because surprisingly they are very useful and surprisingly they are very useful and today we will be exploring their uses.today we will be exploring their uses.

• Starter: So why do we create all of Starter: So why do we create all of these elements if many are radioactive? these elements if many are radioactive? (what does radioactive mean?)(what does radioactive mean?)


– Discuss the uses of Radioactive Discuss the uses of Radioactive Isotopes.Isotopes.

• Answer: We create them because Answer: We create them because surprisingly they are very useful and surprisingly they are very useful and today we will be exploring their uses.today we will be exploring their uses.

InstructionsInstructionsInstructionsInstructions• We will now split up into groups, We will now split up into groups,

and each group will be responsible and each group will be responsible for one use of Radioactive for one use of Radioactive Isotopes.Isotopes.

• In your groups you need to explain In your groups you need to explain how Radioactive Isotopes are used how Radioactive Isotopes are used and do this in about one sentence.and do this in about one sentence.

• Things to include Things to include –which isotopes are used? (be which isotopes are used? (be

specific like Carbon-12). specific like Carbon-12). –How are they used (what do they How are they used (what do they

do?)do?)

• We will now split up into groups, We will now split up into groups, and each group will be responsible and each group will be responsible for one use of Radioactive for one use of Radioactive Isotopes.Isotopes.

• In your groups you need to explain In your groups you need to explain how Radioactive Isotopes are used how Radioactive Isotopes are used and do this in about one sentence.and do this in about one sentence.

• Things to include Things to include –which isotopes are used? (be which isotopes are used? (be

specific like Carbon-12). specific like Carbon-12). –How are they used (what do they How are they used (what do they

do?)do?)

InstructionsInstructionsInstructionsInstructions• We will now split up half of you We will now split up half of you

will be researching your area of will be researching your area of use and the other half will be use and the other half will be taking notes from the taking notes from the powerpoint on nuclear decay.powerpoint on nuclear decay.

• We will now split up half of you We will now split up half of you will be researching your area of will be researching your area of use and the other half will be use and the other half will be taking notes from the taking notes from the powerpoint on nuclear decay.powerpoint on nuclear decay.

Uses of Radioactive IsotopesUses of Radioactive IsotopesUses of Radioactive IsotopesUses of Radioactive Isotopes•1. Dating of Fossils1. Dating of Fossils•2. Chemical Tracers2. Chemical Tracers•3. Industrial Uses3. Industrial Uses•4. Medicine4. Medicine•5. Nuclear Power5. Nuclear Power

•1. Dating of Fossils1. Dating of Fossils•2. Chemical Tracers2. Chemical Tracers•3. Industrial Uses3. Industrial Uses•4. Medicine4. Medicine•5. Nuclear Power5. Nuclear Power

Dating of FossilsDating of FossilsDating of FossilsDating of FossilsCarbon-14 and 12 are absorbed and 14 Carbon-14 and 12 are absorbed and 14

decays into Nitrogen 14, the use the ratio decays into Nitrogen 14, the use the ratio to determine the age of an organism.to determine the age of an organism.

Carbon-14 and 12 are absorbed and 14 Carbon-14 and 12 are absorbed and 14 decays into Nitrogen 14, the use the ratio decays into Nitrogen 14, the use the ratio to determine the age of an organism.to determine the age of an organism.

Chemical TracersChemical TracersChemical TracersChemical Tracers• They use the radioactive signal from the They use the radioactive signal from the

isotopes. They use Iodine-131 to isotopes. They use Iodine-131 to determine the functionality of the determine the functionality of the thyroid. thyroid.

• They use the radioactive signal from the They use the radioactive signal from the isotopes. They use Iodine-131 to isotopes. They use Iodine-131 to determine the functionality of the determine the functionality of the thyroid. thyroid.

Industrial UsesIndustrial UsesIndustrial UsesIndustrial Uses• Smoke detectors use Americium-241.Smoke detectors use Americium-241.• Smoke detectors use Americium-241.Smoke detectors use Americium-241.

MedicineMedicineMedicineMedicine

• Used to treat cancer.Used to treat cancer.• Techtium-99 is used to destroy harmful Techtium-99 is used to destroy harmful

cellscells

• Used to treat cancer.Used to treat cancer.• Techtium-99 is used to destroy harmful Techtium-99 is used to destroy harmful

cellscells

Nuclear PowerNuclear PowerNuclear PowerNuclear Power• They use uranium-235They use uranium-235• The thermal energy released in nuclear The thermal energy released in nuclear

fission, is used to generate electricity.fission, is used to generate electricity.

• They use uranium-235They use uranium-235• The thermal energy released in nuclear The thermal energy released in nuclear

fission, is used to generate electricity.fission, is used to generate electricity.

Good Day! Good Day! 04/18/2304/18/23Good Day! Good Day! 04/18/2304/18/23

• Starter: Why is it that we use these Starter: Why is it that we use these isotopes? (what is it that they do that isotopes? (what is it that they do that make them so useful?)make them so useful?)


– Continue discussing the many Continue discussing the many uses of radioactive isotopes and uses of radioactive isotopes and the reactions that cause them.the reactions that cause them.

• Answer: They give off a radio signal so Answer: They give off a radio signal so they are often like a beacon or a they are often like a beacon or a tracking signal.tracking signal.

• Starter: Why is it that we use these Starter: Why is it that we use these isotopes? (what is it that they do that isotopes? (what is it that they do that make them so useful?)make them so useful?)


– Continue discussing the many Continue discussing the many uses of radioactive isotopes and uses of radioactive isotopes and the reactions that cause them.the reactions that cause them.

• Answer: They give off a radio signal so Answer: They give off a radio signal so they are often like a beacon or a they are often like a beacon or a tracking signal.tracking signal.

Harmful effectsHarmful effectsHarmful effectsHarmful effects

•Radiation penetrates living Radiation penetrates living tissue and can damage the tissue and can damage the tissue or cause disease.tissue or cause disease.

•All living organisms must be All living organisms must be protected from the radiation protected from the radiation until the the isotopes have until the the isotopes have decayed.decayed.

•Radiation penetrates living Radiation penetrates living tissue and can damage the tissue and can damage the tissue or cause disease.tissue or cause disease.

•All living organisms must be All living organisms must be protected from the radiation protected from the radiation until the the isotopes have until the the isotopes have decayed.decayed.

Link to AudLink to Audioio

• "Their Shining Lives" tells the story of "Their Shining Lives" tells the story of

young women who were exposed to toxic young women who were exposed to toxic levels of radiation, and who took their levels of radiation, and who took their employer to court in the 1920s. (Photo by employer to court in the 1920s. (Photo by Scott Pakudaitis)Scott Pakudaitis)

• Link to RadiumLink to Radium

• "Their Shining Lives" tells the story of "Their Shining Lives" tells the story of

young women who were exposed to toxic young women who were exposed to toxic levels of radiation, and who took their levels of radiation, and who took their employer to court in the 1920s. (Photo by employer to court in the 1920s. (Photo by Scott Pakudaitis)Scott Pakudaitis)

• Link to RadiumLink to Radium

Alpha DecayAlpha DecayAlpha DecayAlpha Decay• During alpha decay, a nucleus loses an During alpha decay, a nucleus loses an

alpha particle, which consists of two alpha particle, which consists of two protons and two neutrons.protons and two neutrons.

• During alpha decay, a nucleus loses an During alpha decay, a nucleus loses an alpha particle, which consists of two alpha particle, which consists of two protons and two neutrons.protons and two neutrons.

Beta DecayBeta DecayBeta DecayBeta Decay• During beta decay, a neutron inside an During beta decay, a neutron inside an

unstable nucleus changes into a beta unstable nucleus changes into a beta particle and a proton.particle and a proton.

• During beta decay, a neutron inside an During beta decay, a neutron inside an unstable nucleus changes into a beta unstable nucleus changes into a beta particle and a proton.particle and a proton.

Gamma DecayGamma DecayGamma DecayGamma Decay• Gamma radiation has no charge and does Gamma radiation has no charge and does

not cause a change in either the atomic not cause a change in either the atomic mass or the atomic number.mass or the atomic number.

• Gamma radiation has no charge and does Gamma radiation has no charge and does not cause a change in either the atomic not cause a change in either the atomic mass or the atomic number.mass or the atomic number.

Types of Radioactive DecayTypes of Radioactive DecayTypes of Radioactive DecayTypes of Radioactive Decay• The three types of nuclear radiation were The three types of nuclear radiation were

named based on how easily each one named based on how easily each one could be blocked. Alpha, beta, and gamma could be blocked. Alpha, beta, and gamma are the first three letters of the Greek are the first three letters of the Greek alphabet.alphabet.

• The three types of nuclear radiation were The three types of nuclear radiation were named based on how easily each one named based on how easily each one could be blocked. Alpha, beta, and gamma could be blocked. Alpha, beta, and gamma are the first three letters of the Greek are the first three letters of the Greek alphabet.alphabet.

1818 Transmutation

Table – Beta

Particles

Beta Decay

1818

Table – Gamma Rays

Half Life

8 H-3’s8 H-3’s8 H-3’s8 H-3’s

4 H-3’s 4 H-3’s & &

4He-3’s4He-3’s

4 H-3’s 4 H-3’s & &

4He-3’s4He-3’s 2 H-3’s2 H-3’s6 He-3’s6 He-3’s2 H-3’s2 H-3’s6 He-3’s6 He-3’s

Half LifeHalf LifeHalf LifeHalf Life

• The half life of a radioactive isotope is The half life of a radioactive isotope is the amount of time it takes for ½ of the the amount of time it takes for ½ of the isotopes to decay. isotopes to decay.

• The half life of a radioactive isotope is The half life of a radioactive isotope is the amount of time it takes for ½ of the the amount of time it takes for ½ of the isotopes to decay. isotopes to decay.

Radioactive Radioactive IsotopesIsotopes

Radioactive Radioactive IsotopesIsotopes

• The half-The half-lives of lives of radioactive radioactive isotopes isotopes range from a range from a fraction of a fraction of a second to second to billions of billions of years.years.

• The half-The half-lives of lives of radioactive radioactive isotopes isotopes range from a range from a fraction of a fraction of a second to second to billions of billions of years.years.

6. How do we know how long 6. How do we know how long the material will be around?the material will be around? 6. How do we know how long 6. How do we know how long the material will be around?the material will be around?

• It is all about the halflife of the It is all about the halflife of the element. The half life is the element. The half life is the amount of time it takes for half of amount of time it takes for half of the atoms in a sample to decay.the atoms in a sample to decay.

• LinkLink

• It is all about the halflife of the It is all about the halflife of the element. The half life is the element. The half life is the amount of time it takes for half of amount of time it takes for half of the atoms in a sample to decay.the atoms in a sample to decay.

• LinkLink

Using Radioactive Using Radioactive IsotopesIsotopes

Using Radioactive Using Radioactive IsotopesIsotopes• Tracers Tracers

are are radioactivradioactive isotopes e isotopes that can that can be be followed followed through through the steps the steps of a of a chemical chemical reaction reaction or or industrial industrial process.process.

• Tracers Tracers are are radioactivradioactive isotopes e isotopes that can that can be be followed followed through through the steps the steps of a of a chemical chemical reaction reaction or or industrial industrial process.process.

Smoke Detector

Using Nuclear Reactions in Medicine

• Scientists can find one molecule in a large group of molecules if it is sending them a signal.

• If it has a radioactive atom in it, it can be found easily in a large group of molecules, or even in a living organism.


• When a radioisotope is used to find or keep track of molecules in an organism, it is called a tracer.

• Scientists can use tracers to follow where a particular molecule goes in your body or to study how a particular organ functions.


• Examples of tracers include carbon-11, iodine-131, and sodium-24.

• These three radioisotopes are useful tracers because they are important in certain body processes.

• As a result, they accumulate inside the organism being studied.

Iodine Tracers in the Tyhroid• Because the element iodine accumulates

in the thyroid, the radioisotope iodine-131 can be used to diagnose thyroid problems. • As iodine-131

atoms are absorbed by the thyroid, their nuclei decay, emitting beta particles and gamma rays.

Iodine Tracers in the Tyhroid• The beta particles are absorbed by the

surrounding tissues, but the gamma rays penetrate the skin.

• The emitted gamma rays can be detected and used to determine whether the thyroid is healthy.

Iodine Tracers in the Tyhroid

• If the detected radiation is not intense, then the thyroid has not properly absorbed the iodine-131 and is not functioning properly.

Treating Cancer with Radioactivity

• Radiation can be used to stop some types of cancerous cells from growing.

• Remember that the radiation that is given off during nuclear decay is strong enough to ionize nearby atoms.

• If a source of radiation is placed near cancer cells, atoms in the cells can be ionized.


• If the ionized atoms are in a critical molecule, such as the DNA or RNA of a cancer cell, then the molecule might no longer function properly.

• The cell then could die or stop growing.


• When possible, a radioactive isotope such as gold-198 or iridium-192 is implanted within or near the tumor.

• Typically, an intense beam of gamma rays from the decay of cobalt-60 is focused on the tumor for a short period of time.

• The gamma rays pass through the body and into the tumor.


• Cancer cells grow quickly, they are more susceptible to absorbing radiation and being damaged than healthy cells are.

• However, other cells in the body that grow quickly also are damaged, which is why cancer patients who have radiation therapy sometimes experience severe side effects.

Question 3What process is being illustrated here?

A. chain reactionB. nuclear fusionC. nuclear fissionD. semiconducting

Answer

The answer is C.

Nuclear fusion occurs when two nuclei combine to form one nucleus.

Question 4

A series of repeated fission reactions is called a(n) __________.A. chain reactionB. critical massC. meltdownD. uncontrolled reaction

Answer

The answer is A. If the chain reaction is uncontrolled, an large amount of energy is released in an instant. Chain reactions are controlled by adding materials that absorb neutrons.

Question 5

What is required in order for a radioisotope to be useful as tracers in nuclear medicine?

Answer

A radioisotope must be important in body processes and accumulate in the organism being studied.

AdvisoryAdvisoryAdvisoryAdvisory• Good morning!Good morning!• Today we are going to hand out gradesToday we are going to hand out grades• Then at 10:50 we will take a tour of the career Then at 10:50 we will take a tour of the career

center.center.• Advisory: Advisory: 11:01– 11:5111:01– 11:51 50 min50 min• Hour 3:Hour 3: 11:57 – 1:2111:57 – 1:21• Lunch A: Lunch A: 11:51–12:21 Class from 12:27-1:2111:51–12:21 Class from 12:27-1:21• Lunch B: Lunch B: 12:21–12:51 Class from 11:57-12:2112:21–12:51 Class from 11:57-12:21• And 12:54-1:21And 12:54-1:21• Lunch C: Lunch C: 12:51–1:21 Class from 11:57-12:5112:51–1:21 Class from 11:57-12:51• Hour 4:Hour 4: 1:27 – 2:131:27 – 2:13 46 min46 min• Hour 5:Hour 5: 2:19 – 3:052:19 – 3:05 46 min46 min

• Good morning!Good morning!• Today we are going to hand out gradesToday we are going to hand out grades• Then at 10:50 we will take a tour of the career Then at 10:50 we will take a tour of the career

center.center.• Advisory: Advisory: 11:01– 11:5111:01– 11:51 50 min50 min• Hour 3:Hour 3: 11:57 – 1:2111:57 – 1:21• Lunch A: Lunch A: 11:51–12:21 Class from 12:27-1:2111:51–12:21 Class from 12:27-1:21• Lunch B: Lunch B: 12:21–12:51 Class from 11:57-12:2112:21–12:51 Class from 11:57-12:21• And 12:54-1:21And 12:54-1:21• Lunch C: Lunch C: 12:51–1:21 Class from 11:57-12:5112:51–1:21 Class from 11:57-12:51• Hour 4:Hour 4: 1:27 – 2:131:27 – 2:13 46 min46 min• Hour 5:Hour 5: 2:19 – 3:052:19 – 3:05 46 min46 min

Good Day! 4/14/2015 Starter: So why do we create all of these elements if many are radioactive?...

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Transcript of Good Day! 4/14/2015 Starter: So why do we create all of these elements if many are radioactive?...