GONDWANA GEOLOGICAL MAP - PRE-1 November, … · A - Topographic Map of Gondwana-derived...

A - Topographic Map of Gondwana-derived continents. Data was processed using Oasis Montaj 9.2.3 software, from STRM30 Plus Version 7 (Becker et al., 2009) for all continental fragments. Antarctica SRTM: Data Fusion of SRTM Land Topography with Measured and Estimated Seafloor Topography/Tertiary Theme/Type: Topography/Bathymetry.

B – Interpolated Magnetometry Map of the Gondwana continent. Geophysical data (magnetic anomalies) was processed using Oasis Montaj 9.2.3 software, from EMAG2v3: Earth Magnetic Anomaly Grid (2-arc-minute resolution) Version 3 (Meyer et al.,2017) for most of continents, and data from ADMAP (digital magnetic anomaly map of the Antarctic - Golynsky et al., 2001) for Antarctica.

C – Free-Air Gravity Anomaly Map of the Gondwana. Geophysical data (gravity anomalies) was processed using Oasis Montaj 9.2.3 software, from Free Air Sandwell v23-1 (Sandwell et al., 2014) for the major continental fragments and from Antarctica free-air and complete Bouguer gravity anomaly grid (Scheinert et al., 2016) for Antarctica.

st * - Bedrock Subice Topographic Map of Antarctica and its fragments based on our reconstruction for 183Ma to this pre-1 edition . The data

was processed using Oasis Montaj 9.2.3 software, from BEDMAP2 (Fretwell et al., 2013) References Becker, J. J.; Sandwell, D. T.; Smith, W. H. F.; Braud, J.; Binder, B.; Depner, J.; Fabre, D.; Factor, J.; Ingalls, S.; Kim, S-H.; Ladner, R.; Marks, K.; Nelson, S.; Pharaoh, A.; Sharman, G.; Trimmer, R.; VonRosenburg, J.; Wallace, G.; Weatherall, P. Global Bathymetry and Elevation Data at 30 Arc Seconds Resolution: SRTM30_PLUS, Marine Geodesy, 32:4, 355-371, 2009.Meyer, B.; Saltus R.; Chulliat, A. EMAG2: Earth Magnetic Anomaly Grid (2-arc-minute resolution) Version 3. National Centers for Environmental Information, NOAA. Model. doi:10.7289/V5H70CVX, 2017.Golynsky, A. V.; Chiappini, M.; Damaske, D.; Finn, C.; Ferraccioli, F.; Ferris, J.; Ghidella, M.; Ishihara, T.; Johnson, A.; Kim, H. R.; Kovacs, L.; LaBrecque, J.; Masolov, V.; Nogi, Y.; Purucker, M.; Taylor, P.; Torta, M. ADMAP - A digital magnetic anomaly map of the Antarctic. 1:10.000 scale map. edited by P. Morris and R. von Frese, BAS (Misc.) 10, Cambridge, British Antarctic Survey, 2001.Sandwell, D. T.; Müller, R. D.; Smith, W. H. F.; Garcia, E.; Francis, R. New global marine gravity model from CryoSat-2 and Jason-1 reveals buried tectonic structure, Science, Vol. 346, no. 6205, pp. 65-67, doi: 10.1126/science.1258213, 2014.Scheinert, M.; Ferraccioli, F.; Schwabe, J.; Bell, R.E.; Studinger, M.; Damaske, D.; Jokat, W.; Aleshkova, N. D.; Jordan, T.A.; Leitchenkov, G.L.; Blankenship, D.D.; Damiani, T.; Young, D.A.; Cochran, J.R.; Richter, T. Antarctic free-air and complete Bouguer gravity anomaly grid. PANGAEA, doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.848168, 2016.Fretwell, P.; Pritchard, H. D.; Vaughan, D. G.; Bamber, J. L.; Barrand, N. E.; Bell, R.; Bianchi, C.; Bingham, R. G.; Blankenship, D. D.; Casassa, G.; Catania, G.; Callens, D.; Conway, H.; Cook, A. J.; Corr, H. F. J.; Damaske, D.; Damm, V.; Ferraccioli, F.; Forsberg, R.; Fujita, S.; Gim, Y.; Gogineni, P.; Griggs, J. A.; Hindmarsh, R. C. A.; Holmlund, P.; Holt, J. W.; Jacobel, R. W.; Jenkins, A.; Jokat, W.; Jordan, T.; King, E. C.; Kohler, J.; Krabill, W.; Riger-Kusk, M.; Langley, K. A.; Leitchenkov, G.; Leuschen, C.; Luyendyk, B. P.; Matsuoka, K.; Mouginot, J.; Nitsche, F. O.; Nogi, Y.; Nost, O. A.; Popov, S. V.; Rignot, E.; Rippin, D. M.; Rivera, A.; Roberts, J.; Ross, N.; Siegert, M. J.; Smith, A. M.; Steinhage, D.; Studinger, M.; Sun, B.; Tinto, B. K.; Welch, B. C.; Wilson, D.; Young, D. A.; Xiangbin, C. &Zirizzotti, A.: Bedmap2: improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 7, 375-393. doi.org/10.5194/tc-7- 375-2013, 2013

The Gondwana map reconstruction model was built using GPlates software (www.gplates.org). The continental fragments are re-assembled at 183 Ma from compiled

finite rotation parameters and establishing continental piercing points connecting geological data from the Gondwana map. The two largest continental fragments are

subdivided into smaller rigid blocks to minimize gaps and overlaps caused by intraplate deformation since the Gondwana break-up process. All the fragments are

reconstructed with respect to a fixed West African plate. African plate is rotated and subdivided into 5 blocks modified from Moulin et al. (2010) and Reeves et al. (2016).

The South American plate is rotated and subdivided into 7 blocks according to Richetti et al. (submitted). Eastern Gondwana blocks (Madagascar, Seychelles, Greater

India, Sri Lanka, East Antarctica, Australia) are reconstructed and rotated to a fit position after Reeves et al. (2016). Madagascar and Sri Lanka are positioned according to

Ishwar-Kumar et al. (2013) and also Gondwana Project geological database. The Arabian plate is reconstructed following finite rotation parameters from Seton et al.

(2012). Malvinas/Falklands plateau is fixed to the Patagonian block. Papua New Guinea is fixed to the Australian plate, therefore, the rotation parameters are the same as

the respective plates. The fit position for the Antarctic Peninsula, Marie Byrd, Thurston and Ellsworth blocks is based on Dalziel et al. (2013). North and South New Zealand

block rotations are based on Mortimer and Campbell (2014). New Caledonia is fixed to North New Zealand block, therefore its rotation parameters are the same. The

present-day COB lines, represented in different colors, were used to constraint the fragments reconstruction.

Reconstruction of Gondwana at ca. 183 Ma - methodology

References

LEGEND

J-K

P-T

C-P

S-D

O-S

ε-O

T-J

D-C

NP

3-ε

NP

1-O

NP

2-ε

NP

1-ε

PP

4-M

P1

PP

-MP

PP

4-M

P2

PP

3-M

P3

PP

2-M

P3

PP

2-M

P2

PP

1-M

P2

MP

1-ε

HADEAN

NEOARCHEAN AR4

PALEOARCHEANAR2

EOARCHEANAR1

MESOARCHEANAR3

PR

OT

ER

OZ

OIC

P

TA

RC

HE

AN

A

RP

HA

NE

RO

ZO

IC

Cretaceous KUpper Cretaceous K2

Lower Cretaceous K1

Carboniferous CPennsylvanian C2

Mississippian C1

Cryogenian NP2

Tonian NP1

Ediacaran NP3

NEOPROTEROZOIC NP

Stenian MP3

Ectasian MP2

Calymmian MP1

MESOPROTEROZOIC MP

Statherian PP4

Orosirian PP3

Rhyacian PP2

Siderian PP1

PALEOPROTEROZOICPP

PALEOZOIC Pz

MESOZOIC Mz

CENOZOIC Cz

Upper Ordovician O3

Middle Ordovician O2

Lower Ordovician O1

Ordovician O

O1

-O2

O2

-O3

Triassic T

Upper Triassic T3

Middle Triassic T2

Lower Triassic T1 T1

-T2

T2

-T3

Upper Jurassic J3

Middle Jurassic J2

Lower Jurassic J1

Jurassic J

J1-J

2 J2-J

3

Furongian ε4Series 3 ε3Series 2 ε2

Terreneuvian ε1

Cambrian ε

ε1-ε

2

ε1-ε

3

ε2-ε

3

ε2-ε

4

ε3-ε

4

Pridoli S4Ludlow S3

Wenlock S2Llandovery S1

Silurian S

S1-S

2

S1-S

3

S2-S

3

S2-S

4

S3-S

4

Permian P

Lopingian P3

Guadalupian P2

Cisuralian P1 P1

-P2

P2

-P3

Upper Devonian D3

Middle Devonian D2

Lower Devonian D1

Devonian D

D1

-D2

D2

-D3

NP

1-N

P2

NP

2-N

P3

MP

3-N

P1

MP

3-N

P2

AR

2-A

R3

AR

2-A

R4

AR

3-A

R4

AR

1-A

R3

AR

1-A

R2

PP

1-P

P2

PP

1-P

P3

PP

2-P

P3

PP

2-P

P4

PP

3-P

P4

MP

1-M

P2

MP

2-M

P3

AR

4-P

P

AR

4-P

P3

AR

4-P

P2

AR

4-P

P1

AR

3-P

P

AR

3-PP

3

AR

1-P

P

PP

1-M

P1

MP

-NP

MP

2-N

P1

NP

3-C

NP

3-D

NP

3-O

PP

1-ε

MP

3-ε

K-C

z

C-K

C-J

D-J

C-T

P-J

D-T

S-C

J-C

z

Pz1

Pz2

Pz-

Mz

Mz-

Cz

ε-D

O-D

0 Ma

66.0 Ma

~145.0 Ma

201.3 ± 0.2 Ma

251.902 ± 0.024 Ma

298.9 ± 0.15 Ma

358.9 ± 0.4 Ma

419.2 ± 3.2 Ma

485.4 ± 1.9 Ma

541.0 ± 1.0

~635 Ma

~720 Ma

1000 Ma

1200 Ma

1400 Ma

1600 Ma

1800 Ma

2050 Ma

2300 Ma

2500 Ma

443.8 ± 1.5 Ma

2800 Ma

3200

3600 Ma

4000 Ma

~ 4600 Ma

Ma

Ma

International Chronostratigraphic Chart - IUGS/ICS - v. 2016/12

NP

1-S

PP

4-M

P3

AR

4-N

P

AR

2-P

P

NP

3-S

AGE OF LAST TECTONIC EVENT

Pre-Neoproterozoic

Triassic-Jurassic

Tonian (1000-720 Ma)

Ordovician-Silurian

Cretaceous-Cenozoic

~ ~~ ~

~ ~

~

~

~ ~~ ~

~ ~

~

~

~ ~~ ~

~ ~

~

~

~ ~~ ~

~ ~

~

~

Not Classified~ ~~ ~

~ ~

~

~

~ ~~ ~

~ ~

~

~

Cryogenian-Ediacaran (720-585 Ma)~ ~~ ~

~ ~

~

~

Devonian-Permian

~ ~~ ~

~ ~

~

~

Ediacaran-Cambrian (585-485 Ma)

~ ~~ ~

~ ~

~

~

Sedimentary Rocks

Igneous Rocks

Metamorphic Rocks

Low Grade and Very Low Grade deformed on Fold and Thrust Belts

Medium Grade

High Grade

Plutonic

Volcanic

LITHOLOGY

X XX

X XXX X

_ ___ _

_ __

~ ~~ ~

~ ~

~

~

~ ~~ ~

~ ~

~

~

Volcano-sedimentary Rocks

//

///

_ _

_ __ __

/

//

+ + ++ + ++ + ++ +

v v vv

vv

v

vv

v

vvv

vvv

Alkaline Rocks

Subalkaline Rocks

Ultrabasic

Basic

Intermediate

Acid

Plutonic Volcanic

Bimodal

GEOCHEMISTRY

* * *

* * *

* *

* * *

* * *

* *

v v v

v v v

v v vv vv v v

v v

++++

+++

vvv

vvvvv +++

+

++

+

+

_ __

__ _

_

v v v

v v vv v

_ __ _

_ __

_

__

__

__

_

YY

Y

YY

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

YY

Y

YY

Y

Geological Contact

Thrust fault/shear zone

Normal fault/shear zone

Inferred thrust fault/shear zone

Inferred normal fault/shear zone

Inferred dextral fault/shear zone>

> Dextral fault/shear zone

GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES

>

>

### ###

Inferred sinistral fault/shear zone>

> Sinistral fault/shear zone >>

Inferred Geological Contact

Estimated Gondwana Continent-Ocean Boundary (COB) Line(under investigation - see introduction text)

Actual Coast Lines (for reference)Greater India Limit (Ali & Aitchison, 2014)

LuandaCity

OTHER SYMBOLS

Estimated Orogenic Belt OffshoreDrill Hole/Isolated Outcrop/Dredge Sample Information

Lakes

STGONDWANA GEOLOGICAL MAP - PRE-1 EDITION - NovemberReconstructed to 183 Ma SCALE 1:5.000.000 Geographic Coordinate System - Datum: WGS 84

, 2017.ndo wG a n8 a2 6 P- rP ojC ecGI t

IGCP -628 Leaders

Dr. Renata da Silva Schmitt (Brazil) – [email protected] - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Rio de Janeiro Dr. Maarten De Wit (South Africa) - [email protected] Earth Stewardship Science and AEON -Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University - Port Elizabeth Dr. Alan Collins (Australia) - [email protected] School of Earth and Environmental Sciences - University of Adelaide - Adelaide Dr. Philippe Rossi (France) - [email protected] - CCGM - CGMW -Paris Dr. Colin Reeves (The Netherlands) – [email protected] - Earthworks BV -Delft Dr. Edison José Milani (Brazil) - [email protected] - PETROBRAS - CENPES/PDGEO -Rio de JaneiroDr. Umberto Giuseppe Cordani (Brazil) –[email protected] -Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Geociências - São Paulo

Africa

Warren Miller and Alan Collins - The University of AdelaideAndré Assis - Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroBastien Linol - Nelson Mandela Metropolitan UniversityCarlos E. Ganade de Araujo - Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais CPRMColin Reeves - EarthworksDaniel Silva - Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroDébora Barros Nascimento - Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroHartwig Frimmel - University of WuerzburgMax Fernandez-Alonso - Africa MuseumMichael Daly- Oxford UniversityPeter R. Johnson - Geological Society of AmericaTaufeeq Dhansay - Nelson Mandela UniversityThelson Julius dos S. Silva - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro

Arabic Peninsula

Pâmela Richetti (UFRJ)Peter Johnson (GSA)

Antarctica

Rafael de Araújo Fragoso (UFRJ)

Alan Collins - The University of AdelaideIan C. W. Fitzsimmons - Curtin UniversityJoachim Jacobs - University of BergenJohn Bradshaw - CO2 Geological Store SolutionsRudolph A. Y. Trouw - Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroVictor A. Ramos - Universidad de Buenos Aires

Australia and New Zealand

Gabriel Lamounier Fernandes, Pamêla Richetti and Ian Fortes (UFRJ)

Alan Collins - The University of AdelaideChris Clark - Curtin UniversityGideon Rosenbaum - The University of QueenslandIan Fitzsimmons - Curtin UniveristyJohn Foden - The University of AdelaideJulyanna Cristina Wermelinger Santos – Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroVictor A. Ramos, Universidad de Buenos Aires

Greater India

Igor V. Gomes (UFRJ)

Alan Collins - The University of AdelaideAlfred Kröner - Johannes Gutenberg University of MainzArvind Kumar Jain - Central Building Research InstituteChris Clark - Curtin UniversityDebapriya Adhikary - Geological Survey of IndiaIan Fitzsimons - Curtin UniversityLetícia Moura - Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroMadhava Santosh - International Association For Gondwana ResearchManoj K. Pandit - University of RajasthanParampreet Kaur - Panjab UniversityRaisa Costa - Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRajesh Attukal - Geological Survey of India (GSI)Renata S. Schmitt - Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroSama Ananda Murthy - Geological Survey of IndiaSankar Chatterjee - Texas Tech UniversityShahid Iqbal - Quaid-i- Azam UniversityWilbert Kehelpannala - University of Botswana

South America

Macarena Roca Benedek and Rafael de Araújo Fragoso (UFRJ)

André Ribeiro - Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroCarlos E. Ganade de Araujo - Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos MineraisClaudio Gaucher - Universidad de La República de UruguayFernando A. Gutiérrez - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoFrancisco Hervé - Universidad de ChileGinaldo Ademar da Cruz Campanha - Universidade de São PauloJorge Bossi - Universidad de La República de UruguayJorge G. Tapias - Serviço Geológico ColombianoLêda Maria Fraga - Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos MineraisLeonardo Cury - Universidade Federal do ParanáMauricio Calderon - Universidad de ChileMauricio Ibanez-Mejia - University of RochesterMiguel Basei - Universidade de São PauloNohora M. Ramírez - Serviço Geológico ColombianoRenata Tomezzoli - Universidad de Buenos AiresRudolph Trouw - Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroStefano Zincone - Universidade Federal de Ouro PretoUmberto Cordani - Universidade de São PauloVictor A. Ramos - Universidad de Buenos Aires

Gabriel Lamounier Fernandes (UFRJ)

Main collaborators- Reviewers

General coordinators- Geology and GISRenata da Silva Schmitt and Evânia Alves da Silva

Bangkok, Thailand.

To build up a Gondwana Map with all geological information available at 1:5M scale is apparently only a

technical laboring issue. But when this major task started at 2011, it demanded a vast scientific thinking to

construct this methodology. The aim is the reconstruction of a paleocontinent that today is dispersed in the

present continents of South America, Africa, Australia, India, Antarctica, Arabic Peninsula as well as smaller

land masses as Madagascar, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea and others. The new Gondwana map should

represent clearly its three foremost stages of evolution through time: the amalgamation (ca.800-450 Ma),

development (ca.450-100 Ma), break-up (ca.180-80 Ma). Therefore it is a geological map that illustrates the

main tectonic entities: the Pre-Neoproterozoic cratons, Neoproterozoic-Eo-Paleozoic orogens, Phanerozoic

marginal orogens, Phanerozoic internal basins and the marginal terranes. We agreed that the Jurassic would

be the best period to show the three Gondwana phases (ca.183 Ma), although the break-up history

continues towards the Cenozoic. The first step was the preparation of a new geological map of Gondwana in

GIS platform by updating and integrating geological data of the present continents in scale 1:5M using

software ArcGIS in the Gondwana Digital Center of Geoprocessing (GDCG) at UFRJ, Brazil. The database is

being built through the homogenization of heterogeneous sources: digital and analog. The available digital

maps (GIS of Australia, South America, New Zealand and Arabia) underwent through a process of adequacy

of information known as cartographic generalization, as well as a compilation of the existent attribute

tables. Several regions do not present available GIS data at continental scale (i.e. India, Antarctica, Africa,

Madagascar, Papua New Guinea and Sri Lanka) so analog maps (in paper) went through a exerting process

of drawing (to the appropriate scale), scanning, georeferencing, vectorization and creation of a new

database. The major challenge was to agree on a common legend for these Gondwanan derived landmasses. The

classification adopted five attributes for each polygon: (I) age of the rock (protolith age in metamorphic

rocks), (II) type of the rock, (III) chemistry of the magmatic rock, (IV) metamorphic grade, (V) age of the

main metamorphic event. The first item is represented by the filling color of the polygon, and all others are

recorded as fill symbols. The color follows roughly the IUGS Geological Time Scale, some important changes

were done. The Geological Time Chart adopted is IUGS version 2016. Only crustal-scale tectonic structures

directly related to Gondwana are represented in a regular structural legend. The geological database is also

an outcome of this project and will be available.

General Methodology

The Gondwana Map ProjectIGCP-628

“The Gondwana Map Project” aims to update the Gondwana Map of de Wit´s 1988 with an approach of the 21st century. In order to do so, the Gondwana concept will be revised with new interpretations and research approaches using the vast new

geological data produced in the last 30 years and also the new computer technologies. The goal is also to create a reference center in South America to locate all data base from Gondwana Paleocontinent and generate the new Gondwana map integrating

data from the five actual continents. This data and the results of the project will be exposed at a Gondwana Memory Center (GMC).This Project was first discussed five years ago. Dr. Renata da Silva Schmitt (UFRJ) and Dr. Edison Milani (PETROBRAS) are members of the International Gondwana Committee, since 2005, coordinated at that time by Dr. Bryan Storey (University of

Canterbury – New Zealand). This committee is responsible for the organization of the international Gondwana Conferences. In 2008, Milani and Schmitt proposed Brazil as the venue for the next Gondwana Conference, during the Gondwana 13 Conference

in Dali (Yunnan Province – China). During this meeting the International Gondwana Committee discussed and approved Brazil as the next venue. In addition, the committee suggested that a project to build a new Gondwana Map should be proposed by a

group of scientists. At that time, the main argument was that this ambitious enterprise was essential for the world scientific community and for the knowledge of the continents and their margins. Back in Brazil, Schmitt and Milani discussed the possibility

to propose this Project with the financial support of PETROBRAS, the Brazilian Petroleum Company. Milani coordinated for more than a decade a group of scientists of South America and Africa that discuss regularly the correlation between these two

continents, with emphasis on the Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary basins. Schmitt coordinates two international projects of correlation between Africa and South America, with emphasis on the mobile belts of Brazil, Uruguay, Namibia and Angola. In the end of 2010, the Gondwana Map Project was proposed by the UFRJ team and approved by PETROBRAS, coordinator PhD Adriano Vianna, which gave five years to the UFRJ group to deliver the map and its additional products. A new geoprocessing

digital laboratory was conceived located at the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) and a group of four specialized professionals on cartography and geology are working at the lab since the beginning of 2011.The challenges to conceive this new map are:

- The theme of the map: geological or tectonic. The original de Wit´s map is geological, whilst the one organized by Raphael Unrug (1994) is a geodynamical map. With the facilities today of the GIS data set, it is possible to generate in less time several

thematic maps. Most of scientists agreed that a geological map is less interpretative, therefore more realistic to the data. The generation of a tectonic map is possible, but only after the building of a good geological data set.- Legend of the map. This is one of the crucial points of the project, and everybody agreed. The scientists must have workshops and discussions about the best legend, which will make the map clear and useful. De Wit emphasized the need to expand the

Neoproterozoic legend, since the detailed geological data from this period of time increased vertiginously in the last three decades. - The fit of the continents and the paleogeography. This challenge is one of the most interesting. The last two decades are characterized by a huge amount of new data and interpretation obtained from the ocean floors and the continental margins. These

sets will facilitate a better fit of the actual continents in order to restore the Gondwana. The stretched present continental margins are better known and distinct stretch factor for margin sectors would be applied.- Restoring the original shape of Gondwana, the Gondwana margins. The original de Wit´s map show a Gondwana made up by a collage of the five big actual continents. The best challenge of this project is to rebuild the Gondwana margins during its

development. This restoration implies on attaching the exogenous terranes of Gondwana back to their original positions and studying the connections between the intracontinental Paleozoic and Mesozoic basins with the oceans that surrounded

Gondwana.- Detail of Pre-Gondwana continents. Certainly the new advance that made a great impact on geology in the last decades is the improvement of geochronological labs and metodologies. The pre-Gondwana continents (commonly referred as cratons) are

now better known and their nature influenced on the Gondwana formation. Incorporating this knowledge to the Gondwana map and tectonic evolution is another challenge.

Gondwana was the first recognized supercontinent and as such has played a pivotal role in our understanding of supercontinent cycles. It was one of the largest and long lasting supercontinents on Earth´s history, comprising five large continents (Africa,

Australia, Antarctica, South America and India) and many other smaller masses scattered today around the globe (e.g. Madagascar, Sri Lanka, Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, Falklands, and others now embedded in Asia, Europe and USA). Amalgamation

of Gondwana complete at ca. 500 million years ago, during the Cambrian period, when marine life was flourishing evolving fast to visible organisms. For more than 350 million years, this supercontinent as an entity moved between the South Pole and the

low latitudes of the southern hemisphere. Large intracontinental basins developed and registered the evolution of life on Earth as plants and vertebrates migrated from water to terrestrial environments, culminating with the biggest reptiles in the

Mesozoic Era. The continental margins of Gondwana were very heterogeneous. From the present day location of the Andes to the Papua New Guinea, active tectonics predominated, with subduction zones, collisions and accretion of new terranes along the

Gondwanides. The northern margin of Gondwana - facing the Tethys ocean - was entirely different, with stable, wide continental shelves and shallow seas from Northern Africa to Papua New Guinea. This extensional tectonic setting allowed small

continental blocks to separate from Gondwana, drifting away to be deformed and welded onto Laurasia. Finally for about 100 million years, starting ca. 200 million years ago (Jurassic period), Gondwana started to break up into several land fragments

evolving steadily into the present-day picture of the continents and oceans on Earth.

Gondwana research involves the understanding of the evolution of our planet, its climatic, thermal and tectonic processes and the evolution of life itself. Since 1872, when the geologist Medlicott identified the Gondwana flora in India, through the

definition of the Gondwana Land by Suess in 1885 and the first maps by Wegener and Du Toit in the dawn of the twentieth century, this major subject has been investigated by many scientists worldwide. A new geological map of Gondwana was published

in 1988 by the AAPG, conceived by Prof. Maarten de Wit and his colleagues in South Africa. Much new data, particularly based on modern geochronology has been generated since, and our proposal “The Gondwana Map Project” aims to update the

Gondwana Map of de Wit with an approach of the 21st century. Since 1988, the geological data for the regions concerned have improved incredibly in the wake of new geochronological laboratories and investigative methodologies. Thorough airborne

geophysical reconnaissance has been extended across most parts of the constituent continents. A new GIS data-base is planned, with a dynamic digital process that will allow the construction not just an improved Gondwana Map but also a wide variety of

maps showing the evolution of this supercontinent. Geophysical advances at continental margins and oceanic floors, the modelling of the restoration with new software and the analysis of satellite imagery permits scientifically rigorous reconstruction of

Gondwana. The main products will be: (a) a new Gondwana Map and sets of thematic maps showing its evolution through time; (b) a website providing to all the geological data taken into the project at the Gondwana Digital Center of Geoprocessing

(GDCG); (c) three complete book volumes about Gondwana; (d) new detailed geology of key areas for correlation; (e) an interactive 4-D GIS of Gondwana (f) creation of a permanent exposition at the Gondwana Memory Center (GMC), in South America,

with specimens representative of all parts of Gondwana.

This project includes vast international collaboration between scientists and students, universities, surveys and global institutions. This is the only way to integrate scientific thinking about Gondwana. In order to promote this integration it is essential to

have undergraduate and graduate students from many fields, making their dissertation and thesis on subjects within the project. The main issue is to get students from developing countries to access developed countries laboratories and universities. This

integration is fundamental for the achievement of this project. It is important to stress here that Gondwana was formed mostly by the territory of actual developing countries. Africa is the key continent to be mostly included scientifically during this

process of the Gondwana Map. All these digital tools, allied with the essential basic geological data will help scientists to review and improve the knowledge about this supercontinent that played a major role in the evolution of the Earth. These conclusions

allow a better understanding of the global geological processes that today affect our lives. This is one alternative to harmonize a sustainable future on the planet.

COORDINATORS

Dr. Renata da Silva Schmitt (Brazil) – [email protected] - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Rio de Janeiro

Msc. Marco Antonio Thoaldo Romeiro [email protected] - Petrobras/CENPES - Rio de Janeiro

stWe present the Gondwana Geological Map Pre-1 Edition in order to discuss with the geological scientific community whether it contemplates at

its present form the main issues of the Gondwana evolution.The first edition of the map will be delivered in October, 2018, which means that we have one year ahead to correct and improve the version presented here in Bangkok. We invite everyone interested to join this enterprise and collaborate with the map, through the IGCP-628.

thThis version is a better update of the version 2.0 presented in August of 2016 during the 35 IGC in Cape Town. Here we offer an updated geology of all major Gondwana-derived fragments, homogenized in a common legend. The resolution of this map is 1:5M, which is the same resolution of our Gondwana geological database, built up in ArcGIS system. The coastlines were drawn on Google Earth images, but simplified to our resolution and also according to the geological polygons of our database. Although this is a Jurassic (ca. 183 Ma) picture of Gondwana, the Cretaceous and Cenozoic geological units are still on the map. The proposal is to remove these layers and, when possible, draw geological inferred polygons based on drill core and geophysical data. In this case it will be the Paleogeological Map of Gondwana. The geological lineaments represent major crustal scale structures classified kinematic ally not chronologically. In this version, we were able to present the age of the tectonic event represented in all metamorphic units. This information enhance the Pre-Neoproterozoic cratons, the Neoproterozoic belts, Lower Paleozoic belts, Upper Paleozoic belts and Mesozoic belts. It gives to this geological map a more geodynamic aspect.The map is on Geographic Coordinate System datum WGS 84, since it is product from G-Plates (software), with the African continent fixed. The final map will be projected in the best projection system for Gondwana, with less distortion of the fragments, still to be selected. The reconstruction used for this version is a hybrid model using some author's proposals for different Gondwana segments (explained below). The fit is very tight since it represents the initial stages of Gondwana fragmentation in the Jurassic. The South Atlantic shows a gap, in part due to hyperextended margins in some segments. We introduced on the map the trace of the La Ventana-Cape Fold Belt orogenic front according to offshore data (Pangaro & Ramos, 2012). Other portions show overlap (e.g. Arabic Peninsula and northern Africa; Madagascar and Moçambique). In these places we eliminated the Cenozoic units of one of the plates, cleaning up the view. We left on purpose the coastlines overlapping each other in order to observe the geological correlation. The geological match in between the continental fragments is the ongoing phase of the project. We added the southern Gondwana smaller terranes, for a preliminary overview and discussion about this active margin. The northern terranes are not shown, and are the next step of this project. In this version we test the alternative to present Antarctica with subice topographic data, following a suggestion from the SCAR meeting at EGU in April 2017. This might help with the interpretation of the main sutures that are below the ice cap.

Each actual continental fragment derived from Gondwana was compiled and interpreted by a group of researchers. Below we present the list for each continent, including the reviewers that helped to upgrade the map.

Latitude Longitude Angle

Amazonia 32 49.720 -33.523 53.721 Richetti et al., submitted

Tucano 36 55.402 -38.504 51.022 Richetti et al., submitted

São Francisco 37 50.189 -34.077 53.812 Richetti et al., submitted

Paraná 40 48.988 -34.382 54.212 Richetti et al., submitted

Rio de la Plata 41 47.786 -34.382 54.550 Richetti et al., submitted

Pampean 42 48.513 -35.061 54.406 Richetti et al., submitted

Patagonia 43 50.968 -36.163 54.749 Richetti et al., submitted

West Africa 15 90.000 0.000 0.000 Moulin et al., 2010

Nubian 13 27.000 -18.000 -2.360 Moulin et al., 2010

Benue 14 13.220 1.850 -2.310 Moulin et al., 2010

Austral 100 27.000 -18.000 -1.500 Moulin et al., 2010

Somalia 103 5.206 -130.987 -3.160 Modified from Reeves et al., 2016

Madagascar 108 3.806 91.089 -22.361Modified from Reeves et al., 2016;

Ishwar-Kumar et al., 2016

Seychelles 109 5.925 57.498 -72.298Modified from Reeves et al., 2016;

Veevers et al., 2009

Arabia 300 31.812 20.211 -8.393 Modified from Reeves et al., 2016

India 301 29.393 41.313 -66.569 Reeves et al., 2016

Sri Lanka 302 22.456 48.103 -79.516 Modified from Reeves et al., 2016

Australia 400 26.403 117.739 -55.352 Reeves et al., 2016

Papua New Guinea 402 26.403 117.739 -55.352 Reeves et al., 2016

New Zealand South 500 287.831 -63.967 96.227 Mortmer and Campbell, 2014

New Zealand North 501 6.047 119.355 -75.909 Mortmer and Campbell, 2014

New Caladeonia 502 6.047 119.355 -75.909 Mortmer and Campbell, 2014

East Antarctica 600 11.318 149.199 -58.582 Reeves et al., 2016

Ellsworth 601 47.479 -73.151 78.731 Dalziel et al., 2013

Peninsula 602 -38.660 -21.816 82.464 Dalziel et al., 2013

Thurston 603 42.287 -48.235 66.757 Dalziel et al., 2013

Marie Byrd 604 -7.944 -31.275 63.034 Dalziel et al., 2013

Rotation ParametersPlate CommentPlate ID

The GDCG is a geoprocessing laboratory focused on the project “Revision of the Geological Map of Gondwana”. It was inaugurated on October, 2011 and since then had been the home for a team of researchers, undergraduate and graduate students. This group is working permanently on the generation of the new Gondwana Geological Map, scale 1:5M, and its geological digital database.

CoordinatorDr. Renata da Silva Schmitt [email protected]

ResearchersMSc. Evânia Alves da Silva - [email protected] and GIS databaseRafael Fragoso [email protected] of South America and AntarcticaMacarena Roca [email protected] of South America MSc. Warren Miller - [email protected] of AfricaMSc. Gabriel Lamounier [email protected] of Australia and North AfricaMSc. Pâmela Richetti [email protected] of PlatesMelissa Meirelles Pereira - [email protected]. Jéssica Tarine [email protected]

Graduate StudentsAndré Assis - [email protected] of South Africa and Paleozoic Gondwanan basinsRaisa Costa [email protected] of Madagascar Fernando Nascimento [email protected] of Information

Undergraduate StudentsIgor Vasconcelos Gomes - [email protected] of IndiaDaniel Silva - [email protected] of AfricaDolapo Azzez - [email protected] correlation Brazil-AfricaEvaldina Raimundo - [email protected] Angola-Rio de JaneiroJulyanna Cristina Wermelinger Santos - [email protected] of Australia

High School StudentsLaura Corrêa Machareth - [email protected] Eduardo Ortega - [email protected]

ADDRESS

Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro CCMN- IGEODepartamento de GeologiaAv. Athos da Silveira Ramos 274 – sala J2-020Ilha do Fundão – Rio de Janeiro – RJ – BRAZILCEP: 21949-900Phone: +55-21-39389482Website: www.gondwana.geologia.ufrj.br

The Gondwana Digital Center of Geoprocessing

(GDCG)

Dalziel, I. W., Lawver, L. A., Norton, I. O.; Gahagan, L. M. 2013. The Scotia Arc: genesis, evolution, global significance. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 41, 767-793.

Ishwar-Kumar, C., Windley, B. F., Horie, K., Kato, T., Hokada, T., Itaya, T., Yagi, K., Gouzu, C., Sajeev, K. 2013. A Rodinian suture in western India: New insights on India-Madagascar correlations. Precambrian Research, 236, 227-251.

Mortimer N., Campbell H. 2014. Zealandia our Continent Revealed. Penguin Group, New Zealand, 272.

Moulin, M., Aslanian, D., & Unternehr, P. 2010. A new starting point for the South and Equatorial Atlantic Ocean. Earth-Science Reviews, 98(1), 1-37.

Reeves, C. V., Teasdale, J. P., Mahanjane, E. S. 2016. Insight into the Eastern Margin of Africa from a new tectonic model of the Indian Ocean.Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 431, SP431-12.

Richetti, P.C., Schmitt, R.S, Reeves, C. 2016. Dividing South American continent to fit Gondwana reconstruction: a model based on continental geology (Manuscript submitted for publication).

Seton, M., Müller, R. D., Zahirovic, S., Gaina, C., Torsvik, T., Shephard, G., ... & Chandler, M. 2012. Global continental and ocean basin reconstructions since 200Ma. Earth Science Reviews, 113(3), 212-270.

A B

C

Fig 1 – Gondwana configuration at ca. 500 Ma with cratons (pre-Gondwana continents) sutured by Gondwana mobile belts. This figure is mostly compiled from the new Gondwana geological map at 1:5M scale (Schmitt et al., 2016a). Also compiled from: Collins (2003); Kröner and Cordani (2003); Jacobs et al. (2008); Schmitt et al. (2008); Ramos (2010); Offler et al. (2011); Frimmel et al. (2011); Heilbron et al. (2004); Fritz et al. (2013); Torsvik and Cocks (2013); Ramos and Naipauer (2014) and Richetti et al. (2016). The letters and numbers represent Gondwanan cratons and mobile belts, respectively. AA – Arequipa/Antofalla; AM – Amazonia; RA – Río Apa; SL – São Luís; PR – Parnaíba; SF – São Francisco; PP – Paranapanema; LA – Luís Alves; RP – Río de La Plata; KH – Kalahari; B – Bangweulu Block; TZ- Tanzania; CC – Congo; WA – West Africa; SH – Sahara; DW – Dharwar; GH – Grunehogna; EA – East Antarctica; WAU – West Australia; SAU – South Australia; NAU – North Australia. 1 – Pampeana; 2 – Caapucú High; 3 - Paraguai; 4 – Araguaia; 5 – Gurupi; 6 – Borborema (North and Central); 7 – Borborema (South); 8- Rio Preto; 9 – Brasília; ; 10 – Araçuaí (West), Ribeira (Paraíba/Embu); 10b - Apiaí; 11 – Araçuaí (East), Ribeira (Oriental Terrane) and Costeiro Domain; 12 –Cabo Frio Tectonic Domain; 13 – Dom Feliciano, Kaoko (Coastal); 14 – Cuchilla Dionísio; 15 – Nico Pérez; 16- Saldania; 17 – Gariep; 18 – Damara; 19 – Kaoko(Central-East); 20 – Angolan Belt; 21 – West Congo; 22 – Oubanguides; 23 – Dahomey; 24 – Rockelides; 25 – Anti-Atlas; 26 - Hoggar; 27 –Ad Dawadimi and Ar Rayn; 28 – Arabian/Nubian Shield (North); 29 - Arabian/Nubian Shield (South); 30 – Galana (Azania); 31 – Western Granulite; 32 – Eastern Granulite; 33 –Zambesi; 34 – Lufilian ; 35 – Nampula Block; 36 -Dronning Maud Land (West); 37 – Dronning Maud Land ( Sor Rondane Mountains and Yamato-Belgica Complex); 38 – Prince Olaf Coast/Kemp Land – (Lützow-Holm Complex); 39 - Sri Lanka; 40 – Southern Granulites; 41 – Madagascar (Vohibori); 42 – Madagascar (Antananarivo, Androyen and Bemarivo); 43 –Seychelles; 44 – Reworked border of the Napier Complex; 45 - Eastern Ghat; 46 – Princess Elizabeth Land; 47 - Meghalaya Plateau; 48 – Pinjarra; 49 – Petermann; 50 – Delamerian; 51 – Ross (Northern and Southern Victoria Land); 52 – Ross (Pensacola Mountains). TKL stands for Transbrasiliano-Kandi Lineament.

Schmitt RS, Fragoso RA, Collins AS (2018) Suturing Gondwana in the Cambrian - the Orogenic Events of the Final Amalgamation. In: Siegesmund S, Basei MAS, Oyhantçabal P, Oriolo S (Eds.), Geology of Southwest Gondwana, Springer, (In Press).

Reconstruction of Gondwana

Pâmela Richetti (UFRJ)

Colin Reeves - EarthworksDietmar Muller - The University of SidneyNick Barnett-Moore - The University of Sydney

Madagascar

Raisa Lopes Costa (UFRJ)

Alan Collins - The University of AdelaideRenata da Silva Schmitt - Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroSheree Ellen Armstead - The University of Adelaide

Ka

nd

i Lin

eam

ent

Tra

nsb

rasi

lia

no

Falklands/Plateau

Malvinas

Falklands/MalvinasIsland

Antarctica Peninsula

Ellsworth Block

Thurston Island

Marie Byrd Land BlockNew

Caledonia

Greater India (Ali & Aitchison, 2014)

New Zealand

Naturaliste Plateau

* East Antarctica

La Ventana - Cape Fold belt

Complete reference list and sources for the Gondwana map atwww.gondwana.geologia.ufrj.br

COB Australia

Project website: www.gondwana.geologia.ufrj.br

Lin

eam

ent

Seychelles

100 0 100 200 30050km

*Color legend for Antarctica subice topographic map (BEDMAP2)

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