CONTENT

1. PHILOSPY

2. ASTRONOMY

3. ARCHITECTURE

4. NAVIGATION & GEOGRAPHY

5. PHYSICS

6. ARTS

PHILOSOPY

Muslim philosophers also took ideas from the Qur'an as a starting point for

pondering philosophical issues.

At the heart of the debate between philosophy and theology were arguments for

faith versus reason.

The key question that was extensively debated was: In the event of a conflict

between human knowledge and revealed knowledge which should prevail?

Muslim philosophers were characterised by their Deen. Their faith in Islam led

them to recognize that even reason could not be used to fully understand God or

his knowledge.

PHILOSOPY

Al-Farabi and other early Muslim Philosophers tried to find

rational arguments for the existence of God.

Theologians, led by Al-Ghazali, defended religion by

pointing out contradictions and limitations to human reason.

Ibn Rushd (Muslim scholar), responded to Al-Ghazali's

argument by urging philosophers to use reason to reach

genuine knowledge of the truth, independent of revelation.

ASTRONOMY

Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi

In about 964 AD, the Persian astronomer Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi,

writing in his Book of Fixed Stars, described a "nebulous spot" in the

Andromeda constellation, the first definitive reference to what we now

know is the Andromeda Galaxy, the nearest spiral galaxy to our galaxy.

ASTRONOMY

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

invented a geometrical technique called a Tusi-couple, which generates

linear motion from the sum of two circular motions to replace Ptolemy's

problematic equant The Tusi couple was later employed in Ibn al-Shatir's

geocentric model and Nicolaus Copernicus' heliocentric Copernican

model[49] although it is not known who the intermediary is or if Copernicus

rediscovered the technique independently.

Architecture and engineering

Islamic architecture is distinct in terms of its unique architectural elements

and ornamentations

Calligraphy, an essential aspect of written Arabic, developed in manuscripts

is often incorporated in architectural designs

Muslims also contributed to the field of engineering by inventing gears,

cranks, pistons and pumps.

These tools were later incorporated into machinery developed during the

European-based industrial revolution.

Twin cylinder suction pump by Al-jazriMachine used to elevate water Mill-house near cordoba

EXAMPLE OF ARCHITECTURE IN

ISLAMIC GOLDEN ERA

EXAMPLE OF ARCHITECTURE IN

ISLAMIC GOLDEN ERA

The Great Mosque of Samarra is a ninth-century

mosque located in Samarra, Iraq. The mosque was

commissioned in 848 and completed in 851 by the

Abbasid caliph Al-Mutawakil who reigned (in Samarra)

from 847 until 861

The Great Mosque of Samarra was, for a time, the

largest mosque in the world; its minaret, the Malwiya

Tower, is a spiraling cone 52 meters high and 33 meters

wide with a spiral ramp

NAVIGATION & GEOGRAPHY

Al-Idrisi A twelfth century scientist living in Sicily.

Idrisi’s work was considered the best geographical guide to its time.

Ibn Battuta ( 1304-1369) An Arab, covered over seventy five thousand miles.

His wanderings, over a period of decades at a time, took him to Turkey, Bulgaria, Russia, Persia, & Central Asia.

He spent several years in India, and from there was appointed ambassador to the emperor of China.

His book, Rihla( Journey), is filled with information on the politics, social conditions, and economics of the places he visited.

PHYSICS

Ibn-al- Haytham (965 -1040)

Was also known as “Alhazen”.

Suggested about damming of Nile River.

Explained the rainbow scientifically.

Founder of Optics.

Excellent studies on the reflection & refraction of light.

ART

The golden age of Islamic art lasted from 750 to the 16th century, when ceramics

(especially lusterware), glass, metalwork, textiles, illuminated manuscripts, and

woodwork flourished.Manuscript illumination became an important and greatly

respected art, and Per

sian miniature painting flourished in the Persian world. Calligraphy, an essential

aspect of written Arabic, developed in manuscripts and architectural decoration.

JAZAK ALLAH