Going Global - Proceedings 2013

E WB- U K & E AP Research and L earning C onference 2 013 Going Global: s us tainable human development in engineering education 1 2 th A pril 2 013

Conference AgendaTime 09:30 10:00 10:00 10:20 Item Registration Welcome and introduction Skills for the Global Engineer Professor Anthony Finkelstein (Executive Dean UCL Engineering) G06 Speaker Room

10:20 11:30

Joanne Beale (WaterAid & Coventry University) Katy Liddell, Peter Santamaria-Woods, Robert Frostick, Lorraine Blanks & Rebecca Rabjohns (Coventry University) Inspiration and Information quick-fire session

G06

11:30 13:00

Morning Research Panel Education for global challenges Workshop sessions Renishaw Pico-Hydro Innovation Competition Finals (closed session)

G08 110/ 310

13:00 14:00 14:00 15:30

Buffet Lunch & Exhibition

Afternoon Research Panel Re-learning the rules Workshop sessions

G08 110/ 310 G06 G06 G06

15:30 16:00

Renishaw Pico-Hydro Innovation Competition Ceremony Water for People Sanitation Innovation Competition Launch

16:00 17:30

Training the Global Engineer

Michael Shaw (Royal University of Phnom Penh & EWB Australia) Professor Robert Kalin ( David Livingstone Centre for Sustainability University of Strathclyde)

16:30 18:30

Drinks reception

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Welcome to the Engineers Without Borders UK & Engineers Against Poverty Research and Learning Conference 2013

Going Global sustainable human development in engineering educationOn behalf of Engineers Without Borders UK and Engineers Against Poverty, we are very pleased to welcome you to this event following the success of C hanging C ourse, our conference in 2012. The organisers, speakers, presenters, facilitators and participants come from diverse institutional and geographical backgrounds, but we are all united by one thing: a commitment to ensuring that the next generation of engineers are equipped with the skills, knowledge and attitudes that are needed to help them fight poverty and build a better life for all people. We have developed a programme that will help us to understand better both the scale of the challenges and the practical measures needed to overcome them. We hope that if you are an academic staff member or a student, a policy-maker or a practitioner, that you will be inspired by this event and encouraged to back to your workplace with renewed energy and commitment. Today would not have been possible without the support and generosity of numerous individuals and organisations. We are particularly indebted to Professor Anthony Finkelstein and his colleagues at University College London who have once again made their facilities available to us today at no cost. We are also grateful to Renishaw and Water for people for their continued support to both our research programmes and innovation competitions. The most important factor in determining the success of this event is the energy and ideas of the participants. We urge you to engage critically with what you see and hear above all to have your say on the things that are important to you. It is only through listening to each other and sharing our knowledge that we can develop solutions that will make a difference. Wishing you all the best in your future endeavours, Your organising team Alistair Cook Head of Learning - [email protected] Lizzie Norris Workshop and Events Coordinator [email protected] Alex Buckman Research Coordinator [email protected] Siobhn McGrath Academic Community Coordinator [email protected] Chloe Underdown Innovation Engagement C oordinator [email protected] Nicola Greene Materials Development C oordinator [email protected] Emily Mattiussi EWB C hallenge Manager [email protected] Lincoln Smith Training Coordinator [email protected] Emma Thomas Outreach Coordinator [email protected] Ben Phelps Innovation Hub C oordinator [email protected] Sean Murray Innovation Competitions Manager [email protected] Emma Crichton International Education Coordinator [email protected] Muhammad Tahir Communities of Practice Coordinator [email protected]



ContentsAbout Engineers Without Borders UK Research and Education Programmes.................................................. 2 About the Engineers Against Poverty Research and Education Programmes .................................................. 4 Speakers for the day ................................................................................................................................... 6 Sustainable Low Cost Rickshaw Miriam Kennedy .............................................................................................10 The Role of Structural Engineers in Disaster Mitigation Joshua Macabuag............................................................16 Innovative designs and approaches in sanitation when responding to challenging and complex humanitarian contexts in urban areas Andy Bastable, Jenny Lamb and Angus McBride .............................................................................25 Using inertial maps for stakeholder mapping A mini-case of RFID rollout by Tesco Faran Mahmood & Heather J. Cruickshank..............................................................................................................................................31 Examining the use of anaerobic digestion outputs from human waste in low income countries C. M. Rose, A. H. Parker, E. Cartmell...............................................................................................................................................37 Expandable Modular Pico-Hydro Off-Grid Networks Sam Williamson....................................................................41 Development of a Pay as you go Solar Home System for Rural Areas Ashley Grealish ............................................45 Development of synthetic pit latrine sludge and investigation into the effects of fluidisation Chloe Underdown and Richard Fenner..........................................................................................................................................51 Participatory Manufacture of Small Wind Turbines: A Case Study in Nicaragua J. Sumanik-Leary, L. Marandin, M. Craig, C. Casillas, A. While, R. Howell.....................................................................................................................57 Investigation into the stabilisation of compressed earth blocks Victoria Bullen ......................................................69 Research Poster Papers ............................................................................................................................ 71 The C ontext of Construction in North Cyprus and its impact on Project Management Practice Balkiz Yapicioglou and Therese Lawlor-Wright ...............................................................................................................................73 Crowd modelling for a crisis Bharat Kunwar, Anders Johansson..........................................................................75 Understanding how knowledge and attitudes of key stakeholders may affect the success of sanitation interventions in practice - A case study of Lusaka, Zambia R Kennedy-Walker, J.M. Amezaga, and C.A.Paterson..............................79 Design and optimisation of a Turgo turbine for use at low head and low flow sites Joe Butchers, Marco Guerrini, Matthew Kujawski, Lloyd Randall..................................................................................................................85 Background Papers ................................................................................................................................... 89 The Global Dimension to Engineering Education Project Nina Neeteson ...............................................................91 Community led technology co-creation in engineering education Alistair Cook & Ashley Thomas ..............................93 Changing Mindsets in International Development - or how did we get to where we are today? Hayley Sharp..............99 The EWB Challenge & EWB-UK: Global Education for Global Engineers Alistair Cook & Hayley Howard .................... 103 Notes ..................................................................................................................................................... 107


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About Engineers Without Borders UK Research and Education ProgrammesEngineers Without Borders UKTo empower human development through engineering www.ewb-uk.org Engineers Without Borders UK (EWB-UK) is an international development organisation that removes barriers to development through engineering. Our programmes provide opportunities for young people in the UK to learn about engineerings role in poverty reduction. We support partner organisations by providing young engineers to help them with their projects. We have a vital network of branches at universities across the UK, where volunteers run events and activities for their members and communities. Professional engineers get involved to lend their expertise to our work. By taking part in our activities, our members are making a difference to people's lives around the world.

The EWB-UK Research ProgrammeLinking Students and Academic Institutions with Development and Humanitarian Organisations through Research Projects www.ewb-uk.org/programmes/research In brief, the EWB-UK Research Programme provides the research skills of our volunteers and hence the facilities of the institutions they study at as a resource for development organisations. By working with them to turn identified technical issues into research briefs, we can offer research projects that are useful, exciting and relevant and that fit into the engineering degrees. Once the research is complete, we ensure that the findings are communicated back to our partners and also disseminated through the knowledge section of our website. We provide research bursaries, where possible, to our researchers to help them purchase resources and materials, help towards the cost of field work study or implementation after the research is complete this greatly increases the effectiveness of the research so that it can make a practical difference where it is needed most. Whether you are a researcher looking for an available project, a partner organisation looking for completed research, an organisation looking to work with us to develop a long lasting research relationship or an academic looking to discover how EWB-UK Research can work more closely with your university, please do see our website and get in contact if you wish.

The EWB-UK Innovation HubLinking Innovators with opportunities and support www.ewb-uk.org/innovation The EWB-UK Innovation Hub was launched at the Small is Festival in 2012 and is an integral part of EWB-UKs new strategy. The Hub is a new way of doing development for EWB-UK, with a focus on social enterprise and fostering an active online community. This community is made up of three groups of people. These are: Innovators : People or organisations with ideas they want to develop. Hub Consultants : Experts who are willing to share their knowledge with innovators. Hub Support team: Volunteers from EWB-UK who try to ensure that Innovators are getting the support they require from Hub C onsultants, and work to develop and improve programmes for the Hub.

Many members will identify with more than one of these groups; this is actively encouraged, and it is hoped that Innovators who have been helped by the Hub will remain a part of the community, either helping out other Innovators by sharing their experiences as a Hub C onsultant, or by joining the hub support team. Likewise, Hub C onsultants who want to take a more active role in the Hub are encouraged to join the Hub Support team. The Hub also sets challenges for people without their own ideas to work on real development issues. For example the pico in Nepal competition challenged teams to design a pico hydropower system to deliver electricity for a rural nursery school. If you are interested in becoming part of the Innovation Hub community than please do get in touch.

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The EWB-UK Education ProgrammeExpanding coverage of global issues in undergraduate engineering curricula www.ewb-uk.org/programmes/education In brief, the EWB-UK Education Programme supports academics and students to embed global issues into university engineering curricula. We provide advice on course and module content, example lectures delivered through our university branches, access to our central library of development engineering resources and grants of up to 200 to help set up specialist libraries at your university. The Education Programme also provides extra-curricular educational opportunities for students such as bi-annual courses with the C entre for Science and Environment in New Delhi and workshops with the Royal Academy of Engineering.

How do I become involved?If the EWB-UK Research & Education Programmes sound of interest to you whether you are from an organisation working in the development sector, a potential researcher, academic or professional please visit our web pages for more information or send your enquiry to [email protected] or [email protected] .

The EWB ChallengeInnovative design programme for undergraduate students www.ewb-uk.org/ewbchallenge The Engineers Without Borders (EWB) C hallenge is an design programme for first and second year university undergraduates. It seeks to improve the ability of engineering students to address global challenges by providing them with real-life engineering design projects identified by EWBs community partners. Their designs contribute towards the sustainable development of disadvantaged communities in developing countries and give them the opportunity to develop teamwork, communication, and design skills. This programme is designed to provide students with the chance to develop skills that they will use throughout their future careers. Working in teams to solve complex problems, students learn effective teamwork, communication, and leadership skills, as well as the ability to design sustainable solutions with limited resources and information. An international context for their design problem increases students capacity to work effectively across cultural, economic, and geographical boundaries, a skill highly valued in increasingly international industry placements. The EWB C hallenge has clear links to the Engineering C ouncil's learning outcomes for accredited degree programmes, helping your institution deliver some or all of the General and Specific Learning Outcomes. There are also aspects of the C hallenge which prepare students for eventual engineering chartership. This year, the Challenge will reach approximately 2,500 students at universities in the UK and Ireland. If you are interested in joining the growing group of higher education institutions signing up for the EWB C hallenge, please get in touch.

The EWB-UK Academic CommunitySupporting the educators of tomorrows engineers www.ewb-uk.org/academic-community The EWB-UK Academic Community is a group for anyone who delivers teaching at university level and who shares EWBUKs values. We want to contribute to massive small change by preparing future engineers to address global challenges. We support academics through training, networking and peer learning. Group members are also part of the EWB-UK Professional Network.

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About the Engineers Against Poverty Research and Education ProgrammesEngineers Against Povertywww.engineersagainstpoverty.org Engineers Against Poverty (EAP) is a specialist NGO working in the nexus between engineering and international development. EAPs development perspective is shaped by a firm belief in the critical role of Science, Engineering, Technology and Innovation (SETI) in meeting the challenges of poverty and inequality. It works with partners in industry, government and civil society to identify innovative ways to enhance the contribution of SETI policy and practice to addressing these global challenges. EAP has developed a reputation for producing cutting edge action research and it is regularly consulted by leading international agencies. It demonstrates a high level of innovation both in terms of its programme content and in the range of partners it has mobilised in support of its efforts.

Engineering EducationEngineering education must develop to keep pace with challenging global issues such as poverty, conflict, climate change and sustainability. Forward-thinking higher education institutions (HEIs) are already adapting courses to equip graduates with the skills, knowledge and attitudes that are necessary to maximise the positive and far-reaching impact of engineering on society. But constraints exist that must be overcome if these improvements are to be scaled-up and maintained over time. Importantly, there is often a lack of knowledge of global issues amongst teaching staff and resistance to what is seen by some as a dilution of core engineering content.

EAPs ProgrammeEAP works with UK based HEIs, regulatory bodies and specialist research institutes to strengthen the commitment and capacity of engineering faculties and staff members to embed global issues within the learning of engineering undergraduates. It does this through a range of activities including research, advocacy, policy analysis, and supporting professional development. The cornerstone of EAPs engineering education work is the Global Dimension for Engineering Education programme funded by DFIDs Development Awareness Fund. This project brought together for the first time the leading organisations in the UK responsible for curriculum review, professional development and accreditation in engineering education to focus on global issues. They include the Engineering C ouncil, Engineering Subject C entre, Engineering Professors C ouncil, Engineers Without Borders UK and the Development Education Research C entre of the Institute of Education. The purpose of the project was to build the knowledge and understanding of the challenges and prospects for development amongst academic staff and enable them, through embedding global issues in the curriculum, to impart this knowledge and understanding to engineering undergraduates. Key is helping undergraduates to understand that for engineering knowledge to be effective, it must be integrated into the social, economic and institutional aspects of development and that they must join their knowledge with that of other specialists through interdisciplinary approaches. The Global Dimension for Engineering Education programme is nearing completion, but the stakeholders involved will remain in action as advocates of change in the higher education sector. This conference marks a welcome opportunity to look back on the programmes achievements in the last three years, as well as focusing on the future.

PublicationsAn evidence base was required to inform the Global Dimension for Engineering Education programme, so a report was prepared in partnership with the Development Education Research Centre at the Institute of Education. It was based on the knowledge generated through a series of workshops and stakeholder dialogues to better understand the current practice and thinking within engineering higher education about global skills. Global skills equip engineering graduates to negotiate major issues shaping the profession e.g. globalisation, rapid technology advances, climate change and poverty. The publication presents a framework of approaches for embedding global skills into the engineering curriculum and highlights examples from current practice to illustrate these approaches in action. You will find a complimentary reprinted copy of the report included in your delegate conference pack we hope that it provides a useful reference.

Speakers

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Speakers

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Speakers for the dayHost Professor Anthony Finkelstein University College London

Speakers Joanne Beale Katy Liddell, Peter Santamaria-Woods, Robert Frostick, Lorraine Blanks & Rebecca Rabjohns Michael Shaw Professor Robert Kalin WaterAid & C oventry University

C oventry University

Royal University of Phnom Penh David Livingstone Centre for Sustainability - University of Strathclyde

Morning Research Panel Miriam Kennedy Josh Macabuag Angus McBride Faran Mahmood C hristopher Rose Sustainable Low-cost Rickshaw Engineers in Disaster Mitigation Innovative designs and approaches in sanitation when responding to challenging and complex humanitarian contexts in urban areas Using inertial maps for stakeholder mapping - A mini case of RFID rollout Examining the use of anaerobic digestion outputs from human waste in low income countries Imperial College London University College London Oxfam GB University of Cambridge C ranfield University

Afternoon Research Panel Sam Williamson Ashley Grealish C hloe Underdown Jon LearySumanik Victoria Bullen Expandable Modular Pico-Hydro Off-Grid Networks Development of a pay as you go solar home system for rural areas Development of synthetic pit latrine sludge and investigation into the effects of fluidisation Participatory Manufacture of Small Wind Turbines - A C ase Study In Nicaragua Investigation into stabilisation of compressed earth blocks University of Bristol Imperial College London University of Cambridge University of Sheffield Brunel University

Speakers

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Speakers

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Research PanelPapers

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Res earch P anel Paper A uthor: M iriam Kennedy I nstitution: I mperial C ollege L ondon 9


Sustainable Low Cost Rickshaw Miriam KennedyImperial College London

AbstractThis project has the aim of producing a more sustainable low-cost design of rickshaw in comparison to the traditional rickshaws used in Bangladesh and South Asia which is in keeping with the theme of the research conference as sustainable transport. To this aim, I have chosen a simple design to prototype using bamboo and hemp fibre as the main structural materials in order to prove the concept that this versatile and locally sourced material could be used as an alternative to current methods. Stress modelling, testing of the prototype, cost analysis and business model analysis will also be completed as part of the project. To date, the frame is in the process of being built and will be completed by the end of April ready for testing.

IntroductionThis report has been written to present the progress of the project so far including the achievements to date and future work that will be undertaken for submission to EWB-UKs research and learning conference 2013. In keeping with the theme of the conference Going Global: Sustainable Human Development in Engineering Education this project is a master final year project produced for the Imperial College MEng degree with a focus on sustainable transport methods. Project Brief Designing a sustainable, low-cost rickshaw with a focus on: Sustainability, including the use of materials which have been sustainably and locally sourced (within the region of Bangladesh and South Asia) and a focus on a design which can be repaired or recycled A design cost at a suitable level for a labourer in Bangladesh

Project Objectives Research into existing rickshaw designs and recent design improvements made Analysis of areas of the design which could be further improved including sustainability of design Evaluation of local materials which could be used in the design Research into economics of rickshaw manufacturing and business models used Make and test a new rickshaw design C ost analysis of new design

ProgressGathering information The project began in October and since then I have spent a large part of my time on the project collecting information about rickshaws and the environments they are commonly used in. This largely replaces a traditional literature review as there are few academic papers on the subject. The information I have collated can be split into 3 groups:

1. 2. 3.

Rickshaws in general; how they are used, who uses them, where they are used Materials; those used traditionally for rickshaws and materials native to South Asia Designs

Rickshaws in General In order to begin designing a new model of rickshaw, it is important to first understand where it is being targeted. There are over 500,000 rickshaws in use in Dhaka, Bangladesh, of which, only 13% are owned by the rickshaw puller. Elsewhere in Bangladesh there are over 2.5 million rickshaws. 90% of rickshaw drivers come from small villages outside of Dhaka and 58% of them are uneducated. Their average age is 38 years and they earn on average Tk 143 (~1.16) per day, according to a study carried out in 2005. Its clear from this information that the target market is extremely poor and will need a rickshaw that is not only low-cost but also highly reliable with minimal maintenance in order to avoid frequent costs for repairs. The average speed a rickshaw will travel at is 5-12 km/h and, while it travels mostly short distance, a driver can be expected to cycle up to 40 km. Typically, a rickshaw will carry 2-3 passengers or approx. 250 kg freight. In addition to these significant difficulties, a gradient of just 2% or wind speeds of 10 mph will double the power required to maintain speed. Worn tires, rough roads and repeated stopping in busy traffic can increase the power required by 100% (1).Res earch P anel Paper A uthor: M iriam Kennedy I nstitution: I mperial C ollege L ondon 10


Materials Traditionally, rickshaws have had some parts made from wood, but the main frame and supports have been made out of steel. Modern rickshaws are for the most part made from steel or carbon fibre because of its obvious advantages in strength. A large part of this project is to assess the alternative materials that could be used for a rickshaw, which may offer a reduction in weight and a more environmentally friendly rickshaw. This environmental aspect covers both the material itself and how it can be used or processed at the end of its life and if it can be locally and sustainably sourced within the region of South Asia. To this end, I spent some time researching into materials which are native to South Asia; I focussed my search on Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Bhutan. Of the materials I found, the most promising are cotton, rubber, jute (a vegetable fibre), rattan (a reed plant superficially similar to bamboo) and bamboo. According to a national report on bamboo and rattan development in Bangladesh, 90% of the needs of the rural populace for construction, thatching, household articles and fuel wood are served by bamboo and rattan. More than 33 species of bamboo grow naturally in C hittagong, C hittagong hill tracts, C oxs Bazaar, Sylhet and northern Mymensingh(2). Bangladesh is the largest exporter of jute in the world (3). Of these materials native to South Asia, bamboo, rattan and jute are the most promising in terms of use for construction. As well as having comparable strength to composites such as glass fibre(4), bamboo is also extremely versatile; it can be used in its raw form, as a composite or a laminate(5) and is much lighter than steel. Given rattans common use in furniture, it may be ideal for constructing the seat of the rickshaw and jute can be used for lashing together the joints of the frame. Designs Rickshaws are used all over the world and can be seen in many varied traditional designs. However there has been a revival of rickshaws in the west in large cities, particularly in London, LA and New York as a novel way to travel around the city without producing any carbon emissions. It is clear that the modern rickshaw has become considerably more comfortable both for the passenger and the driver and in general and a more robust frame is preferred. To compare the designs I found, I created a comparison table which uses 3 designs and compares them across a range of features. This table can be found in the appendix. To complete the table, I needed to speak directly to the rickshaw manufacturers. I was able to talk directly to the manufacturers for two of the main companies in the UK; MaxPro Ecotaxis and C ycle Maximus. In addition, I have had some email correspondence with a businessman, Tadib Muqtada, who imports rickshaw parts from C hina to be assembled in Bangladesh. Finally, whilst I was visiting Dhaka, I spoke to a local rickshaw business owner who owns 15 rickshaws and has a small workshop, the Takka Mistree Workshop, where they are assembled. As well as this, I was able to speak to a local rickshaw driver and ask about the things he would like to improve his rickshaw. The driver I spoke to was called Abdul Kuddus and he explained to me that he hires a rickshaw every day for 110 Tk (~89p) and makes 400-500 Tk (3.25-4.00) per day. He spoke about how difficult driving a rickshaw all day is because it is heavy and difficult to manoeuvre. He also said that it was difficult to get moving and bad road surfaces made things worse. When I spoke to him, he needed a new tyre but did not have the money for it yet as it would cost him 410 Tk (~3.30). Using this information, combined with the objectives of the project to design something low-cost, lightweight, sustainable and locally sourced, I was able to draw up a Design Specification shown inp.

Res earch P anel Paper A uthor: M iriam Kennedy I nstitution: I mperial C ollege L ondon 11


Aspect

Objective Possibility of adverts or pictures

Criteria Area clear for pictures/adverts or fittings for optional attachment C olourful/patterned design

Aesthetics Appealing aesthetics Good brakes Safety Road safe Safe for passengers Weight Lightweight Large passenger car C omfortable seat Comfort for passenger Space for passenger's belongings C overed seat Robust frame Strength Robust seat Able to carry typical loads Minimise materials and manufacturing costs Minimise maintenance costs Cost Minimise import costs Minimise operating costs Manoeuvrability Sustainability Sustainably sourced materials Long lifetime Impact on environment 'Green' manufacturing methods Low emissions from use Design for use Adaptable for other uses Efficient transmission Ergonomical design Rider Comfort Adjustability C overed/protected seat Ease of manufacture Manufacturing time Readily available spare parts Ease of Maintenance Low frequency of maintenance Reliable Table 1: Design SpecificationRes earch P anel Paper A uthor: M iriam Kennedy I nstitution: I mperial C ollege L ondon

Lights, bell and reflectors included Seatbelts Less than 50kg total 300-400mm space per passenger C ushioned seat area Fittings to carry passenger's bags or storage compartment Option to cover seat Strong frame material Strong seat material Designed to carry 150kg + driver

Going Global - Proceedings 2013

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