Goals of this Unit• To understand the conditions that existed in Great

Britain that allowed for the beginning and development of the Industrial Revolution.

• To identify the social, political and economic changes that were necessitated by the Industrial Revolution.

• To be able to explain the development of new political theories in response to the realities of the Industrial Revolution.

• To recognize the science, technology and cultural responses to the Industrial Revolution.

Introduction• Western Europe and America dominated

globe in 19th century• Individuals improved tools, adopted better

methods• Industrialization brought greater

productivity• Scientists made advances, businesses

discovered new opportunities• Middle classes dominated, controlled

industrialization, economic transformation; benefited from social, legal reforms in France, Britain, U.S.

The British Phase• Changes in agriculture → less people needed

for farming• Demand for more cloth → output increased• “Putting out system” → subcontracting system

– Example: cotton merchant makes contract with village to produce certain amount of cotton

→ →

The Revolution in Making Cloth

• Solving of practical problems in cloth making set pattern for all industrial revolutions

• Practical people solved these practical problems– Through invention (and enhancements

and redesigns)

Key Inventions

• John Kay (1733): the flying shuttle• James Hargreaves (1764): spinning jenny• Richard Arkwright (1769): water frame• Samuel Crompton (1779): water mule• Edmund Cartwright (1785): power loom• Eli Whitney (1793): the cotton gin• James Watt (1775): Perfects steam engine

– Used to make cloth, drive ships, locomotives

• Effects of New Inventions…– More efficient inventions– Increased industrialization– Transition from rural life to urban life

Britain’s Advantages• Sufficient population, hardworking,

inventive• Risk-taking private sector, government

support• Good communications, transportation,

ports, merchant fleet• Flexible, merit-based social structure,

stable society• Bank of England provided money,

financial stability

Britain’s Advantages• Profited from need for industry during

Napoleonic Wars– Continental system… remember?

• Expanded efficiency to iron, steel• “Bessemer process” produced hard,

malleable steel in 1850s– Steel prices drop production soars

• By 1850, Britain produced:– 67% of world’s coal– 50% of world’s iron and cloth

• By 1850, half of British population lived in cities

The Continental Phase• Industrialization and banking changes

across Europe– Eastern, southern Europe more limited– Nobilities, political boundaries, tariff barriers

block growth of industry

Belgium• By 1850, only one to compete with British

– Why?• Belgium had favorable:

– Government policies– Stability– Good transportation

• Other countries and businesses used spies to copy Britain’s secrets

• By 1850, whole continent caught up– New banking systems allow modern investment

banks– Many small investors in new banks rather than a

few great families

The “Zollverein”

• Customs union of German states (1819)– Managed trade and economies

between all German Confederation– Eliminated tolls, tariffs– Stimulated trade, commerce– Germany begins to thrive

The Continental Phase• Euro population grows during era

– 175 million 435 million• Problems with this?

– Thomas Malthus (British economist)• Predicts food supply won’t keep up with pace of population growth

– Malthus didn’t account for…• Improved technology increases production of food

• Why does population grow?– Decline in death rates– Better sanitation– More food– Earlier marriages

Communication and transportation systems vastly improve

• Better roads• New canals

– Bridgewater, Suez, Panama• Railroads linked markets, brought nations

together, carried people efficiently– U.S. transcontinental (1869)– Russian Trans-Siberian (1903)

• Urban rail lines, trolleys, subways• Clipper ships, steamships• Better postal systems, telegraph, telephone,

typewriter

The New Type of Labor

• Labor force went from… – Agrarian work:

• Work 2/3 of year, 8 hours a day• Seasonal, less demanding

• Factory labor– 14 hours a day, 6 days a week, 52

weeks a year– No holidays– Intense, demanding, dangerous

The Factory System• Dangers of factory work:

– Bad lighting– Poor ventilation– Dangerous machines– No safety standards, no health or disability

insurance until late 1800s– No job security

• Owners vs. Workers– Owners hold power, workers only have

power in numbers

Child / Women Labor• Children often worked the worst jobs

– Mills, mines, etc– Smaller size benefits factory and mine owners

• Toughest jobs that can’t be done by adults– Harder for kids to organize and protest

• Women laborers work in factories• More organization led to numerous strikes

and workers’ rights movements• Protested against factory owners for:

– Better wages– Better working conditions– Better hours

Labor Movement• Both men and women protest and strike

– Attack machines as protest– Frustrated skilled craftsman out of work– Peterloo Massacre (1819)

• Combination Acts prohibited worker’s associations– Repealed in 1825– Paved way for unions

• Become stronger throughout 19th century

Poor Urban Conditions• European cities grew massively during Industrial

Revolution• Rapid increase causes many social problems• Political leaders could not keep up with problems

and demands– Factory system dangerous, spread of diseases– Bad health conditions, alcoholism, prostitution– Had to provide security, sanitation services, schools,

housing– Problems could not be fixed for first generation of workers

• Haussmann implements city planning, urban renewal in Paris

• Not until 1900 did most cities start to fix problems

Socialism• System in which the factors of production

are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all

• Industrialization is leading to selfish individualism and is breaking down community– Optimistic view of human nature, a belief in

progress, concern for social justice– Planned Economy – competition is evil– Rich & poor should be more equal– Private property restricted or abolished– Capitalism increases the misery of the working

classes

Ex. Charles Fouray, Henri de Saint-Simon, Robert Owen

Utopian Socialism• Robert Owen (1771-1858)

– Shocked by misery and poverty of working class

– Factory owner who wanted to improve conditions for his workers

– Created a Cooperative Community:• No children under ten could work• Free schooling• Built houses for his workers

Karl Marx and Communism• Karl Marx (1818-1883)

– German economist, philosopher• Meets Friedrich Engels (1820-1895)

– Engels had experience in hardships of factory life– Life-long partnership

• “Communist Manifesto” (1848)• “Das Kapital” (1867)• Problems with Capitalism:

– Factory system exploits the worker – “surplus value”

– Capitalist system leads to greater division in society

Communism (Marxism)• Ideas:

– Economy biggest and recurring force in history– Human societies have always been divided

into warring classes• Based off philosopher Freidrich Hegel’s theory

“haves” (bourgeoisie) vs.

“have nots” (proletariat)

“The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains.

They have the world to win. Workingmen of all countries, unite.”

Marx’s New World Order• Proletariat is much larger and would use its

numbers to revolt• Workers would create a “dictatorship of the

proletariat”• Period of cooperative living and education, then the

state or government would wither away and a classless society would be developed

• This allows for “Communism”– Elimination of private property, all goods and means of

production owned by the community – everyone equal

The Labor Movement• Marx and others create “First

International” in 1864– Large meeting in London of labor activists,

anarchists, German theorists– Unsuccessful due to arguments, too many

different factions• Ferdinand Lassalle forms Social

Democratic political party– Successful in Germany

• France too divided, England had Fabian Society or influence of Christianity

The Labor Movement• The Second International (1889-

1914)– “Golden age of Marxism”– 12 million members, more cohesion

• Goals:– 8 hour workday– Welfare state– Universal suffrage

The Socialist Labor Movement

• Successes: – Strengthened labor unions– Helped workers gain labor and living

improvements• How?

– Sometimes gained some political power in government legislatures

– Sometimes caused fears of a revolution

Isms – Response to Industrialization

• Capitalism– Adam Smith – The Wealth of Nations; Economic liberty guarantees

progress• In Practice? Little to No government intervention…at first

• Liberalism– Freedom of the individual, equal rights for all, fair competition (heavily

supported by the middle-class)• Utilitarianism

– Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill; The Greatest Good for the Greatest Number

• In Practice? Not a very direct road map for legislation but rooted in socialism

• Socialism– System in which the factors of production are owned by the public and

operate for the welfare of all• In Practice? Government involvement of economy through the existing

political structure• Communism

– “The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have the world to win. Workingmen of all countries, unite.”

• In Practice? Overthrow existing structure; Dictatorship leads to no government

Utilitarianism

• Utilitarianism - People should judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of their utility– Jeremy Bentham– The greatest good for the greatest

number– John Stuart Mill led the movement

• Cooperative system of agriculture, women’s rights, reforms in legal and prison systems, education, do away with great wealth differences

Cultural Responses:Romanticism1800-1850Realism 1850-1880

Impressionism 1880-1905

Romanticism - Movement of Revolt

• Heart vs. reason; emotion vs. intellect; mysterious vs. rational; individual vs. set formula; senses and imagination vs. everything else

“the heart has its reasons which reason does not know.”

Romanticism• Varied from country to country; reacts to movements

– Britain: industrial society– France: glory of man and liberty– Germany: promotion of national unification– Spain: reaction against Napoleonic rule

– Artists: Goya, J.M.W. Turner, Constable, Delacroix– Authors: Emily Bronte, Johann Wolfgang von

Goethe, Victor Hugo, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Keats, Shelley

– Composers: Beethoven, Mendelssohn, Chopin, Liszt

Realism• Went against Neo-Classicism and Romanticism• Life as it was – stripped of idealism• Impact of industrialization• Focus on working class

• Reaction to the fluffy, bizarre, and unrealistic Romantic era

• Demonstrated life the way it was• Fit with Marx, Bismarck, and critics of bourgeois society

– Artists: Millet, Courbet, Ford Madox Brown– Writers: Emile Zola, Honore de Balzac, Charles Dickens

Impressionism• Color and light become the subject of

the painting• Free brush strokes• Impacted by development of

photography - daguerrotypes

• Artists: Degas, Manet, Monet, Renoir, Pissaro