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GOAL-LINE TECHNOLOGY
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION IN COMPETITIONS
1Table of contents
Table of contents
Foreword 3
Executive summary 4
1. Goal-line technology 6
1.1 Origins 6
1.2 Challenges for the referee 7
1.3 Developments since 2012 8
1.4 Laws of the Game 8
1.5 FIFA Quality Programme 11
2. Implementation of goal-line technology 14
2.1 Pre-planning 14
2.2 Bidding procedure 15
2.3 Concluding a contract 17
2.4 Installation period 18
2.5 Final installation test and acceptance of the installation 20
2.6 Training of referees 23
2.7 Competitions 24
2.8 Replays of GLT incidents 27
2.9 Use of GLT in competitions 2012-2014 28
3. Questions and answers 30
3.1 Use of GLT in leagues and competitions 30
3.2 Refereeing 30
3.3 Licensingandcertification 31
3.4 Replays on TV and on LED screens in the stadium 32
3Foreword
As guardians of the game, FIFA serves and supports the world of football.
Our mission is to protect its spirit and values, upholding them in the best
way we can. We must embrace change and adapt to the needs and
challenges of the modern game.
Technological aids can help us to meet these challenges, rendering
football more transparent and credible, improving the footballing
experienceforplayers,matchofficialsandfans,andmakingthegame
fairer for all.
Goal-line technology (GLT) is one such aid, the use of which was
approved by The International Football Association Board (The IFAB) in
July 2012 following positive results from an extensive testing of several
different technologies. Since its introduction, GLT has been successfully
implemented at four FIFA events: the FIFA Club World Cups 2012 and
2013, the FIFA Confederations Cup 2013 and most recently on the
biggest stage of all, the 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil™.
A camera-based system was a success in all 64 matches. Besides being
decisive in the awarding of a goal during the match between France and
Honduras,itassistedthematchofficialsinmakingclosecallsonseveral
further occasions.
The success of GLT in Brazil is something we are proud of and I strongly
believethateverynationalleagueandtournamentcouldbenefitfromthe
technology.Restassured,thisisjustabuildingblockandwewillalways
belookingtoimprovewhatwedoandhowwedoitsothatfootball
continues to have the strongest of foundations.
For the Game. For the World.
JérômeValcke
Secretary General
“The success of GLT
in Brazil is something
we are proud of and I
strongly believe that
every national league
and tournament could
benefit from the
technology.”
4 Executive summary
This document serves both as a support for the
implementation of goal-line technology (GLT) in football
competitions and as a comprehensive guide to its
development in recent years. It is therefore aimed mainly
at competition organisers along with any other party
affected by the implementation of goal-line technology.
The recommendations are based on the test phases from
2010 to 2012, FIFA’s GLT Testing Manual 2014 and previous
editions and practical experience gained from the use of
goal-line technology at the 2014 FIFA World Cup™, the FIFA
Confederations Cup 2013 as well as the FIFA Club World
Cups 2012 and 2013. Additional experience from other
competition organisers has been included where available.
The implementation of goal-line technology in football
is based on a four-step procedure for the licensing and
certificationofGLTsystemsandinstallations.Inaddition,the
finalcheckoftheinstalledGLTsystembytherefereebefore
each match completes the quality assurance programme for
goal-line technology.
Thisprocessreflectsthestructureofthisguide,themain
focus of which is on steps three and four of the
above-mentionedlicensingandcertificationprocess,in
which the competition organiser is directly involved. The
experience gained from previous FIFA tournaments is also
included, so that readers will obtain a detailed overview of
thevariouschallengesinvolvedinfulfillingtherequirements
ofacertifiedinstalledGLTsystem.Thethreemainchapters
of this document are therefore structured as follows:
Thefirstchapterprovidesanoverviewofthedevelopment
process of goal-line technology in recent years, The IFAB’s
decision on 5 July 2012 and its subsequent integration into
the Laws of the Game and an explanation of the FIFA Quality
Programme for Goal-Line Technology (including steps one
andtwoofthelicensingandcertificationprocess),together
withtheobligatoryrefereecheckbeforeeachofficialmatch.
The second focuses on steps three and four of the licensing
andcertificationprocessbasedonexperiencefromFIFA
events during the 2012-2014 period. Each section in this
chapter contains general information, experience from FIFA
tournamentsandachecklist.Thelatterservesasaguide
toobtainingacertifiedinstalledGLTsystemandshould
therefore be completed by the competition organiser.
Thefinalchapterprovidesanswerstothemostfrequently
askedquestionsongoal-linetechnologyandits
implementation process. If you have any further questions or
individual requirements, please contact FIFA
Executive summary
Figure 1: licensing procedure and certification process
APPLICANT FIFA FIFALICENSEE
LICENSING PROCEDURE CERTIFICATION PROCESS
REGISTRATION ON FIFA.COM/
QUALITY
ACCEPTANCEOF THE
INSTALLATION
POSITIVE FINALINSTALLATION
TEST
INSTALLATIONFIFALICENCE
AGREEMENT
POSITIVEGLT SYSTEM
TEST
APPLICATION
APPLICANT FIFA FIFALICENSEE
LICENSING PROCEDURE CERTIFICATION PROCESS
REGISTRATION ON FIFA.COM/
QUALITY
ACCEPTANCEOF THE
INSTALLATION
POSITIVE FINALINSTALLATION
TEST
INSTALLATIONFIFALICENCE
AGREEMENT
POSITIVEGLT SYSTEM
TEST
APPLICATION
5Executive summary
The following four icons will guide you through the
document and should simplify understanding of the
licensingandparticularlythecertificationprocedureof
goal-line technology systems.
GLT system test
FIFA licence agreement
installation and testing
registrationonwww.fifa.com/quality
“The IFAB’s decision did not oblige anybody to use goal-line technology. Instead, organisers of leagues and competitions around the world will be able to choose themselves whether or not they wish to install the system.”(FIFA Secretary General Jérôme Valcke, IFAB press conference, 5 July 2012)
While every effort has been made toensure the accuracy of the information and recommendations contained in this document, any party that makes use of any part of this document for the implementation of goal-line technology (“User”) does so at its own risk and FIFA shall have no liability with regard to such use. Any use of this document constitutes acceptance of the terms and conditions of this disclaimer by such User. FIFA may update this document at any time as it deems fit.
6 1. Goal-line technology
1.1 Origins
At its Annual Business Meeting on 20 October 2010, The
IFAB discussed the implications of measurement systems that
are capable of automatically detecting the scoring of a goal
during a football match (so-called goal-line technology or
GLT). Consequently, the IFAB laid down a set of four basic
requirementsaGLTsystemhastofulfil:
• The goal-line technology applies solely to the goal line and
only to determine whether a goal has been scored or not;
• The GLT system must be accurate;
• The indication of whether a goal has been scored must
beimmediateandautomaticallyconfirmedwithinone
second; and
• The indication of whether a goal has been scored will be
communicatedonlytothematchofficials(viathereferee’s
watch, by vibration and visual signal).
After extensive tests carried out in several phases by
independent test institute EMPA (the Swiss Federal
Laboratories for Materials Sciences and Technology) at the
request of FIFA in 2011 and 2012, The IFAB decided to allow
1. Goal-line technology
“… but goal-line technology would have made it 2-2 todayandgivenustheconfidenceandbeliefthatwecould beat the Germans.”(England player Steven Gerrard following the Germany v. England match, 27 June 2010, Daily Telegraph)
Test at the Home of FIFA in Zurich (2010)
Test at Wembley Stadium in London
71. Goal-line technology
the use of goal-line technology on 5 July 2012, providing the
newly established test criteria were met.
1.2 Challenges for the referee
The objective of goal-line technology is not to replace the
roleoftheofficials,butrathertosupportthemintheir
decision-makingduetothespeedofthegameandtheir
positiononthefieldofplay.
One of the challenges for referees is that the human eye
can handle only approximately 16 images per second, which
means the ball needs to be behind the line for at least 60
milliseconds. However, in some cases the ball is only behind
thelineforafewmillisecondsbeforeaplayerkicksitback
oritreboundsbackintothefieldofplay,withtheresult
that the human eye cannot see whether the ball has crossed
the line. The ball can only be detected by the human eye at
aspeedof12km/horless,whereasnowadaysplayersare
abletoshootataspeedofover120km/h(cf.“Thehardest
recorded shot in football – ever”, 14 February 2007, The
Guardian).
Another challenge is the vantage point. When viewed from
certain angles, it is easy to misjudge the ball’s position.
Cameras placed at different angles can mislead viewers
when showing images “proving” whether or not the ball
has crossed the line, which is why only technology dedicated
to evaluating such incidents can support the referee in the
decision-makingprocessandcontributetoafairgame.
Figure 2: one situation, different perceptions
8 1. Goal-line technology
1.3 Developments since 2012
Since the introduction of goal-line technology in 2012, there
has been an update of the requirements manual (in 2014)
and the use of GLT in several hundred matches has shown
an improvement of the technology over time.
The most notable change was the stricter accuracy
requirement in the 2014 edition of the GLT Testing Manual,
which now requires any system to function to a maximum
margin of error of ±1.5cm (compared to ±3cm in the 2012
edition).
The latest tests from the English Premier League for the
2014-2015 season showed an average accuracy of ±3mm
across all stadiums, meaning that the values are well within
the IFAB requirements.
Similar improvements were visible between the FIFA
Confederations Cup 2013 and the FIFA World Cup 2014™,
where the accuracy was also well within the requirements
following further development and more experience with
the systems in the Brazilian stadium environment.
Inadditiontothetechnicalimprovement,positivefeedback
was received from several FIFA committees : Karl-Heinz
Rummenigge congratulated FIFA on behalf of the European
Club Association for the introduction of GLT during the
meeting of the Strategic Committee.
1.4 Laws of the Game
The IFAB Special Meeting at FIFA’s Zurich headquarters on
5 July 2012 certainly lived up to its name, as the so-called
Awareness Technology
Source: 2014 FIFA World Cup Post Event ResearchSource: 2014 FIFA World Cup Post Event Research
78% 95%
95% of those who were aware of GLT agreed that goal-line technology should be used for all elite football matches.
78% of respondents who were interested in football were aware of goal-line technology following the FIFA World Cup™.
91. Goal-line technology
“guardiansofthegame”finallygavethego-aheadforgoal-
line technology to be written into the Laws of the Game.
1.4.1 Amendments to the Laws of the Game
As a consequence of The IFAB’s decision in principle to
approve the use of GLT, the following amendments to the
Laws of the Game were approved:
Law 10 – The Method of Scoring
Goal scored
(…)
Winning team
(…)
Competition rules
(…)
Goal-line technology (GLT)
GLT systems may be used for the purpose of verifying
whether a goal has been scored to support the referee’s
decision. The use of GLT must be stipulated in the
respective competition rules.
Law 10 – The Method of Scoring
(Interpretation of the Laws of the Game)
No goal
(…)
Goal-line technology (GLT)
Principles of GLT
• GLT applies solely to the goal line and only to determine
whether a goal has been scored
• The GLT system must be in accordance with the FIFA
Quality Programme for Goal-Line Technology
• The indication of whether a goal has been scored must
beimmediateandautomaticallyconfirmedwithinone
second
• The indication of whether a goal has been scored will
be communicated by the GLT system only to the match
officials(viathereferee’swatch,byvibrationandvisual
signal)
Requirements and specifications of GLT
If GLT is used in competition matches, the competition
organisers must ensure that the system meets the
requirements set out in the FIFA Quality Programme for
Goal-Line Technology Testing Manual. This manual must
be approved by the International Football Association
Board. An independent testing institute must verify the
accuracy and functionality of the different technology
providers’ systems according to the Testing Manual.
It’sahelp.AndIthinkitmakesthingsbetter.IfitisdecidedtocontinuetouseitIthinkitisgood.
(Argentina player Lionel Messi, FIFA Ballon d’Or 2014 press conference, 12 January 2015)
10 1. Goal-line technology
Law 5 – The Referee
(Decisions of the International F.A. Board)
Decision 1
(…)
Decision 2
(…)
Decision 3
Where goal-line technology (GLT) is used (subject to the respective competition rules), the referee has the duty to test the technology’s functionality before the match. The tests to be performed are set out in the FIFA Quality Programme for Goal-Line Technology Testing Manual. If the technology does not function in accordance with the Testing Manual, the referee must not use the GLT system and must report this incident to the respective authority.
In addition, the members approved the FIFA Quality
Programme for Goal-Line Technology and the associated
TestingManual,layingdownthelicensingandcertification
procedure for GLT. Furthermore, The IFAB approved
the following amendments so that GLT could be used
viainstallationsonthefieldofplay(i.e.goals)orinside
matchballs:
Law 1 – The Field of Play
(Decisions of the International F.A. Board)
Decision 1
(…)
Decision 2
Wheregoal-linetechnology(GLT)isused,modificationsto the goal frame may be allowed. They must be in accordancewiththespecificationsstipulatedintheFIFA Quality Programme for Goal-Line Technology and according to the above description, “Goals”.
Law 2 – The Ball
(Decisions of the International F.A. Board)
Decision 1
(…)
Decision 2
(…)
Decision 3
Where goal-line technology (GLT) is used, balls with integrated technology are allowed, but they must either be “FIFA APPROVED”, “FIFA INSPECTED” or “INTERNATIONAL MATCHBALL STANDARD” (see “Decision 1”).
Ithinkitisafairsolution.Duringthe2010WorldCup,Iwastherewhen England scored a goal and the referee did not recognise it. The referee will no longer harbour any doubts – in or out.
(Germany player Manuel Neuer, FIFA Ballon d’Or 2014 press conference, 12 January 2015)
111. Goal-line technology
1.5 FIFA Quality Programme
In addition to deciding on the principle of goal-line
technology, the Special Meeting of The IFAB in July 2012
finalisedthefour-steplicensingandcertificationprocessfor
allfutureGLTprovidersandtheprocedureforthefinalcheck
by the referee before each match.
Please note that steps one and two of the licensing and
certificationprocessaretheresponsibilityoftheGLT
company. The competition organiser can only select a GLT
system that has been licensed by FIFA for its installations
and is therefore only involved in steps three and four of
this procedure.
In step one, the GLT provider has to meet various
application requirements and the test criteria of the GLT
systemtestasdefinedinthelatestGLTTestingManual.
If the application is successful, FIFA will issue a standard
licence agreement to the company in step two. In step
three, the GLT system is tested again on completion of the
installation.Basedonthesuccessfulfinalinstallationtest,
the competition organiser must accept and approve the
installation.Afterfinalapprovalofthesubmitteddocuments
by FIFA, the installation is awarded the FIFA Quality PRO seal
in step fourofthelicensingandcertificationprocess.
Licensing procedure and certification process
1.5.1 Licensing procedure (steps 1 and 2)
Step 1a: application
Providers of GLT systems are invited to apply
for the FIFA licence. In order to guarantee a
high level of quality for the end user, GLT
providers must prove that they meet certain
requirements in terms of system production, business
management and social responsibility. These requirements are
definedintheapplicationdocumentonwww.fifa.com/quality.
Step 1b: GLT system test
The GLT product must pass the GLT system test that is
carried out by a FIFA-accredited test institute. These intensive
tests are applied to the GLT system to assess its functionality,
accuracyandwearandtearinthelaboratory,onthefield
and in simulated real-game situations.
Step 2: FIFA licence
Following successful application and the GLT
system test, the provider will become a
licensee under the FIFA Quality Programme
for Goal-Line Technology upon signature by
both parties to the agreement. The provider is then
permitted to install its GLT system in any stadium worldwide
foruseinofficialmatches.ThenameoftheGLTprovideras
a licensee and the system will be publicly accessible on
www.fifa.com/quality.
APPLICANT FIFA FIFALICENSEE
LICENSING PROCEDURE CERTIFICATION PROCESS
REGISTRATION ON FIFA.COM/
QUALITY
ACCEPTANCEOF THE
INSTALLATION
POSITIVE FINALINSTALLATION
TEST
INSTALLATIONFIFALICENCE
AGREEMENT
POSITIVEGLT SYSTEM
TEST
APPLICATION
APPLICANT FIFA FIFALICENSEE
LICENSING PROCEDURE CERTIFICATION PROCESS
REGISTRATION ON FIFA.COM/
QUALITY
ACCEPTANCEOF THE
INSTALLATION
POSITIVE FINALINSTALLATION
TEST
INSTALLATIONFIFALICENCE
AGREEMENT
POSITIVEGLT SYSTEM
TEST
APPLICATION
12 1. Goal-line technology
1.5.2Certificationprocess(steps3and4)
Step 3a: installation of the system
The FIFA licence authorises the GLT provider
to install the GLT system anywhere in the
world. The GLT provider must ensure that the
end user is properly informed about the
technology and how to operate and maintain the system
and provide each end user with a maintenance guide. It
must also provide the end user with a warranty of at least
two years for its GLT system.
Step3b:finalinstallationtest
On completion of installation and in order to be allowed
tousetheinstalledGLTsysteminofficialmatches,each
individual GLT system must be tested again by a FIFA-
accreditedtestinstituteoratestinstitutethatiscertified
toISO17025forgoal-linetechnologytests.ThefinalGLT
installationtestisamodifiedversionoftheGLTsystemtest,
the aim being to test the functionality of each GLT system
following installation.
Step 3c: acceptance of the installation
Theinstallationandresultsofthefinalinstallationtest
must be accepted by the GLT provider’s customer (e.g.
competition organiser, stadium owner, club, etc.) using
FIFA’sstandardacceptanceandacknowledgementform.The
signeddocumentmustthenbesubmittedtoFIFAforfinal
approval and sign-off.
Step4:FIFAQUALITYcertification
OnfinalapprovalofthedocumentsbyFIFA,
the installation is awarded the FIFA QUALITY
sealandlistedonwww.fifa.com/quality.The
GLTsystemcannowbeusedinofficial
matches/competitionsforaperiodof12monthsandmust
then be re-tested annually.
1.5.3 Final check by the referee before each match
TheIFABhaveclarifiedthereferee’spositionintheLawsof
theGame(Law5)bystatingthatmatchofficialscanuse
the GLT system to support their decision provided they are
convinced of its functionality, for which appropriate tests
shall be carried out before the match.
Thematchofficialsareobligedtocheckthefunctionalityof
theGLTsystembymeansofspecifictestsbeforeitisused
prior to each match. If the tests do not satisfy the referee
Goal equipped with goal-line technology at Yokohama
International Stadium.
131. Goal-line technology
(i.e. the technology fails one or more tests), he must decide
not to use the GLT system for the relevant match. Prior to
kick-off,thestadiumoperator,club,competitionorganiser
(as appropriate) or GLT provider must hand over the
matchballsandsixreferees’watchestothematchofficials
forthefinalcheckandthedecisionontheuseofthe
installed GLT system.
The stadium operator must be informed immediately by the
referee once the decision has been made as to whether the
GLT system will be used or not in a match. Furthermore,
afterthefinalwhistle,thematchofficialsareobligedto
inform the organiser of the competition if the GLT system
was used during the entire match and whether it functioned
properly or its use was rejected by the referee during the
match. Detailed information on this procedure can be found
intheTestingManual2014onwww.fifa.com/quality.
FIFA referee Peter O’Leary (NZL) performing the final check of the system.
14 2. Implementation of goal-line technology
Creating a comprehensive project plan is crucial to successful
implementation of GLT in a competition. All the parties
involved in the organisation of a competition in which
goal-line technology is to be used should therefore be
included in an initial meeting before a detailed project plan
can be developed by the relevant department. Based on
the experience of the FIFA tournaments, FIFA recommends
arrangingakick-offmeetingasastartingpointtodiscuss
thefollowingpointswiththerelevantpeopleandmakinga
decision only after all the information has been gathered.
2.1 Pre-planning
Asafirststep,thecompetitionorganisershoulddiscuss
the needs and opinions of the competition members
2. Implementation of goal-line technology
concerning goal-line technology. After performing a cost-
benefitanalysisforthisproject,itisrecommendedthatthe
organiser discusses and answers basic questions on the
implementation of GLT for the competition in question.
These will help determine the required resources including
staff that will be needed before and during the competition.
After deciding on the combination of these different options
(many different permutations are possible), a legal basis
must be established for the use of goal-line technology. As
definedintheLawsoftheGame,theuseofGLTmustbe
stipulated in the respective competition rules (Law 10 – The
Method of Scoring).
It is also essential that a budget is allocated not only for the
installation of the technology but also for the running costs
Figure 3: initial questions to be answered by the competition organiser
OPTION 1 OPTION 2 OPTION 3 OPTION 4
General Allow GLT use Do not allow GLT use
System All stadiums must have
the same system
All stadiums must have
the same system
Stadiums may use a
system. If they do, it
must be the same.
Stadiums may use a
system and are free to
select it
Ownership/finance System is purchased by
stadium owner
Systemisfinanced
(lease/purchase)by
competition organiser
Systemisleased/
purchased by the club
Ownership is irrelevant
as long as there is a
system in place
Maintenance Centrally organised
and administered by
competition organiser
Individual organised
for each installation
Supervised by the
competition organiser
Application in
competiton
All competition
matches to use GLT
GLT need not be used
in all games (possible
introduction during
competition)
Individual schedule
dependingonspecifics
of competition
Replays of goal-line
incidents
No replays allowed Replays accepted only
on TV
Replays only accepted
on LED screens in the
stadium
Replays accepted on
TV and LED screens in
the stadium
152. Implementation of goal-line technology
of the system once installed. This cost calculation should be
basedonmarketinformationandincludethefollowingasa
minimum:
Figure 4: cost calculation
1. Site inspection with GLT provider(s)
2. SelectedGLTsystem(rent/purchase)
3. Installation of system (temporary/permanentinstallation)
4. Final installation test by an independent test institute
5. Travel and accommodation
6. Personnel costs (dedicated staff)
7. Education of referees (regular training sessions)
8. Operation by GLT provider during competition
9. Maintenance of GLT system by GLT provider
10. Annual testing of GLT system by independent test institute
11. Other costs (depending on the type of competition)
12. Development of replays (if applicable)
The above-mentioned points should be discussed in an
initial meeting with all involved parties and result in a
comprehensive project plan including a timetable, action
pointsandresponsibilities.Thefinalversionofthisdocument
will represent the guideline for the implementation of goal-
line technology in the competition. It should be available
for all involved parties and regularly updated by the relevant
person/department.
Figure 5:stakeholdersinGLT
1. Department in charge of organising and running the competition
2. Proposed overall project manager
3. Refereeing department
4. Legal department for regulations and contracts
5. Finance department in charge of budgets
6. TV/Broadcastingdepartmentregardingreplays (if applicable)
7. Media department
FIFA competitions: pre-planning
FIFA normally starts the preparation phase for GLT at least
six months before a small tournament (16 matches or less)
and up to 12 months ahead of a major tournament. All
stakeholdersofthecompetitionwhowouldbeaffected
by goal-line technology are involved in the implementation
process and receive regular updates. A project plan is
developed with clear action points, a timetable and
dedicated responsibilities.
Figure 6:pre-planningchecklist
Identify the needs and requirements of the competition
stakeholdersregardingGLT
Draft a cost calculation and identify the necessary
budget
Create the project plan with action points, timetable
and responsibilities
2.2 Bidding procedure
In order to obtain the desired quality and service at the best
price, a tender process is highly recommended. The more
detailed the tender document and the earlier it is made
available,thehigherthelikelihoodofshorternegotiations
and avoiding unnecessarily high logistics costs. Such details
may include required insurance policies, restrictions on
workinginstadiums,customsandimportdutiesorpower
supply in the stadiums. By being aware of the existing GLT
technologiesonthemarketandtheirrequirements(stadium,
infrastructure, matchballs, goals and general logistics), the
competition organiser can pre-empt many issues when
drafting the tender document.
16 2. Implementation of goal-line technology
Figure 7: content of tender for goal-line technology
1. Project overview
–Objectives of the implementation
–Competition stadiums (technical drawings)
–Time frame for installation and tests
2. Project requirements
–Terms and conditions of tournament organiser
–Technical requirements for the GLT system
–Duration of the provision
–Details of competition venues
3. Service requirements
–Provision of the GLT system
–Shipment of the GLT system
– Installation and dismantling (if applicable) of the GLT
system
–Operation of the GLT system
–Maintenance and storage of the GLT system
–Provision of replays to be broadcast (if applicable)
–Projectmanagementandstaffingduringtheentire
process
4. Detailed information on the tender procedure
–Date for submission of offers
– Form of tender (language, structure, content)
–Costs which have to be included in the bid (including
taxes, customs etc.)
–Dates for potential visits or site inspections
–Schedule of the tender process
5. Installation and operational requirements of the GLT provider
6. Legal basis for the tender
It is strongly recommended to have the GLT provider(s)
visit the sites before concluding any agreement in order to
ensure that a) the technology can be installed at all the given
stadiums and b) that the submitted costs do in fact cover
alleventualities.Skippingthisstepmayleadtoadditional
unforeseen problems, which may in turn produce added
costs or delays.
Figure 8: recommended agenda of site inspection
1. Explanation of GLT system to stadium management by GLT provider
2. Identificationofnecessaryworksandagreementonfeasibility
3. Agreement on installation details (timeline, access requirements,workingrequirements)
4. Agreement on lines of communication between competition organiser, GLT provider and stadium management
5. Minutes of all the agreed points
Following the site inspection, the GLT provider should
amend its offer to incorporate any changes relating to the
infrastructureandsubmitafinalandbindingoffertothe
competition organiser. This document should be the basis
for decision and the agreement to be signed by both parties.
Hawk-Eye camera
172. Implementation of goal-line technology
FIFA Confederations Cup 2013: bidding procedure
FIFA launched a tender process for the delivery of the
FIFA Confederations Cup 2013 at the beginning of 2013.
All four licensed providers were invited to submit initial
proposals based on the requirements set by FIFA and the
Local Organising Committee (LOC). A site inspection tour
ofthesixvenuestookplaceinMarch2013,afterwhichall
participatingprovidershadoneweektoamendandfinalise
their offer including cost, project plans and timelines for
installation. It is worth noting that some stadiums were
under construction, which led to uncertainties in terms
of timelines or processes. In such cases, it is important to
determine who is responsible for such changes.
Figure 9:biddingprocedurechecklist
Consultwww.fifa.com/qualityforalllicensedprovidersand obtain a basic understanding of the providers’ systems
Gather detailed information about the competition stadiums/matchballsandanyotherrelevantdetails
Draft and issue a tender document with all available information
Organise a site inspection tour with the participating companies
Comparethesubmittedbidsandfinalinstallationdocuments
Makeadecisionbasedontheindividualneedsofthecompetition organiser
2.3 Concluding a contract
After the GLT provider has been selected, an agreement
must be drafted for the provision and installation of the GLT
system and related services, such as the operation of the GLT
system (if applicable). It is recommended that the following
points are part of the agreement. By including non-sensitive
information in the tender document, lengthy negotiations
can be pre-empted at this point of the process:
Figure 10: project agreement – consideration of legal points
1. Appointment of contractor
2. Fees
3. Provision, delivery and operation of GLT system
4. Quality of GLT system (essentially, each GLT installation mustpassthefinalinstallationtest)
5. Intellectual property rights
6. Useofthecompetitionorganiser’strademark
7. Warranties and representations
8. Confidentiality
9. Termination
10. Liability
11. Insurance
12. Security
GoalControl camera and view of control room
18 2. Implementation of goal-line technology
FIFA Confederations Cup 2013: concluding a contract
The project agreement signed by FIFA and GoalControl
was based on the proposal submitted by the provider. The
agreement covered all foreseeable costs and was concluded
before the beginning of the installation period in April 2013.
With responsibilities for both sides thus contractually agreed,
both sides were aware of the required services and timelines.
Figure 11:checklistforconcludingacontract
Draftanagreementthatreflectsthetermsagreedwiththe GLT provider
Discuss legal aspects that are important from an internal perspective in detail (please see above)
Consider worst-case scenarios when drafting the agreement
2.4 Installation period
One of the most sensitive points during this
phase of the project is determining a joint
schedulefortheinstallationandfinaltestof
the goal-line technology systems. All parties
in this process (competition organiser, GLT provider, stadium
management) should therefore agree on the dates when the
company will be allowed access to the stadium(s) to install
its system(s), especially those dates when it is allowed to
enterthefieldofplay.
Please note that GLT providers calibrate and test their
systemsduringdaylightandusingfloodlights.Ifspecial
permissionisrequiredtousefloodlightsatthestadium
on non-matchdays, it should be provided from the
beginning of the installation period.
The following points should be completed before the
relevant GLT provider arrives at the stadium concerned for
the installation of its system:
Figure 12: clarificationbeforearrivaloftheGLTprovider at the stadium
1. Determine a joint schedule for access to the stadium andthefieldofplay
2. Prepare accreditation for the GLT provider (if needed)
3. Provide a list of stadium management contacts with telephone numbers
4. Clarify details of shipment receipt, storage and logistics on site
5. Ensuretheagreedrequirementshavebeenfulfilledbyall three parties
6. DefinedateswhentheGLTprovidercanspeaktolocalexperts about technical matters (e.g. cabling, camera installations, power supply, set-up of LED boards, etc.)
Itisessentialthatstadiummanagementworkscloselywith
the goal-line technology provider, with regular updates
during the installation period. If there are language
differences, it is recommended to have an interpreter on site
for the update meetings or special requests.
GoalRef installation
192. Implementation of goal-line technology
FIFA Club World Cup 2012: installation period
Between October and November 2012, the GLT providers
began the installation of their systems in the two stadiums
used for the FIFA Club World Cup in Japan. In close
cooperation with the Japan Football Association (JFA),
the Local Organising Committee and the local stadium
management,Hawk-Eyeinstalleditssysteminthe
ToyotaStadium(15 October–28 November)andGoalRef
intheYokohamaInternationalStadium(19 November
–2 December).
Figure 13:installationperiodchecklist
Determine a schedule for access to the stadium and thefieldofplay
Askforspecialpermissiontousefloodlightson non-matchdays (if needed)
Prepare the competition stadiums (stadium management) for the installation period
Monitor the progress of the installation and update the project plan
GoalRef antenna behind the goal
Hawk-Eye control room
20 2. Implementation of goal-line technology
2.5 Final installation test and acceptance of the installation
As stated in the Laws of the Game (cf. 1.2.2),
afinalinstallationtestmustbeperformed
before the referee can use the system in a
competition.ThefinalinstallationofaGLT
systemhastopasstherequirementswhicharedefinedin
thelatesteditionofthetestingmanual(www.fifa.com/
quality) and meet the approval of the competition organiser
beforeitcanbecertifiedbyFIFA.Forthisprocedure,theGLT
provider will hand over the FIFA acceptance and
acknowledgementformtothecompetitionorganiserforthe
appropriatesignature.Theresultsofthefinaltestshouldbe
made available by the test institute to the competition
organiser before approval of the installation.
Pleasenotethatonlypositivetestresultsofthefinal
installation test can be approved by the competition
organiser.
Alistofaccreditedtestinstitutesforfinalinstallationtestsis
availableonwww.fifa.com/quality.Shouldthecompetition
organiser wish to use a different (for example local) test
institute, a comprehensive training and accreditation session
can be organised (at the cost of the test institute to be
accredited).Suchproceduresmay,however,takesometime
andshouldthereforebenotifiedtoFIFAwellinadvance.
Final installation test – goalkeeper test
212. Implementation of goal-line technology
On approval by the competition organiser, the
document is submitted by the GLT provider
toFIFAforafinalcheckofthedocuments
andcertificationoftheinstallation.Finally,the
stadiumwiththecertifiedinstallationwillappearonFIFA’s
websitewww.fifa.com/quality.OnlythenmaytheGLT
installationbeusedinofficialmatchesforaperiodof
12 months in the stadium in question.
2014FIFAWorldCup™:finalinstallationtestand
acceptance of the installation
All 12 stadiums of the 2014 FIFA World Cup™ had to be
tested prior to the tournament. Following a tender process
with all of the accredited test institutes, FIFA appointed
Labosport Ltd to test the competition stadiums. Due to
the additional logistics of certain stadiums being under
construction, a decision was made to test the stadiums
that had been used earlier at the FIFA Confederations Cup
Final installation test – dropping a plumb to define the goal line
(March 2014) and the newly-built venues for the FIFA World
Cup™ closer to the tournament (May 2014). Following this,
allvenueswerecertifiedforthetournamentperiodstarting
in June 2014.
Figure 14: checklistforfinalinstallationtestandacceptance of the installation
Selectanindependenttestinstituteforthefinalinstallation test (contract needed)
Agreeonascheduleforthefinalinstallationtestswith the test institute, GLT provider and stadium management
Prepare the competition stadiums (stadium management)forthefinaltest
Approvethefinalinstallationbasedonpositivetestresults
Submit the signed FIFA acceptance and acknowledgementformtotheGLTprovider
CheckwhethertheinstallationappearsonFIFA.combefore the start of the competition
22 2. Implementation of goal-line technology
Figure 15: FIFA acceptance and acknowledgement form
232. Implementation of goal-line technology
2.6 Training of referees
It is essential that referees who are not familiar with goal-
line technology systems experience the system before using
it during a match. FIFA recommends having a dedicated
training session comprising theoretical and practical sessions
on the pitch at one of the venues where the system is
installedinordertogetafeelforthesystemfirsthand.
Figure 16: training session on goal-line technology
1. Explain why goal-line technology supports referees (vantage points!)
2. Present the installed GLT system
3. Demonstrate the accuracy of the system
4. Explain the referee’s watch in detail
5. Handoverarefereechecklistfortheobligatoryrefereecheck
6. Providetrainingintherefereecheckforallparticipatingreferees
7. Explain the procedure should the watch malfunction during a match
8. AskforfeedbackonthefunctionalityoftheGLTsystemafter each match
9. Questions and answers after the training session
Goal-line technology training session
2014 FIFA World Cup™: education of referees
Toensurethatallmatchofficialswerecomfortablewiththe
new technology and to explain the new procedure in more
detail,allrefereeteamstookpartinaGLTtrainingsession
24 2. Implementation of goal-line technology
“It was important that we had the training session before the tournament to show the referees the accuracy of the system and that they could rely on the new technology.”
(FIFA Head of Refereeing Massimo Busacca,
16 December 2012)
attheMaracanãStadiumafewdaysbeforethefirstmatch
kickedoff.Thegeneralfunctionalityandaccuracyofthe
systemsandinparticularthemandatoryrefereecheckwere
important parts of this training.
Figure 17:checklistforeducationofreferees
Organise referee training sessions before the use of goal-line technology
Distributearefereechecklisttoallrefereesinthecompetition
DefineaprocedureincasetheGLTsystemmalfunctions during a match
Analysethereferees’feedbackongoal-linetechnology(information stream)
2.7 Competitions
For the integration of goal-line technology in the match
procedure,itisessentialtoworkcloselywiththepeoplewho
are responsible for the tournament organisation. Depending
on the type of competition and matchday operations during
the competition, different aspects come into play. For the
Goal-line technology training session
252. Implementation of goal-line technology
Figure 18: official match report: match no. 10 – referee feedback on goal-line technology check
26 2. Implementation of goal-line technology
FIFA tournaments at which GLT had been deployed so far,
the FIFA Competitions Department, the FIFA Refereeing
Department and the broadcaster were involved and the
following challenges were discussed:
Figure 19: touchpoints with the tournament organisation
1. Inform the participating teams in advance on the use of goal-line technology
2. Provideteamswiththemodifiedballsinadvancefortraining purposes (only if GLT is inside the ball)
3. Determine a match countdown for goal-line technology as well as communication channels on matchdays
4. Double-checkthedeliveryofreplaysofgoal-lineincidents to the competition broadcaster (if any visualisation of replays is desired)
5. Include the GLT match countdown in the overall match countdown
6. Carry out a functionality test of the GLT system before thematchstarts(threetofivehoursbeforekick-off)
7. Hand over the referees’ watches, matchballs and refereechecklisttotherefereeteamwhentheyarriveat the stadium
8. Wait for the green light by the referees after the refereecheck
9. Stayincontactwiththefourthofficialduringthematch in case of any problems with the system
10. Receivethereferees’watchesandfeedbackafterthematch
11. Return the referees’ watches to the GLT provider
12. ObtainfeedbackfromtheGLTproviderabouttheperformance of the system during the match
The adopted match countdown should include the
procedurefortherefereecheck,whichwasdefinedin
the GLT Testing Manual 2014 (p. 44) and approved by
TheIFAB.Thecheckbytherefereeteamcanbecarried
out earlier than proposed in the GLT Testing Manual, but the
information on the use of GLT from the referee team should
be submitted to the competition organiser no later than 45
minutesbeforekick-off.
COUNTDOWN MATCH 2 FIFA CLUB WORLD CUP 2012
10.00 Team meeting GLT staff
10.30 Meeting with GLT provider
11.00 Functionality test on both goals by competition
organiser
14.15 Arrival of referee at the stadium
14.15 Handoverofofficialmatchballsandreferees’
watches to referee team
14.20 Checksbytherefereeteam
14.30 Information from referee team to competition
organiser (use or not to use)
16.00 Kick-offofMATCH2
17.45 Final whistle of MATCH 2
18.45 Return of referees’ watches to GLT provider
19.00 Feedbackbyrefereeteamtocompetition
organiser
19.45 FeedbackbyGLTprovidertocompetition
organiser
Figure 20: example from the FIFA Club World Cup Japan
2012
2014 FIFA World Cup™: competition
FIFA has a General Coordinator for its tournaments, who
is in charge of all competition matters at the venue. It was
thereforeimportanttofirstandforemostinformtheGeneral
Coordinator of the requirements and procedures relating to
goal-line technology. At the FIFA World Cup™, FIFA also had
a GLT manager on site to coordinate all matters relating to
the implementation of goal-line technology. This included
providingthematchofficialswiththewatches,assistingwith
272. Implementation of goal-line technology
thepre-matchchecksandactingasaliaisonbetweenthe
broadcaster and the General Coordinator in the event of any
issues.Duringall64matches,thesystemworkedwelland
there were no operational issues.
Figure 21:checklistforimplementationinthecompetition
Draft a GLT match countdown
Carry out a functionality test of the GLT system before each match
Hand over the referees’ watches, matchballs and refereechecklisttoreferees
Monitortherefereecheckbeforethematch
Monitor the performance of the GLT system during the match
Return the referees’ watches to the GLT provider
AnalysefeedbackfromtheGLTproviderandrefereeteam
2.8 Replays of GLT incidents
In addition to the use of GLT as a tool for the referee,
there has been increased demand to use the information
generatedbythesystemtoprovidevisualconfirmationofa
“When the ball went into the goal, we couldn’t be sure that it had in fact gone in. But my watch beeped. At that moment, we were not only creating history but also corroborating the result of the match. It was great to be part of it.”(FIFA referee Sandro Ricci (BRA) on the France v. Honduras FIFA World Cup™ match,
15 June 2014)
goal-line incident for spectators. As in other sports, this can
bedonethroughreplaysand/oranimationsoftheparticular
scene in question.
The fundamental decision regarding whether or not to use
or allow replays rests solely with the competition organiser.
Replays are not part of the GLT system and as such not
compulsory when using such a technological aid. Should
the tournament organiser allow replays to be shown,
several aspects must be considered:
Figure 22:checklistforGLTreplays
Include the competition organiser, the broadcaster and the GLT provider in the process
Clearlydefinethetechnicalset-upincludingtherequirements for the GLT provider, the broadcaster, the interfaces and the communication channels
Agree on the design of the replays (real image, animation, sequences, etc.) and who will bear the production costs
Clarify compatibility with broadcasting laws (especially in relation to commercial content or sponsorship)
Decide on when and where replays are to be shown (TV feed, stadium screens, etc.)
28 2. Implementation of goal-line technology
2.9 Use of GLT in competitions 2012-2014
Bythetimethe2014WorldCupkickedoff,goal-line
technology had been used in more than 550 competitive
matches. FIFA has made use of goal-line technology in four
of its tournaments to date (FIFA Club World Cup 2012, FIFA
Confederations Cup 2013, FIFA Club World Cup 2013 and
2014 FIFA World Cup™); in England, the so-called “goal
decision system” has been in use in the Premier League, cup
competitions and play-off matches as well as in international
matches involving the England team played at Wembley
Stadium. GLT has also been used in the Netherlands in the
Eredivisie and cup matches as part of a refereeing project
in the 2013-2014 season and during a youth tournament
(Copa Amsterdam) in 2013. Below is a summary of the
providers and the number of incidents.
In the 2012-2014 period, the GLT system was called into
action in more than 5% of the matches in which it was
used, or one incident per two matchdays in a standard
league. Besides being a vital support to the referee, the
systems have been able to demonstrate to the wider public
by means of replays that the correct call was made in close
decisions.
Tournament Country Provider GLT uses
FIFA Club World Cup 2012 Japan Hawk-Eye&GoalRef No incidents
FIFA Confederations Cup 2013 Brazil GoalControl No incidents
FIFA Club World Cup 2013 Morocco GoalControl 1 incident
2014 FIFA World Cup™ Brazil GoalControl 3 decisive incidents, 10 replays shown
English Premier League 2013-14 England Hawk-Eye 21 incidents
English cups 2013-14 England Hawk-Eye 1 incident
International matches 2013-14 England Hawk-Eye No incidents
Eredivisie 2013-14 Netherlands Hawk-Eye 1 incident
Copa Amsterdam 2013 Netherlands GoalRef No incidents
Figure 22: Use of goal-line technology in competitive matches 2012-2014
GLT incident during the 2014 FIFA World Cup™ –
match 10: France v. Honduras
292. Implementation of goal-line technology
My colleagues and I received the information from the watch almost immediately, so we had no doubt in allowing the goal, which did notproduceanykindofcontroversiesandcomplaintsfromtheplayers.IthinktheuseofGLTishelpfulforourworkandhashelpedusalottomaketherightdecisioninaverycomplex and crucial situation.
(FIFA referee Enrique Osses (CHL) on the Italy v. Costa Rica FIFA World Cup™ match,
20 June 2014)
GLT incident during the 2014 FIFA World Cup™ – match 24: Italy v. Costa Rica
30 3. Questions and answers
3.1 Use of GLT in leagues and competitions
Must a system be used for a whole season, or can it
be utilised as soon as it is installed?
This is entirely up to the competition organiser and one
ofthefirstthingstodefinewhenintegratinggoal-line
technology into a competition.
UEFA have chosen to use additional assistant referees
(AARs) in some of their competitions. Isn’t that easier,
more “human” and cheaper?
The IFAB has approved GLT and AARs, and it is up to
the respective confederations, member associations and
competition organisers to decide. For FIFA, based on
feedbackfromthetestinstitutes,weunderstandthat
for the critical situations when the ball is a fraction of a
centimetre behind the goal line, the human eye is not able
to clearly detect whether a goal has been scored or not.
Therefore, FIFA believes that GLT is the best possible support
for the referee, which is critical. That said, it is up to the
competition organiser to decide whether or not to use AARs
or not, whether in combination with GLT or otherwise.
How much does it cost to use GLT per stadium/
match?
There are many licensees, all of whom meet the
requirements set forth by The IFAB, that currently offer GLT
systems and therefore price their products in accordance
with normal economic mechanisms. Furthermore, there are
manyfactorsthatmayhaveasignificantinfluenceonthe
offers negotiated with the competition organisers:
- Type of competition (league or cup)
- Number of competition stadiums and matches played
- Complexity of installation, depending on the infrastructure
-Typeoftechnology(camera-basedv.magneticfield-based)
-Localfees/taxes/transportationcosts
3.2 Refereeing
Does the referee have to use the technology?
AsdefinedbyTheIFABintheLawsoftheGame,thereferee
can use the technology provided he or she is convinced of its
functionality, for which appropriate tests shall be carried out
before the match. However, the referee can disregard the
information provided by the watch during a match, if he or
sheiscertainthewatch/systemisn’tworkingproperly.
How can a referee check the functionality of the GLT
system?
Therefereeandhisorherteamareobligedtocheckthe
functionality of the technology before each match by
applyingtherefereecheck.Iftherefereecheckdoesnot
satisfy the referee (i.e. the technology fails one or more tests),
the referee must reject the use of the GLT system for the
relevant match. The decision must be made no later than 45
minutesbeforekick-off.Insuchcases,theorganiserofthe
competition must be informed accordingly of the decision.
How does the referee receive the information?
The indication of whether a goal has been scored is
immediatelyandautomaticallyconfirmedwithinonesecondto
the referee’s watch by means of vibration and a visual signal.
Thiswatchisusedspecificallyasanaidforjudgingwhether
the ball has fully crossed the line and is worn in addition to the
watch used by the referee to control the timing of the match.
What happens if a system malfunctions during the
game?Whatdoofficialsdothen?
The technical requirements of FIFA’s Quality Programme
for Goal-Line Technology are very strict. The GLT should
workproperlyduringeachmatch.Shouldtherebeafailure
of the relevant GLT system, the referee should report this
immediately to the appropriate authority, who in turn should
inform all relevant parties including the teams.
3. Questions and answers
313. Questions and answers
3.3 Licensingandcertification
How good are GLT systems licensed under the FIFA
Quality Programme for Goal-Line Technology?
AllofficiallylicensedGLTsystemsaresubjectedtoastrict
regime of tests. The GLT system test comprises an extensive
testonthefield,intrainingsessionsandinthelaboratory.
Furthermore, after a prototype has passed the GLT system
test, every installation is subject to another set of tests, the
finalinstallationtest,whichensuresthattheinstallation
concerned meets the same quality requirements for which
it was tested under the GLT system test. Thus before being
used during a given match, the installed system has been
tested in hundreds of situations and scenarios to ensure that
itworksinallconditions.
How soon can other companies be tested/potentially
come onto the market?
Any provider of goal-line technology systems can apply for
the FIFA licence. One of the crucial application criteria is
to pass the GLT system test that is carried out by a FIFA-
accreditedtestinstitute(currentlyEMPA)andthattakes
around four months. It does not matter which technology
the system is based on (e.g. camera-based as opposed to
technology in the ball) as long as the test criteria of the GLT
systemtest,whicharedefinedintheGLTTestingManual
2014, are passed. Detailed information about the application
process and requirements can be found on
www.fifa.com/quality.
Technology develops quickly. Will companies have to
submit to re-testing if their systems change?
AssoonasanysignificantchangestotheGLTsystemhave
been made, the entire system has to be re-tested. The GLT
licensee must inform FIFA immediately about any changes
to its licensed GLT system before installation. FIFA reserves
the right to decide, at its sole discretion, whether the entire
GLT system or certain elements of it should undergo the GLT
system test once again.
Howlongisalicence/certificationvalid?
The FIFA licensing agreement with the GLT licensee is valid
for two years and can be renewed after this period, whereas
the GLT installation has to be re-tested every year. It is
GLT incident during the 2014 FIFA World Cup™ – match 62: Netherlands v. Argentina
32 3. Questions and answers
importanttounderstandthatthecertificationperiodof
a GLT installation is separate from the licensing period
ofaGLTprovider,i.e.thecertificationtermofaGLT
installation may be valid beyond the term of the licence
agreement between FIFA and the GLT licensee. In this
regard, the GLT licensee or its customer can request a
re-test of the GLT installation in a stadium.
How often do the systems need maintaining and by
whom?
The maintenance frequency of a GLT system in a football
stadium depends on the technology. It is an obligation of
the provider of goal-line technology systems to provide a
detailed maintenance guide and appropriate maintenance
equipment and to carry out a maintenance training
sessionforitscustomer/stadiumoperator.Anotheroption
is for the entire maintenance process to be carried out
by the GLT provider on a regular basis. This must be
stipulated in the agreement between the GLT provider
and its customer.
How many test institutes are accredited?
Due to the expansion of GLT and its increasing
demand among tournament organisers, there are now
four independent test institutes that have obtained
accreditationtoconductthefinalinstallationtests.
3.4 Replays on TV and on LED screens in the stadium
Is it permitted to show replays on TV or in the stadium?
Yes, it is permitted, but the decision of whether or not
to allow it rests with the competition organiser. The
question of whether and how replays are shown on TV or
onanLEDscreeninastadiumshouldbeoneofthefirst
discussion points when starting the implementation of
goal-line technology in a competition. FIFA recommends
involving referees in this discussion as well, due to the
fact that the main objective of GLT is to support and
protect the referee.
President: Joseph S. Blatter
SecretaryGeneral: JérômeValcke
Address: Fédération Internationale de Football Association
FIFA-Strasse 20
P.O. Box
8044 Zurich
Switzerland
Tel.: +41 (0)43 222 7777
Fax: +41 (0)43 222 7878
Internet: FIFA.com
Goal-line technology
Concept: FIFA
Photos: Getty Images, Action Images
Fédération Internationale de Football AssociationFIFA-Strasse 20 P.O. Box 8044 Zurich SwitzerlandT: +41 (0)43 222 7777 F: +41 (0)43 222 7907 FIFA.com