US History

Goal 6

Imperialism- stronger nations extend their economic, political or military control over weaker territories

 Reasons Desire for military strength

Alfred Mahan- US admiral in navy- build navy to compete with other nations

Modern battleships- Maine and Oregon New markets for US goods

US needed raw materials for its’ factories US needed markets for its’ agricultural and manufacturing products

Belief in cultural superiority Social Darwinism- survival of the fittest; racial superiority of Anglo-

Saxons Religious Purposes

Spread Christianity

Reasons for Imperialism

1. Commercial/Business Interests

1. Commercial/Business Interests

U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

2. Military/Strategic Interests

2. Military/Strategic Interests

Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking

The White Man’sBurden

The White Man’sBurdenThe Hierarchy

of RaceThe Hierarchy

of Race

4. Religious/Missionary Interests

4. Religious/Missionary Interests

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

Secretary of State William Seward Buy Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million Become known as Seward’s Folly-

thought buying Alaska was silly Alaska will be rich in natural resources

Oil, gas, etc Will be a good deal

Alaska become 49th state in 1959

Purchase of Alaska

“Seward’s Folly”: 1867“Seward’s Folly”: 1867

$7.2 million$7.2 million

“Seward’s Icebox”: 1867“Seward’s Icebox”: 1867

Hawaii US takes Midway Islands in 1867 Americans had been using Hawaii since 1790s American sugar plantations grow rapidly ( 3/4 of

islands wealth) US imposes tariffs on its’ territories (McKinley Tariff

of 1890) American sugar plantations cry for annexation 1887- US starts to use Pearl Harbor as a naval base 1897- President Cleveland and Congress proclaim

Hawaii a territory 1959- Hawaii becomes 50th state

Annexation of Hawaii

Hawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen Liliuokalani

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

To The Victor Belongs the Spoils

To The Victor Belongs the Spoils

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

US supported Cuban rebellions in 1868 and 1878 1895- Cuba revolts under Jose Marti 1896- Spain sends Valeriano Weyler to end revolt Around 300,000 Cubans put in concentration camps William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer use yellow

journalism to create exaggerated accounts of the conditions in the concentration camps

Creates war fever in America Spain gives in a little- give Cuba limited self-government De Lome Letter- letter stolen by Cuban rebel that

criticized President McKinley as weak. USS Maine sent to Cuba to bring home American citizens.

The USS Maine blew up. Spain was blamed.

Interest In Cuba

Spanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in Cuba

Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy

Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy

“Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism

“Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism

Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer

William Randolph HearstWilliam Randolph Hearst

Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war!

De Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDupuy de Lôme, SpanishAmbassador to the U.S.

Criticized PresidentMcKinley as weak and abidder for the admirationof the crowd, besidesbeing a would-be politicianwho tries to leave a dooropen behind himself whilekeeping on good termswith the jingoes of hisparty.

Remember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!Remember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

War declared on April 20, 1898 US invades Philippines and destroys the

Spanish fleet (navy) Spain will surrender the Philippines in August Set up a blockade of Cuba Rough Riders- group of volunteer cavalry led

by Theodore Roosevelt San Juan Hill- US troops defeated Spanish

and forced them to flee US will invade Puerto Rico in July

War with Spain

Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley administration.

Imperialist and American nationalist.

Criticized PresidentMcKinley as having the backbone of a chocolate éclair!

Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.

The “Rough Riders”

The “Rough Riders”

Peace terms Spain frees Cuba Spain gives Guam and Puerto Rico to the US Spain sells Philippines to US for $20 million

Debate over Philippines Yes- McKinley said “educate the Filipinos and uplift

and Christianize them.”- Social Darwinism No

Booker T Washington- take care of problems in US Samuel Gompers- argued that Filipinos would compete

for jobs

US Senate will ratify the Treaty of Paris

Treaty of Paris (1898)

The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898

Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.

Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofGuam.

The U. S. paid Spain$20 mil. for thePhilippines.

The U. S. becomesan imperial power!

 Puerto Rico Immediately after Spanish-American War,

Puerto Rico was under military rule. Foraker Act- end military rule

President of US appoints Governor of Puerto Rico and members of its’ upper house of legislatures

Puerto Ricans elect lower house of legislatures 1917- US gives Puerto Ricans full citizenship

rights and the right to elect both houses of government

What will happen to new territories?

After war, US military had a big presence in Cuba Gave food and clothing, helped farmers, and

organized elementary schools 1900- Cuba writes its’ own constitution US add Platt Amendment to their constitution

Cuba could not make treaty that would allow foreigners to control any part of Cuba

The US had the right to intervene in Cuba The US could buy or lease land for naval bases

Cuba becomes a US protectorate ( a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power)

Cuba

US will want to build a canal in Panama Canal would make shipping to Asian

markets faster Construction will start in 1903 and finish

in 1914 US will control it until 1977 Today- owned and operated by the

government of Panama

US Interest in Panama

Panama CanalPanama Canal

TR in Panama(Construction begins in

1904)

TR in Panama(Construction begins in

1904)

European countries already set up spheres of influence in China

Sphere of Influence- areas where each country claimed rights and economic privileges

US feared they would be shut out John Hay- US Secretary of State Wrote Open Door notes- letters to leaders of

other nations proposing they share trading rights with the US

Other powers accept policy

US Interest in China

Boxer Rebellion- group that resented foreign influence in China

Boxers killed missionaries and foreigners International forces will put down rebellion John Hay- write a second series of Open Door

notes Notes reflect US beliefs

Growth of US depended on exports US had a right to intervene to keep foreign markets

open Closing of areas to Americans threatened US survival

China Cont.

Stereotypes of the Chinese

Immigrant

Stereotypes of the Chinese

Immigrant

Oriental [Chinese]

Exclusion Act, 1887

Oriental [Chinese]

Exclusion Act, 1887

The Boxer Rebellion: 1900

The Boxer Rebellion: 1900

The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.

“55 Days at Peking.”

The Open Door PolicyThe Open Door Policy

Secretary John Hay.

Give all nations equalaccess to trade in China.

Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.

TheOpen Door

Policy

TheOpen Door

Policy

America as a Pacific Power

America as a Pacific Power

Filipino Revolt Led by Emilio Aguinaldo Filipinos forced to live in designated zones

that were filled with starvation and poor sanitation

Took more than 3 years to put down rebellion

Aftermath- US set up a government like the one set up in Puerto Rico

Philippines become independent on July 4, 1946

Reactions to Imperialism

Mexican Rebellion Under President Wilson, US will intervene

when Mexico is struggling with setting up a new government

Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata will fight against US

Zapata- “It is better to die on your feet than live on your knees.”

Eventually US will back down and avoid war with Mexico because of larger war looming- World War I

Reactions Cont.

The American Anti-Imperialist

League

The American Anti-Imperialist

LeagueFounded in 1899.

Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, WilliamJames, and WilliamJennings Bryan amongthe leaders.

Campaigned against the annexation of thePhilippines and otheracts of imperialism.

Theodore Roosevelt Took office in 1901- after McKinely was

assassinated Had Panama Canal built- benefit US navy

and shipping Roosevelt Corollary- addition to Monroe

Doctrine where Roosevelt said European countries could not intervene in affairs in Western Hemisphere but the US could

Big Stick Policy- “Speak softly and carry a big stick”

Teddy Roosevelt

Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!

Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!

The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905The Roosevelt Corollary to

the Monroe Doctrine: 1905Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power .

Taft Dollar diplomacy- US will invest money in foreign

countries US government guaranteed loans made by

American businesses to foreign countries Wilson

Missionary or Moral Diplomacy US had moral responsibility to deny any Latin

American government that the US viewed as oppressive or undemocratic, or hostile to US interests

Lead to the US involvement in Mexico

Taft and Wilson