Goal 3 Genetics
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Transcript of Goal 3 Genetics
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Goal 3 Genetics
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Cell Cycle
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Cell Cycle
• Interphase= majority of the life of a cell–the time during which it grows and prepares for replication
• Mitotic Phase- Mitosis and Cytokinesis
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Mitosis• Mitosis = division of the nucleus– Four phases:• Prophase – chromatin condenses to show individual
chromosomes; centrioles replicate and spindle begins to form; nucleus dissolves• Metaphase– chromosomes line up along the center of the cell;
each chromosome is attached to spindle fiber at centromere• Anaphase – sister chromatids separate into opposite sides of
the cell• Telophase– chromatids gather at opposite ends of cell; nuclei
reform; spindle disappears
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Mitosis
– Two IDENTICAL cells are formed (diploid)• Asexual reproduction
– Occurs in somatic cells (body cells)
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Mitosis
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Cytokinesis
• Cytokinesis – division of the cytoplasm – occurs directly after telophase of mitosis and telophase I and II of meiosis
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Meiosis– Two divisions with 4 phases in each:• Meiosis I–During prophase I, crossing over occurs between
homologous chromosomes–During metaphase I, homologous chromosomes
line up at center of cell–During anaphase I and telophase I, homologous
chromosomes are separated into different sides of the cell
• Meiosis II–Looks much like mitosis in that sister chromatids
are separated
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Meiosis
– Four DIFFERENT cells are formed• Genetic variation!!!!!!• Sexual reproduction
– Occurs in sex cells (gametes = sperm and egg)– Daughter cells have ½ the number of
chromosomes that the parent cell had (haploid)
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Mendelian Genetics• Gregor Mendel was a monk that studied cross-
pollination in pea plants and recognized predictable patterns of inheritance.
• Probability and Punnett Squares• Vocabulary to KNOW:
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Mendelian Genetics– trait —a characteristic– allele —different forms of a gene– dominant —allele that is always expressed, capital letter– recessive —weaker allele, only expressed if dominant is
not present, lower-case letter– homozygous —2 of the same alleles, TT or tt– heterozygous —2 different alleles, Tt– genotype —the genetic makeup, the letters of the
alleles– phenotype —the physical characteristic the letters stand
for
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Non-Mendelian Genetics
• Codominance – two alleles are equally dominant, therefore the heterozygote shows both alleles.– Example: In cows, Black (BB) and White (WW) are
codominant; BW is spotted.– Problem: If a Black Cow and a Spotted Bull are
mated, what is the probability of a spotted baby?
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Non-Mendelian Genetics
• Problem: If a Black Cow and a Spotted Bull are mated, what is the probability of a spotted baby?
B B
B
W BW
BB BB
BW
BB = black (2)BW= spotted (2)
50% spotted or 1/2
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Non-Mendelian Genetics
• Incomplete Dominance– one allele is not completely dominant over another, therefore the heterozygote is a blend of the two alleles.– Example: In snapdragons, Red (RR) and White
(WW) are incompletely dominant. RW is a pink flower.
– Problem: If two pink flowers are crossed, what is the probability of a red flower?
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Non-Mendelian Genetics
• Problem: If two pink flowers are crossed, what is the probability of a red flower?
R
R
W
W
RR RW
RW WW
RR = red (1)RW= pink (2)WW= white (1)
¼ or 25% red
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Non-Mendelian Genetics• Multiple Alleles : there are more than 2 alleles
for a trait– Example: Human Blood types. Type A and Type B
are codominant over Type O. – There are 4 possible blood types and 6 possible
genotypes: Phenotype Genotype
A **IAIA (AA) or IAi (AO)
B **IBIB (BB) or IBi (BO)
AB IA IB (AB)
O ii (OO)
** IAIA and IBIB are homozygous**IAi and IBi are heterozygous
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Non-Mendelian Genetics
Problem: Bob has type AB blood and his wife, Annie, is heterozygous for type A blood. What is the probability of their child having type B blood?
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Non-Mendelian GeneticsIA
IA
IB
i
IAIA IAIB
IAi IBi
IAIA = A (1)IAIB = AB (1)Iai = A (1)Ibi = B (1)
¼ or 25% B blood
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Non-Mendelian Traits
• Sex-Linked Traits – traits for which the gene is carried on the X chromosome.– Diseases are more common in males because they
only have 1 X chromosome.– Females who are heterozygous for the trait are
called carriers– Problem: Colorblindness is a sex-linked recessive
trait. If Suzie is a carrier for colorblindness and Joe has normal vision. What is the probability of the two having a son with colorblindness?
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Non-Mendelian Traits
• Problem: Colorblindness is a sex-linked recessive trait. If Suzie is a carrier for colorblindness and Joe has normal vision. What is the probability of the two having a son with colorblindness?
XH Xh
XH
y XHy
XHXhXHXH
Xhy
XHXH = normal female (1)XHXh = carrier (1)XHy = normal male (1)Xhy = colorblind male (1)
¼ or 25% of having a son with colorblindness
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Non-Mendelian Genetics
• Polygenic Traits – traits for which the genes are carried in multiple locations on multiple chromosomes. – Results in a wide variety of phenotypes.– Examples: Skin Color & Height
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Pedigree
• A_pedigree shows the relationship and inheritance patterns of a family– Males are squares, females are circles– Unshaded are unaffected, shaded are affected, half
shaded are carriers– Horizontal lines between two people indicate
matings, vertical lines indicate children– People are numbered from left to right– Generations are numbered going down with Roman
Numerals.
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Pedigree
• Autosomal or Sex-Linked? Dominant or Recessive?
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Pedigree
• Autosomal or Sex-Linked? Dominant or Recessive?
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DNA & Protein Synthesis• DNA Form– Structure of DNA = double helix– discovered by Watson
& Crick in 1954– nucleotides = building blocks• Phosphate• Sugar – Deoxyribose• Nitrogen Base–Adenine & Thymine–Guanine & Cytosine
– Nucleotides are held together by weak hydrogen bonds.
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DNA & Protein Synthesis
Give the complementary DNA Strand
• ATAGCATTCCGACGTCAG
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DNA & Protein Synthesis
Give the complementary DNA Strand
• ATAGCATTCCGACGTCAG• TATCGTAAGGCTGCAGTC
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DNA & Protein Synthesis
• DNA _Replication– DNA makes an exact copy of itself before cell division– DNA molecule separates into 2 strands.– Each strand of DNA serves as a template or model
for the new strand.– Two identical DNA molecules are created
• DNA replication is aided by the enzymes helicase and DNA polymerase
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DNA & Protein Synthesis
• RNA Form– RNA is single stranded instead of double stranded
like DNA– The sugar deoxyribose is replaced with the sugar
ribose.• The base Adenine pairs with Uracil instead of
Thymine
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DNA & Protein Synthesis
– Types of RNA:•Messenger RNA (mRNA) brings message
from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm.• Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings correct amino
acids to the ribosome to assemble the protein being made.• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) the structure of
the ribosome
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DNA & Protein Synthesis
• Protein Synthesis–Transcription= DNA mRNA, occurs in
nucleus•RNA polymerase separates DNA
strands and DNA serves as a template for the formation of mRNA.• Transcribe the following:
• ATAGCATTCCGACGTCAG
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DNA & Protein Synthesis
• Transcribe the following:• ATAGCATTCCGACGTCAG (DNA)• UAUCGUAAGGCUGCAGUC (mRNA)
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DNA & Protein Synthesis
–Translation= mRNA proteins•Making protein at the ribosome from
the mRNA•What sequence of amino acids would
make up the protein for the DNA strand above?
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DNA & Protein Synthesis
• UAUCGUAAGGCUGCAGUC (mRNA)
• Split the mRNA into codons (groups of 3)– UAU= ?– CGU= ?– AAG=?– GCU=?– GCA=?– GUC=?
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DNA & Protein Synthesis
• Now look at your amino acid chart to determine the amino acid that goes with each codon of mRNA– UAU= Tyr– CGU= ?– AAG=?– GCU=?– GCA=?– GUC=?
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DNA & Protein Synthesis
–UAU= Tyr–CGU= Arg–AAG=Lys–GCU=Ala–GCA=Ala–GUC=Val
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DNA & Protein Synthesis
• Mutations any change in a genetic sequence–Creates genetic variation–Harmful mutations are associated with
many genetic diseases and some forms of cancer.• Cancer is uncontrolled cell growth or
continuous mitosis
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DNA Technology
• DNA Fingerprint – DNA fragments are run through a gel and bands are compared for similarities
• Recombinant DNA – pieces of DNA from 2 different organisms are joined together.– Can be used to produce human insulin for diabetic
patients• Cloning – creating genetically identical individuals
from a single cell.
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DNA Technology• Human Genome Project – identify the genes and
sequence bases that make up the human chromosomes.– Completed in 2003– Information can be used to detect and possibly
treat many genetic diseases.• A karyotype is a picture which shows all the
chromosomes in each cell– It is used to detect if there are more than two
copies of each chromosome and the sex or gender of the individual• 3 copies of Chromosome 21 = Down’s Syndrome