Goal 1.01: Domestic issues/conflicts during the Federalist EraGoal 1.02: Political freedoms of key groupsGoal 1.03: Commercial/political relationships with other nations

CHAPTER 2 (pages 58-89)

The New Nation:Washington, Adams, Jefferson, Madison

A New Nation July 4, 1776: Declaration of Independence –

American colonies break away from Great Britain

1776-1783: Revolutionary War w/ GB, while France becomes our ally

1787: Constitutional Convention meets in Philly, creates plan for 3 branches of govt

Executive (Prez)Legislative (Congress)

Judicial (Supreme Court)

George WashingtonMilitary hero, longtime leader,

easy choice for 1st Prez.

ELECTED PREZ 1789 –who voted him in? Keyword: SUFFRAGE (right to vote) Who had the right to vote in this New Nation?

VP: John Adams (JA), another revolutionary leader

GW as Prez Running govt too much responsibility for 1

person. Solution? GW created the first Cabinet – key advisors, each running their own dept.

State

Thomas Jefferson

Treasury

Alexander Hamilton

War

Henry Knox

GW as PrezBill of Rights ratified 1791 Civics flashback: Constitutional Convention fight…

how much power to give to the national govt?

Federalists okay w/ Constitution as writtenAnti-Federalists wanted Bill of Rights guaranteeing

that individual/states rights would be protected

Both sides compromise, & by 1791 the Bill of Rights (first ten 10 amendments) added to the

Const

GW as PrezCivics flashback: Constitution created Supreme Court, gave Congress power to

add/create other courts)

Judiciary Act of 1789: Congress created federal district courts + attorney general

First Supreme Court had 6 justices(1 Chief Justice, 5 Associate)

GW as PrezKey problem facing new nation: NO MONEY

(War is expensive!)

Hamilton’s Economic Plan: Fed govt pays off state & foreign debtsSupport business with laissez-faire

economics (little govt regulation)Find new income (taxes/tariffs)Create Bank of US/national currency

GW as PrezOpposition to Hamilton’s Plan:

South has less debt, doesn’t like being made responsible for $ owed by northern states

Laissez-faire would make the rich richer, but how would ordinary Americans benefit?

Too much power to federal govtNo one likes taxes

Hamilton’s PlanLeave Business Totally Alone, Stupid!!

(LBTAS)

L: Laissez-faireB: Bank of UST: TaxesA: All debts paidS: Support from rich

GW as PrezWhiskey Rebellion: first

major domestic challenge of US

PA farmers hate new whiskey tax, fight back

Hamilton v. Jefferson1794, troops sent in &

rebellion falls apartDisagreements over

taxes/use of govt power

GW as PrezTwo-party system:

FEDERALISTS DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICANS

GW, AH, John Adams

Loose interpretation of the Constitution

Supported by northerners, merchants

TJ, James Madison

Strict interpretation of the Constitution

Supported by southerners, farmers

FederalistsWhat’s Happening Friend? Nothing Lately

W: Washington/AdamsH: HamiltonF: FEDERALISTSN: National govtL: Loose constructionists

Democratic-RepublicansJust Joking, Dear. Really, I’m So Sorry

J: JeffersonJ: James Madison/MonroeD: DEMOCRATICR: REPUBLICANI: Individual rights S: States’ rightsS: Strict constructionist

GW as Prez

Problems with Native Americans:

US gets NW Territory from GB, but filled with allied tribes trying to stop American expansion (NA helped by British!)

1794, NA defeated at Battle of Fallen TimbersTreaty of Greeneville signed 1795, NA

leaders give most of territory (modern-day Ohio) to US Govt

GW as PrezUS and GB:

British forts still in NW Territory, helping NA uprisings

Problem of British ships impressing (kidnapping) American sailors

1794, GW signs Jay’s Treaty with GB: British give up forts, US repays prewar debts to GB, no agreement on impressment

GW as PrezUS and France:1789 marked start of French

Revolution (no more kings!), eventually thousands executed by new govt

GB & France at war 1790s

1793, GW issues Proclamation of Neutrality (US will not get involved in European wars)

GW as PrezUS and Spain:

Land disputes with Spain over Florida borders, US farmer access to Mississippi River

1795, GW signed Pinckney’s Treaty: gives US access to Mississippi River & New Orleans

GW as Prez

GW as PrezServed two terms (1789-1797)Decided not to run again & set a

precedent followed by all other Prez’s until 1940s.

Washington’ Farewell Address: goodbye speech to American people, offers political advice for Prez’s to come.

Election of 1796Prez: John Adams (GW’s VP/Federalist)VP: Thomas Jefferson (former SS/Dem-Rep)

First Lady Abigail Adams says “Remember the Ladies” (women should have rights too!)

JA as PrezXYZ Affair: 1797, Americans told they

have to pay a bribe to France (makes US angry/unofficial war with France)

Convention of 1800: AKA “Treaty of Montefortaine” resolves US-France conflict

JA as PrezAlien and Sedition Acts: laws passed by

Federalists 1798, as reaction to conflict with France

Alien Act: Prez could arrest/deport immigrants (immigrants D-R!)

Sedition Act: made it a crime to criticize the govt

JA as PrezStates protest Alien & Sedition Acts!

Jefferson & Madison write Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, passed by state

legislatures 1798/1799, declare A&S Acts unconstitutional

Nullification: idea that states could reject, or “nullify,” federal laws they didn’t like

States (VA, KY, NC, Mass, Conn,

etc)

Federal Government

Election of 1800

Election of 1800 called “Revolution of 1800”: D-R take power peacefully!

Tie between TJ & Aaron Burr; House of Reps picks TJ for Prez, TJ reelected 1804

JA as sore loser: Adams appointed “midnight judges” to keep Federalists in power, including Chief Justice John Marshall for SC

TJ as PrezD-R Political Changes:A&S Acts not renewed Taxes stoppedTJ a strict constructionist…OR WAS HE?

Louisiana Purchase (1803) – TJ buys LA from France for 15 million, doubled size of US, becomes loose constructionist

1804, Lewis and Clark explore Louisiana Purchase

TJ as PrezMarbury vs. Madison, 1803

Established judicial review: SC has power to review ALL laws (less power to states, more power to national govt – esp judicial branch)

Chief Justice John Marshall expands power of fed govt through M v. M & other SC decisions

TJ as PrezNapoleonic wars in Europe, US tried to stay

neutral

Impressment continues: 1790s 2400 sailors were impressed by GB; 1802-1811 British impressed 8000 sailors

TJ as Prez

TJ ordered Embargo of 1807: American ships must stay home, no longer trading with GB.

Embargo FAILS: doesn’t hurt British, instead hurts American merchants, farmers, sailors

Election of 1808James Madison elected 4th President (friend to TJ, fellow D-R)

Key challenges:Conflict with GBShawnee warrior Tecumseh and his

brother “The Prophet” tried to unite Indian nations against American expansion.

1811, Tecumseh & allies defeated by William Henry Harrison at Battle of Tippecanoe

JM as Prez“War Hawks” demand war with GB.

Mostly young politicians from south/west (Ex: John Calhoun/SC, Henry Clay/KY)

Fiery nationalists who spoke out against impressments, British support for NA

Called for invasion of British Canada

JM as PrezMadison asks Congress to declare war on GB

in 1812 (War of 1812 begins)

Adv for US: close to Canada, know the territory.

Disadv for US: internal conflict, smaller military

American attempts to invade Canada in 1812/1813 fail; by late 1814 – US changes strategy, plays defense

JM as PrezHartford Convention: Federalist meeting

Dec 1814, during the war

Federalists oppose war, consider secession (breakaway) from US, separate peace with GB.

Federalist party loses popularity

JM as PrezBattle of New Orleans: American victory

in the War of 1812, troops led by Andrew Jackson.

• Treaty of Ghent ended War of 1812

• After 1812: Rise in American nationalism/confidence; other countries began to see the US as successful, independent country