INTRODUCTION

Goa is India's smallest state by area and the fourth smallest by population. Located in South West India in the region known as the Konkan, it is bounded by the state of Maharashtra to the north, and by Karnataka to the east and south, while the Arabian Sea forms its western coast. Goa is India's richest state with a GDP per capita two and a half times that of the country as a whole.It was ranked the best placed state by the Eleventh Finance Commission for its infrastructure and ranked on top for the best quality of life in India by the National Commission on Population based on the 12 Indicators.

Panaji is the state's capital, while Vasco da Gama is the largest city. The historic city of Margao still exhibits the cultural influence of the Portuguese, who first landed in the early 16th century as merchants, and conquered it soon thereafter. The Portuguese overseas territory existed for about 450 years, until it was annexed by India in 1961.

Renowned for its beaches, places of worship and world heritage architecture, Goa is visited by large numbers of international and domestic tourists each year. It also has rich flora and fauna, owing to its location on the Western Ghats range, which is classified as a biodiversity hotspot.

Etymology

The name Goa came to European languages from the Portuguese, but its precise origin is unclear. In ancient literature, Goa was known by many names such as Gomanta, Gomanchala, Gopakapattam, Gopakapuri, Govapuri, Govem, and Gomantak.The Indian epic Mahabharata refers to the area now known as Goa, as Goparashtra or Govarashtra which means a nation of cowherds. Gopakapuri or Gopakapattanam were used in some ancient Sanskrit texts, and these names were also mentioned in other sacred Hindu texts such as the Harivansa and the Skanda Purana. In the latter, Goa is also known as Gomanchala. Parashurambhoomi is a name that the region is referred to in certain inscriptions and texts such as the Puranas.In the third century BCE, Goa was known as Aparantha, and is mentioned by the Greek geographer Ptolemy. The Greeks referred to Goa as Nelkinda in the 13th century. Some other historical names for Goa are Sindapur, Sandabur, and Mahassapatam.

History

The Sé Cathedral at Old Goa, an example of Portuguese influence

Goa's known history stretches back to the 3rd century BC, when it formed part of the Mauryan Empire, ruled by the Buddhist emperor, Ashoka of Magadha. Buddhist monks laid the foundation of Buddhism in Goa. Between the 2nd century BCE and the 6th century CE, Goa was ruled by the Chutus of Karwar as feudatories of the Satavahanas of Kolhapur (2nd century BCE to the 2nd century CE), Western Kshatrapas (around 150 CE), the Abhiras of Western Maharashtra, Bhojas of the Yadav clans of Gujarat, and the Konkan Mauryas as feudatories of the Kalachuris.The rule later passed on to the Chalukyas of Badami, who controlled it between 578 to 753, and later the Rashtrakutas of Malkhed from 753 to 963. However from 765 to 1015, the Southern Silharas of Konkan ruled Goa as the feudatories of the Chalukyas and the Rashtrakutas. Over the next few centuries, Goa was successively ruled by the Kadambas as the feudatories of the Chalukyas of Kalyani. They patronised Jainism in Goa.

In 1312, Goa came under the governance of the Delhi Sultanate. However, the kingdom's grip on the region was weak, and by 1370 they were forced to surrender it to Harihara I of the Vijayanagara empire. The Vijayanagara monarchs held on to the territory until 1469, when it was appropriated by the Bahmani sultans of Gulbarga. After that dynasty crumbled, the area fell to the hands of the Adil Shahis of Bijapur who established as their auxiliary capital the city known under the Portuguese as Velha Goa.

In 1510, the Portuguese defeated the ruling Bijapur kings with the help of a local ally, Timayya, leading to the establishment of a permanent settlement in Velha Goa (or Old Goa).

Geography and climate

Goa coastline

Goa encompasses an area of 3,702 km² (1,430 sq mile). It lies between the latitudes 14°53′54″ N and 15°40′00″ N and longitudes 73°40′33″ E and 74°20′13″ E. Most of Goa is a part of the coastal country known as the Konkan, which is an escarpment rising up to the Western Ghats range of mountains, which separate it from the Deccan Plateau. The highest point is the Sonsogor, with an altitude of 1,167 meters (3,827 feet). Goa has a coastline of 101 km (63 miles).

Goa's main rivers are the Mandovi, the Zuari, the Terekhol, Chapora River and the Sal. The Mormugao harbour on the mouth of the River Zuari is one of the best natural harbours in South Asia. The Zuari and the Mandovi are the lifelines of Goa, with their tributaries draining 69% of its geographic area. These rivers are one of the busiest rivers in India. Goa has more than forty estuarine, eight marine and about ninety riverine islands. The total navigable length

of Goa's rivers is 253 km (157 miles). Goa has more than three hundred ancient tanks built during the rule of the Kadamba dynasty and over a hundred medicinal springs.

Subdivisions

Talukas of Goa. Talukas in purple shades belong to North Goa district, and orange denote South Goa.

The state is divided into two districts: North Goa and South Goa. Panaji is the headquarters of the North Goa district and Margao of the south district. Each district is governed by a district collector, an administrator appointed by the Indian government.

The districts are further divided into eleven talukas – Talukas of North Goa are Bardez, Bicholim, Pernem, Ponda, Sattari and Tiswadi, the talukas of South Goa are Canacona, Mormugao, Quepem, Salcete and Sanguem. Headquarters of the respective talukas are Mapusa, Bicholim, Pernem, Ponda, Valpoy, Panjim, Chaudi, Vasco, Quepem, Margao and Sanguem.

Goa's major cities include Mapusa, Margao, Mormugao, Panaji and Vasco . The region connecting the first four cities is considered a de facto conurbation, or a more or less continuous urban area.

Flora and fauna

Equatorial forest cover in Goa stands at 1,424 km2 (549.81 sq mi), most of which is owned by the government. Government owned forest is estimated at 1,224.38 km2 (472.74 sq mi) whilst private is given as 200 km2 (77.22 sq mi). Most of the forests in the state are located in the interior eastern regions of the state. The Western Ghats, which form most of eastern Goa, have been internationally recognised as one of the biodiversity hotspots of the world. In the February 1999 issue of National Geographic Magazine, Goa was compared with the Amazon and Congo basins for its rich tropical biodiversity.

Goa's wildlife sanctuaries boast of more than 1512 documented species of plants, over 275 species of birds, over 48 kinds of animals and over 60 genera of reptiles.

Rice paddies are common in rural Goa.The important forests products are bamboo canes, Maratha barks, chillar barks and the bhirand. Coconut trees are ubiquitous and are present in almost all areas of Goa barring the elevated regions. A large number of deciduous vegetation consisting of teak, sal, cashew and mango trees are present. Fruits include jackfruits, mangos, pineapples and blackberries. Goa's forests are rich with medicinal plants.

Economy

Gross State Domestic Product (in millions of Rupees)[13]

Year GSDP

1980 3,980

1985 6,550

1990 12,570

1995 33,190

2000 76,980

Tourism is Goa's primary industry: it handles 12% of all foreign tourist arrivals in India. Goa has two main tourist seasons: winter and summer. In the winter time, tourists from abroad (mainly Europe) come to Goa to enjoy the splendid climate. In the summer time (which, in Goa, is the rainy season), tourists from across India come to spend the holidays.

Taj Hotels Fort Aguada Beach Resort

Commercial area in Panjim.

The land away from the coast is rich in minerals and ores and mining forms the second largest industry. Mining in Goa focuses on ores of iron, Bauxite, manganese, clays, limestone and silica. The Marmagao Port handled 31.69 million tonnes of cargo last year, and accounts for over 39% of India's Iron Ore exports. The leaders in the Goan Iron Ore industry include Sesa Goa (now owned by Vedanta Resources) and Dempo. Rampant mining in areas rich in Iron Ore and other minerals is now threatening the forest cover as well as posing a health hazard to the local population. Mining corporations are also indulging in illegal mining in some areas without proper permits.

Agriculture, while of shrinking importance to the economy over the past four decades, offers part-time employment to a sizable portion of the populace. Rice is the main agricultural crop, followed by areca, cashew and coconut. The fishing industry provides employment for about forty thousand people, though recent official figures indicate a decline of the importance of this sector and also a fall in catch, perhaps coupled with the fact that traditional fishing has given way to large-scale mechanised trawling.

Transport

Most of Goa is well connected by roads.

Goa's sole airport, the Dabolim Airport, is both a military and civilian airport catering to domestic and international airlines that stop en route to other Indian destinations. The airport also handles a large number of chartered flights. Goa receives international flights from Qatar, Dubai, Sharjah and Kuwait in the Middle East and from Britain, Germany and Russia during the charter flight tourist season. Dabolim Airport is serviced by the following carriers – Air India, Indian Airlines, Kingfisher Airlines, Go Air, SpiceJet, Jet Airways, Qatar Airlines,besides Charter flights from the UK, Russia, Germany operated by Thomas Cook, Condor, Monarch Airlines etc.

Hindu-Christianity Unity Memorial at Miramar Beach.

A native of Goa is called a Goan in English,Goenkar (गों�यका�र) in Konkani, Govekar (गों�वेकार ) in Marathi, Goês (male) or Goesa (female) in Portuguese. Goa has a population of 1.344 million residents, making it India's fourth smallest (after Sikkim, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh). The population has a growth rate of 14.9% per decade There are 363 people for each square kilometre of the land. Goa is the State with highest proportion of Urban Population with 49.76% of the population living in urban areas. The literacy rate of Goa is over 82%. The sex ratio is 960 females to 1000 males. The birth rate is 15.70 per 1,000 people in 2007.Goa also is the State with lowest proportion of Scheduled Tribes at 0.04% in India.

Religion in GoaReligion PercentHinduism    65%Christianity    26%Islam    6%Others†    3%

Distribution of religions†Includes Sikhs (0.07%), Buddhists (0.04%), Jains (0.06%) and Others (0.24%).

According to the 2001 census out of a total population of 1,343,998. 886,551 (65%) were Hindus, 359,568 (26%) were Christians, 92,210 (6%) were Muslims, 970 (0.07%) were Sikhs, 649 (0.04%) were Buddhists, 820 (0.06%) were Jains and 3530 (0.24%) belonged to other religious communities.

Languages

The Goa, Daman and Diu Official Language Act, 1987 makes Konkani in the Devanagari script the sole official language of Goa, but provides that Marathi may also be used "for all or any of the official purposes". The Government also has a policy of replying in Marathi to correspondence received in Marathi. Whilst there have been demands for according Marathi and Konkani in Roman script co-equal status in the state, As of October 2008, Konkani remained the sole official language. Konkani is spoken as a native language by about 61.21% of the people in the state. Other linguistic minorities in the state as of 1991 are Marathi (27.12%), Kannada (3.41%), Urdu (2.81%), and Hindi (2.09%).The Portuguese language, which was used during the colonial era is less popular now.

Tourism

Goa Carnival is one of the main attractions of Goa.

Tourism is generally focused on the coastal areas of Goa, with decreased tourist activity inland. In 2004, there were more than two million tourists reported to have visited Goa, about 360,000 of whom were from abroad.

Goa has two main tourist seasons: winter and summer. In the winter time, tourists from abroad (mainly Europe) come to Goa to enjoy the splendid climate. In the summertime (which, in Goa, is the rainy season), tourists from across India come to spend the holidays

With the rule of the Portuguese for over 450 years and the consequential influence of Portuguese culture, Goa presents a somewhat different picture to the foreign visitor than other parts of the country. The state of Goa is famous for its excellent beaches, churches, and temples. The Bom Jesus Cathedral, Fort Aguada and a new wax museum on Indian history, culture and heritage in Old Goa are other tourism destinations.

Historic sites and neighbourhoods

Goa has two World Heritage Sites: the Bom Jesus Basilica and a few designated convents. The Basilica holds the mortal remains of St. Francis Xavier, regarded by many Catholics as the patron saint of Goa (the patron of the Archdiocese of Goa is actually the Blessed Joseph Vaz). Once every twelve years, the body is taken down for veneration and for public viewing. The last such event was conducted in 2004. The Velhas Conquistas regions are also known for its Goa-Portuguese style architecture. There are many forts in Goa such as Tiracol, Chapora, Corjuem, Aguada, Gaspar Dias and Cabo de Rama.

In many parts of Goa, mansions constructed in the Indo-Portuguese style architecture still stand, though in some villages, most of them are in a dilapidated condition. Fontainhas in Panaji has been declared a cultural quarter, showcasing the life, architecture and culture of Goa. Some influences from the Portuguese era are visible in some of Goa's temples, notably the Mangueshi Temple and the Mahalasa Temple, although after 1961, many of these were demolished and reconstructed in the indigenous Indian style.

Museums and Science Centre

Goa also has a few museums, the two important ones being Goa State Museum and the Naval Aviation Museum. The Aviation museum is the only one of its kind in the whole of India.Also, a place not well known to tourists is the Goa Science Center, which is located in Panjim. The National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) is also located in Goa at Dona Paula.

There is a Wax Museum located in Old Goa next to the Churches that is worth seeing -- probably the only one of its kind in India.

People and culture

Shanta Durga temple at Kavlem .

The tableau of Goa showcases religious harmony by focusing on the Deepastambha, the Cross, Ghode Modni followed by a chariot. Western royal attire of kings and regional dances being performed depict the unique blend of different religions and cultures of the State. The festival of music and dance, Shigmo Mel or the Holi and Spring celebrations,signify unity in diversity.[33] Prominent local festivals are Chavoth, Diwali, Christmas, Easter, Shigmo, Samvatsar Padvo, Dasara etc.The Goan Carnival and new year celebration is known to attract a large number of tourists.

Dance and music

Goan Hindus are very fond of Natak, Bhajan and Kirtan. Many famous Indian Classical singers hail from Goa, including Lata Mangeshkar, Asha Bhosle, Kishori Amonkar, Kesarbai Kerkar, Jitendra Abhisheki and Pandit Prabhakar Karekar. Some traditional Goan art forms are dekhnni, fugdi, corridinho, Mando and dulpod.

Theatre

Natak, Tiatr and Zagor are the chief forms of Goa's traditional performance arts. Other forms are Ranmale, Dashavatari, Kalo, Goulankala, Lalit, Kala and Rathkala. Stories from the Ramayana and the Mahabharata along with more modern social subjects are narrated with song and dance. The drummers, keyboard artists, and guitarists are part of the show and give the background score.

Food

Rice with fish curry (Xit kodi in Konkani) is the staple diet in Goa. Goan cuisine is famous for its rich variety of fish dishes cooked with elaborate recipes. Coconut and coconut oil are widely used in Goan cooking along with chili peppers, spices and vinegar giving the food a unique flavour. Pork dishes such as Vindaloo, Xacuti and Sorpotel are cooked for major

occasions among the Goan Catholics. An exotic Goan vegetable stew, known as Khatkhate, is a very popular dish during the celebrations of festivals, Hindu and Christian alike. Khatkhate contains at least five vegetables, fresh coconut, and special Goan spices that add to the aroma. Sannas,Hitt are variants of idli and Polle,Amboli,Kailoleo are variants of dosa;are native to Goa. A rich egg-based multi-layered sweet dish known as bebinca is a favourite at Christmas. The most popular alcoholic beverage in Goa is feni; Cashew feni is made from the fermentation of the fruit of the cashew tree, while coconut feni is made from the sap of toddy palms.

Architecture

Goan-Portuguese villa

Fontainhas is a protected area in Panjim for its old architecture. People living in the houses can only renovate the insides – the outside look has to be left as it is.The architecture of Goa is a combination of Indian, Mughal and Portuguese styles. Since the Portuguese ruled for four centuries, many churches and houses bear a striking element of the Portuguese style of architecture. Goa was also under the Mughal rule and thus one finds monuments built in the typical Mughal style complete with the domes.

Sports

Football is the most popular sport in Goa and is embedded in Goan culture. Its origins in the state are traced back to 1883 when the visiting Irish priest Fr. William Robert Lyons established the sport as part of a "Christian education". On 22 December 1959, the

Associação de Futebol de Goa was formed, which continues to administer the game in the state under the new name, Goa Football Association. Goa, along with West Bengal and Kerala. is the locus of football in the country and is home to many football clubs in India's I-League. The state's football powerhouses include Salgaocar, Dempo, Churchill Brothers, Vasco Sports Club and Sporting Clube de Goa. The state's main football stadium, Fatorda (or Nehru stadium), is located at Margao and also hosts cricket matches

Government and politics

In the Parliament of India, Goa has two seats in the Lok Sabha, one representing each district, and one seat in the Rajya Sabha.

Goa's capital is Panaji, known as Panjim in English and earlier called Pangim in Portuguese times, and known in the local language as Ponnje is the administrative capital of Goa lying on the left bank of the Mandovi near Panaji. Goa's legislative assembly building is located in Porvorim – the seat of the Goa assembly, which lies across the Mandovi River. The state's judicial hierarchy relates to Mumbai (formerly known as Bombay, which is the capital of Goa's neighbouring Maharashtra state), as the state comes under the Bombay High Court. A bench of the High Court is present in Panaji. Unlike other states, which follow the British Indian model of civil laws framed for individual religions, the Portuguese Uniform Civil Code, based on the Napoleonic code, has been retained by the Goa government.

Goa has a unicameral legislature consisting of a forty member Legislative Assembly, headed by a Chief Minister who wields the executive power. The present Chief Minister of Goa is Mr. Digambar Kamat and the Leader of Opposition is Mr. Manohar Parrikar. The ruling government consists of the party or coalition garnering the most seats in the state elections and enjoying the support of a simple majority of the House. The governor is appointed by the President of India.

Media and communication

Goa is served by almost all television channels available in India. Channels are received through cable in most parts of Goa. In the interior regions, channels are received via satellite dishes. Doordarshan, the national television broadcaster, has two free terrestrial channels on air.

Major cellular service operators include Reliance Infocomm, Tata Indicom, Vodafone (previously Hutch), Bharti Airtel, BSNL and Idea cellular.

Local newspaper publications include the English language The Herald (Goa's oldest, once a Portuguese language paper known as O Heraldo), the Gomantak Times and the Navhind Times.

Education

Goa University

According to the 2001 census, Goa has a literacy rate of 82% with 89% of males and 76% of females being literate. Each taluka is made up of villages, each having a school run by the government. Due to the low levels of corruption and the quality of the government schools, private schools are less in demand, compared to the rest of the country. All schools come under the state SSC whose syllabus is prescribed by the state Education department. There are also a few schools run by the all-India ICSE board or NIOS board. Most students in Goa complete their high school using English as the medium of instruction. Primary schools, on the other hand are largely run in Konkani and marathi (in private, but government-aided schools). As is the case in most of India, enrollment for vernacular media has seen a fall in numbers in favour of English medium education. As per a report published in the times of India, 84% of Goan schools run without an administrative head.

After ten years of schooling, students join a Higher Secondary school, which offers courses in popular streams such as Science, Arts, Law and Commerce.A student may also opt for a course in vocational studies. Additionally, many join three year diploma courses. Two years of college is followed by a professional degree. Goa University is the sole university in the state located in Taleigao and all Goan colleges are affiliated to it. There are four engineering colleges and one medical college in the state. The Goa Engineering College and Goa Medical College are run by the state whereas the other three engineering colleges are run by private organisations.

Among the best known schools in Goa include Vidya Prabhodini at Porvorim, K.B. Hedgewar High School, the Progress high school, Don Bosco High School, People's high school, Mushtifund high school in panaji, A. J. De Almeida high school in ponda, Vidya Bharati Mahila Nutan, Manovikas in Margao etc.

Among the best known colleges in Goa include G.V.M's S.N.J.A higher secondary school, Don Bosco College, D.M's college of Arts Science and Commerce, St Xavier's College, Carmel College, Chowgule College, Dhempe College, Damodar College, MES College, etc

Goa Tourism

The Capital City of India

Goa, a coastal region of west India is blessed with most moderate climate. Goa is one of India's most laid back, yet mundane and zestful, destinations. From miles and miles of palm

fringed beaches, to the splendors of its unique cities, towns and cobbled alleyways, Goa is more than just beach destination.

It envelops the charm and magic of panoramic resorts, a lush green countryside, dense forests and plenteous wildlife along with the legendary warmth and hospitality of the Goan people.

Goa Travel

Goa At Glance

Goa is all of 3,800sq. km. It’s a miniscule state, compared to the rest of the country. Perhaps its tiny size has as much to do with Goa’s rather unique flavour, as does its colourful history. Goa tourism holds the attraction of golden beaches and peaceful fishing villages that gives way to colourful markets filled with smiling people, and then to baroque churches, taverns, and shady winding streets, dotted with red-tile-roofed white villas, canopied in bright bougainvillea bushes. The distinct Mediterranean flavour in Goa is a heritage of over four centuries of Portuguese rule.

Probe the landscape a little further, and you stumble upon cashew-nut groves, temples and quaint little villages. Goa has a laid-back charm and a ‘hard to miss’ happy aura about it. This is perhaps the first heady feeling that lazily sneaks in only to mingle with your system, and creeps out of your mouth, as your lips curve into a sunny smile. A good travel tip to start with – just flow with the rhythm of this intoxicating azure paradise.

Goa Marvels Churches in Goa

Not many people know that Christianity originated in India but most of its influence is seen in West. In India, Goa is one such place where you can easily trace the epic of Christianity through charming churches.The word Church literal meaning is assembly and not an edifice, but slowly there were certain changes and the term is now more known as a building. Churches in Goa are listed in World Heritage Sites. In Goa, some of the significant churches are :

Se Cathederal Church of St. Francis Of Assisi Chapel of St Catherine

Basilica of Bom Jesus

Temples in Goa The state is more known for its Churches rather than temples. Irony come from the fact that it is considered a Christian state where as there are about 65% of Hindus inhabiting the state compared to 30% Christians. Some of the famous temples in Goa are :

Mahalaxmi Temple Vithal Temple Kamakshi Temple Sri Mahadev Temple

Wildlife in Goa Catch a Tiger or ride an Elephant! The wildlife in Goa though not popular is worth watch. You can call them hidden treasures of the state. There presence is overshadowed by the popularity of monumental heritage. They are very much a part of the state and definitely in coming years are going to give strong competions to other tourist spots. Some of the famous wildlife sanctuary are :

Catigo Wildlife Sanctuary Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary

Beaches in Goa Beaches in Goa are priceless marvel of the state. Goa Beaches comes almost on top when one has to list down tourist spots in Goa according to relative significance. Goa States is surrounded by 75 miles of coast out of which 50 miles of it is beach. Some of the famous and quite popular beaches of Goa are :

Anjuna Beach Baga Beach Calanguate Beach Candolim Beach

Other Activities Goa Water SportsIf there are beaches, water sports cannot be far behind. Man takes out pleasure in everything and when it came to beaches, water sports gradually emerged. Some of the famous water sports in Goa are Scuba diving, Water Skiing, Parasialing and Wind surfing.

Goa Carnival Spread colours of fun and gaiety! Goa Carnival gives the exact meaning to said line. It spreads colours and fun. Held in the month of Feburary every year, Goa Carnival is scheduled for 3 days. Street Plays, songs, dances, and unrehearsed farces are some of the facets of this carnival.

Goa Christmas

Christmas is held in the month of December and in Goa, the fest tends to bring forth all the colours of the state. Christmas brings time for merry-making and exchanging gifts.

Goa Shopping The state has number of markets, out of which the most famous of all is the flea market - Anjuna Market, held on beach. Local handicrafts, brassware forms excellent souvenir which you could collect from Goa.

Goa ConnectivityGoa is one of the best tourist destination of India abd there are plenty of ways to connect Goa to other states. Air: Goa International Airport, which is located at Dabolim, 29 kms from Panaji is situated on the coast of near Vasco Da Gama. Rail: There are number of trains which connect Goa from Mumbai, Bangalore, and other major cities of India. The two major railway station of Goa are Margoa and Vasco Da Gama. Road: Road is considered to be the best connectivity. There are several tourism busses which connects the state.

Adventure Sports In Goa

Goa is a paradise for water sports lovers and has always appealed beach enthusiast and water sports loves The long coastal stretches offers ample opportunities to indulge in all sorts of water-sport activities and also to try on some new watery excitement. Surf the seas or float across the skies, the options of sport enjoyment is never ending in Goa. One can never get tired of scuba diving into the wreckage of the colonial ships. The para gliding, para sailing, acquatics sports, water-skiing and wind surfing will be completely thrilling.

North Goa Beaches

Miramar

Miramar is at a distance of 3km from Panaji. Although it is the beach that is closest to the capital, it is not the most spectacular. But if you feel that a beach with a name straight out of Top Gun is worth trying out, then accommodation should not be a problem. A range of budget hotels and a youth hostel are available here.

Dona Paula

Sprinkled with palm trees and casuarina plantations, the beach of Dona Paula in North Goa is a peaceful stretch next to the little town and fishing village of Dona Paula. It is also a popular picnic spot. You can take a ferry from here to Vasco da Gama. Resorts with swimming pools and beach cottages are available in Dona Paula.

¤ Vainguinim

The five-star deluxe hotel – Cidade de Goa, stands on the lovely Vainguinim Beach. Their USP is that their hotel is run by Goans, so they give you the complete Goan experience, coupled with all the five star frills.

¤ Sinquerim and Candolim

The Sinquerim Beach in North Goa has a dramatic backdrop in the form of the 16th century Fort Aguada. Sinquerim and Candolim beaches in North Goa are both popular with backpackers, and tend to be a little more sober compared to the Calangute Beach. Built in 1612 by the Portuguese, the Fort Aguada is pretty much in ruins, but the view from the top of the fort as you look down to the mouth of the Mandovi River, is simply breathtaking.

¤ Calangute and Baga

Ever since the 60’s, the flower children have not looked at another beach. They’ve headed straight for Calangute; their abode, their psychedelia, and their Mecca. God knows if they ever found their existential-or-otherwise, ‘meaning in life’ but in their quest to do so, some of them went too far for the local sensibilities. The result was police clampdowns, and other drastic measures taken to control the ‘bunch of hippies’ of the lost generation.

Though the beach is still pretty ‘active’ and the ‘Om Namah Shivai trance’ continues to linger; today, Calangute is a far cry from what it used to be. The shacks and palms have given way to a rapidly-growing, package-tourist market, rows of shops, guesthouses and other budget hotels. The tidy little fish market in town is worth a visit.

Baga formed a twin beach with Calangute, and therefore shares Calangute’s colourful past. Nestling close to the estuary, this beach has more character.

¤ Anjuna Beach in North Goa

Anjuna Beach in North Goa is a stretch of straight sand, with a backdrop of feathery coconut groves. It’s a big favourite with backpackers and travellers staying on for a long time. Anjuna beach took the relay from Calangute, and became the next haven of the flower children. The beach still has an intoxicating atmosphere and draws a motley crowd of passover hippies, travellers, philosophers, thinkers, babacools, rastamen and musicians. It’s a great place to meet people and generally collect material for a

thesis on human psychology. Anjuna is known for its flea

market, held under the shady coconut groves, every Wednesday. You can pick up trinkets, get a

tattoo, or just hang around to enjoy the crazy colourful atmosphere.

¤ Chapora & Vagator North Goa Beach

The old Portuguese Chapora Fort stands on a hill which looks down on the tiny Chapora village, the estuary, the coconut groves and the beach. With their hidden sandy coves and creeks, Chapora and Vagator North Goa beach are easily amongst the most beautiful beaches in Goa. Besides the strip of the Little Vagator Beach , the North Goa beaches are quite peaceful, as they are not yet a major hub for travellers.

¤ Arambol North Goa Beach

Arambol served as the rudimentary getaway for travellers from Anjuna Beach when Anjuna came under scrutiny of the police and the locals. Arambol North Goa Beach is a beautiful stretch of silky sand dotted with basalt rocks, and is still comparatively uncluttered. There is a freshwater lake and some sulphur springs, close by.

South Goa Beaches

¤ Bogmalo- A South Goa Beach

The village of Bogmalo is 8km from Vasco da Gama. It has a pleasant beach with some nice cafés. Bogmalo South Goa Beach also has the Park Plaza five-star hotel, which has been built in disregard of the rule that disallows any construction till 500m of the beach.

¤ Majorda, Colva and Benaulim

Not a long time ago, the spectacular beaches of Colva in South Goa and Benaulim were sleepy fishing villages and with practically no tourists, besides a few hippies whose quest for life made them give up the psychedelic pandemonium of Calangute. They erected palm shacks on the beach and slept under the moon, pondering with Janis Joplin, singing “freedom’s just another word for nothing left to lose”.

Today, Majorda, and a part of Colva and Benaulim beaches, have been replaced by plush hotels, restaurants, shops and discos. But the beaches are still very beautiful, and once you get out of the main hangout patches, you are without doubt in a tranquill, tropical Xanadu. Seafood in one of the several beach shacks on Benaulim can be a very pleasant experience.

¤ Varca and Cavelossim

5km from Benaulim, lies the up-market Varca, followed by the Cavelossim Beach in South Goa. There are some excellent hotels here, and each resort is at some distance from the other. A few budget hotels can also be found in the villages. The beaches are quite clean, and all in all, a relatively peaceful getaway.

¤ Betul

Situated close to the estuary is the idyllic little fishing village of Betul in South Goa. The village is spread around groves and gardens of coconut, jackfruit and banana. The jetty in Betul is a good place to observe the hustle and bustle of Betul’s everyday life. Colourful

boats filled with coir and fishes, and busy fisherfolk turned out in vibrant colours, make this a truly interesting experience. Betul also has the awesome Leela Beach Resort, which has an artificial lagoon.

¤ Agonda

Dominated by cliffs and the Portuguese Cabo de Rama Fort is the little village of Agonda lying on the straches of South Goa costal line. This beach here is simply gorgeous and totally unspoilt, as it is not well connected by the local bus service. If you happen to be mobile, then Agonda is a beach you have to soak in.

Goa Wildlife Sanctuaries

¤ Bondla Wildlife Sanctuary

Distance :52km from Panaji, 38km from Margao

Away from the coast, the Goan landscape breaks into the dramatic and green foothills of the Western Ghats. These foothills shelter the Bondla Wildlife Sanctuary; the smallest wildlife reserve in Goa, which occupies an area of 80sq. km. The sanctuary has the sambar, gaur (Indian bison) and wild boar, amongst others animals. Elephants have been spotted here at times. Perhaps they come in from across Karnataka to enjoy the sea breeze and check out Goa. The sanctuary houses a botanical garden, a rose garden, a small deer-park and a zoo, which was initially established to shelter orphaned animals.

¤ Salim Ali Bird SanctuaryAt the confluence of the Mandovi and Mapusa Rivers lies the Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary, spread across an area of 2sq. km. in the Charoa Island. The wildlife sanctuary supports rich mangrove forests, which are home to a host of birds, a sizeable population of flying foxes, jackals, crocodiles, turtles and some other life forms endemic to coastal wildlife.

¤ The Mandovi-Zuari Wildlife Sanctuary

It has a stretch of rich mangrove swamps, considered to be amongst the most important in the country. Spread over a vast area, this wildlife sanctuary is home to about 20 different species of mangroves that include the rare Kandelia candel species. The swamps support a large variety of fish, birds, jackals, snakes, and crocodiles, to name a few.

¤ Cotigao Wildlife Sanctuaries

Distance : 60km from Panaji

Getting to the Cotigao Wildlife Sanctuary is a little tedious; but if you are in the mood to be in the middle of woods and discover the quieter side of Goa, the journey is well worth the trouble. Catigao is Goa’s second largest wildlife reserve. The 105sq. km. of forested land provides shelter to a number of birds and animals. If you go with the intention of seeing some of India’s legendary fauna here, then you could be in for a disappointment, as spotting the more famous wild animals is not extremely common. But the expansive forestland is a welcome change.

GOA DESTINATION

Margao India Tour

Distance : 33km from PanajiPopulation : 72,000

¤ Margao - A Tourist Paradise

Margao is Goa’s second largest town and a bustling commercial centre. Frequented by travellers, this central Goan town has an old-worldly charm about it because of its old Portuguese churches, and fine country houses decked with dark rosewood furniture. The imposing Church of the Holy Spirit is worth a visit. The monument contains some impressive pillars, beautiful carvings of the Apostles, and some noteworthy statues, that makes it a worth visiting site on your Goa tour in India.The covered Old Market with its colourful atmosphere and life should not to be missed. Some interesting old villas on Abade Fariar Road, like the De Silva House and the Seven Shoulders, are open to visitors. This prosperous city is now linked with the rest of the country by the Konkan railways.

Marmagoa Vacations

Distance : 34km from Panaji, 4km from Vasco da Gama

Close to the important industrial town of Vasco da Gama lies the main port of Goa, in Marmagoa. The town has some industries and not very much else besides the highly dilapidated ruins of a fort, and an ironic history, which classifies it as ‘the town that never was’. Well, leaving the dramatics aside, Marmagoa was the site that was first chosen to be the capital of the Portuguese Empire. This is why, in 1685, the construction of the fort started along with the founding of a township. The Viceroy even moved to Marmagoa in 1703, but the Maratha warriors (term used for Shivaji and other Hindus originating from Maharashtra, who fought against foreign rulers) attacked the site repeatedly, and Old Goa was made the capital instead. Thus Marmagoa is more or less the Fatehpur Sikri of Goa. But with the harbour starts another lore. One can take a brake in Marmagoa and spend part of the Goa vacations to enjoy the the port activities, the port is one of India’s finest natural harbours. If you have it in you to extricate yourself from the beaches, a sunset walk around the harbour can be a pleasant change.

¤ Tambdi Surla

Distance : 69km from PanajiSituated in west Goa, the Mahadeva Temple in Tambdi Surla, is the state’s only prominent reminder of the pre-Portuguese temple architecture. Maintained by the ASI (Archeological Survey of India), this 12th century temple boasts of some fine reliefs on the shikhara (spire) depicting a plethora of gods and goddesses. Do not miss the impressive carved wall near the entrance, and the chiselled monolith pillars on your travel vacations in Marmagoa.

A Trip To Old Goa

Distance : 9km from Panaji

¤ Old Goa- The Erstwhile capital of the Portuguese

Old Goa, the erstwhile capital of the Portuguese, that rivalled Lisbon in the 16th century, is now but a dilapidated old village. But this old town is definitely a must see. The town is almost an archeological museum with its spectacular cathedrals (including Sé Cathedral which is said to be the biggest church in Asia) and various other monuments. Some buildings are rather dilapidated while others are being maintained by the ASI (Archeological Survey of India).

¤ Renaissance Architecture

St Catherine’s Cathedral or Sé Cathedral,Sé Cathedral is believed to be the largest church in Asia, it has an 80m long isle, and four chapels on either side of the church. The cathedral was once crowned by two towers, one of which collapsed in 1776. The remaining tower still stands tall and supports a lovely old bell. With a little imagination, it is possible to try and picture the edifice with both the towers intact; that lends a semblance of symmetry to the edifice. Try it. The main altar is beautifully gilded, and showcases paintings on the life of St Catherine of Alexandria. There is an art gallery in the church and the view from the top of the tower is not to be missed.

¤ Other Churches In The Region

Some other churches are worth a visit as well. The ‘Holy Hill’ houses the Church of our Lady of the Rosary. Built in 1526, it is one of the oldest churches in Goa, and has some interesting frescos with Hindu and Islamic designs. The triple-storeyed monument of the Convent of St Monica, was believed to be one of the largest convents under the Portuguese Empire. Built in the early 17th century, the convent has a huge courtyard with a garden in the centre. Today the monument is a centre for theological studies. The Church of St Cajetan is yet another beautiful church, built in 1665 by a few Italian friars. It is modelled on St Peter’s Basilica in

Rome. This grand monument with its two belfries and a dome in the centre, stands close to the pretty ferry wharf.

Ponda In Goa

¤ Temple Attractions

Ponda can be described as the Hindu heart of Goa. It is famous for the five important temples that are situated around the town, and also has the largest mosque in Goa. Most of these temples look relatively new as they have been restored after being destroyed by the Portuguese. That explains why there are no temples around the coast, which was the prime territory of the Portuguese. Besides the regular tourist who likes to spent his holiday vacations in Ponda, the city is also considered as a pilgrimage center for the devotees who come to worship and seek blessings from the holy deities. Ponda is also an important transport link.

¤ The Safa Mosque

Adil Shah constructed the Safa Mosque in 1560. The architectural style of the mosque is predominantly Goan, with the exception of the arches that indicate a distinct Bijapuri influence (for more information on the Bijapuri Style of architecture, see Bijapur). The mosque has a beautiful backdrop of wooded low hills that rise in the background.

¤ Shri Mangesh Temple

The 18th century, Shri Mangesh Temple, lies on the north west of Ponda in Priol. Considered to be

the most important temple in Goa, it belongs to the typical Goan Hindu temple style of

architecture, which is a curious mix of the Hindu and Portuguese style. This picturesque little

temple is built on a hilltop amidst sprawling farmlands. The temple has shrines of Parvati (consort of Shiva – Destroyer of the Universe) and Ganesha (the elephant-god of Prosperity and Wisdom). A beautiful seven-storeyed deepstambha (lamp tower), typical of Goan temple architecture, stands in the temple complex.

¤ Nagesh Temple

The Nagesh Temple is situated 4km west of Ponda. Nagesh or the ‘God of Serpents’ refers to Shiva (Destroyer of the Universe). The temple was built in 1413. The mandapa (an assembly hall, generally pillared, preceding the sanctum sanatorium) has woodcarvings that narrate stories from the Hindu epics – Ramayana and Mahabharata. The temple compound also houses a five-storeyed deepstambha. Not far from the Nagesh Temple, is located the Mahalakshmi Temple, dedicated to Goddess Durga (the Goddess of War). According to the date inscribed in Marathi on the temple, the monument could have been built in 1413.

¤ Shantadurga Temple

Set amidst tranquill forests and hills, the Shantadurga Temple lies 3km from Ponda in Queula. Shantadurga, one of the consorts of Shiva, is a form of Durga (the Goddess of War) and the Goddess of Peace. Legend has it that once, the Destroyer and the Preserver had a mammoth fight that plunged the entire universe into chaos. Shantadurga stepped in as the arbitrator and succeeded in reconciling the warring parties, thus saving the universe from eternal doom. The temple makes a preferred holiday pilgrimage center for the devotees thronging from far and wide. Hence she stands in the temple shrine in between Shiva and Vishnu (Preserver of the Universe) as a symbol of peace.

Panaji Travel Guide

Called Panjim by the Portuguese, Panaji is the state capital of Goa. Unlike many capital cities, Panaji has a distinct unhurried character. It is situated on the southern banks of the Mandovi River, which makes this town all the more charming. Typical of a Goan town, Panaji is built around a church facing a prominent square.

The town has some beautiful Portuguese Baroque style buildings and enchanting old villas. The riverside, speckled with brightly whitewashed houses with wrought iron balconies, offers a fine view. Trudge around town in the cobbled alleys to see quaint old taverns and cafés with

some atmosphere, and practically no tourists.These are a good places to travel and meet the local people.

GOA ATTRACTIONS

Dudhsagar Falls

¤ Highest Falls In India

On the border of Karnataka and Goa, the Dudhsagar Falls drop to a spectacular 600m. Believed to be amongst the highest falls in the country, these magnificent falls are located in a blissful tropical jungle with crisscrossing streams, making it an ideal destination for travel vacation in Goa. sThe falls drop down to form a few pools, which are absolutely delightful for a swim. Take care to ensure that the pool you go into is relatively calm. The sure-footed

adventurers could try and climb up to the head of the falls through bushes, boulders and water. It’s a tough climb which takes at least a couple of hours, but the mind-blowing view from the top is well worth the effort.

Para Gliding in India

¤ India's Diverse Geographical Features Support Para Gliding Adventure Sports

Besides other adventure sports options available in India, the sub-continent is fast attaining world recognition, as a perfect destination for a hang gliding, hand gliding adventure sport in India. India's vast and diverse geographic features offer a variety of sites and absolute flying conditions, almost anything a para glider pilot could wish for, flying through mighty Himalayas, flying over the blue seas or flying over the vast desert regions of India.

¤ Himalayan Adventure With Para Gliding

The north India - the abode of 'the mighty Himalayas' --the biggest mountain range in the world offers challenging conditions for hand paragliding to the flying lovers. The Himalayan region of Ladakh and Zanskar faces rough weather where the winds are unpredictable and sandstorms blow up within minutes, here heavy - duty gear is required with excellent skills over flying.

Towards the lower Himalayas, the states like Himachal Pradesh and Uttranchal offers a perfect site for hang para gliding.

¤ Para Gliding Sports In Coastal Regions of India

Coastal flying is possible from the cliffs of north Goa, Rantnagari and other smaller seaside villages on the western coast. Here the calm sea breezes flows through the region, creating magical lift bands that gives pilots a pleasure of a smooth flying.Later in the evening as the sunsets in the horizon the wind speeds lessen down, the enthusiast soar for hours on end and cruise comfortably into the sunset.At the bottom of the Indian peninsular, Ooty and Kodaikanal also have ample opportunities for this adventurous sports.

¤ Accommodation Facilities

Accommodation, food, transportation and the healthy flying conditions prompt the serious pilots to look forward to spend a few months in the flying zones of India to improve their

flying skills and enjoy the hang para gliding sports up to its full core.

Bungee Jumping

¤ Most Thrilling Sport

Bungee Jumping Great Adventure Sports, is both a spectacular attraction and an exhilarating experience for all who participate, attracting people from a wide background and a broad spectrum of age groups. The average age of jumpers is between 16 and 40, but the limit is 14 to 50. Spectators of all ages stand in awe, witnessing the many people who just have to do it.

¤ Sports Origin

Bungee Jumping Great Adventure Sports originated on the South Pacific Island of Vanuatu with the natives performing it as part of their manhood ritual, leaping from bamboo towers with only wines tied to their ankles.

The world’s first great Bungee jump, occurred on April Fools Day 1979, when four jumpers

performed a completely unauthorized leap, simultaneously from Bristol’s Clifton Suspension Bridge

using elasticized rubber ropes. Soon after, red-blooded adrenaline seekers across the world

embraced this thrilling and intriguing new sport that owes everything to plain, raw nerve!

Water Sports In GoaDiving, Windsurfing, Yachting, Scuba Diving and Snorkeling. Those visiting Goa will find ample opportunity to indulge in all kinds of water sports. However, serious water freaks should head for the sparkling blue (and strictly preserved) waters of the Andaman and Lakshwadeep Islands.

¤ Andaman Water SportsThe Andaman offers some excellent locations for water adventure sports. Snorkeling; it is better to bring your own equipment to take up the sport.Scuba diving have ample opportunities in islands, there are schools, offering diving courses have mushroomed all over the place. The best is easily the Port Blair Underwater Diver Center in the South Andaman that offers an internationally recognized PADI affiliated Open Water Diver Certificate course.

Goa State Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited.

GSIDC - PROFILE

Goa State Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (GSIDC) is a wholly owned Government Company of the Government of Goa registered under the Companies Act, 1956, with the Registrar of Companies, Panaji-Goa. The Registrar of Companies has allotted Certificate of Incorporation No.U75112GA2001SGC002954 (CIN) dated 20/02/2001. The Government of Goa makes a provision in the State Budget towards Share Capital /contribution for the company to meet its funds requirements. The capital structure of the company is:

1. Authorised Capital  :  Rs.5,00,00,000.00

2. Subscribed Capital :  Rs.3,10,00,660.00

3. Paid up Capital       :   Rs.3,10,00,060.00

BUSINESS

GSIDC has been floated by the Government of Goa as a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) for speedy implementation of all the Infrastructural Projects, envisaged by the Government like Roads, Bridges, Fly-Overs, Bus-Stands, Hospitals, Tourism related Projects, etc., all over the State on the similar lines of similar Corporations in other States. This would help in development of infrastructural facilities all over the State of Goa. This Corporation would act as a co-ordinating agency for implementing all the projects.

The registered office of the Company is :-

Goa State Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited

7th Floor, EDC House,Dr. Atmaram Borkar Road,Panaji, Goa 403 001

Tel : 91-832-6645769 - 73Fax : 91-832-2226256Email : email@gsidcltd.com

PROJECTS.

COMPLETED PROJECTS

Bridges

Construction of bridge at Khareband.

Design and construction of bridge over Kushavati River at Adem, Sanguem Taluka.

Design & Construction of Bridge over river Uguem connecting villages Uguem and Kalay including approach roads.

Design & Construction of bridge across river Zuari at Sanvordem including approach roads.

Construction of bridge at Rawanfond.

Design and construction of Bridge over river Satrem at Satrem, Sattari Taluka.

Construction of Bridge across River Sal at Mungul on Margao – Colva road.

Construction of bridge across Chapora River between Pirna and Ozorim including approaches

Construction of Bridge across Baga creek at Baga including approaches

ROADS

Upgradation and Improvement of roads leading to Beaches in Pernem Phase – I : Chopdem - Mandrem

Improvement and Upgradation of the existing MDR from Dandevaddo to Chandor via Sarzora and Guddi in Cuncolim Constituency.

Construction of rumbler strips (4 in no.) and traffic signboards near Goa Institute of Management, Ribandar.

Strengthening and Hot Mixing of road from Sanquelim to Karnataka State Border via

Keri (Sattari Taluka) from Ch 0.00 to Ch. 26.50 Kms.

Improvement and Upgradation of road network at Piligao, Curti, Ponda Town and Chodan.

Social Infrastructure

Construction of library building at Margao, Goa - Additional furniture item

Construction of Yatri Niwas at GMC Complex, Bambolim, Goa.

Construction of Panchayat Ghar and Market Complex at Village Panchayat Neura in St. Andre Constituency - Phase I : Land Development.

Development work of Government Village School Playground at Goa Velha, Tiswadi, Goa - Phase I : Land Development

Construction of Multipurpose Hall and office building for Village Panchayat, Salvador do Mundo.Phase I : Land development.

Taleigao Hall and Land Development

Signages for the Community Hall at Taleigao.

Construction of Library Buildiing at Margao - Interior Design.

Construction of Library Building at Margao, Goa - Softlandscaping.

Construction of Community Hall in the Morlem Rehabilitation Colony in Sattari Taluka

Bus Stands

Construction of Bus Stand at Canacona - Phase II

Construction of Bus Stand at Shiroda - Phase II

Hotmixing at Margao Bus Stand.

Construction of Bus Stand at Valpoi - Phase I : Land Development.

Construction of Bus Stand at Canacona - Phase I : Land Development

Signages work at Canacona Bus Stand

Landscaping works at Canacona Bus Stand

Construction of Bus Stand at Shiroda - Phase I : Land Development

Construction of Bus Stand at Honda - Phase I : Levelling of Plot & retaining wall.

Other Projects

Cansaulim Sports Complex,

Construction of Library Block at Goa Medical College Complex, Panaji, Goa.

Extension of temporary jetty near Kala Academy.

Construction of Institute of Nursing Education Complex at Bambolim, Goa.

Health Works

Construction of District Hospital at Mapusa, Goa - Civil, Electrical and Plumbing Works

450 Bedded Ward Block at GMC

Community Health Centre at Canacona

Dental College Hostel, Bambolim

Bio Medical equipments Package - I (hospital plant) (A) Steel Operation Theatre for District Hospital at Mapusa

Bio Medical equipments Package - I (hospital plant) (B) Mortuary cabinet for District Hospital at Mapusa, Goa

CURRENT PROJECTS

Bridges

Construction of bridge between Tharmas to Ozari Sangaowada in Dhargal Constituency

Construction of Bridge on Khandepar river at Codli – Dabal, Goa.

Construction of single lane bridge in village Dongrim, Village Panchayat Azzosim, Mandur

Construction of bridge at Guleli - Padeli in Sattari Taluka, Goa.

Design & Construction of bridge at Cumbarjua on RCC bored pile foundations

Social Infrastructure

Construction of Central Library Building at Patto, Panaji - Civil Works.

Construction of Sewage Treatment Plant at Sanquelim

Construction of Ravindra Bhavan at Sanquelim, Goa – Phase I : Civil, plumbing, land development, electrical (part)

Restoration of old Secretariat Building to make it a Center of Art & Culture.

Construction of Central Library Building at Patto, Panaji, Goa - Electrical work.

Sustainable Tourism in GoaTourismGoa, also known as the “Rome of the East”, is famous for tourism world-wide. Tourism is the mainstay of the Goan economy and is the main contributor to the exchequer. Besides tourism, mining, farming and fishing are the other important occupations of the people. Tourism caught the imagination of the people in the world in the 1980s and Goa, due to its natural beauty coupled with the charming Portuguese influence and culture, became a favorite destination for hordes of tourists from all over the world. The Government of Goa has already declared tourism as an industry with effect from 01-04-2000. The master plan for thetourism development has already been prepared by the state and the Tourism Policy of the state has already been framed, but all this has to be implemented properly if we want tourism to be a success story for the state. (Tourist Statistics 2006-07, Department Of Tourism, Goa)But the number of tourists descending upon Goa is stretching the limits of what can be handled by the state’s infrastructure. It is a small state, measuring around 140 km from North to South and just 65 Kmfrom East to West. In many cases, the burden of tourism has started creating a lot of problems for thelocals. Most tourists visit Goa primarily for beach tourism; and although Goa is famous for many otherthings (like its old and artistic temples and churches), most of the tourists, both Indian and foreign, comewith the dual focus of the beaches and the alcohol (which is available cheaply in Goa). In this paper, Ipropose to examine various aspects of tourism and examine them in the light of Goan economy and society.Tourism is a big business all over the world, and one that is continuously growing. The modern world isfull of stress and people search new ways to relax themselves and become refreshed and rejuvenated.

DefinitionThe definition of a tourist adopted by the UNO is as follows:“Any person visiting a country, other than that in which he usually resides, for a period of at least 24 hours”

India has adopted the following definition to recognize a tourist“A person who travels to a country other than that in which he has his usual residence, the main purpose ofwhose visit is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the country visited and isstaying for a period of at least one night but not more than one year in that country” (Rai, L 1993)

Number of tourists visiting Goa

Goa, as was mentioned earlier is a small state, with a total population of 13.48 lakhs as per the 2001 census.Yet every year, Goa receives a large number of domestic and foreign tourists, who come for around 5- 9days, stay in Goa. India received a total of 3915324 tourists in 2005, while during the same time Goa wasvisited by 336803 tourists (foreign)Goa receives the largest number of tourist from UK followed by Russia. Besides, tourists from Germany,Finland, France, Switzerland, USA and many other countries also visit the state. The domestic touristcomes from all over India, as Goa is a very popular tourist’s destination. The table shows the number ofdomestic and foreign tourist who have visited the state from 2000 to 2006.Many of the tourists arrive in Goa directly by the charted flights and the table below shows the number ofsuch tourists who have arrived and the number of chartered flights that

have come to Goa from variouscountries in the world. The rest of the tourists arrive at Mumbai or Delhi and then come to Goa to visit theplace.

Types of Tourism (present and proposed)

India has registered a phenomenal growth in tourism of varying types. Goa has an area of 3702 Sq. Km. oflush green mountains, blue waters and white sands, winding rivers and picturesque villages with local flora\and fauna. It is thus capable of offering a wide variety of entertainment for the discerning tourist and thestate has the capacity to diversify into newer fields for the future. People all over the world are aware thatGoa has very beautiful beaches and in recent years, Goa had been actively projected by the GoaGovernment as a destination of “Sun, Sand and Smiles” which was later on changed to “Goa - 365 Days aholiday”. But in the process, Goa’s great cultural heritage and other types of potential tourism have beenneglected thanks to this overemphasis on Beach Tourism

Some of the types of tourism are as follows:1. Beach Tourism: As Goa has a 105 km coast line, the beaches of Goa are a very important touristattraction. From Keri in the north to Palolem in the south, Goa has many world famous beaches likeArambol, Colva (longest beach in Goa), Anjuna (known for its flea market), Calangute (most popular andcrowded), Palolem and many other small lesser known beaches where the tourists can relax, soak up thesun and feast on the local cuisine (photos of various beaches will be shown during the presentation)

2. Adventure Tourism: It has recently become very popular in India. It involves the exploration ofremote areas and exotic locales and engaging in various activities like trekking, white water rafting, camelsafaris, paragliding, rock climbing etc. Goa has a very good potential for activities like trekking,paragliding, dolphin sighting boating, and mountain climbing. (photos on camel safari, paragliding, boatingin Goa etc will be presented )

3. Wildlife Tourism: India has a rich forest cover, where we find some very beautiful and exoticspecies of wildlife. Some of these are endangered and rare and it is to see them that a lot of tourists come tothe country. Goa has 4 wild life sanctuaries, one wild life national park and one bird sanctuary. Almost 60% of the Goan area is protected area. Around 1.25 lakhs tourist visit these sanctuaries every year. Goa hasa variety of flora and fauna which could be used to attract tourists to these places. Goa also has twobeautiful lakes, at Mayem and Carambolim, where migratory birds are sighted in large numbers (photos ofcrocodiles and of cranes and other birds will be shown during the presentation. Photographs of the wildlife sanctuaries in Goa will also be shown)

4. Medical Tourism: Medical tourism is a recent phenomenon in Goa. Many world class medicalhospitals like Apollo and Vivus have been started in Goa, which provide world class facilities at a fractionof the corresponding cost abroad. Foreigners from many developed countries prefer to come to Goa for avariety of treatment ranging from dental surgery, hearing problems, knee replacements to even heartsurgery. (Photos will be shown during the presentation). This is a market where Goa has potential forfurther development and the government should take steps to see that this market can be sustained andincreased medical tourism can be promoted in the future.

5. Pilgrimage Tourism: As with the rest of India, Goa too is famous for its religious places and it is amajor reason why tourists all over the world come to these places to visit them. The World Heritage Site atOld Goa is a major tourist attraction with a large number of churches such as St Cajetan, Our Lady of theMount, St Francis of Assisi Church and Convent, Basilica of Bom Jesus, Se Cathedral,Church of Our Ladyof Rosary, theArchaeological Museum, the Christian Art Museum, the ruins of the Church andMonasteryof St Augustine, The Chapel of St Catherine, the Viceroy’s Arch, Chapel of St Anthony (opposite the ruinsof the Church of St Augustine) Convent of Santa Monica. Besides this there are many other beautifulchurches and temples all over Goa. A few kilometers away from Old Goa, we have the famous Mangueshiand Mardol temples as well as the Saptakoteshwar temples at Narve (photos of churches and other templeswill be shown during the presentation ).

6. Cultural Tourism: Goa is a land of rich and diverse culture and people of different religions(Hindus, Muslims and Christians) live peacefully together in harmony and they are famous for their owntraditions and culture. Goa is famous for the Carnival and the IFFI. Besides, Bonderam (Divar) , Sangodd(Boat festival) and Taranga are also famous. Goa is known for traditional cultural dances and songs(Mandos, Fugddies, Goff, Godemodni and many others) (photographs of some cultural events will bedisplayed)

7. Architectural Tourism: India has a rich amalgamation of various architectural styles where theinfluence of many dynasties and many cultures can be seen. Some of the important places include Dilwaratemples at Rajasthan, Taj Mahal at Agra, Victoria terminus and Fort Area in Mumbai, Red Fort at Delhi,etc. Goa too has an architecturally rich heritage which could be projected by the government as touristplaces. Goa has many forts likeChapora, Teracol and Alorna which can be used to attract the tourists.

8. Yoga Tourism: Goa is a land of peace and tranquility. “Susegad” - roughly meaning “laid-back” -that is how the Goans are traditionally known. The hinterlands of Goa, far from the noise of the city, areperfect for yoga and meditations. The peaceful villages, where the occasional lowing of a cow is the onlylikely disturbance, are a perfect backdrop for such a type of tourism. Goa has not concentrated on this atpresent, but there is a hugh potential for this type of activity.

9. Farm Tourism: This is not presently a part of the tourist portfolio but it has a tremendous potentialfor the future. Goa, with its lush green fields, could easily exploit this resource in the future. Some of theways in which this could be achieved could be through the techniques of renting trees, animals, farms totourists where they can come and spend some time on the farm and also learn how the farm operates andhow to take care of the animals and the trees.

10. Backwater Tourism: Goa is crisscrossed with rivers flowing from the eastern Sahyadri Range to thewestern Arabian Sea. From north to south, the following rivers, Tiracol, Chapora, Mandovi, Zuari, Sal andTalpona, flow windingly through villages and give support to the local economy, either for agriculture oror fishing. Sight seeing can be done from the water instead of the road. The inland cruises could havelanding points near the spice gardens, churches and temples so that the tourist can see the important placestoo along with the scenic river trip. The Alorna fort too can be an attractive attraction for backwater tourism

Sustainable tourism

Definition:Sustainability is a characteristic of a process or state that can be maintained at a certain level indefinitely.Thus it is a process that takes care of “tomorrow” as well as “today”, conserving resources where necessaryto ensure continuity.Sustainable tourism thus attempts to make minimal impact on the environment and local culture, whilehelping to generate income and employment for locals, as well as to promote the conservation of localecosystems. It is responsible tourism which is both ecologically and culturally sensitive.As tourism grows at a high rate, it tends to place a great stress on the diverse habitats and these will bedestroyed. Indiscriminate tourism could very easily destroy, or at least irretrievably damage, the flora andthe fauna of the state. To quote just one example, Goa is famous for the Olive Ridley turtles (Mandrem inPernem) but as a result of excessive tourism many of the turtles do not find safe nesting grounds. The verypromotion of “eco holiday ” in the area by the hoteliers are defeating the purpose as littering the beach andovercrowding do not allow the turtles to hatch safely.Sustainable tourism is especially important for a small state like Goa since the influx of both Indian andforeign tourists is increasing very year. Goa being a tiny state, the carrying capacity of the state in terms ofthe size, facilities available and the ecological fragility should be thoroughly studied and taken intoconsideration while allowing tourism; only then would such tourism be beneficial, in the long run, for thestate and the people. The stake holders in sustainable tourism i.e. Community-based management, nongovernmentalorganizations, tourists and locals all should be trained to see that the fragile Goan ecosystemdoes not suffer as a result of excessive tourism.Tourists, who promote sustainable tourism are aware of these dangers and seek to protect touristdestinations, and to protect tourism as an industryThe local community has an important role to play in sustainable tourism and will have to keep thefollowing points in mind if they wish that, tourism continues to be the mainstay for the economy of thestate

1. Be Courteous: The local people should be courteous to the tourists and help them to have awonderful holiday so that they may go back to their places and send more tourists to the state. This word ofmouth publicity will do wonders for the state tourism.

• Do not harass the tourists: Many of the tourists from foreign countries are so very different from thelocals that the locals harass them by staring at them and following them unnecessarily

• Do not over charge the tourist: Goa is a place where the tourists are fleeced ( transport, food, stay) andhence very often the tourism industry is faces a bad impact of this overcharging

• Do not force tourists to buy your products: tourists in Goa, and other tourist places face a lot ofharassment from the local venders ,especially small children whocontinuously follow the tourists andinsist that they buy the products

Environmental impact of tourism

Positive impact1. Financial contributions.(one of the largest contributor to the exchequer)

2. Improving environmental management and planning.3. Increasing the environmental awareness.4. Alternate employment.

Negative impactNegative impact of tourism occurs when the level of visitors’ use is greater than the environmental abilityto cope with the situation within the acceptable limits of change.Uncontrolled tourism poses potential threats to the natural areas including

1. Depletion of resources (especially water)2. Pressure on land and resources (to set up hotels and other facilities)3. Land degradation (due to nature trails and other facilities to the tourists4. Pollution ( air, water, noise)

SUGGESTIONS

Some of the suggestions that I would like to give to improve the tourism industry and make it moresustainable include:

1. Diversifying the areas of tourism: the tourism industry in Goa has mainly concentrated on beachtourism and neglected other forms of tourism to a large extent. My suggestion is that Goa should diversifyinto other areas , like farm and yoga tourism which have the potential for future growth and development

2. Training the guides and the local people : The local people should be trained in hospitality servicesand the guides should be trained to provide the necessary and the correct information to the tourist.

3. Maintain the control on the prices of goods and the quality of services: the prices of the goods andservices in Goa are very high, and hence many tourists are discouraged from shopping and buying localitems. The local people too, find the cost of living very high and very often the local people cannot affordto purchase their daily requirements. The government should keep a control on the prices of the products sothat the local people and the tourist do not suffer.

4. Improving the infrastructure especially the transport: for tourism, transport is very important andin Goa we have variety of transport facilities .Motorcycle pilots are a unique feature of Goa where a personcan travel any distance on a hired bike. Besides we also have many tourist taxis and other buses, but therates charged for a small distance are exorbitant. Most of the rickshaws and taxies do not charge by meter.The public transport facility should be strengthened so that the tourists can visit the place of their choice ata very cheap rate.

5. Improving the safety especially of women. Today many tourist women are facing many problemsfrom the local people, especially as they do not maintain the hours and come back to the hotel or guesthouses late at night. Many of the foreign women have faced molestation and other problems in Goa.

6. Maintaining a control on the beaches. The beaches in Goa are very dangerous for swimming dueto the changes in tides. Even after the posting of lifeguards and

many warning signs, foreign and othertourists go swimming, especially when they are drunk and the number of the dead by drowning hasincreased tremendously. The government and the local people should undertake steps to educate the touristsabout the dangers of swimming in the seas. Trained lifeguards should be placed at all the major beaches,with life boats and life belts.

SWOT ANALYSIS

STRENGTHS: 1. Dynamism in the Tourism and Hospitality industries.2. Continuous inflow of Tourists in the country.3. India’s rich cultural heritage.4. Low labour costs as against the world standards.

WEAKNESSES: 1. Regional imbalance of hotels.2. Capital intensive3. Labour intensive.4. High taxes and tariffs for every service.5. Disparity in taxes charged by various States.6. Lack of aggressive and effective marketing and promotional strategies.7. Land availability is a major hurdle for any hotel project. Release of land at prime locations isdifficult because large tracts of land in such locations come under the Government’s control.8. The prohibitive cost of power in India.9. High government duty on power tariffs

OPPORTUNITIES: 1. Influx of MNCs in the country after liberalization. This has led to a flurry of industrial activityin the country and thus an increased demand for the hotel.2. Declaration of the Hotel Industry as a “High Priority Industry”.3. Government policy of positioning hotel and other tourism related activities in the privatesector.4. Various incentives/concessions extended by the Government.5. Approval of the hotel by the Department of Tourism. This approval constitutes a certificate ofsuitability of the hotel for occupancy by tourists, both foreign and domestic.6. Higher interest subsidy for hotel projects that are set up in special areas and specifieddestinations as per the Government.7. Introduction of the Capital Subsidy scheme for the Heritage class of hotels.8. Declaration of the hotel and tourism industry as a high priority industry for

foreigninvestment.9. Liberalization of imports and concessional customs duty.

THREATS: 1. Significant over capacity in places like Madras and Goa.2. Dual pricing is a major deterrent (Indian and Foreign tourists).3. The continuous change of Governments over the past years has led to a slowdown in bothforeign investment and business travel.4. High capital costs combined with long gestation periods

5. Inadequate infrastructure development in terms of international airports, roads, communication facilities, cost of communication etc.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, I would like to put forth the submission that tourism has an important place in the economyof Goa, but this has to be carried out in a very systematic manner. Only when the Government and the localpeople come together, implement the policy, which has been framed, it in a vigorous manner, tourism willbe a boon else it will be a burden to the tiny beautiful state of Goa.We Global vision tours a leading Goa tour operator heartily welcomes you all to our site Goa Tour Packages. We are engaged in tours and travel tourism in Goa for years offering tourists tailor made Goa tour packages for enjoyable vacation in this beautiful beach state of India. We have team of professional & experienced staffs with offices in all the major cities of India like Delhi, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Cochin and Hyderabad. Our main motto is to provide our guests with world class services and tailor made Goa tour packages, so that tourists have pleasurable touring experience with us. Being a leading Goa travel agent we provide all the tours and travel related services giving much preference to the requirements of tourists and their needs. Our professionals and experienced staffs are always there to provide you with assured services mentioned in our tour packages with a smile. We also promote properties like hotels, resorts, restaurants & bar laying stress on hygiene, warm services and customer satisfaction.

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