Glycolysis & Fermentation. 3.7.1 Define cell respiration.
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Transcript of Glycolysis & Fermentation. 3.7.1 Define cell respiration.
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Glycolysis & Fermentation
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3.7.1 Define cell respiration.
• Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP.
• ATP – adenosine triphosphate– Molecule that directly fuels most biological reactions– ATP cycle:
ADP + Pi
ATP
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Oxidation – Reduction (Redox) Reactions
• Electrons are “traded”.• Loss of electrons = oxidation• Gain of electrons = reduction– LEO-GER• Lose Electrons Oxidized – Gain Electrons Reduced
– OIL RIG• Oxidation Is Loss – Reduction Is Gain
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3.7.2 State that, in cell respiration, glucose in the cytoplasm is broken down by glycolysis into pyruvate,
with a small yield of ATP.
• Glycolysis is the first step in cell respiration.• It is common to ALL life on earth, both aerobic
and anaerobic. • The enzymes involved in this process have not
changed. This indicates that mutations in the DNA that affect these enzymes did not survive the evolutionary process.
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3.7.2 State that, in cell respiration, glucose in the cytoplasm is broken down by glycolysis into pyruvate,
with a small yield of ATP.
• Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of the cell.• It does not require the presence of oxygen.
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3.7.2 State that, in cell respiration, glucose in the cytoplasm is broken down by glycolysis into pyruvate,
with a small yield of ATP.• It requires:– 2 ATP molecules – 1 glucose molecule (6-C)
• It yields:– 4 ATP molecules (net gain to the cell of 2 ATP
molecules)– 2 pyruvate molecules (3-C)
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Objective #1: Summarize lactic acid fermentation as an example of anaerobic respiration in cells, including
input, output, and location in the cytosol.
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Learning Goals:
• State that glucose is broken down in the cytosol with a small yield of ATP.
• State that the electron carrier molecule NAD+ is reduced when it gains electrons during glycolysis.
• State that pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis, serves as an electron acceptor for oxidizing NADH back to NAD+, which can then be reused in glycolysis.
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Learning Goals:
• State that pyruvate is converted to lactic acid in one step, with no additional yield of ATP.
• Summarize the process of lactic acid fermentation, including inputs, intermediary molecules, and final products.
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Objective #2: Summarize alcohol fermentation as an example of anaerobic respiration in cells, including input, output, and
location in the cytosol.
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Alcohol Fermentation:• glucose is broken down in the cytosol • yield of 2 ATP molecules• the electron carrier molecule NAD+ is reduced
when it gains electrons during glycolysis• pyruvate is converted to alcohol in two steps,
with no additional yield of ATP
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Alcohol Fermentation:• CO2 is released in the first step, the conversion
of pyruvate to acetaldehyde• in the second step, acetaldehyde is reduced by
NADH to alcohol, which regenerates NAD+ necessary for the continuation of glycolysis
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Lactic Acid Fermentation:• glucose is broken down in the cytosol • yield of 2 ATP molecules• the electron carrier molecule NAD+ is reduced
when it gains electrons during glycolysis• pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis, serves
as an electron acceptor for oxidizing NADH back to NAD+, which can then be reused in glycolysis
• ethanol is the end product of the reaction
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