Glover 5e Handouts Chapter 1

7/31/2019 Glover 5e Handouts Chapter 1

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Slide 1

Chapter 1:

Introduction

2012Cengage LearningEngineering. AllRights Reserved. 0

Chapter 1:Introduction

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Slide 2Simple Power System

Every power system has three major components

generation: source of power, ideally with a

specified voltage and frequency

load: consumes power; ideally with a constant

resistive value

transmission system: transmits power; ideally as

a perfect conductor


1 2012Cengage LearningEngineering. AllRights Reserved.

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Slide 3Complications

No ideal voltage sources exist

Loads are seldom constant

Transmission system has resistance, inductance,

capacitance and flow limitations

Simple system has no redundancy so power system will not

work if any component fails



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Slide 4NotationPower

Power: Instantaneous consumption of energy

Power Units

Watts = voltage x current for dc (W)

kW 1 x 103 Watt

MW 1 x 106 Watt

GW 1 x 109 Watt

Installed U.S. generation capacity is about

900 GW ( about 3 kW per person) Maximum load of Champaign/Urbana about 300 MW



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Slide 5NotationEnergy

Energy: Integration of power over time; energy is what

people really want from a power system

Energy Units

Joule = 1 Watt-second (J)

kWh Kilowatt-hour (3.6 x 106 J)

Btu 1055 J; 1 MBtu =0.292 MWh

U.S. electric energy consumption is about 3600 bill ionkWh (about 13,333 kWh per person, which means on

average we each use 1.5 kW of power continuously)



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Slide 6Power System Examples

Electric utility: can range from quite small, such as an

island, to one covering half the continent

there are four major interconnected ac power systems inNorth American, each operating at 60 Hz ac; 50 Hz is

used in some other countries.

Airplanes and Spaceships: reduction in weight is primaryconsideration; frequency is 400 Hz.

Ships and submarines

Automobiles: dc with 12 volts standard

Battery operated portable systems



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Slide 7

North America Interconnections



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Slide 8Electric Systems in Energy Context

Class focuses on electric power systems, but we fir stneed to put the electric system in context of the totalenergy delivery system

Electricity is used primarily as a means for energytransportation

Use other sources of energy to create it, and it isusually converted into another form of energy whenused

About 40% of US energy is transported in electric form

Concerns about need to reduce CO2 emissions and fossilfuel depletion are becoming main drivers for change inworld energy infrastructure



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Slide 9Sources of EnergyU.S.

Source: EIAEnergy Outlook 2007, Table 1, 2005 Data

Petroleum,

40.6

Coal, 22.9

Natural Gas,

22.6

Nuclear, 8.1

Hydro, 2.7

Biomass, 2.4Other, 0.8

CO2 Emissions (millions ofmetric tons, and per quad)

Petroleum: 2598, 64.0Natural Gas: 1198, 53.0

Coal: 2115, 92.3

About 86% Fossil Fuels

1 Quad = 293 billion kWh

(actual)

1 Quad = 98 billion kWh(used, taking into account

efficiency)



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Slide 10Electric Energy by Sources, U.S.

Source: EIAState Electricity Profiles, 2006

Coal49.0%

Gas20.0%

Hydroeletric7.1%

etroleum2.0%

Nuclear19.4%

Renewable2.5%



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Slide 11Electric Energy by Sources, Calif.

Coal1.0%

Gas49.8%

Hydroeletric22.2%

etroleum1.0%

Nuclear14.7%

Renewable11.3%

Oregon is71% Hydro,whileWashingtonState is76% Hydro




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Slide 12Electric Energy by Sources, Illinois

Coal47.6%

Gas2.9%

Hydroeletric0.1%

Petroleum0.1%

Nuclear48.9%

Renewable0.4%




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Slide 13Global Warming and the Power Grid

What is Known: CO2 in Air is Rising

12

Source: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/co2/sio-mlo.htm

Value was

about 280

ppm in 1800,384 in 2007

Rate of

increase isabout 3 ppm

per year


2012Cengage LearningEngineering. AllRights Reserved.

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Slide 14As is Worldwide Temperature

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Source: http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/info/warming/

Baseline is 1961 to 1990 mean



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Slide 15Change in U.S.

Annual Average Temperature

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Source: http://www.sws.uiuc.edu/atmos/statecli/Climate_change/ustren-temp.gif



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Slide 16 But Average Temperatures Are Not

Increasing Everywhere Equally

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Source : http://www.sws.uiuc.edu/atmos/statecli/Climate_change/iltren-temp.jpg



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Slide 17World Population Trends

Country 2005 2015 2025 %

Japan 127.5 124.7 117.8 -7.6

Germany 82.4 81.9 80.6 -2.1

Russia 142.8 136.0 128.1 -10.3

USA 295.7 322.6 349.7 18.2

China 1306 1393 1453 11.2

India 1094 1274 1449 32.4

World 6449 7226 7959 23.4

Source: www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/summaries.html; values in millions;

percent change from 2005 to 2025

16Chapter 1:Introduction


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Slide 18 Eventual Atmospheric CO2Stabilization Level Depends Upon CO2

Emissions

17

Regardless of what we do

in the short-term the CO2levels in the atmosphere willcontinue to increase.

The eventual stabilization

levels depend upon how

quickly CO2 emissions arecurtailed.

Emissions from electricity

production are currently

about 40% of the total



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Slide 19Energy Economics

Electric generating technologies involve a tradeoff between

fixed costs (costs to build them) and operating costs

Nuclear and solar high fixed costs, but low operating

costs

Natural gas/oil have low fixed costs but high operatingcosts (dependent upon fuel prices)

Coal, wind, hydro are in between

Also the units capacity factor is important to determining

ultimate cost of electricity

Potential carbon tax major uncertainty



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Slide 20Ball Park Energy Costs

Nuclear: $15/MWh

Coal: $22/MWh

Wind: $50/MWh

Hydro: varies but usually water constrained

Solar: $150 to 200/MWh

Natural Gas: 8 to 10 times fuel cost in $/MBtu

Note, to get price in cents/kWh take price in $/MWh anddivide by 10.



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Slide 21Natural Gas Prices 1990s to 2008



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Slide 22Course Syllabus

Introduction and review of phasors & three phase

Transmission line modeling

Per unit analysis and change of base

Models for transformers, generators, and loads

Power flow analysis and control

Economic system operation/restructuring

Short circuit analysis

Transient stability

System protection



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Slide 23History of Electric Power Systems

Early 1880sEdison introduced Pearl Street dc system in

Manhattan supplying 59 customers

1884Sprague produces practical dc motor

1885invention of transformer

Mid-1880sWestinghouse/Tesla introduce rival ac system

Late 1880sTesla invents ac induction motor

1893First 3 phase transmission line operating at 2.3 kV



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Slide 24History, contd

1896ac lines deliver electricity from hydro generationat Niagara Falls to Buffalo, 20 miles away

Early 1900sPrivate utilities supply all customers inarea (city); recognized as a natural monopoly; states step

in to begin regulation

By 1920sLarge interstate holding companies controlmost electricity systems



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Slide 25History, contd

1935Congress passes Public Utility Holding Company

Act to establish national regulation, breaking up large

interstate utilities (repealed 2005)

1935/6Rural Electrification Act brought electricity to

rural areas

1930sElectric utilities established as vertical monopolies



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Slide 26Vertical Monopolies

Within a particular geographic market, the electric utility had

an exclusive franchise

Generation

Transmission

Distribution

Customer Service

In return for this exclusive

franchise, the utility had the

obligation to serve all

existing and future customers

at rates determined jointlyby utility and regulators

It was a cost plus business



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Slide 27Vertical Monopolies

Within its service territory each utility was the only game

in town

Neighboring utilities functioned more as colleagues thancompetitors

Utilities gradually interconnected their systems so by

1970 transmission lines crisscrossed North America, withvoltages up to 765 kV

Economies of scale keep resulted in decreasing rates, somost every one was happy



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Slide 28Current Midwest Electric Grid



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Slide 29History, contd 1970s

1970s brought inflation, increased fossil-fuel prices, calls

for conservation and growing environmental concerns

Increasing rates replaced decreasing ones

As a result, U.S. Congress passed Public Utilities Regulator

Policies Act (PURPA) in 1978, which mandated utilities

must purchase power from independent generators located

in their service territory (modified 2005)

PURPA introduced some competition



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Slide 30History, contd 1990s & 2000s

Major opening of industry to competition occurred as aresult of National Energy Policy Act of 1992

This act mandated that utiliti es provide nondiscriminatory

access to the high voltage transmission

Goal was to set up true competition in generation

Result over the last few years has been a dramatic

restructuring of electric utility industry (for better or worse!)

Energy Bill 2005 repealed PUHCA; modified PURPA



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Slide 31Utility Restructuring

Driven by significant regional variations in electric rates

Goal of competition is to reduce rates through theintroduction of competition

Eventual goal is to allow consumers to choose their

electricity supplier



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Slide 32State Variation in Electric Rates



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Slide 33The Goal: Customer Choice



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Slide 34The Result for California in 2000/1

OFF

OFF



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Slide 35The California-Enron Effect

Source: http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/chg_str/regmap.html

RI

AK

electricityrestructuring

delayedrestructuring

no activitysuspended

restructuring

WA

OR

NV

CA

ID

MT

WY

UT

AZ

CO

NM

TX

OK

KS

NE

SD

NDMN

IA

WI

MO

IL INOH

KY

TN

MS

LA

AL GA

FL

SC

NC

WVA VA

PA

NY

VT ME

MI

NHMA

CTNJ

DEMD

AR

HI

DC



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Slide 36August 14, 2003 Blackout



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Slide 372007 Illinois Electricity Crisis

Two main electric utilities in Illinois are ComEd and

Ameren

Restructuring law had frozen electricity prices for ten

years, with rate decreases for many.

Prices rose on January 1, 2007 as price freeze ended;price increases were especially high for electric heating

customers who had previously enjoyed rates as low as

2.5 cents/kWh

Current average residential rate (in cents/kWh) is 10.4 in

IL, 8.74 IN, 11.1 WI, 7.94 MO, 9.96 IA, 19.56 CT, 6.09

ID, 14.03 in CA, 10.76 US average



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Glover 5e Handouts Chapter 1

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