A

abaku (a/u) ‘(A) send, lead, (B) uproot abalu (a/a) ‘dry up, dry out (intrans.) abatu (a/u) ‘(A) destroy, (B) flee (mostly in N stem) abbuttu ‘slave lock (a hair-style characteristic of slaves) abnu (m./f.) ‘stone abu (pl. abbu) ‘father abubu ‘deluge, flood abullu ‘city-gate adannu ‘(specified) moment, period (of time) adaru (a/u) ‘(A) become worried, become disturbed, (B) fear, reverence adi (prep./conj.) ‘until, up to, as long as, together with adû (pl.) ‘formal agreement, treaty agagu (a/u) ‘become angry agaru (a/u) ‘hire, rent agû ‘crown, tiara agurru ‘baked brick, paving slab ahameš (adv.) ‘each other, one another, together, alike ahatu ‘sister ahazu (a/u) ‘take, seize, marry, learn ahu (pl. ahhu) ‘brother ahu (pl. ahu or ahatu) ‘side of body, arm, bank, shore ahû (adj.) ‘strange (person), foreigner, additional, other ay (e or i) ‘not (vetitive particle) ayyabu ‘enemy ayyû ‘who, which, what (interrogative) akalu ‘bread, food akalu (a/u) ‘eat, consume, take for oneself, be entitled to the use of alaku (a/i) ‘go, walk, move about, (with ventive) come, arrive ali ‘where (interrogative) allu ‘hoe alpu ‘bull, ox alu ‘city amaru (a/u) ‘see, look at, examine, experience ammini (< ana minim) ‘why (interrogative) amtu ‘slave woman, slave girl amurru ‘west ana (prep.) ‘to, for, because of, in order toanahu (a/a) ‘become tired, collapseanaku ‘tin (and/or lead)anaku ‘I anduraru ‘freedomannû ‘this (here or the aforementioned)anumma (adv.) ‘now, now then, herewithapalu (a/u) ‘answer, pay, repayaplu ‘heirappu ‘noseappuna (adv.) ‘moreover, besides, in addition, furthermore apputtu ‘please, it is urgentapsû ‘underground lake (the freshwater sea that existed under the world) araku (i/i) ‘become longararu (a/u) ‘cursearhiš (adv.) ‘quickly, soonarhu ‘cow arnu ‘crime, sin, guilt, punishmentasû ‘physicianašar (prep./conj) ‘whereašaridu (ašaredu) ‘ first (class), foremost, prince ašru ‘place

aššatu ‘wife aššum (conj.) ‘becauseaššum (prep.) ‘because of, on account of, on behalf of, regarding, concerningatta ‘you (m. sing.) atti ‘you (f. sing.)attina ‘you (f. pl.)attunu ‘you (m. pl.)awatu (amatu) ‘word, matter, affair, decision, news awilu (amelu) ‘man, citizenawû (u/u) ‘speak (mostly in Gt)

B

ba’aru (a-class) ‘catch (fish/animals), huntba’ašu (a-class) ‘come to shamebabu ‘gatebakû (i/i) ‘weep, crybalalu (a/u) ‘mix balaṭu (u/u) ‘become well, be alive, live balu (prep.) ‘without baniu ‘builder, maker banû (i/i) ‘(A) build, create, engender, (B) become pleasant, become beautiful, grow baqamu (a/u) ‘pluck (hair or wool) baqaru (a/u) ‘claim (legally) baraqu (i/i) ‘flash (of lightning), strike with lightning barbaru ‘wolf barû (i/i) ‘look at, inspect, observe bašalu (a/a) ‘boil, roast, ripen bašamu (i/i) ‘form, design, build bašû (i/i) ‘be, exist, be present, be available bataqu (a/u) ‘cut off, cut through, divide bâ’u (a-class) ‘go along, go through, go over baṭalu (i/i) ‘cease beltu ‘lady, mistress belu ‘lord, master, owner bêlu (e-class) ‘rule berû (e/e) ‘become hungry, go hungry, starve beru ‘mile, double-hour biltu ‘burden, tribute, rent, yield, talent (weight) biri (or birit) (prep.) ‘between, among birku ‘leg, knee, lap, sexual parts birtu ‘citadel, castle, fort biru ‘divination bišu ‘possession bitu ‘house, household, estate, temple, building bubutu ‘hunger, famine, sustenance budu ‘shoulder bukru ‘son, child bulluṭu (D stem) ‘heal, give life to bulu (collective) ‘(herd of) cattle, sheep, horses bunu ‘face, features, appearance buqlu ‘malt burtu ‘well, cistern buru ‘calf bušu (bušû) ‘valuables, goods, property bu’û (D and derived stems only) ‘seek, search for, examine, wish

D

dababu (u/u) ‘speak, tell dabdû (damdû, dawdû) ‘defeat, massacre dadmu (pl.) ‘inhabited world (settlements and inhabitants) dagalu (a/u) ‘look (at) dayyanu ‘judge dâku (u-class) ‘kill, defeat, mistreat dalahu (a/u) ‘stir up, disturb, confuse dalalu (a/u) ‘proclaim, glorify, praisedaltu ‘door damamu (u/u) ‘mourndamaqu (i/i) ‘prosper, flourish, have good fortune, be pleasingdamu ‘blooddananu (i/i) ‘become strong, become powerful dannatu ‘famine, distress, fortressdanniš (adv.) ‘very, greatly, much dannu (adj.) ‘strong, powerful, difficult, serious, severedarû (adj.) ‘everlasting, perpetual, enduring dekû (i/i) ‘remove, mobilize, arouse, muster, summon diašu (i-class) ‘threshdianu (i-class) ‘judge, start a lawsuitdimtu ‘tower, fortificationdimtu ‘tear, weepingdinu ‘verdict, judgment, lawsuit, law, casediparu ‘torchdišpu ‘honeydullu ‘misery, forced labor, work, ritual duru ‘(A) city-wall, (B) continuity, permanent status

E

ebebu (i/i) ‘become (ritually) clean, become pure eberu (i/i) ‘cross (over)eburu ‘harvest, crop, summeredelu (i/i) ‘lock edešu (i/i) ‘become new egû (i/i) ‘be careless, be negligentekallu (f.; pl. ekallatu) ‘palaceekdu (adj.) ‘fierceekelu (i/i) ‘become dark ekemu (i/i) ‘take away (by force) ekurru (f.; pl. ekurratu) ‘templeelelu (i/i) ‘become pure, become free eli (prep.) ‘above, over, on, against, beyondelippu (f.; pl. elippetu) ‘boat, shipelû (adj.) ‘highelû (i/i) ‘go up, become highemedu (i/i) ‘lean against, impose (taxes, punishments, etc.) emu ‘father-in-law, son-in-law emuqu ‘strengthenequ (i/i) ‘suckenešu (i/i) ‘become weakenšu ‘weakenû (i/i) ‘change (trans.) enu ‘ruler, lord, high priest enzu ‘she-goat, goat eperu (epru) ‘dirt, dust epešu (e/u;u/u) ‘make, do, act, perform epinnu ‘(seeder) plow epištu ‘ work, act, deed, construction, ritual, magic eqlu ‘field, area

erbû (arba’um) ‘four erebu (u/u) ‘enter, go in erenu ‘cedar erešu ‘smell, scent, fragrance erešu (i/i) ‘ask, request, desire erešu (i/i;u/u;a/u) ‘cultivate, plow, seed eriqqu (f.) ‘wagon, cart erištu ‘wish, request, (object of) desire erpetu ‘cloud errešu ‘farmer, cultivator erretum ‘curse, malediction erṣetu ‘earth eršu (f.) ‘bed erû ‘copper eseru (i/i) ‘(A) press for payment, collect, (B) enclose, confine eṣedu (i/i) ‘harvest eṣemtu ‘bone eṣenu (i/i) ‘smell (trans.) eṣeru (i/i) ‘draw, make a design ešeru (i/i) ‘go straight, prosper ešrû (adj.) ‘tenth ešrû (ešer) ‘ten eššu ‘new ešû (i/i) ‘confuse, trouble, become confused, become troubled etellu ‘prince, lord etequ (i/i) ‘pass by, pass through, go beyond, cross over eṭeru (i/i) ‘(A) take away, save, (B) pay eṭlu ‘(young) man eṭû (i/i) ‘become dark, become dim ewû (i/i) ‘become, turn into, change (intrans.) ezebu (i/i) ‘leave behind, abandon, divorce ezezu (i/i) ‘become angry, become fierce ezzu (adj.) ‘angry, fierce

G

gabbu ‘entirety, all, every galatu (u/u) ‘twitch, become nervous, become frightened gallabu ‘barber gamalu (i/i) ‘spare, save, perform a kind act gamaru (a/u) ‘bring to an end, come to an end, finish, endgamru (adj.) ‘whole, completegašaru (i/i) ‘become powerfulgazazu (a/u) ‘shear (sheep and goats)gerû (i/i) ‘become hostile, start a lawsuitgigunû ‘terrace-templegimillu ‘act of kindness, favor, mercygimru ‘totality, all, universegirru (m.) ‘firegirru (m./f.) ‘road, journey, caravan, military campaigngišimmaru (m./f.) ‘date palmgišnugallu ‘alabastergitmalu (adj.) ‘equal, noble, perfectgugallu ‘water regulator, canal inspectorgullubu (D stem) ‘shave, shave offgušuru ‘log, beam

H

habalu (a/u) ‘(A) oppress, wrong, ravage, (B) borrow

habatu (a/u) ‘rob, take away (by force)hadû (u/u;i/i) ‘rejoice, become gladhalapu (u/u) ‘cover, clothehalaqu (i/i) ‘vanish, become lost, escape, flee, run awayhalṣu ‘fortress, fortification, districthamaṭu (a/u) ‘burn, be inflamedhamaṭu (u/u) ‘hasten, be quickhamšu (adj.) ‘fifthhamšu (hamiš) ‘fiveharpu (adj.) ‘earlyharranu ‘road, trip, caravan, military expeditionhasasu (a/u) ‘ think of, be mindful of, heed, become intelligenthasisu ‘ear, hearing, intelligence, understandinghaṣṣinu ‘axehašahu (i/i;a/u) ‘need, require, desire, likehašû ‘lungshattu (f.) ‘panic, fearhaṭṭu ‘scepter, staff, stickhaṭû (i/i) ‘make a mistake, neglect, sinhazannu ‘mayorhegallu ‘abundancehepû (i/i) ‘breakherû (i/i) ‘dighiaṭu (i-class) ‘watch over, examine, search, payhimetu ‘gheehitu ‘fault, harm, negligence, sin hubullu ‘debt, obligation, interest (on a debt) hulqu ‘lost (object) huraṣu ‘gold huršanu (pl.) ‘mountain (region) hušahhu ‘famine, scarcity, need

I

ibru ‘friend, peer idu (m./f.) ‘arm, side idu (pl.) ‘hire, wages, rent idû (i/i irreg.) ‘know igaru ‘wall ikkaru ‘plowman, farmer, cultivator ikkibu ‘crime, abomination ikletu ‘darkness ilku ‘feudal service (required goods or services provided in exchange for the use of land) illatu (f.) ‘clan, confederates, army, caravan iltu ‘goddess ilu ‘god imbaru ‘fog, mist imeru ‘ass, homer (measure of capacity) imittu ‘right (side or hand; m. = imnu) immeru ‘sheep ina (prep.) ‘in, into, from, out of, with, by means of inanna (adv.) ‘now inbu ‘fruit, fruit tree inu (f.) ‘eye inu (conj.) ‘when, at the time that inuma (conj.) ‘when, after, while, as soon as ipru ‘(barley) ration, food allowance irbu ‘gifts (to god or king), income (of temple, etc.) irtu ‘chest, breast isinnu ‘festival

isqu ‘lot, share, fortune iṣṣuru ‘bird iṣu ‘wood, tree išaru (adj.) ‘straight, just, prosperous, favorable išatu ‘fire išdu (usually du.) ‘foundation, base, bottom iškaru (m./f.) ‘(assigned) work, work assignment, finished product išparu (ušparu) ‘weaver iššiakku ‘(city) ruler, (a type of) farmer ištanu (iltanu) ‘north išten ‘one ištenu (adj.) ‘first ištu (prep./conj.) ‘from, out of, after, since išû (u or i; irreg.) ‘haveitinnu ‘(house) builderitti (prep.) ‘(together) with, fromittu ‘mark, sign, omenittû (iṭṭû) ‘(crude) bitumenitû ‘border, adjacent to, neighbor

Y

janu ‘(there) is not, (there) are notjâši ‘to me, for me (dat.)jâti ‘me (acc.)

K

kabaru (i/i) ‘become thickkabasu (a/u) ‘step, tread (on)kabattu ‘liver, heart, mind, humorkabatu (i/i) ‘become heavy kabtu ‘heavy, important, difficult kadru ‘wild, fierce, ragingkayyaniš (adv.) ‘constantlykayyanu (adj.) ‘lasting, enduring, perpetualkakkabu ‘starkakku ‘weapon, macekalâmu ‘every kind, allkalbu ‘dogkalû ‘totality, all, whole, entiretykalû (a/a) ‘hold back, retain, stopkamaru (a/u;i/i) ‘pile up, amasskamasu (i/i) ‘ (A) gather together, (B) bow down, kneelkamû (i/i) ‘bindkanaku (a/u) ‘sealkanašu (u/u) ‘ humble oneself, submit, bow down kânu (u-class) ‘become firm, become true kapadu (u/u) ‘plan, scheme, arrangekaparu (a/u) ‘wipe offkappu ‘wing karabu (a/u) ‘bless, pray, dedicate, greetkaranu ‘wine karmu ‘ruin, wastelandkarpatu ‘vessel, potkarû (i/i;u/u) ‘become shortkaru ‘quay, trading-post, warehouse, commercial centerkaspu ‘silver, moneykasû (u/u;i/i) ‘bind

kasu ‘cup, goblet ka$aru (a/u) ‘knot, fasten, join (together)ka$û (i/i) ‘become coldkašadu (a/u) ‘reach, arrive, conquerkatamu (a/u) ‘clothe, cover ki (prep./conj.) ‘like, as, so kiam (adv.) ‘thus, so, as follows kibratu (pl.) ‘quarters, world-regions kibru ‘bank, shore, edge kidanu (adv.) ‘outside, out kidinnu ‘(type of) privilege, protection kilalla(n) (du. tantum) ‘both kima (prep./conj.) ‘like, as, when, as soon as, that kimtu ‘family kimu ‘in place of, as kiniš ‘truly kinu (adj.) ‘faithful, true, firm, permanent kirû ‘orchard, garden kišadu ‘bank (of a river), neck, throat kišpu ‘sorcery, magic kiššatu ‘totality, world, universe kittu ‘truth, permanence, faithfulness, justice kudurru ‘boundary, boundary-stone kullu (D stem only) ‘hold (firmly), hold back kullumu (D stem only) ‘show kunašu ‘emmer (wheat) kunukku ‘seal, sealed document kupru ‘bitumen kurru ‘kor (dry measure) kurummatu ‘(daily) food (allowance), nourishment, per diem kussû ‘chair, throne kuṣu ‘cold, winter

L

la ‘not labanu (i/i) ‘(A) throw down, (B) make bricks labaru (i/i) ‘become old labašu (a/a;i/i) ‘clothe (oneself), wear (clothes), put on (clothes) labbu (labu) ‘lion labiru (adj.) ‘old lama (prep./conj.) ‘before (time) lamadu (a/a) ‘learn, know, find out lamassu ‘protective spirit, genie lapan (prep./conj.) ‘before lapanu (i/i) ‘become poor lapatu (a/u) ‘touch, grasp, afflict lasamu (u.u) ‘run, gallop lawû (i/i) ‘surround, encircle, besiege lemenu (i/i) ‘become bad, become evil lemnu (adj.) ‘bad, evil leqû (i/i) ‘take, receive, accept letu ‘cheek le’û (i/i) ‘be able, win, overcome le’u ‘tablet libbatu ‘rage, fury libbu ‘heart, mind, inside, middle, midst libittu ‘(mud) brick limmu (limu) ‘(year) eponym limu ‘thousand

lišanu ‘tongue, language lu ‘be it, indeed, even if (precative, optative, or asseverative particle) lu … lu ‘either … or

M

-ma (enclitic particle with verbs) ‘and ma ‘(particle introducing direct speech)ma’adu (i-class) ‘become many, become numerous madadu (a/u) ‘measure (grain) madattu ‘tributema’du (adj.) ‘many, numerousmagaru (a/u) ‘be in agreement, reach an agreement, agree, please, grantmaharu (a/u) ‘receive, face, oppose, confrontmaha$u (a/a) ‘beat, strikemahazu ‘cult-city, cult-placemahiru ‘price, value, exchange ratemahru ‘front, front side mahrû (adj.) ‘first, former, earliest, next mala (prep./conj.) ‘as much asmalahu (malahhu) ‘sailor, boatmanmalaku (i/i) ‘plan, take counselmalku ‘prince, counsellormalû (a/a) ‘become full mamman ‘anyone (in neg., no one)mannu ‘who (interrogative) manû ‘mina (unit of weight)manû (u/u) ‘count maqatu ‘fall, happen, arrive maraṣu (u/u) ‘become ill, become sick, become difficult marru ‘spade, shovel marṣu (f. maruštum) (adj.) ‘sick, difficult, painful martu ‘liver, gall bladder martu ‘daughtermaru ‘son, child, descendant, member (of a group) mašahu (a/u) ‘measuremašku ‘skin, hide, leathermašmaššu ‘exorcistmašû (i/i) ‘forget mati(ma) ‘at any time, whenevermatu (pl. matatu) ‘country, land mâtu (u-class) ‘die maṭû (i/i) ‘become small melammu ‘brightness, splendor mereštu ‘cultivation, field mesû (i/i) ‘wash našaqu (i/i) ‘kiss -mi (enclitic particle marking direct speech) migru ‘favorite milku ‘ advice, plan, counsel, consideration, mood, intent milu ‘flood, high water mimma ‘anything (with neg. ’nothing’), whatever mimma šumšu ‘anything whatsoever, everything (lit. ‘whatever its name’) mimmû ‘property, goods minu ‘what (interrogative) minûtu (pl. minâtu) ‘mass, form miqittu ‘fall miṣru ‘boundary, border area, district mišlu ‘half mišaru ‘justice

mithariš (adv.) ‘equally mitu (adj.) ‘dead mû (pl. tantum) ‘water mudû ‘savant, one who knows, knower muhhu ‘top (of the head), top part muštalu ‘prudent mušu ‘night mutu ‘husband mutu ‘death

N

na’adu (i-class) ‘pay attention to, be careful, be pious nabalkutu ‘cross over, transgress, revolt nabalu (a/u) ‘destroy nabû (i/i) ‘call, name nadanu (i/i) ‘give nâdu (a-class) ‘praise nadû (i/i) ‘throw, throw down, drop naggaru ‘carpenter nagiru ‘herald nagû ‘province, region nakadu (u/u) ‘beat (of the heart), become disturbed nakaru (i/i) ‘become different, become hostile, deny nakasu (i/i) ‘cut (through), cut off, cut down nakru (pl. nakrutu) ‘enemy, hostile, outsider namašu (u/u) ‘move, move on, start out namkuru ‘property, possession namru (adj.) ‘bright, shining napalsuhu ‘prostate oneselfnaparkû ‘cease, fail, stop (work)napahu (a/u) ‘kindle, start a firenapašu (u/u) ‘become broad, spread (intrans.)napharu ‘totalnapištu ‘breath, lifenaplusu (N stem only) ‘look at, look on (favor ably)nappahu ‘smithnaqaru (a/u) ‘destroy, demolishnaqbu ‘spring, sourcenaqidu ‘herdsman, shepherdnaqû (i/i) ‘pour out, make a libation, offernaramu ‘belovednarkabtu ‘chariotnarû ‘stelenaru ‘river, stream, canalnâru (a- or e-class) ‘killnasahu (a/u) ‘tear out, uproot, transfer, deductnasaku (u/u) ‘lay down, throw downnasaqu (a/u) ‘select, choosenaṣaru (a/u) ‘guard, preserve, keep, watch (over)našaku (a/u) ‘bitenašaqu (i/i) ‘kissnašû (i/i) ‘lift, bear, carry, raise nâšu (u-class) ‘shake, quakenaṭalu (a/u) ‘look at, glance at, seenawaru (namaru) ‘shine, be brightnawû ‘steppe, uncultivated land, nomadic encampmentnemelu ‘profit nemequ ‘wisdomnertu ‘murder

nesû (adj.) ‘distant, remotenešu ‘lionnidittu ‘giftnikkassu ‘account, settlementniknakku ‘censer, incense-bowlniqû ‘sacrifice, libation, offering niru ‘yoke, rule,nišu (f.; pl. tantum) ‘peoplenišu ‘lifenišu ‘lifting, raisingnuhatimmu ‘bakernuhšu ‘abundancenumatu ‘household goodsnunu ‘fishnuru ‘light

P

padû (i/i) ‘savepagru ‘body, corpse paharu (u/u) ‘gather, assemble (intrans.) palahu (a/a) ‘fear, be afraid of, respect, revere palû ‘turn in office, reign panu ‘front, front side panu ‘face paqadu (i/i) ‘entrust, turn over (to), take care of, administer parakku ‘dais, sanctuary paraku (i/i) ‘bar, forbid access parasu (a/u) ‘cut, separate, divide, decide parṣu ‘rite, ritual parzillu ‘iron paššuru ‘table paša#u (i/i) ‘erase, efface pašašu (a/u) ‘anoint, rub with oil pašahu (a/a;i/i) ‘calm down, subside pašaru (a/u) ‘sell, redeem (property), release (from oath, curse, etc.) paṭaru (a/u) ‘ loosen, untie, solve, redeem (hostages), release (troops) paṭru ‘knife, sword, dagger paṭu ‘region, boundary pehû (i/i) ‘caulk, close peṣû (i/i) ‘become white, become clean petû (e/e) ‘open (trans.) pihatu ‘province, obligation pilu ‘limestone piqittu ‘task pir’u ‘seed, offspring pu ‘ mouth, entrance, (mostly in pl.) speech, words pû ‘straw, chaff puhallu ‘(mature male) animal puhadu ‘lamb puhru ‘assembly puhu ‘substitute pulhu (puluhtu) ‘fear, awe, reverence, respect puridu ‘leg purussû ‘decision, oracle pušqu ‘difficulty, distress, need putu ‘forehead, front

Q

qablu ‘middle, midst, battle, fight qabû (i/i) ‘speak, say, command, order qalû (u/u;i/i) ‘burn (trans.) qâlu (u-class) ‘be silent, be attentive qamû (i/i) ‘burn (trans.) qanû ‘reed qaqqadu ‘head, capital, self qaqqaru ‘(open) ground, earth, (empty) space qardu (adj.) ‘warlike qarnu ‘horn qarradu ‘warrior, heroqaštu ‘bowqatnu (adj.) ‘narrow, thinqatû (i/i) ‘come to an endqatu ‘handqeberu (i/i) ‘bury, digqerbu ‘midst, interiorqerebu (i/i;u/u) ‘become near, approachqemu ‘flourqiašu (i-class) ‘give, presentqibitu ‘command, orderqinnu ‘nest, familyqipu ‘official, agentqištu ‘gift, presentqitu ‘endqû ‘threadquradu ‘warrior, heroqutrinnu ‘incensequ’û (D stem only) ‘ wait for, await (can be intrans.)

R

ra’amu (a-class) ‘loverabaṣu (i/i) ‘lie down, lie in wait (for)rabû (adj.) ‘big, large, greatrabû (i/i) ‘become big, become large, become great, grow upragamu (u/u) ‘cry (out), shout, claim, make a legal complaintrahaṣu (i/i) ‘flood, destroyrakabu (i/i) ‘mount, ride (on)rakasu (a/u) ‘bind, tie upramaku (u/u) ‘bathe, wash oneselframanu ‘selframû (i/i) ‘throwrapašu (i/i) ‘become broad, become widerapadu (u/u) ‘roam, wanderrapšu (adj.) ‘broad, wide, widespread, numerousrašû (i/i) ‘acquire, have, getrebû (adj.) ‘fourthredû (e/e) ‘lead, bringredû (i/i) ‘follow, drive, pursue, lead (animals, captives, etc.)rêmu (e-class) ‘pity, have mercyrêqu (e-class) ‘become distantreṣu ‘helper, ally reštu (adj.) ‘first, elder, first-classrešu ‘head, chief, beginning, top, capitalre’û (i/i) ‘pasture, feed (animals)re’û ‘shepherd re’ûtu ‘shepherdship riabu (i-class) ‘restore, replace

riaqu (i-class) ‘become empty riašu (i-class) ‘rejoice ribitu ‘square, market place \ rigmu ‘noise, uproar, shout, fuss rihtu ‘rest, remainder rikistu ‘(contractual) agreement riksu ‘joint, contract rimu ‘wild ox, wild bull riqqu ‘aromatic plant, aromatic essence, perfume rittu ‘hand, wrist, palm (of the hand) rubû (ruba ’u) ‘prince, noble rugummû ‘(legal) claim S

sadaru (a/a;i/i) ‘put in order, arrange sahapu (a/u) ‘throw down saharu (a/u) ‘turn (intrans.), return, seek sahlû ‘mustard sakapu (i/i) ‘overthrow salahu (a/u) ‘sprinkle salamu (i/i) ‘become reconciled, be at peace with salatu ‘kin, kindred samanû (samane) ‘eight samnu (adj.) ‘eighth samu (adj.) ‘red sanaqu (i/i) ‘approach, test, set off (to) sapahu (a/u) ‘disperse, ruin, destroy sapanu (a/u) ‘level, cut down saphu (adj.) ‘scattered sarratu (f. pl.) ‘lies, deceit, deception sarru ‘ (A) false, lying, fraudulent, (B) liar, criminal sattukku ‘regular offering, provisions sebû (f. sebutu) (adj.) ‘seventh sebû (sebe) (f. sebettu) ‘seven sekeru (i/i) ‘dam, block (a river or canal) sihu ‘revolt sikkatu ‘peg sikkuru ‘bolt, bar simmu ‘wound, injury simtu ‘ (something) appropriate, fitting, suitable sinništu ‘woman siparru ‘bronze sisû ‘horse sittu ‘remainder, rest suluppu ‘date sunqu ‘need, want suppû (D stem only) ‘pray, implore suqu ‘street sutu ‘seah (measure of capacity)

Ṣ

ṣabatu (a/a) ‘seize, hold, captureṣabu (collective) ‘troops, workersṣalalu (a/a) ‘lie asleep, fall asleep, remain inactiveṣalamu (i/i) ‘become black, become darkṣalmu (adj.) ‘black, darkṣalmu ‘statue, relief, figurineṣaltu ‘fight, quarrel

ṣamadu (i/i) ‘make ready, yoke, harnessṣamû (u/u) ‘become thirstyṣarapu (a/u) ‘(A) refine (metals), fire (bricks), burn, (B) dye redṣarpiš (adv.) ‘bitterly, loudlyṣeheru (i/i) ‘become small, be youngṣehru ‘small, youngṣelu ‘rib, sideṣenu (adj.) ‘wickedṣenu (collective) ‘sheep and goats, small cattleṣeru ‘(A) back, top (of the back), (B) steppe, plain, (C) snakeṣiahu (i-class) ‘laugh, smileṣibittu ‘prison, imprisonmentṣibtu (f.) ‘interest (on a loan)ṣibtu (m.) ‘(A) seizure, attack, imprisonment, (B) (agricultural) holdingṣibûtu ‘need, want, requestṣillu ‘shade, shadow, protectionṣiru (adj.) ‘ first-rank, outstanding, excellent, exaltedṣitu ‘rising (of the sun), emergence, expenditureṣubatu ‘garmentṣullulu (D stem only) ‘roof (a building), provide shade

Š

ša (indecl.) ‘who, which, of, belonging to (rel. pron.)ša’alu (a-class) ‘ask, questionšadadu (a/u) ‘pull, drag, stretch out, measure (land)šadalu (i/i) ‘become wide šadû ‘mountain, east šagašu (šakašu) (i/i) ‘kill, murder, mistreatšahaṭu (a/u) ‘shake off, tear loose šahaṭu (i/i) ‘leap (at or upon)šahû ‘pig šakanu (a/u) ‘place, set, put, establish, found šakkanakku ‘governor, governor-general šaknu ‘governor, appointee šalalu (a/u) ‘carry off (as booty), carry away, capture, plunder šalamu (i/i) ‘ become whole, become sound, become well šallatu ‘booty šalašu (šalaš) ‘three šalšu (adj.) ‘third šalû (i/i) ‘sink (intrans.) šaluštu ‘one third šamšu ‘sun šamaššammu ‘probably “flax” (usually trans lated “sesame” ) šammu ‘plant, grass, vegetation šamnu ‘oil šamû (pl. tantum) ‘sky, heavens šâmu (a-class) ‘buy šananu (a/u) ‘rival, oppose šanû (adj.) ‘other, another, second šanû (i/i) ‘do again, do for a second time šapaku (a/u) ‘pour on, stack, pile up šaparu (a/u) ‘send, dispatch, write šaplû (adj.) ‘lower šaptu ‘lip šaqalu (a/u) ‘weigh (out), measure, pay šaqû (i/i) ‘water, give to drink šaqû (u/u) ‘become high šaraku (a/u) ‘give, present, bestow šarapu (a/u) ‘burn, light

šaraqu (i/i) ‘steal šarratu ‘queen šarraqu ‘thief šarru ‘king šarrutu ‘kingship šartu ‘hair šarû (adj.) ‘rich, wealthy šaru ‘wind, direction šasû (i/i) ‘cry (out), call (after) šatammu ‘clerk, accountant šattu (f.; pl. šanatu) ‘year šatû (i/i) ‘drink ša#aru (a/u) ‘write, inscribe šeberu (i/i) ‘break, break up šebû (i/i) ‘become satisfied šemû (e/e) ‘hear, listen to, heed šepu ‘foot šertu ‘offense, punishment šeru ‘morning šeššu (f. šedištu) ‘six šeššu (f. šeduštu) ‘sixth še’u ‘grain, barleyše’û (i/i) ‘seekši ‘she, itšiamu (i-class) ‘fix, determine (fate)šiašim ‘to her, for her, to it, for it (f. sing. dat.)šiati ‘her, it (f. sing. acc.)šibbu ‘beltšibu ‘gray, old, elder, witnessšibutum ‘testimonyšiddu ‘side, measurementšikaru ‘beeršimtu ‘fate, destinyšimu ‘price, purchasešina ‘they (f. pl.)šina (du. tantum) ‘twošinašim ‘to them, for them (f. pl. dat.)šinati ‘them (f. pl. acc.)šinnu ‘toothšipatu (pl.) ‘woolšipru ‘work, activity, message, messengeršiqlu ‘shekelšir’anu ‘muscle, sinewširiktu ‘gift, presentširu ‘flesh, meatšitta(n) (du. tantum) ‘two thirdsšizbu ‘milkšu ‘he, itšuašim (šâšim) ‘to him, for him, to it, for it (m. sing. dat.; later also f.)šuati (šâti) ‘him, it (m. sing. acc.; later also f.)šubtu ‘dwelling, abodešukênu ‘bow down, prostrate oneselfšuklulu (Š stem) ‘finish, perfect, completešulmanu ‘giftšulmu ‘welfare, well-being, health šuluhhu ‘ritual cleansing, hand washing, ritualšumelu ‘left (side or hand)šumma ‘if šumruṣu ‘(very) ill, (very) sickšumu ‘name, offspring, progeny

šumu ‘onion, leek, aliaceous plantšunu ‘they (m. pl.)šunušim ‘to them, for them (m. pl. dat.)šunuti ‘them (m. pl. acc.)šupêlu ‘exchangešupû (adj.) ‘highly esteemed, highšuquru ‘preciousšuršu ‘rootšuršudu (Š stem) ‘establish (firmly), foundšurqu ‘stolen (object)šuttu (f.; pl. šunatu) ‘dreamšutu ‘south

T

tabaku (a/u) ‘pour out tabalu (a/a) ‘take away, take for oneself tahazu ‘battle takalu (a/a) ‘confide (in), trust, entrust, give allegience to tamahu (a/u) ‘grasp, take tamharu ‘battle tamkaru ‘merchant tamû (a/a) ‘swear tappû ‘companion, friend, (business) associate taraṣu (a/u) ‘stretch out, extend, point (a finger) tarṣu ‘extent, duration, time (a point in time or a period of time) târu (u-class) ‘turn, return (intrans) tawirtu (tamirtu) ‘meadow tazzimtu ‘complaint tebû (i/i) ‘rise (up), revolt (intrans) tem(m)ennu ‘foundation (of a building) têrtu ‘command, order, omen (report) tiamtu ‘sea tibnu ‘straw tillu ‘ruin, hill, tell tišû (adj.) ‘ninth tišû (tiše) ‘nine tukultu ‘trust tupšikku (or #upšikku) ‘ basket (for carrying bricks) tuqumtu (or tuqmatu) ‘battle

ṭ

ṭabahu (a/u) ‘slaughter ṭabtu ‘salt ṭabu (adj.) ‘good, sweet, pleasing ṭaradu (a/u) ‘send (animate objects), drive away ṭa’tu ‘gift, bribe ṭebû (i/i) ‘sink (intrans.) ṭehû (e/e) ‘approach, draw near, come near ṭemu ‘understanding, news, report, instruction ṭiabu (i-class) ‘become good, become sweet, become pleasant ṭiddu ‘clay ṭupšarru (or tupšarru) ‘scribe ṭuppu (or tuppu) ‘tablet

U

u ‘and, or ubanu ‘finger

udû ‘(household) vessel ugaru ‘field, meadow u’iltu ‘contract, reportul (ula) ‘notullû ‘that (over there), (the) otherumma ‘thus, as follows (introduces direct quotations)ummanu (f.; pl. ummanatu) ‘army ummânu ‘craftsman, master, expertummu (f.; pl. ummatu) ‘motherumu ‘day, time, weather, stormunqu ‘ring unutu ‘vessel, (household) utensil, equipmentuqnû ‘lapis lazuli urhu ‘way, road uriṣu ‘he-goat, goaturru ‘light, dayurû ‘(male) horseuru ‘roof usatu ‘help, aid uṣurtu ‘plan, drawing, design, outlineuššu (pl.) ‘foundationutnennu (irreg. verb) ‘prayutulu (irreg. verb) ‘lie (down)uznu ‘ear, feeling, understanding, intelligenceuzuzzu (izuzzu) (irreg. verb) ‘stand, serve, be available

w

wabalu (a/i) ‘bring, carrywaklu ‘overseer waladu (a/i) ‘give birth, bear, beget, fashionwapû ‘ become visible, appear (mostly in Š stems)waqaru (i/i) ‘become rare, become scarce, become costlywaradu (a/i) ‘go down, descendwaraqu (i/i) ‘become yellowish green, become green wardu ‘slavewarhu ‘monthwarka (conj.) ‘afterwarki (prep.) ‘afterwarkû (adj.) ‘later, future warqu ‘green, yellowish greenwarû (u/u) ‘lead, guidewâru (a-class) ‘go (off), (mostly in D stems) send, command, instructwaṣû (i/i) ‘go outwašabu (a/i) ‘sit, dwell, be (located)wašṭu (adj.) ‘difficult, unpleasantwatar (adv) ‘further, excessivelywataru (i/i) ‘be excessivewatru (adj.) ‘extra, surpassing, superfluous wiṣu (adj.) ‘(too) small, little, few wuššuru (D stem only) ‘release, let go, leave behind

Z

zabalu (i/i) ‘carry, bear za’iru ‘hostile (used as noun ‘enemy) zakaru (a/u) ‘declare, name, invoke, mention zakû (u/u) ‘ become clean, become free, become clear zamaru (u/u) ‘sing

zananu (a/u) ‘support, provide food for zananu (u/u) ‘rain zaqapu (a/u) ‘erect, point upward, plant, set upzâzu (u-class) ‘divide, sharezeru ‘seedzêru (e-class) ‘hateziaqu (i-class) ‘blow (of wind), storm (intrans.)zibbatu ‘tailzikaru (zikru) ‘man, malezikru ‘name, command, utterance, oathziqnu ‘beardzittu ‘part, sharezumru ‘body zunnu ‘rain