Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July...

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Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL University of Botswana

Transcript of Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July...

Page 1: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

 Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security

Prof. Bruce FrayneUniversity of Waterloo, Canada

July 28 – August 8, 2014AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL

University of Botswana

Page 2: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Do we have a food ‘problem’?

Page 3: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Scale

Page 4: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Scale

• 20 billion meals/day

Page 5: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Scale

• 20 billion meals/day = 634 yrs @ 1 meal/sec

Page 6: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Scale

• 20 billion meals/day = 634 yrs @ 1 meal/sec

• Exponential population growth http://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-folding-paper-can-get-you-to-the-moon 

Page 7: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Unprecedented Transitions

Page 8: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Unprecedented Transitions

Source: The Great Acceleration, 2011; http://anthropocenejournal.com/about/

Page 9: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Unprecedented Transitions

• Population

Page 10: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Unprecedented Transitions

• Ecosystem loss

Page 11: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Unprecedented Transitions

• Urbanization

Source: BBC, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/world/06/urbanisation/html/urbanisation.stm 

Page 12: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Using these transitions, the focus is:

Food security in a global and urban world

Page 13: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Outline

• Global Change

• Urbanization

• Food Security

• Bringing it all together: Challenge questions

Page 14: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Global Change

Page 15: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Global Change

• Planetary Boundaries – a safe operating space for humanity

• 28 scientists

• System limits

• Johan Rockström, et al., 2009Nature 461, 472-475 (24 September 2009) | 

doi:10.1038/461472a; Published online 23  September 2009

Page 16: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.
Page 17: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Global Change

• The Great Acceleration

- 1800s – Industrial Revolution

- 1950 – Anthropocene 

Page 18: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

The Great Acceleration

• Can humanity feed itself in the 21st century?

Page 19: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

The Great Acceleration

• Can humanity feed itself in the 21st century?

• FAO reports that 70% more food is needed by 2050

Page 20: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

The Great Acceleration

• Can humanity feed itself in the 21st century?

• FAO reports that 70% more food is needed by 2050

• Changing diets, growing population, rising incomes, diminishing ecosystem services

Page 21: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Food Security in the Last 100 years

• Green revolution – 1950s

• Gene revolution- 1900s – hybrids- 1980s – biotechnology

Page 22: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

1950 – present: increase in food supply due to:– Farm machinery– High tech fishing boats and equipment– Inorganic fertilizers– Irrigation– Pesticides– Genetic modification– Factory feedlots– Aquaculture

Page 23: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Some results…• 1950-1990: tripled global grain output

• Per capital food production rose by 36%

• Average food prices dropped by 25%

• Global meat production has risen 50 consecutive years

• Global trade in food volumes quadrupled

• Persistent hunger / uneven access to food (entitlements)

Page 24: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Impacts of uneven food availability

Malnutrition

• 1 billion chronically malnourished

• 2 billion micronutrient malnourishment

• 10 million die each year (50% children) from under-nutrition, malnutrition and normally nonfatal diseases

• Malnutrition-poverty cycle

Page 25: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Impacts of uneven food availability

Over-nutrition• Food energy intake > energy use

• 1:6 adults in developed countries are overnourished (1:3 USA)

• Leading cause of death after smoking

• $60 billion spent annually by US consumers trying to lose weight

• Amount needed to eliminate under/malnutrition in the world?

- $20 billion

• Cost to US health care system and economy ~ $120 billion per year

Page 26: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Abundance – at what cost?• Require increases in food production over next 30 years (to feed 10 billion)

• 40% of world’s agricultural land is ‘seriously degraded’ (IFPRI, 2000)

• New study reveals that environmental damage threatens future world food production – World food production is at risk from farming methods that have degraded soils, parched aquifers, polluted waters, and caused the loss of animal and plant species (IFPRI, 2001 press release)

Page 27: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

What is the challenge?• Population growth: 9-11 billion (2050)

• Slowing of global grain production

• Decline in per capita grain production

• Rangelands and oceans nearing productive limits (under current technology)

• If we all ate a ‘developed nation’ diet, the world’s agricultural system would support 2.5 billion people (30-40% calories from animal products)

• Distribution of food uneven (poverty, politics, bioclimate…)

• Breach of planetary boundaries

Page 28: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Urbanization

Page 29: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Urbanization

• How many cities in Africa have populations in excess of 1 million?

(hint: Africa is the LEAST urbanized continent)

Page 30: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Urbanization

• How many cities in Africa have populations in excess of 1 million?

50

Page 31: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Urbanization

• Urban transition began with the Industrial Revolution

• Imagine this….

Page 32: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Industrial revolution

• 1800 there were no railways, no cabs, no buses, no telegrams, no telephones, no gas, no electric-light, no Metropolitan Police

Page 33: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Industrial revolution

• 1800 there were no railways, no cabs, no buses, no telegrams, no telephones, no gas, no electric-light, no Metropolitan Police

• 1900 all of these existed

Page 34: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

1950 1975 2000 2025 20500

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

World Population Growth Projection

Least DevelopedMost Developed

Pop

ula

tion

in

Bil

lion

s

Page 35: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Current transitions in poorest countries

Page 36: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Demographic and urban transitions

• Good news by 2100?

• What are the development implications?- Americas- Europe- Asia- Africa

• Hans Roslings pin codes: 1114 to 1145

Page 37: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Urbanization

• Building a new city of four million people every 3 weeks

• Consider the environmental demands

• Consider feeding 70 million new urbanites every year for the next 50 years

Page 38: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Urbanization

• China’s urban transition• The single largest and most rapid urban transition in the history of the planet

China’s Great Uprooting: Moving 250 Million into Cities http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/16/world/asia/chinas-great-uprooting-moving-250-million-into-cities.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0

Page 39: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Why is our planet urbanizing?

• What is the relationship between urbanization and development?

• Do developing countries benefit from urbanization? By what measures?

www.gapmider.org 

Page 40: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Cities are the new ‘development frontier’

• Our future is urban

• Cities generate health and wealth

• Cities are the key to ending population growth

• Cities consume vast quantities of resources

• Cities need to be fed

Stewart Brand http://www.ted.com/talks/stewart_brand_on_squatter_cities.html

Page 41: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Reminder of where we are

• Global Change – the Great Acceleration and planetary boundaries

• Urbanization – global transition, focus on the developing countries; cities as the new ‘development frontier’

• Now we consider Food Security within these contexts

Page 42: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Food Security in an Urban World

Page 43: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Food Security in an Urban World

Food is available at all times, that all persons have means of access to it, that it is nutritionally adequate in terms of quantity, quality and variety, and that it is acceptable within the given culture. Source: Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)

Page 44: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Food Security in an Urban World

Food is available at all times, that all persons have means of access to it, that it is nutritionally adequate in terms of quantity, quality and variety, and that it is acceptable within the given culture. Source: Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)

What about:Sustainable food production?Right to food?Food sovereignty?

Page 45: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Food Security in an Urban WorldEcosystem limits- How and where we produce food is critical to sustainable 

production- Current model is fossil fuel dependant

Page 46: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Food Security in an Urban WorldEcosystem limits- How and where we produce food is critical to sustainable 

production- Current model is fossil fuel dependant

Social goals- Food and nutrition = human development- Poverty and inequality = hunger- Access to food is a major challenge in cities

Page 47: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Food Security in an Urban WorldEcosystem limits- How and where we produce food is critical to sustainable 

production- Current model is fossil fuel dependant

Social goals- Food and nutrition = human development- Poverty and inequality = hunger- Access to food is a major challenge in cities

Economic issues- Cost of food through the value chain- Commoditization and trade of food (positive and negative)- Price is key to access, especially in cities

Page 48: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Environmental Impacts

Source: Sequence 22-31 from Darrell, B. Planning for Food Security, 28 July 2008 (feasta.org)

Page 49: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

88 million barrels a day...

Modern global economy:- transport, agriculture, housing, industry, services...- EVERYTHING (159l/barrel; 10 barrels a second)

Key uses:- need to feed additional 3-4 billion people- 10 oil calories for every 1 food calorie- natural gas – nitrogen – ammonia fertilizer- pesticides and herbicides- 75% CO2 from human activity over the past 20 years- water extraction / irrigation- transportation

Page 50: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Our industrial food system is...

VulnerableDependent on cheap, abundant energyDependent on technological innovation/substitution

InefficientFull costs are externalized at all points in the supply-consumption chainHunger amidst plenty syndrome

UnsustainableHydro carbons are finiteEnvironment is finite (but can regenerate)

Page 52: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

• Global Change

• Urbanization

• Food Security

• Bringing it all together: Challenge questions

Page 53: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Bringing it all together: Challenge questions

Page 54: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Bringing it all together: Challenge questions

Globalization• Can we produce enough food within our planetary boundaries?

• What role will technology play in future food production?

• Can trade regimes be regulated to protect against price volatility and uneven distribution?

Page 55: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Bringing it all together: Challenge questions

Urbanization• How do we build ecologically sustainable cities?

• Can we ensure zero poverty by 2030?• How can urban governance be inclusive and just?

Page 56: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Bringing it all together: Challenge questions

Food Security in an Urban World• How do we plan food secure cities?• Can we devise social welfare systems that ensure all citizens have adequate access to food?

Page 57: Globalization, Urbanization and Food Security Prof. Bruce Frayne University of Waterloo, Canada July 28 – August 8, 2014 AFRICAN EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.

Roberts, Paul. 2008. The End of Food: The Coming Crisis in the World Food Industry. Bloomsbury Publishing: London.

Hunger has always been an invitation to make a better world, and it remains so.