Globalization, Internationalization and the Knowledge Society
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Transcript of Globalization, Internationalization and the Knowledge Society
THE CHANGING ENVIRONMENT: GLOBALISATION AND THE KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY
Internationalisation, Globalisation and the Knowledge Economy
Peter Maassen; 8 October 2007
A Knowledge Economy?
• An economy where success is determined more by knowledge than by labour and capital. Knowledge has become the third factor of production in leading economies. (Romer, 1986; 1990)
• For countries in the vanguard of the world economy, the balance between knowledge and resources has shifted so far towards the former that knowledge has become perhaps the most important factor determining the standard of living - more than land, than tools, than labour. Today's most technologically advanced economies are truly knowledge-based (World Development Report, 1999)
• Economies that are directly based on the production, distribution and use of knowledge and information (OECD, The Knowledge Based Economy, 1996)
• An economy that makes effective use of knowledge for its economic and social development. This includes tapping foreign knowledge as well as adapting and creating knowledge for its specific needs (World Bank)
Innovation system
• Researchers in R&D• Manuf. Trade as % of GDP• Scient. & Tech. Pub. p. mil/people
Education and human resources
- Adult literacy rate-Average years of schooling- Secondary Enrollment- Tertiary Enrollment
ICT Infrastructure
- Tel. Lines per 1000 people- Computers per 1000 people
- Internet hosts per 10,000 people
Economics:
• Tariff & Non-tariff barriers• Property Rights• Regulation
Knowledge Economy Index (WB)83 variables, including:
Knowledge Economy Index (WB)
http://info.worldbank.org/etools/kam2006/home.asp
Economics
Innovation
Education
ICT Infrastructure
• Researchers in R&D• Manuf. Trade as % of GDP• Scient. & Tech. Pub. per million people
- Adult literacy rate- Secondary Enrollment- Tertiary Enrollment
- Tel. Lines per 1000 people- Computers per 1000 people- Internet hosts per 10,000
• Tariff & Non-tariff barriers• Property Rights• Regulation
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5
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Economics
Innovation
Education
ICT Infrastructure
China Estonia Lithuania Ghana Netherlands Pakistan
Russia Switzerland Norway USA
Knowledge Economy Index (WB)
Knowledge economy index
Tertiary education enrollment
Knowledge Economy and Higher education
Globalisation index 2004(www.foreignpolicy.com)
Knowledge Economy, GDP & Globalisation
Rank Country
1 Ireland
2 Singapore
3 Switzerland
4 Netherlands
5 Finland
6 Canada
7 United States
8 New Zealand
9 Austria
10 Denmark
54 Kenya
55 Turkey
56 Bangladesh
57 China
58 Venezuela
59 Indonesia
60 Egypt
61 India
62 Iran
Knowledge Economy Index & GDP Globalisation Index
• Knowledge (information) becomes the determinant for global competitiveness global competitiveness becomes the determinant in the global economy (Cerny, (Cerny, Castells)Castells)
• Shift in knowledge formation from national into global space?
• Globalisation of science-based innovation industries
• Demilitarisation of high tech companies
• Global growth of information and communication technologies
• International division of (knowledge) labour
The Knowledge Economy & Globalisation (1)
Based on: Salmi, 2002
CHANGE FACTORCHANGE FACTOR OPPORTUNITIESOPPORTUNITIES THREATSTHREATS
Growing role of knowledge
Possibility of leapfrogging in selected areas of economic growth
Resolution of social problems (food security, health, water supply, energy, environment)
Increasing knowledge gap between nations
ICT revolution Easier access to knowledge and information
Growing digital divide among and within nations
Global labour market Easier access to expertise, skills and knowledge embedded in professionals
Growing brain drain and loss of advanced human capital
The Knowledge Economy & Globalisation (2)
Globalisation
• Academic Debate
• Political/Public Debate
• Definitions
• Themes
• Globalisation & Higher Education: preview
The academic debate
• The globalisation sceptics• Nothing really new is happening: world-wide system of nation states already
came into being in the ‘belle époque’ of globalisation: 1890-1914• Organisation of the economy is still predominantly national• What we experience is internationalisation: growing links between discrete
national economies or societies
• The hyperglobalisers• The erosion of national sovereignty • We are experiencing the end of the nation-state• One world, shaped by flows, movements and networks across regions and
continents
• The transformationalists• Profound changes are taking place in societies around the world in social
values, institutions, and practices • states take on new roles and act in a different context
The academic debate (2)HYPERGLOBALISTS
(Kenichi Ohmae)SCEPTICS
(Hirst and Thompson)TRANSFORMATIONALISTS
(Held et al.; Cerny)
What's is new? A global age
Relatively little; new trading blocs; weaker supra-national governance than earlier periods
Historically unprecedented levels of global interconnectedness
Dominant features of the global economy
Global capitalism; elimination of geography; global culture; global civil society
World less interdependent than in 1890s. MNCs not TNCs.
"Thick" globalization. Interconnectedness is more intense (within economic sectors) and more extensive (across regions)
Driving force of globalisation Capitalism and technology States and marketsMessy: combined forces of
modernity
The fate of the nation-state? Declining and eroding Reinforced and enhancedIt's changing: reconstituted and
restructured
Conceptualisation of globalisation?
As a reordering framework of human action.
Internationalization and regionalization.
Reordering of interregional relations
Historical trajectory Global civilizationRegional blocs/clash of
Civilizations
Who knows? Global fragmentation and integration.
Central argument The Nation-state is historyInternationalization relies on the
support and acquiescence of states
Globalisation is transforming state power and world politics.
The normative-political debate
• Anti-globalists• Extremely diversified coalition: no real agenda, only anti-agenda• Successful since Seattle 1999• Position: globalisation as a ‘neo-liberal project’ and destructive to endemic
cultures and the poor
• Globalists• Position: free trade benefits all (although not in an equal way)• Current crises are due to
» Trade barriers in rich countries» Import substitution strategies in (some) poor countries» Undemocratic and corrupt regimes
• Challenges:• Finding new forms of global governance• Fair globalisation
Themes
Transformation: Past realities: New realities: Globalisation equals:
geographical concept (end of geography)
Unconnected localities. The world-system that came into existence around 1900.
Increasing interconnectedness
concept of authority(end of territoriality)
State sovereignty over clearly defined territories
Authority transferred upward, downward and sideways
Deterritorialisation
cultural concept(end of diversity)
Mosaic of cultures without significant routes for cross-cultural exchange
Melange of cultures; existing in harmony or friction
Homogenisation (or polarisation)
social concept(end of nationality)
Nation as the institutional container of society: Identity, solidarity and citizenship based on nationality;
Social organisation and identity structured around a-spatial systems
Cosmopolitanisation
What is globalisation?
• Process of social transformation• A process (or set of processes) which embodies a
transformation in the spatial organization of social relations and transactions, generating transcontinental or interregional flows and networks of activity, interaction and power (Held: 1999).
• A process in which social arrangements (e.g. power, markets, cultures) become disembedded from their territorial context due to the intensification and massification of flows of people, finance, products, services, information and ideas
– But also ….
What is globalisation?
Essential elements in the concept of globalisation
Globalisation is the process in which basic social arrangements (like power, culture, markets, politics, rights, values, norms, ideology, identity, citizenship, solidarity) become detached from their spatial context (mainly the nation-state) due to the acceleration, massification, flexibilisation, diffusion and expansion of transnational flows of people, products, finance, images and information.
The process contains features which are inextricably related to the process: an inner logic (it’s a self-reinforcing process), a global-local nexus (it’s a self-mitigating process due to local reactions on globalisation) and the perils of exclusion (it includes as well as excludes social entities)
It is multidimensional but not uniform: various social arrangements ‘globalise’ in different ways and some social arrangements are more easily ‘detached’ than others.
Its actions and re-actions can be cross-sectoral: flows in one sector impinge upon social arrangements in other sectors and vice-versa. The result is that globalisation in one sector can provoke globalisation of another sector.
Global is different from international both in the sense that it is an integrated whole (instead of an interconnected) and in the sense that it has expanded towards a world-wide scale.
various social arrangements ‘globalise’ in different ways and some social arrangements are more easily ‘detached’ than others.
A paradox?
Themes (2)
Increased Interconnectedness
Deterritorialisation Homogenisation Comspolitanisation
Isolation/ProtectionPolarisation/
Diversification(Extreme) Nationalism
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Themes (3)
Increased internet connections
Less government controlon information provision
Spread of the use of English
Increased interest forinternational developments
Isolation through censorshipLanguage policies protectingnational & local languages
Renewed interest for local relations / fear for
alienation
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Themes (4)
Increased migration
Decreased control on population
growth/composition
Spread and absorptionof other cultures/diaspora
Emergence of multicultural society
Barriers to immigrationAwareness (and protection?)
of own nationalcultures and religions
Xenofobia / Increased protection
of nationals
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Globalisation and Higher EducationA Preview
Globalisation: Globalisation and Higher Education:
Increasing interconnectedness
Linkages, connections and flows in higher education
Deterritorialisation Shifts in governance of higher education
Convergence Threats to diversity and the rationality of standardisation
Cosmopolitanisation The identity of the university and higher education sectors