Globalization and Growth: Implications for a Post-Crisis World

8/9/2019 Globalization and Growth: Implications for a Post-Crisis World

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/globalization-and-growth-implications-for-a-post-crisis-world 1/383

Blna`lcz`tcng `gk Brnwtm

Fcdm`hl Tphgdh

K`ggy Lhcpzcbhr

Hkctnrs

Cfplcd`tcngs jnr ` Unst-Drcscs Rnrlk



Blna`lcz`tcng `gk BrnwtmCfplcd`tcngs jnr ` Unst-Drcscs Rnrlk

Dnffcsscng ng Brnwtm `gk Khvhlnpfhgt



Blna`lcz`tcng `gk BrnwtmCfplcd`tcngs jnr ` Unst-Drcscs Rnrlk

Hkcthk ay Fcdm`hl Tphgdh `gk K`ggy Lhcpzcbhr

Dngtrcautcngs ay

Fcdm`hl Tphgdh

K`ggy Lhcpzcbhr

K`rng @dhfnblu

Umclcpph @bmcng

K`vck H. Alnnf

Dm`rlhs R. D`lnfcrcs

K`vck D`ggcgb

Rcllc`f Q. Dlcgh

Qcdm`rk G. Dnnphr @gtngcn Hst`dmh

F`rc`ggh J`y

Bügtmhr Jcgi

K`vck Mhfnus

Q`vc I`gaur

Hgcssh Im`rrnuac

Qnahrt Fhgkhlsnmg

K`gc Qnkrci

@gkrhw TmhgbK`vck Rmhhlhr

DNFFCTTCNG NG BQNR[M @GK KHZHLNUFHG[



© 1505 [mh Cgthrg`tcng`l A`gi jnr Qhdngstrudtcng `gk Khvhlnpfhgt / [mh Rnrlk A`giNg ahm`lj nj tmh Dnffcsscng ng Brnwtm `gk Khvhlnpfhgt0=0= M Ttrhht GRR`smcgbtng, KD 15;44[hlhpmngh? 151-;24-0555Cgthrght? www.wnrlka`gi.nrb

www.brnwtmdnffcsscng.nrbH-f`cl? cgjnEwnrlka`gi.nrb dngt`dtcgjnEbrnwtmdnffcsscng.nrb

@ll rcbmts rhshrvhk

0 1 4 ; 04 01 00 05

[mcs vnlufh cs ` prnkudt nj tmh Dnffcsscng ng Brnwtm `gk Khvhlnpfhgt, wmcdmcs spngsnrhk ay tmh jnllnwcgb nrb`gcz`tcngs?

@ustr`lc`g @bhgdy jnr Cgthrg`tcng`l Khvhlnpfhgt (@us@CK)Kutdm Fcgcstry nj Jnrhcbg @jj`crsTwhkcsm Cgthrg`tcng`l Khvhlnpfhgt Dnnphr`tcng @bhgdy (TCK@)X.I. Khp`rtfhgt jnr Cgthrg`tcng`l Khvhlnpfhgt (KJCK)[mh Rcllc`f `gk Jlnr` Mhwlhtt Jnugk`tcng[mh Rnrlk A`gi Brnup

[mh ffgkcgbs, cgthrprht`tcngs, `gk dngdluscngs hxprhsshk mhrhcg kn gnt ghdhss`rclyrhfihdt tmh vchws nj tmh spngsnrcgb nrb`gcz`tcngs nr tmh bnvhrgfhgts tmhy rhprhshgt.

[mh spngsnrcgb nrb`gcz`tcngs kn gnt bu`r`gthh tmh `ddur`dy nj tmh k`t`cgdlukhk cg tmcs wnri. [mh anugk`rchs, dnlnrs, khgnfcg`tcngs, `gk ntmhrcgjnrf`tcng smnwg ng `gy f`p cg tmcs wnri kn gnt cfply `gy oukbfhgt ng tmhp`rt nj tmh spngsnrcgb nrb`gcz`tcngs dngdhrgcgb tmh lhb`l st`tus nj `gythrrctnry nr tmh hgknrshfhgt nr `ddhpt`gdh nj sudm anugk`rchs.

@ll quhrchs ng rcbmts `gk lcdhgshs, cgdlukcgb suasckc`ry rcbmts, smnulk ah`kkrhsshk tn tmh Njffdh nj tmh Uualcsmhr, [mh Rnrlk A`gi, 0=0= M TtrhhtGR, R`smcgbtng, KD 15;44, XT@9 j`x? 151-811-1;119 h-f`cl? puarcbmtsEwnrlka`gi.nrb.

CTAG? 32=-5-=104-=115-1hCTAG? 32=-5-=104-=110-3KNC? 05.083:/32=-5-=104-=115-1

Lcar`ry nj Dngbrhss D`t`lnbcgb-cg-Uualcd`tcng K`t`Blna`lcz`tcng `gk brnwtm? cfplcd`tcngs jnr ` pnst-drcscs wnrlk / Fcdm`hl Tphgdh`gk K`ggy Lhcpzcbhr. p. df. Cgdlukhs acalcnbr`pmcd`l rhjhrhgdhs `gk cgkhx. CTAG 32=-5-=104-=115-1‛CTAG 32=-5-=104-=110-3 (hlhdtrngcd) 0. Jcg`gdc`l drcshs‛Mcstnry‛10st dhgtury. 1. Hdngnfcd mcstnry‛Mcstnry‛10st dhgtury. 4. Blna`lcz`tcng. C. Tphgdh, Fcdm`hl, 03;4— CC. Lhcpzcbhr, K`ggy F. MA4211.B83= 1505 44=.3‛kd11 155358;1;2

Dnvhr khscbg? G`ylnr Khscbg



Dngthgts v

Dngthgts

Urhj`dh xc

Rnrismnp U`rtcdcp`gts xvcc

Acnbr`pmchs nj tmh Hkctnrs gk Dngtrcautnrs xxccc

@dignwlhkbfhgts xxcx

@aarhvc tcngs xxxc

Cgtrnkudtcng 0

0 Blna`lcz`tcng Qhvcscthk 4

K`ggy Lhcpzcbhr

U@Q[ 0 [mh Blna`l Jcg`gdc`l Drcscs? D`ushs,Fctcb`tcng, `gk Qhjnrf 48

1 [mh Drcscs nj 155=? Ttrudtur`l Lhssngsjnr `gk jrnf Hdngnfcds 42K`rng @dhfnblu

4 Jcg`gdc`l Cggnv`tcng, Qhbul`tcng,

`gk Qhjnrf ;2Dm`rlhs R. D`lnfcrcs



vc Dngthgts

; Jcg`gdc`l Drcscs `gk Blna`l Bnvhrg`gdh? @ Ghtwnri @g lyscs :3 @gkrhw Tmhgb

8 Xgkhrst`gkcgb Blna`l Cfa`l`gdhs 38

Qcdm`rk G. Dnnphr

: F`drn Drcshs `gk [`rbhtcgb [r`gsjhrstn tmh Unnr 053Q`vc I`gaur

U@Q[ 1 Mnw tn Jnsthr Qh`l Brnwtm 014

2 Brnwtm `jthr tmh Drcscs 018

K`gc Qnkrci

= Durrhgt Kha`ths ng Cgjr`strudturh Unlcdy 080 @gtngcn Hst`dmh gk F`rc`ggh J y

3 Hxpnrts nj F`guj`dturhs `gk HdngnfcdBrnwtm? [mh J`ll`dy nj Dnfpnsctcng Qhvcscthk 038Rcllc`f Q. Dlcgh

05 Cgkustry Brnwtm `gk tmh D`sh jnrDnugthrdydlcd`l Ttcfulus U`di`bhs 148Umclcpph @bmcng, K`vck Mhfnus, `gk Hgcssh Im`rrnuac

U@Q[ 4 Lngb-[hrf Dm`llhgbhs tn Brnwtm 1;8

00 Brhhgmnush Hfcsscngs `gk Dlcf`thDm`gbh? Cfplcd`tcngs jnr KhvhlnpcgbDnugtrchs `gk Uualcd Unlcdy 1;2K`vck Rmhhlhr

01 Dlcf`th Dm`gbh `gk Hdngnfcd Brnwtm 1=8Qnahrt Fhgkhlsnmg

04 Unpul`tcng @bcgb `gk Hdngnfcd Brnwtm 132K`vck H. Alnnf, K`vck D`ggcgb, `gk Bügtmhr Jcgi

Cgkhx 413



Dngthgts vcc

Jcburhs

;.0. Ghtwnri [npnlnby? [r`khnjj ahtwhhg Hjffdchgdy

`gk Qnaustghss 24

;.1. Hxp`gscng Urndhss nj `g Hpckhfcd =0

2.0. Brnwtm nj BKU phr D`pct` cg Thlhdt Qhbcngs

`gk [cfh Uhrcnks 01=

2.1. Qhl`tcngsmcp ahtwhhg Cgkustrc`l Tm`rh cg BKU `gk

Hdngnfcd Brnwtm 045

2.4. Qhl`tcngsmcp ahtwhhg Tm`rh nj Cgkustrc`l Hfplnyfhgt

cg [nt`l Hfplnyfhgt `gk Hdngnfcd Brnwtm 045

2.;. Ght D`pct`l Nutfinws `gk Brnwtm cg Z`rcnus Dnugtrchs,

Urh-0335 `gk Unst-0335 048

2.8. Cgdnfh Br`kchgt nj Cgkustrc`l Tm`rhs cg BKU 043

2.:. Hquclcarcuf cg tmh F`riht jnr [r`kàlhs 0;1=.0. Cgjr`strudturh Urnohdts wctm Urcv`th U`rtcdcp`tcng cg

Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs, ay Thdtnr, 0335—1558 02:

3.0. F`guj`dturhs `s Uhrdhgt nj [nt`l Hxpnrts, 03:1—155; 152

3.1. @pprhdc`tcng `b`cgst tmh X.T. Knll`r `gk

Dm`gbh cg Qhshrvhs Qhl`tcvh tn Cfpnrts, Hgk-1550 tn

Hgk-1558 112

3.4. X.T. Cfpnrts jrnf Cgkustrc`l, NUHD, `gk Ntmhr

Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs, 0330—1558 113

3.;. X.T. Cfpnrts jrnf Urcgdcp`l Tupplycgb Hdngnfchs,

033:—1558 140

00.0. @tfnspmhrcd DN1 Dngdhgtr`tcng `gk [hfphr`turh?

Jnur Cdh-@bh Dydlhs 1;3

00.1. @tfnspmhrcd DN1 Dngdhgtr`tcng, 02;;—1552 180

00.4. @tfnspmhrcd DN1 Dngdhgtr`tcng `gk Duful`tcvh

Hfcsscngs, 02;;—1552 180

00.;. Jr`dtcng nj Ngh [ng nj D`rang Hfctthk cg 0=85

Qhf`cgcgb cg tmh @tfnspmhrh, 0=85—1505 181

00.8. Hfcsscngs @ttrcautàlh tn tmh Gnrtm `gk tmh Tnutm,

ay CUDD Tdhg`rcn, 0355—1505 18:

00.:. @ggu`l DN1 Hfcsscngs @ttrcautàlh tn tmh Gnrtm `gk

tmh Tnutm, 03:8—1548 1:4

00.2. Duful`tcvh @tfnspmhrcd DN1 Hfcsscngs @ttrcautàlh

tn tmh Gnrtm `gk tmh Tnutm, 03:8—1548 1:4

00.=. Blna`l DN1 Dngdhgtr`tcng `gk Urnohdthk Dngdhgtr`tcng

@ttrcautàlh tn tmh Tnutm @lngh (CUDD @0J0 Tdhg`rcn),

03:8—1548 1:;



vccc Dngthgts

00.3. @tfnspmhrcd DN1 Dngdhgtr`tcng @ttrcauthk tn tmh

Tnutm @lngh (CUDD @0J0 Tdhg`rcn), 03=5—1055 1:;

00.05. Urnohdthk Lnss cg @brcdultur`l Urnkudtcvcty jrnf

Dlcf`th Dm`gbh cg Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs 1::

00.00. @rh` nj @rdtcd Ndh`g wctm @t Lh`st 08 Uhrdhgt Th` Cdh,

0323—1555 @vhr`bh `gk Thpthfahr 1552 1::00.01. Urnohdthk Uhrdhgt`bh nj Unpul`tcng Kcspl`dhk

ay ` 4-Fhthr Th`-Lhvhl Qcsh cg Dn`st`l Khvhlnpcgb

Dnugtrchs 1:2

00.04. Jlnnk-K`f`bh Qcsi Cgkhx cg Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs,

03:5—1555 1:=

00.0;. @rh` cg Ghv`k` Qhqucrhk tn Unwhr tmh Hgtcrh

Xgcthk Tt`ths wctm Tnl`r Hghrby 1:3

04.0. Rnrlk Unpul`tcng, ay @bh Brnup, 0385—1585 450

04.1. Tm`rh nj Unpul`tcng @t Lh`st :5 Sh`rs Nlk, ay XG Jhrtclcty

@ssufptcng, 1555—85 450

04.4. Rnrlk Unpul`tcng, ay Jcvh-Sh`r @bh Brnup, 0385—1585 451

04.;. @bh Ttrudturh cg Khvhlnphk `gk Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs,

0385—1585 454

04.8. Tm`rh nj Unpul`tcng @bhk :5+, ay Qhbcng, 0385—1585 454

04.:. Tm`rh nj Unpul`tcng cg Khvhlnphk Dnugtrchs, ay @bh

Brnup, 0385—1585 45;

04.2. Unpul`tcng cg Khvhlnphk Dnugtrchs, ay Jcvh-Sh`r @bhBrnup, 0385—1585 45;

04.=. Hlkhrly Tm`rh cg Thlhdt Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs, 0385—1585 458

04.3. F`lh-Jhf`lh Q`tcn cg Khvhlnphk `gk Khvhlnpcgb

Dnugtrchs, ay @bh, 1558 `gk 1585 45:

04.05. Tm`rh nj Unpul`tcng cg Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs,

ay @bh Brnup, 0385—1585 452

04.00. Lcjh Hxphdt`gdy cg Khvhlnphk `gk Khvhlnpcgb

Dnugtrchs, 0385—15;5 45=

04.01. Tm`rh nj Unpul`tcng cg Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs, ay Jcvh-

Sh`r @bh Brnup, 0385—1585 45=

04.04. Q`tcn nj Rnricgb-@bh tn Gng-Rnricgb-@bh Unpul`tcng

cg Hurnph `gk Tua-T`m`r`g @jrcd`, 0385—1585 405

04.0;. Lànr Jnrdh U`rtcdcp`tcng Q`th, 03:5 `gk 1555 40;

04.08. Lànr Jnrdh U`rtcdcp`tcng Q`th, 1555 `gk 15;5 40;

04.0:. Lànr Jnrdh phr D`pct`, 1555 `gk 15;5 408

04.02. @dtu`l `gk Dnugthrj`dtu`l @ggu`l Brnwtm Q`ths nj

Cgdnfh phr D`pct`, 03:5—1555 40:



Dngthgts cx

[`alhs

2.0. Cfp`dt nj Xgkhrv`lu`tcng ng Cgkustrc`l @dtcvcty?

U`ghl nj Jcvh-Sh`r Tuaphrcnks, 03:5—155; 044

2.1. Hxpnrts `gk Cgkustrc`l Nutput `s Khthrfcg`gts nj

Brnwtm cg BKU phr D`pct`? U`ghl nj Jcvh-Sh`r Tuaphrcnks,

03:5—155; 042

2.4. [r`kh Turplushs `gk Cgkustrc`l Nutput `s Khthrfcg`gts

nj Brnwtm cg BKU phr D`pct`? U`ghl nj Jcvh-Sh`r Tuaphrcnks,

03:5—155; 0;5

=.0. @ddhss tn Xtclctchs Thrvcdhs, ay Thdtnr `gk Dnugtry

Cgdnfh Lhvhl 08;

=.1. Cgvhstfhgt `gk F`cgthg`gdh Hxphgkcturh Ghhks `s `

Uhrdhgt`bh nj BKU, ay Dnugtry Cgdnfh Lhvhl, @vhr`bh

1558—08 0:;

=.4. Kcjjhrhgt @pprn`dmhs tn Hstcf`tcgb Hxphgkcturh Ghhks

cg Cgjr`strudturh? [mh Hx`fplh nj Fhxcdn 0:8

=.;. @ddhss tn Cgjr`strudturh Thrvcdhs ay Qcdmhst `gk Unnrhst

15 Uhrdhgt nj tmh Unpul`tcng, ay Thdtnr `gk Dnugtry

Cgdnfh Lhvhl 020

=.8. Uhrdhgt`bh nj Dnugtrchs wctm Tcbgcffd`gt L`rbh-Td`lh

Urcv`th Cgvhstfhgt cg Cgjr`strudturh, ay Thdtnr `gk Dnugtry

Cgdnfh Lhvhl, 155; 028

=.:. Uhrdhgt`bh nj Dnugtrchs wctmnut Tcbgcffd`gt L`rbh-Td`lh

Urcv`th Cgvhstfhgt cg Cgjr`strudturh, ay Thdtnr `gk Dnugtry

Cgdnfh Lhvhl, 155; 0=0

=.2. Uhrdhgt`bh nj Dnugtrchs wctm Cgkhphgkhgt Qhbul`tnry

@bhgdchs, ay Thdtnr `gk Dnugtry Cgdnfh Lhvhl, 155; 0=4

3.0. F`guj`dturhk Hxpnrts jrnf Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs,

03:1—155; 150

3.1. Hxpnrts nj F`guj`dturhs, 03=5 `gk 155; 15:

3.4. [np 15 Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs Q`gihk ay @asnluth Tczh nj

F`guj`dturhk Hxpnrts cg 155; 1053.;. Hxpnrts nj tmh H`st @sc`g B-; tn Dmcg`, 03=5 `gk 1554 100

3.8. Urcgdcp`l F`guj`dturhk Cfpnrts ay Cgkustrc`l Dnugtrchs

jrnf Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs, 0338 104

3.:. Q`tcn nj Cfpnrts jrnf Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs tn @pp`rhgt

Dngsufptcng cg 0338 `gk Dm`gbh jrnf 03=0 108

3.2. Urcgdcp`l F`guj`dturhk Cfpnrts ay Cgkustrc`l Dnugtrchs

jrnf Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs, 1554 10=

3.=. Q`tcn nj Cfpnrts jrnf Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs tn @pp`rhgt

Dngsufptcng cg 1554 `gk Dm`gbh jrnf 0338 115



x Dngthgts

05.0. Dnrrhl`tcng ahtwhhg Brnwtm cg Qh`l Z`luh @kkhk

`gk tmh Cgthr`dtcng ahtwhhg Jcg`gdc`l Khphgkhgdh `gk Jcsd`l

Unlcdy Dydlcd`lcty? [nt`l Jcsd`l A`l`gdh 143


`gk tmh Cgthr`dtcng ahtwhhg @ssht [`gbcaclcty `gk Jcsd`l Unlcdy

Dydlcd`lcty? [nt`l Jcsd`l A`l`gdh 1;5


`gk tmh Cgthr`dtcng ahtwhhg Jcg`gdc`l Khphgkhgdh `gk Jcsd`l

Unlcdy Dydlcd`lcty? Urcf`ry Jcsd`l A`l`gdh 1;0

05.;. Dnrrhl`tcng ahtwhhg Brnwtm cg Qh`l Z`luh @kkhk

`gk tmh Cgthr`dtcng ahtwhhg @ssht [`gbcaclcty `gk Jcsd`l Unlcdy

Dydlcd`lcty? Urcf`ry Jcsd`l A`l`gdh 1;1

00.0. Duful`tcvh @tfnspmhrcd DN1 jrnf tmh Tnutm `gk tmh

Gnrtm, 0=85—1555 185

00.1. Blna`l Turj`dh R`rfcgb cg Tcx CUDD Gngfctcb`tcngTdhg`rcns 188

00.4. Hstcf`thk Ahghffts `gk Dnsts nj Fctcb`tcng Qhl`tcvh

tn Gn Unlcdchs tn Tlnw nr Qhvhrsh Blna`l R`rfcgb 183

04.0. XG Jnrhd`st nj 1585 Hlkhrly Unpul`tcng, 033;—155: 455

04.1. @bh Ttrudturh cg Khvhlnphk `gk Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs–

Unpul`tcngs, 0385—1585 451

04.4. [hg Dnugtrchs wctm tmh L`rbhst Tm`rh nj Hlkhrly cg tmh

Unpul`tcng cg 1585 nr tmh L`rbhst Cgdrh`sh cg Tm`rh nj Hlkhrly

Unpul`tcng jrnf 1555 tn 1585 458

04.;. Blna`l Lànr Jnrdh, 03:5, 1555, `gk 155; 408

04.8. LJ[U Q`tcns cg 1555 (@dtu`l) `gk 15;5 (Urhkcdthk), wctm

`gk wctmnut Jhf`lh Lànr Tupply Qhspngsh 40=

04.:. LJ[U Q`tcns cg NHDK Dnugtrchs cg 1555 (@dtu`l) `gk 15;5

(Urhkcdthk), wctm `gk wctmnut Jhf`lh Lànr Tupply Qhspngsh 403



Urhj`dh xc

[mh Dnffcsscng ng Brnwtm `gk Khvhlnpfhgt w`s hstàlcsmhk cg @prcl

155: `s ` rhspngsh tn twn nashrv`tcngs. Rmclh wh jhlt tm`t tmh ahghffts nj

brnwtm whrh gnt jully `pprhdc`thk, wh rhdnbgczhk tm`t tmh dùshs nj brnwtm

whrh gnt jully ugkhrstnnk. Brnwtm cs njthg nvhrlnnihk `gk ugkhrr`thk `s `g

cgstrufhgt jnr t`dilcgb tmh wnrlk–s fnst prhsscgb prnalhfs, sudm `s pnvhrty,

cllcthr`dy, cgdnfh cghqu`lcty, ughfplnyfhgt, `gk pnllutcng. @t tmh s`fh

tcfh, nur ugkhrst`gkcgb nj hdngnfcd brnwtm cs lhss khffgctcvh tm`g dnf-

fngly tmnubmt‛hvhg tmnubm kvcdh snfhtcfhs m`s ahhg bcvhg tn khvhlnpcgb

dnugtrchs wctm brh`thr dngffkhgdh tm`g phrm`ps tmh st`th nj nur ignwlhkbh

wnulk oustcjy. Dngshquhgtly, tmh Dnffcsscng–s f`gk`th w`s tn “tìh stndi

nj tmh st`th nj tmhnrhtcd`l gk hfpcrcd`l ignwlhkbh ng hdngnfcd brnwtm wctm

` vchw tn kr`wcgb cfplcd`tcngs jnr pnlcdy jnr tmh durrhgt gk ghxt bhghr`tcng

nj pnlcdy fìhrs.‖ [mcs f`gk`th m`s hvhg fnrh scbgcffd`gdh cg tmh `jthrf`tmnj tmh ffg`gdc`l `gk hdngnfcd drcscs nj 155=. @s khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs shhi tn

rhp`cr tmh k`f`bh tn tmhcr hdngnfchs `gk tn rhlùgdm tmhfshlvhs ng ` sus-

t`cghk mcbm-brnwtm p`tm, tmhrh m`s ghvhr ahhg ` brh`thr ghhk jnr jrhsm ghw

ckh`s `gk `pprn`dmhs tn `dmchvcgb sust`cghk mcbm brnwtm.

[n mhlp bùbh tmh st`th nj ignwlhkbh, tmh Dnffcsscng cgvcthk lh`k-

cgb `d`khfcds `gk pnlcdy fìhrs jrnf `rnugk tmh wnrlk tn ` shrchs nj

04 wnrismnps, mhlk jrnf 1552 tn 1553 cg R`smcgbtng, KD9 Ghw Snri9

Ghw M`vhg, D[9 `gk D`farckbh, F@ `gk dnffcsscnghk ` shrchs nj

tmhf`tcd p`phrs. [mhsh p`phrs rhvchwhk suaohdts sudm `s tmh dùshs `gk

dngshquhgdhs nj tmh ffg`gdc`l drcscs, fnght`ry `gk ffsd`l pnlcdy, dlcf`thdm`gbh, cghqu`lcty, brnwtm, gk ura`gcz`tcng. Cg kkctcng, 18 d`sh stukchs

Urhj`dh



xcc Urhj`dh

whrh dnffcsscnghk tn hxplnrh tmh kyg`fcds nj brnwtm cg sphdcffd dnug-

trchs. H`dm prhshgt`tcng ahghffthk jrnf dnffhgts ay fhfahrs nj tmh

Dnffcsscng `gk ntmhr wnrismnp p`rtcdcp`gts jrnf tmh wnrlks nj pnlcdy,

tmhnry, `gk pr`dtcdh.

[mh wnrismnps whrh cgthgsh `gk lcvhly `jj`crs. Ct ahd`fh dlh`r tm`t

hxphrts kn gnt `lw`ys `brhh, hvhg ng cssuhs tm`t `rh dhgtr`l tn brnwtm.

[mh Dnffcsscng m`k gn wcsm tn kcsbucsh nr blnss nvhr tmhsh ugdhrt`cgtchs

`gk kcjjhrhgdhs9 ct kck gnt w`gt tn prhshgt ` j`lsh dngffkhgdh cg cts dngdlu-

scngs ahyngk tm`t oustcffhk ay tmh hvckhgdh `gk `dduful`thk hxphrchgdh.

Qhsh`rdmhrs kn gnt `lw`ys ignw tmh dnrrhdt “fnkhl‖ tm`t wnulk hxpl`cg

tmh wnrlk tmhy nashrvh, `gk hvhg cj tmhy ignw tmh j`dtnrs tm`t f`tthr, tmhy

d`ggnt `lw`ys fh`surh tmhf dngvcgdcgbly.

Rmclh rhsh`rdmhrs wcll dngtcguh tn cfprnvh nur ugkhrst`gkcgb nj tmh

wnrlk, pnlcdy fìhrs d`ggnt w`ct jnr sdmnl`rs tn s`tcsjy ll nj tmhcr knuats

nr rhsnlvh tmhcr kcjjhrhgdhs. Khdcscngs fust ah f`kh wctm ngly p`rtc`l

ignwlhkbh. Ngh dngshquhgdh cs tm`t fnst pnlcdy khdcscngs, mnwhvhr whllcgjnrfhk, tìh ng tmh dm`r`dthr nj hxphrcfhgts, wmcdm ychlk ushjul cgjnr-

f`tcng ànut tmh w`y tmh wnrlk wnris, hvhg cj tmhy kn gnt `lw`ys turg

nut tmh w`y pnlcdy fìhrs mnphk. Ct cs ahst tn rhdnbgczh tmcs j`dt, cj ngly sn

tm`t pnlcdy fìhrs d`g ah qucdi tn spnt j`clurhs `gk lh`rg jrnf fcstìhs.

[mh wnrismnps jrnf wmcdm wh krhw fudm nj tmh cgspcr`tcng jnr tmcs

vnlufh, “Blna`l [rhgks `gk Dm`llhgbhs‖ `gk “[mh Jcg`gdc`l Drcscs `gk Cts

Cfp`dt ng Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs– Brnwtm Ttr`thbchs `gk Urnsphdts,‖ whrh

mhlk cg Thpthfahr 1552 gk @prcl 1553 cg Ghw M`vhg, D[, gk D`farckbh,

F@, rhsphdtcvhly. Rh whrh cffhgshly jnrtug`th tn ahghfft jrnf tmh wcsknf

`gk cgscbmts nj nutst`gkcgb rhsh`rdmhrs `gk hxphrchgdhk pr`dtctcnghrs, `gkwh rh br`thjul tn ll nj tmh p`rtcdcp`gts, wmn rh lcsthk jurtmhr cg tmh vnlufh.

Blna`lcz`tcng cs `g nvhr`rdmcgb tmhfh tm`t cs rhlhv`gt tn tmh w`y wh tmcgi

nj brnwtm cg nphg hdngnfchs, `gk ` vnlufh ng blna`lcz`tcng `gk brnwtm cs

p`rtcdul`rly rhlhv`gt bcvhg tmh durrhgt hgvcrngfhgt. [mh rhf`cgkhr nj tmcs

prhj`dh cs gnt `g hxmùstcvh suff`ry nj tmh wnrismnps nr tmh dm`pthrs9

r`tmhr, ct nutlcghs tmh f`cg bn`ls `gk tmhfhs nj tmcs vnlufh `s whll `s tmh

pnsctcng `gk rhdnffhgk`tcngs nj tmh Dnffcsscng wctm rhb`rk tn tmh drcscs.

J`dhk wctm cgdrh`scgb sihptcdcsf ànut tmh j`th nj blna`lcz`tcng `gk

tmh prnsphdts jnr khvhlnpcgb-dnugtry brnwtm cg tmh wìh nj tmh drcscs, tmh

Dnffcsscng nutlcghk cts vchws cg Unst-Drcscs Brnwtm cg Khvhlnpcgb Dnug-

trchs? @ Tphdc`l Qhpnrt nj tmh Dnffcsscng ng Brnwtm gk Khvhlnpfhgt ng

tmh Cfplcd`tcngs nj tmh 155= Jcg`gdc`l Drcscs (Khdhfahr 1553). [mh durrhgt

drcscs m`s r`cshk gufhrnus quhstcngs ànut tmh ahst str`thbchs jnr `dmchv-

cgb sust`cghk brnwtm `gk pnvhrty rhkudtcng cg khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs, jnrh-

fnst fngb tmhf wmhtmhr tmh j`clurh nj tmh ffg`gdc`l systhf lsn scbgcffhs

arn`khr j`clurh nj f`riht-nrchgthk d`pct`lcst systhfs. Ur`dtcd`lly sphìcgb,

tmcs r`cshs quhstcngs `s tn wmhtmhr tmh brnwtm str`thbchs tm`t `rh ugkhr-

stnnk tn m`vh wnrihk cg tmh p`st `rh stcll v`lck cg tmh pnst-drcscs wnrlk.

[mh Dnffcsscng ahlchvhs tm`t tmh drcscs w`s ` j`clurh nj tmh ffg`gdc`lsysthf. [mh lcbmtly `gk cgdnfplhthly rhbul`thk fnkhl tm`t dm`r`dthrczhk



Urhj`dh xccc

tmh `kv`gdhk-dnugtry systhfs, hsphdc`lly cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths `gk Xgcthk

Icgbknf, cs jugk`fhgt`lly fi`whk `gk cg ghhk nj dm`gbh. Qhbul`tnrs, dhg-

tr`l a`gis, f`riht p`rtcdcp`gts, `gk rhsh`rdmhrs (wctm ` jhw gntàlh hxdhp-

tcngs) j`clhk tn `pprhdc`th tmh jull k`gbhrs nj tmcs ffg`gdc`l jr`bclcty. Bncgb

jnrw`rk, tmhy d`ggnt `jjnrk tn f`cgt`cg tmhcr g`rrnw jndus ng dngsufhr

prcdhs `gk hfplnyfhgt, lh`vcgb `ssht prcdhs `gk a`l`gdh smhhts tn tmhcr

nwg khvcdhs. Dhrt`cg hgtctchs cg tmh rhbul`tnry systhf wcll m`vh tn tìh

rhspngscaclcty jnr tmh stàclcty `gk sust`cgàclcty nj `ssht prcdhs, lhvhr`bh,

`gk a`l`gdh smhhts. [mh `lthrg`tcvh, wmcdm cs tn bn a`di tn tmh prh-drcscs

st`tus qun, cs ghctmhr hdngnfcd`lly gnr pnlctcd`lly `ddhptàlh.

[m`t s`ck, wh m`vh gnt jnugk `gy hvckhgdh nj ` fnrh arn`k-a`shk

j`clurh nj tmh f`riht `gk d`pct`lcst hdngnfchs. Rmclh tmh rh`l hdngnfy

m`s ahhg k`f`bhk blna`lly, prcv`th shdtnr rhspngshs m`vh bhghr`lly ahhg

`pprnprc`th tn tmh kcfcgcsmhk dcrdufst`gdhs. Cg tmh Dnffcsscng–s vchw,

`g nutw`rk-lnnicgb, f`riht-krcvhg str`thby, `s subbhsthk cg tmh nrcbc-

g`l Brnwtm Qhpnrt , rhf`cgs arn`kly v`lck. Mnwhvhr, wmclh tmcs str`thbyrhf`cgs tmh ahst `lthrg`tcvh, ct f`y gnt ah `s rhw`rkcgb `s ct w`s cg tmh

yh`rs ahjnrh tmh drcscs, `s tmh wnrlk hdngnfy tm`t hfhrbhs jrnf tmh rhdhgt

upmh`v`l cs lcihly tn ah f`rihk ay slnwhr brnwtm cg tr`kh, dnstlchr d`pct`l,

`gk ` fnrh cgmcacthk @fhrcd`g dngsufhr.

Cg tmh vchw nj tmh Dnffcsscng, tmh pnlcdy kha`th smnulk ah jndushk ng

tmh ffg`gdc`l shdtnrs– stàclcty `gk phrjnrf`gdh. [mh g`turh nj tmcs drcscs

m`s cghvctàly strhgbtmhghk tmh m`gks nj tmnsh wmn prhjhr ` fnrh hxp`g-

scvh rnlh jnr tmh st`th. Urnphrly dm`gghlhk, tmcs cs gnt ghdhss`rcly ` a`k

nutdnfh, aut tmhrh `rh `fplh nppnrtugctchs tn fìh fcstìhs nr tn bn tnn

j`r. @ suast`gtc`l hxp`gscng nj tmh bnvhrgfhgt cgtn tmh arn`khr hdngnfyfcbmt kcsrupt tmh prcv`th kyg`fcsf tm`t m`s dngtrcauthk tn `ll tmh sud-

dhssjul mcbm-brnwtm d`shs nj wmcdm wh `rh `w`rh. Cg nur vchw, tmh st`th–s

hxp`gscng ghhks tn ah rhvhrshk `s tmh drcscs suasckhs. Dhgtr`l a`gis ghhk

tn wctmkr`w tmhcr suppnrt `s prcv`th drhkct dm`gghls rhturg, wmclh cg tmh

fh`gtcfh rht`cgcgb tmh cgkhphgkhgdh tn kn tmcs wmhg tmh tcfh cs rcbmt. [mh

bnvhrgfhgt smnulk, mnwhvhr, ah fnrh cgvnlvhk cg prnthdtcgb phnplh cg tmh

j`dh nj hxtrhfh hdngnfcd turaulhgdh, wmcdm wnulk dnfplhfhgt hjjnrts tn

`dmchvh brh`thr hdngnfcd `gk ffg`gdc`l stàclcty.

Cgthrg`tcng`lly, snfh nj tmh pnnrhr dnugtrchs ngly rhdhgtly `knpthk

fihkblcgb brnwtm-nrchgthk pnlcdchs, `gk tmh dngshgsus cg tmhcr j`vnr, wmcdm

w`s snfhwm`t jr`bclh bncgb cgtn tmh drcscs, f`y arhì knwg `s ` rhsult nj

ct. Cj sn, ct f`y ah tmh pnnrhr, sf`ll dnugtrchs tm`t sujjhr tmh fnst l`stcgb

dngshquhgdhs. Fh`gwmclh, tmhcr juturh khphgks brh`tly ng khvhlnpfhgts

ahyngk tmhcr anrkhrs? ng mnw qucdily jnrhcbg ffg`gdcgb rhturgs gk ng mnw

snng tmhcr hxpnrt f`rihts rhvcvh. Ct wnulk ah fnr`lly ug`ddhptàlh tn lh`vh

tmhsh dnugtrchs str`gkhk ay ` drcscs tm`t w`s dùshk hlshwmhrh. [m`t cs wmy

tmh rhsnurdhs nj tmh Cgthrg`tcng`l Fnght`ry Jugk (CFJ) fust ah hqu`l tn

tmh drcshs tm`t ct `gk tmh blna`l hdngnfy j`dh. Lcgbhrcgb knuats ànut cts

bnvhrg`gdh ghhk tn ah rhsnlvhk sn tm`t tmh cgstctutcng d`g `dt ùtmnrct`-tcvhly `gk sphhkcly. Qhsnurdhs `gk rhjnrf bn m`gk cg m`gk. Khvhlnpcgb



xcv Urhj`dh

dnugtrchs smnulk ah bcvhg ` brh`thr s`y cg tmh cgstctutcng, dnffhgsur`th

wctm tmhcr ghw prnfcghgdh cg tmh wnrlk hdngnfy.

Ng tmh pnsctcvh sckh, tmhrh `rh dnugthrv`clcgb jnrdhs. Tnfh nj tmh jugk`-

fhgt`l khthrfcg`gts nj brnwtm `rh rhl`tcvhly drcscs prnnj? khfnbr`pmy, jnr

hx`fplh, nr muf`g cgbhgucty. Rh`ltm m`s ahhg khstrnyhk, aut tmh stndi

nj ignw-mnw jrnf wmcdm khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs d`g lh`rg cs ugkcfcgcsmhk.

Cg prcgdcplh, tmh pnthgtc`l jnr “d`tdm-up‖ brnwtm khphgks ngly ng tmh b`p

ahtwhhg tmh khvhlnpcgb dnugtry `gk tmh thdmgnlnbcd`l jrngtchr. [mus khvhl-

npcgb dnugtrchs stcll m`vh tmh nppnrtugcty tn sht `gk fnkcjy pnlcdchs `gk

rhsufh prnbrhss tnw`rk sust`cghk mcbm lhvhls nj brnwtm, khspcth tmh fultc-

tukh nj pctj`lls tm`t rhf`cg `s ` rhsult nj tmh drcscs.

Ct cs dlh`r tm`t tmhrh wcll ah ` wckh v`rchty nj pnlcdy cfplcd`tcngs tn ah

kr`wg jrnf tmh drcscs, ugcquh tn h`dm dnugtry–s st`bh nj khvhlnpfhgt. Rctm

rhb`rk tn twn nj tmh fnst cfpnrt`gt pnlcdy cssuhs‛tmh strudturh nj ffg`gdc`l

shdtnrs cg khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs gk tmh f`drnhdngnfcd pnlcdy jr`fhwnri‛

tmh Dnffcsscng strngbly rhdnffhgks tm`t khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs `knpt `fnrh dngshrv`tcvh, cj fnrh dnstly, ffg`gdc`l fnkhl `gk pnsctcng tmhfshlvhs

j`vnràly tn wctmst`gk hxthrg`l smndis ay f`cgt`cgcgb lnw lhvhls nj pua-

lcd khat, `fplh jnrhcbg hxdm`gbh rhshrvhs, `gk mcbm knfhstcd s`vcgbs. Cg

tcfhs nj stàclcty gk rhl`tcvhly mcbm brnwtm, pnlcdy smnulk lh`g cg tmh dnug-

thrdydlcd`l kcrhdtcng. [mh cgkcvcku`l dm`pthrs cg tmcs vnlufh prnvckh fnrh

cg-khptm `g`lyscs nj sphdcffd pnlcdy cssuhs bhrf`gh tn khvhlnpcgb-dnugtry

brnwtm cg tmh pnst-drcscs wnrlk, tnudmcgb ng sphdts nj ffsd`l pnlcdy, hfplny-

fhgt, cghqu`lcty, khfnbr`pmcds, gk dlcf`th dm`gbh, tn g`fh ` jhw.

@s `g cgtrnkudtcng, K`ggy Lhcpzcbhr prnvckhs cg dm`pthr 0 ` tcfhly `gk

dnfprhmhgscvh nvhrvchw nj tmh st`th nj tmh wnrlk hdngnfy gk tmh kha`thssurrnugkcgb tmh juturh nj blna`lcz`tcng `gk hdngnfcd brnwtm ngdh tmh

drcscs m`s p`sshk. Mh dngdlukhs tm`t, wmclh fultcplh nutdnfhs tn tmh dur-

rhgt drcscs `rh pnsscalh, tmh pnst-drcscs hgvcrngfhgt wcll mcgbh l`rbhly ng

tmh lh`khrsmcp kcspl`yhk ay bnvhrgfhgts cg tmh prhshgt, fnst gntàly tmh

Xgcthk Tt`ths, tmh Hurnph`g Xgcng, `gk l`rbh hfhrbcgb f`rihts. [mcs lh`k-

hrsmcp wcll ah sm`phk gk cgfiuhgdhk cg gn sf`ll p`rt ay tmh knfhstcd pnlctc-

d`l kha`ths surrnugkcgb tmh ahghffts nj blna`lcz`tcng s whll s tmh vhry rh`l

lngb-thrf ffsd`l gk fnght`ry dngshquhgdhs nj prhshgt dtcng. [mh rhf`cg-

khr nj tmh vnlufh prnvckhs `g cg-khptm `g`lyscs nj tmh sphdcffd dùshs `gk

hjjhdts nj tmh drcscs `gk tmhcr dngshquhgdhs jnr smnrt-thrf, fhkcuf-thrf,

`gk lngb-thrf brnwtm cg tmh khvhlnpcgb wnrlk.

Dngtrcautcngs tn p`rt 0‛[mh Blna`l Jcg`gdc`l Drcscs? Dùshs, Fctcb`-

tcng, `gk Qhjnrf‛fhtcdulnusly kht`cl tmh hvhgts `gk `dtcngs tm`t dngtrca-

uthk tn `gk finwhk jrnf tmh durrhgt drcscs. U`rt 0 tìhs us jrnf tmh ngsht nj

tmh suaprcfh drcscs, mcbmlcbmtcgb tmh smnrtdnfcgbs nj ffg`gdc`l suphrvcscng,

tn tmh cfplnscng nj l`rbh ffg`gdc`l cgstctutcngs rhsultcgb cg tmh gh`r-dnll`psh

nj drhkct f`rihts `gk tmh hgtcrh ffg`gdc`l systhf. @utmnrs K`rng @dhfnblu,

Dm`rlhs D`lnfcrcs, @gkrhw Tmhgb, Qcdm`rk Dnnphr, `gk Q`vc I`gaur prn-

vckh tmhcr cgscbmts cgtn tmh cgthllhdtu`l `gk pnlcdy fcstìhs tm`t dngtrcauthktn tmh drcscs `s whll `s tmh hgàlcgb hgvcrngfhgt nj arn`khr f`drnhdngnfcd



Urhj`dh xv

`gk ffg`gdc`l trhgks. U`rt 0 dngdlukhs ay mcbmlcbmtcgb `rh`s nj pnthgtc`l

rhjnrf, wctm ` jndus ng fctcb`tcgb tmh hjjhdts nj tmh drcscs ng tmh pnnr.

Jnllnwcgb tmh khsdrcptcng nj tmh `g`tnfy nj tmh ffg`gdc`l drcscs `gk

cts j`r-rh`dmcgb hjjhdts cg p`rt 0, p`rt 1‛Mnw tn Jnsthr Qh`l Brnwtm‛

prnvckhs sphdcffd cgscbmt cgtn tmh w`y jnrw`rk jnr hfhrbcgb gk khvhlnpcgb-

f`riht hdngnfchs (HKFHs), mcbmlcbmtcgb sphdcffd cssuhs `gk pnlcdy nptcngs

tn prnfnth rh`l brnwtm cg tmhcr hdngnfchs. @utmnrs K`gc Qnkrci9 @gtngcn

Hst`dmh `gk F`rc`ggh J`y9 Rcllc`f Dlcgh9 `gk Umclcpph @bmcng, K`vck

Mhfnus, `gk Hgcssh Im`rrnuac prnvckh v`luàlh cgscbmt cgtn ghw ckh`s

tm`t m`vh dnfh tn tmh surj`dh cg lcbmt nj tmh drcscs tm`t m`vh cfpnrt`gt

cfplcd`tcngs jnr fhkcuf- `gk lngb-thrf brnwtm. [mhsh tnpcds tnudm ng

cssuhs rhl`thk tn tmh bnvhrgfhgt–s rnlh cg prnfntcgb sust`cgàlh hdngnfcd

brnwtm, ghw ckh`s ng tmh vcàclcty nj tmh hxpnrt-lhk brnwtm fnkhl, tmh

cfpnrt`gdh nj cgjr`strudturh jnr lngb-thrf brnwtm, `gk tmh `pprnprc`th

rnlh nj dnugthrdydlcd`l ffsd`l pnlcdy.

Jcg`lly, gn vnlufh ng brnwtm wnulk ah dnfplhth wctmnut tìcgb ddnugtnj tmh lngb-thrf dm`llhgbhs. U`rt ; nj [mh Brnwtm Qhpnrt? Ttr`thbchs jnr

Tust`cghk Brnwtm `gk Khvhlnpfhgt (F`y 155=) prnvckhs ` dnfprhmhg-

scvh nvhrvchw nj tmhsh dm`llhgbhs9 mnwhvhr, tmh drcscs m`s cfauhk tmhf wctm

` brh`thr shgsh nj urbhgdy. Rmclh `ll dnugtrchs j`dh lngb-thrf dm`llhgbhs

tn tmhcr brnwtm, khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs j`dh ` ugcquh sht nj nast`dlhs kuh tn

tmhcr bhnbr`pmcd `gk khfnbr`pmcd dcrdufst`gdhs. Cg p`rt 4‛Lngb-[hrf

Dm`llhgbhs tn Brnwtm‛ùtmnrs K`vck Rmhhlhr9 Qnahrt Fhgkhlsnmg9 `gk

K`vck Alnnf, K`vck D`ggcgb, `gk Bügtmhr Jcgi hxplnrh tmh cssuhs nj dlc-

f`th dm`gbh `gk khfnbr`pmcds `gk tmhcr cfplcd`tcngs jnr tmh brnwtm nj

HKFHs. Rmclh tmhsh tnpcds f`y shhf ` fh`surh rhfnvhk jrnf tmh durrhgtdrcscs `gk lngb-thrf hdngnfcd brnwtm, tmhy `rh, cg j`dt, prnjnugkly dng-

ghdthk. Khfnbr`pmcd trhgks wcll m`vh `g hgnrfnus cfp`dt ng ffsd`l pnlcdy

`gk hdngnfcd bhnbr`pmy cg tmh yh`rs tn dnfh. Lcihwcsh, dlcf`th dm`gbh

wcll ah ngh nj tmh fnst scbgcffd`gt dm`llhgbhs j`dcgb HKFHs, wmcdm, ddnrk-

cgb tn snfh hstcf`ths, wcll cgdur =5 phrdhgt nj tmh `ssndc`thk k`f`bhs. Cg

prnfptcgb ` rhtmcgicgb nj ffsd`l prcnrctchs cg f`gy dnugtrchs, tmh drcscs m`s

jnrdhk HKFHs tn dngjrngt dlcf`th dm`gbh `gk khfnbr`pmcd cssuhs h`rlchr

tm`g tmhy fcbmt ntmhrwcsh m`vh.

[n dngdlukh, tmcs vnlufh hgkh`vnrs tn prnvckh `g nvhrvchw nj tmh dur-

rhgt kha`ths surrnugkcgb tmh cfp`dt nj tmh ffg`gdc`l drcscs ng tmh brnwtm

tròhdtnry nj HKFHs `s whll `s ghw ckh`s `gk jrhsm `pprn`dmhs jnr kh`lcgb

wctm juturh brnwtm dm`llhgbhs. [mh sd`lh `gk sdnph nj tmh knwgturg lh`vh

gn knuat tm`t tmh hdngnfcd hgvcrngfhgt pnst-drcscs wcll kcjjhr f`rihkly

jrnf tm`t prhdhkcgb ct. Rmclh tmh Dnffcsscng ng Brnwtm `gk Khvhlnp-

fhgt knhs gnt shhi tn fìh sphdcffd prhkcdtcngs `s tn tmh juturh nj tmh hdn-

gnfcd l`gksd`ph, nur bn`l cs tn prhshgt ckh`s `t tmh jnrhjrngt nj tmh kha`th

ng wm`t tm`t l`gksd`ph f`y rhshfalh `gk mnw khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs d`g

ahst `k`pt. Ng ahm`lj nj tmh Dnffcsscng Thdrht`rc`t, dnffcsscnghrs, `gk

p`rtcdcp`gts, wh mnph tm`t ynu hgony tmcs vnlufh.



Rnrismnp U`rtcdcp`gts xvcc

Rnrismnp U`rtcdcp`gts

Blna`l [rhgks `gk Dm`llhgbhs

Thpthfahr 13—45, 1552

@mluw`lc`, Fngthi, Dnffcsscnghr `gk Khputy Dm`crf`g, Ul`ggcgbDnffcsscng, Cgkc`

@gcg`t, Drcstna`l, Fcgcstry nj Hxthrg`l @jj`crs, Dmclh

@gghz, U`trcdc`, Rnrlk A`gi

A`rr, Gcdmnl`s, Lngkng Tdmnnl nj Hdngnfcds

Am`tt`dm`ry`, @f`r, B-1; Thdrht`rc`t

Acrks`ll, G`gdy, Dhgthr jnr Blna`l Khvhlnpfhgt

Alnnf, K`vck, M`rv`rk Xgcvhrscty

Answnrtm, A`rry, Arnnicgbs Cgstctutcng

Audilhy, Qnahrt, Qndihjhllhr Jnugk`tcng

D`ggcgb, K`vck, M`rv`rk XgcvhrsctyDlcgh, Rcllc`f, Uhthrsng Cgstctuth jnr Cgthrg`tcng`l Hdngnfcds gk tmh Dhgthr

jnr Blna`l Khvhlnpfhgt

Dnnphr, Qcdm`rk, M`rv`rk Xgcvhrscty

K`kusm, Xrc, Rnrlk A`gi

K`rlcgbtng, Furchl, Dnffcsscng ng Brnwtm `gk Khvhlnpfhgt Thdrht`rc`t

Khrvcs, Ihf`l, @kfcgcstr`tnr, Xgcthk G`tcngs Khvhlnpfhgt Urnbr`ffh

Hgbhl, Hku`rkn, S`lh Xgcvhrscty

J`y, F`rc`ggh, Rnrlk A`gi

Jr`gihl, Ohjjrhy, M`rv`rk Xgcvhrscty

Bôfhz-Caàðhz, Onsã, Ihgghky Tdmnnl nj Bnvhrgfhgt, M`rv`rk Xgcvhrscty



xvccc Rnrismnp U`rtcdcp`gts

M`gsng, Bnrkng, Xgcvhrscty nj D`lcjnrgc`, T`g Kchbn

M`rrcsng, @gg, Xgcvhrscty nj D`lcjnrgc`-Ahrihlhy

Mhssh, Mhcin, Cgthrg`tcng`l Fnght`ry Jugk

Mnhif`g, Ahrg`rk, Rnrlk A`gi

Mnlzf`gg, Qnahrt, Rnrlk A`gi

Onsmc, F`gnsm, Hfa`ssy nj Cgkc`, R`smcgbtng, KD

Onusthg, @l`cg, Cgthrg`tcng`l Fnght`ry Jugk

Im`r`s, Mnfc, Arnnicgbs Cgstctutcng

Lhcpzcbhr, K`ggy, Zcdh Dm`cr nj tmh Dnffcsscng ng Brnwtm `gk

Khvhlnpfhgt, R`smcgbtng, KD, `gk Zcdh Urhsckhgt `gk Mh`k nj Unvhrty

Qhkudtcng `gk Hdngnfcd F`g`bhfhgt Ghtwnri, Rnrlk A`gi

Lhwcs, Fùrhhg, Rnrlk A`gi

Lcf, Hkwcg, Dmcg` Hdngnfcd Qhsh`rdm `gk @kvcsnry Urnbr`f

F`mnvsiy, F`khlhcgh, Hurnph`g Dnffcsscng

F`ghvsi`y`, Kc`g`, Dnffcsscng ng Brnwtm `gk Khvhlnpfhgt Thdrht`rc`t

F`ttnn, @`kcty`, Rnrlk A`giFh`knws, Br`m`f, Hurnph`g Qhsh`rdm Cgstctuth, Xgcvhrscty nj Tusshx

Fhgkhlsnmg, Qnahrt, S`lh Xgcvhrscty

Fngtchl, Uhthr, Rcllc`fs Dnllhbh

Gàlc, Fust`pm`, Rnrlk A`gi

G`gi`gc, Bnacgk, Blna`l Khvhlnpfhgt Ghtwnri

Gnrkmùs, Rcllc`f, S`lh Xgcvhrscty

Gnwì, Knrnt`, Dnffcsscng ng Brnwtm `gk Khvhlnpfhgt Thdrht`rc`t

Ningon-Cwh`l`, Gbnzc, Dnffcsscnghr `gk F`g`bcgb Kcrhdtnr, Rnrlk A`gi

Nzhr, Dhrhg, Rnrlk A`gi

Uhrry, Bucllhrfn, Rnrlk A`gi Urctdmhtt, L`gt, M`rv`rk Xgcvhrscty

Qò`g, Q`bmur`f, Xgcvhrscty nj Dmcd`bn

Qnshgzwhcb, F`ri, S`lh Xgcvhrscty

Tmcllhr, Qnahrt, S`lh Xgcvhrscty

Tonalnf, Fcro`, Rnrlk A`gi

Tphgdh, Fcdm`hl, Dm`cr nj tmh Dnffcsscng ng Brnwtm `gk Khvhlnpfhgt,

Gnahl Lùrh`th, `gk Urnjhssnr Hfhrctus, Tt`gjnrk Xgcvhrscty

Zhgàlhs, @gtmngy, Xgcvhrscty nj Nxjnrk, Xgcthk Icgbknf

Zcvhrns, @lho`gkr`, Rnrlk A`gi

R`dzc`rb, Qnf`cg, Br`ku`th Tdmnnl nj Auscghss, Tt`gjnrk Xgcvhrscty

Rmhhlhr, K`vck, Dhgthr jnr Blna`l Khvhlnpfhgt

_`bm`, Qnahrtn, Dnffcsscng ng Brnwtm `gk Khvhlnpfhgt Thdrht`rc`t `gk

Rnrlk A`gi

_hkclln, Hrghstn, Dnffcsscnghr `gk Kcrhdtnr, S`lh Dhgthr jnr Ttuky nj

Blna`lcz`tcng



Rnrismnp U`rtcdcp`gts xcx

[mh Jcg`gdc`l Drcscs `gk Cts Cfp`dt ng

Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs– Brnwtm Ttr`thbchs `gk Urnsphdts

@prcl 15—10, 1553

@dhfnblu, K`rng, F`ss`dmushtts Cgstctuth nj [hdmgnlnby

@dm`ry`, Zcr`l, Ghw Snri Xgcvhrscty

@bmcng, Umclcpph, M`rv`rk Xgcvhrscty@mluw`lc`, Fngthi, Dnffcsscnghr `gk Khputy Dm`crf`g, Ul`ggcgb Dnf-

fcsscng, Cgkc`

@ihrlnj , Bhnrbh, Gnahl Lùrh`th cg Hdngnfcds, Xgcvhrscty nj D`lcjnrgc`,

Ahrihlhy

@tm`ykh, Dmrcstnpmhr, X.I. [rh`sury

@zcz, O`m`gbcr, O. U. Fnrb`g, Fufa`c, Cgkc

A`dm`, Hkf`r, Dnffcsscnghr `gk Kcrhdtnr, D`s` K`s B`râ`s Cgstctuth jnr

Hdngnfcd Unlcdy Ttukchs, Ar`zcl

A`ghrohh, @amcoct, F`ss`dmushtts Cgstctuth nj [hdmgnlnby

A`ths, Ohggcjhr, Arctcsm Hfa`ssy, R`smcgbtng, KDAlhohr, F`rcn, F`drnhdngnfcd @kvcsnry Brnup, @rbhgtcg`

Anhkcngn, Kr., Dnffcsscnghr `gk Bnvhrgnr, Dhgtr`l A`gi nj Cgknghsc`

Ar`mf`f, F`y`, Rnrlk A`gi

Ar`mfam`tt, Fcl`g, Rnrlk A`gi

Arugghrfhchr, F`rius, Urcgdhtng Xgcvhrscty

D`lnfcrcs, Dm`rlhs, Dnlufac` Xgcvhrscty

D`gutn, Nt`vc`gn, Rnrlk A`gi

Dnnphr, Qcdm`rk, M`rv`rk Xgcvhrscty

Dnx, Tcfng, [mh Hdngnfcst

Dr`g, Rcllc`f, UC[Z Urnkudtcngs, Lngkng

K`rlcgbtng, Furchl, Dnffcsscng ng Brnwtm `gk Khvhlnpfhgt Thdrht`rc`t

Khrvcs, Ihf`l, Dnffcsscnghr `gk Jnrfhr Hxhdutcvh Mh`k nj tmh Xgcthk

G`tcngs Khvhlnpfhgt Urnbr`ffh9 Zcdh Urhsckhgt `gk Kcrhdtnr, Blna`l

Hdngnfy `gk Khvhlnpfhgt, Arnnicgbs Cgstctutcng, R`smcgbtng, KD

Jhlksthcg, F`rtcg, M`rv`rk Xgcvhrscty

Jr`gihl, Ohjjrhy, M`rv`rk Xgcvhrscty

Bcub`lh, F`rdhln, Rnrlk A`gi

Bnlkjòg, Cl`g, Ungtcffd`l D`tmnlcd Xgcvhrscty nj Qcn kh O`ghcrn, Ar`zcl

M`g, Kudi-snn, Dnffcsscnghr gk @fa`ss`knr nj tmh Qhpualcd nj Inrh` tntmh Xgcthk Tt`ths

Mùsf`gg, Qcd`rkn, Dhgthr jnr Cgthrg`tcng`l Khvhlnpfhgt `gk M`rv`rk

Xgcvhrscty

Ctn, [ì`tnsmc, Xgcvhrscty nj [niyn

Onmgsng, Qnahrt, Jnrfhr Dmchj Hdngnfcst jnr tmh X.T. Thg`th A`gicgb `gk

Aukbht Dnffctthhs

I`gaur, Q`vc, Dnrghll Xgcvhrscty

Ihghg, Uhthr, Urcgdhtng Xgcvhrscty



xx Rnrismnp U`rtcdcp`gts

Im`l`j-Mug`ckc, Qcf`, Jnrfhr @sscst`gt Thdrht`ry Bhghr`l `gk Kcrhdtnr nj

tmh Qhbcng`l Aurhù jnr @rà Tt`ths `t tmh Xgcthk G`tcngs Khvhlnpfhgt

Urnbr`ffh9 Jnrfhr Khputy Urcfh Fcgcsthr nj Onrk`g

Im`r`s, Mnfc, Rnljhgsnmg Dhgthr jnr Khvhlnpfhgt, Arnnicgbs Cgstctutcng

Lhh, Iw`gb sui, Hfa`ssy nj tmh Qhpualcd nj Inrh`, R`smcgbtng, KD

Lhcpzcbhr, K`ggy, Zcdh Dm`cr nj tmh Dnffcsscng ng Brnwtm `gk Khvhlnp-

fhgt, R`smcgbtng, KD, `gk Zcdh Urhsckhgt `gk Mh`k nj Unvhrty Qhkud-

tcng `gk Hdngnfcd F`g`bhfhgt Ghtwnri, Rnrlk A`gi

Lhwcs, Ohjjrhy, Rnrlk A`gi

Lcf, Hkwcg, Dmcg` Hdngnfcd Qhsh`rdm `gk @kvcsnry Urnbr`f

Lcg, Oustcg, Rnrlk A`gi

Lnhw`lk, Dmrcstnpmhr, Fcgcstry nj Jcg`gdh, Tnutm @jrcd`

F`mnvsiy, F`khlhcgh, Hurnph`g Dnffcsscng

F`l`g, Uhkrn, Jnrfhr Fcgcsthr nj Jcg`gdh, Ar`zcl

F`rdm`l, Rcog`gk, Qny`l Ghtmhrl`gks Hfa`ssy, R`smcgbtng, KD

Fcllhr, D`lluf, Khp`rtfhgt jnr Cgthrg`tcng`l Khvhlnpfhgt, Brnwtm `gkCgvhstfhgt Brnup

Fnmchlkcg, F`mfnuk, Dnffcsscnghr `gk Fcgcsthr nj Cgvhstfhgt, @rà

Qhpualcd nj Hbypt

Fngjnrt, Umclcpph, Hurnph`g Dnffcsscng

G`gi`gc, Bnacgk, Cgthrg`tcng`l Brnwtm Dhgthr, Xgcthk Icgbknf

Gnwì, Knrnt`, Dnffcsscng ng Brnwtm `gk Khvhlnpfhgt Thdrht`rc`t

Ningon-Cwh`l`, Gbnzc, Dnffcsscnghr `gk F`g`bcgb Kcrhdtnr, Rnrlk A`gi

Brnup

N–Ghcll, Ocf, Bnlkf`g T`dms

Ny , Tmcg, O`p`g A`gi jnr Cgthrg`tcng`l Dnnphr`tcngUcgtn, Arc`g, Rnrlk A`gi

Unrths, Qcdm`rk, Lngkng Tdmnnl nj Hdngnfcds

Qcdm`rksng, F`ttmhw, Tthrg Tdmnnl nj Auscghss, Ghw Snri Xgcvhrscty

Qnkrci, K`gc, M`rv`rk Xgcvhrscty

Qnfhr, Uùl, Tt`gjnrk Dhgthr jnr Cgthrg`tcng`l Khvhlnpfhgt `gk Tt`gjnrk

Cgstctuth jnr Hdngnfcd Unlcdy Qhsh`rdm

Qnstnf, @mfhk, Fcgcstry nj Cgvhstfhgt, @rà Qhpualcd nj Hbypt

Tdmnlhs, Fyrng, Gnahl Lùrh`th cg Hdngnfcds, Tt`gjnrk Xgcvhrscty

Thrvhg, Lucs, Rnrlk A`gi

Tm`m, @o`y, G`tcng`l Cgstctuth jnr Uualcd Jcg`gdh `gk Unlcdy, Cgkc`

Tmhhl, @lni, Hdngnfcd @kvcsnry Dnugdcl tn tmh Urcfh Fcgcsthr, Cgkc`

Tmhgb, @gkrhw, Dmcg` A`gicgb Qhbul`tnry Dnffcsscng

Tcgbm, U`vghht, Dnffcsscng ng Brnwtm `gk Khvhlnpfhgt Thdrht`rc`t

Túkhraëdi, Fci`hl, Jcg`gdc`l Tysthfs Khvhlnpfhgt, Twhkcsm Cgthrg`tcng`l

Khvhlnpfhgt Dnnphr`tcng @bhgdy

Tnlnw, Qnahrt, Dnffcsscnghr `gk Urnjhssnr Hfhrctus, F`ss`dmushtts

Cgstctuth nj [hdmgnlnby, `gk Gnahl Lùrh`th cg Hdngnfcds

Tphgdh, Fcdm`hl, Dm`cr nj tmh Dnffcsscng ng Brnwtm `gk Khvhlnpfhgt

`gk Urnjhssnr Hfhrctus, Tt`gjnrk Xgcvhrscty, `gk Gnahl Lùrh`th cgHdngnfcds



Rnrismnp U`rtcdcp`gts xxc

Tthhr, Dygtmc`, Qnbhrsd`shy, Xgcthk Tt`ths

[mnfpsng, TuhLhg`, Cgkhphgkhgt Urnkudhr `gk Dngsult`gt

[mughll, L`rs, Hxhdutcvh Zcdh Urhsckhgt gk DHN, Cgthrg`tcng`l Jcg`gdh Dnr-

pnr`tcng, Rnrlk A`gi Brnup

Zhgghr, Kwcbmt, Dnffcsscnghr `gk Bnvhrgnr, H`sthrg D`rcaah`g Dhgtr`l

A`gi, Tt. Ictts `gk Ghvcs

R`t`g`ah, Mcrnsmc, Dnffcsscnghr `gk Urhsckhgt `gk DHN, O`p`g A`gi jnr

Cgthrg`tcng`l Dnnphr`tcng

Rnljsng, F`ri, Tt`gjnrk Xgcvhrscty

_`bm`, Qnahrtn, Dnffcsscng ng Brnwtm `gk Khvhlnpfhgt Thdrht`rc`t

_`pp`l`, D`r`, Rnrlk A`gi



Acnbr`pmchs nj tmh Hkctnrs `gk Dngtrcautnrs xxccc

K`rng @dhfnblu cs Dm`rlhs U. Icgklhahrbhr Urnjhssnr nj @pplchk Hdn-

gnfcds `t F`ss`dmushtts Cgstctuth nj [hdmgnlnby (FC[) `gk wcgghr njtmh 1558 Onmg A`ths Dl`ri Fhk`l. Mh cs ` fhfahr nj tmh Hdngnfcd

Brnwtm Urnbr`f nj tmh D`g`kc`g Cgstctuth nj @kv`gdhk Qhsh`rdm. Mh cs

`lsn jfflc`thk wctm tmh G`tcng`l Aurh`u nj Hdngnfcd Qhsh`rdm, tmh Dhg-

thr jnr Hdngnfcd Uhrjnrf`gdh, `gk tmh Dhgtrh jnr Hdngnfcd Unlcdy

Qhsh`rdm (Lngkng). Mcs prcgdcp`l cgthrhsts `rh pnlctcd`l hdngnfy, hdn-

gnfcd khvhlnpfhgt, hdngnfcd brnwtm, thdmgnlnby, cgdnfh `gk w`bh

cghqu`lcty, muf`g d`pct`l `gk tr`cgcgb, `gk l`anr hdngnfcds. Mcs fnst

rhdhgt wnris dngdhgtr`th ng tmh rnlh nj cgstctutcngs cg hdngnfcd khvhl-

npfhgt `gk pnlctcd`l hdngnfy.

Umclcpph @bmcng cs Qnahrt D. R`bbnghr Urnjhssnr nj Hdngnfcds `t M`r-

v`rk Xgcvhrscty, m`vcgb prhvcnusly ahhg Urnjhssnr `t Xgcvhrscty Dnllhbh

Lngkng, `g Njffdc`l Jhllnw `t Nxjnrk–s Gujffhlk Dnllhbh, `gk `g @sscs-

t`gt Urnjhssnr `t FC[. Mcs f`cg rhsh`rdm wnri cs ng brnwtm `gk dngtr`dt

tmhnry. Rctm Uhthr Mnwctt, mh khvhlnphk tmh sn-d`llhk Tdmufphthrc`g

U`r`kcbf `gk hxthgkhk tmh p`r`kcbf cg shvhr`l kcrhdtcngs9 fudm nj tmh

rhsultcgb wnri cs suff`rczhk cg mcs anni wctm Mnwctt hgtctlhk Hgknbhgnus

Brnwtm [mhnry.

K`vck H. Alnnf cs Dl`rhgdh O`fhs B`falh Urnjhssnr nj Hdngnfcds `gk

Khfnbr`pmy `gk Dm`cr nj tmh Khp`rtfhgt nj Blna`l Mh`ltm `gk Unpu-l`tcng `t tmh M`rv`rk Tdmnnl nj Uualcd Mh`ltm `gk Kcrhdtnr nj M`rv`rk

Xgcvhrscty–s Urnbr`f ng tmh Blna`l Khfnbr`pmy nj @bcgb. Mh cs `lsn `g

Acnbr`pmchs nj tmh Hkctnrs `gkDngtrcautnrs



xxcv Acnbr`pmchs nj tmh Hkctnrs `gk Dngtrcautnrs

@kougdt [rusthh nj `fj@Q (tmh Jnugk`tcng jnr @CKT Qhsh`rdm) `gk `

J`dulty Qhsh`rdm @ssndc`th `t tmh G`tcng`l Aurhù nj Hdngnfcd Qhsh`rdm.

Urnjhssnr Alnnf cs ` Jhllnw nj tmh @fhrcd`g @d`khfy nj @rts `gk Tdc-

hgdhs `gk `g @fa`ss`knr cg tmh Uùl B. Qnbhrs Tndchty jnr Blna`l Mh`ltm

Qhsh`rdm. Mh m`s shrvhk ng tmh pualcd pnlcdy j`dulty `t D`rghbch-Fhllng

Xgcvhrscty `gk ng tmh hdngnfcds j`dultchs `t M`rv`rk Xgcvhrscty `gk

Dnlufac` Xgcvhrscty. Mh shrvhk `s Dm`cr nj tmh Khp`rtfhgt nj Hdngnfcds

`t Dnlufac` Xgcvhrscty `gk `s Khputy Kcrhdtnr nj tmh M`rv`rk Cgstctuth

jnr Cgthrg`tcng`l Khvhlnpfhgt. Mcs durrhgt rhsh`rdm jndushs f`cgly ng tmh

lcgis `fngb mh`ltm, khfnbr`pmy, `gk hdngnfcd brnwtm.

Dm`rlhs R. D`lnfcrcs cs Mhgry Iùjf`g Urnjhssnr nj Jcg`gdc`l Cgstctu-

tcngs `t Dnlufac` Xgcvhrscty–s Br`ku`th Tdmnnl nj Auscghss `gk Urnjhs-

snr `t Dnlufac`–s Tdmnnl nj Cgthrg`tcng`l `gk Uualcd @jj`crs. Mcs rhsh`rdm

sp`gs shvhr`l `rh`s, cgdlukcgb a`gicgb, dnrpnr`th ffg`gdh, ffg`gdc`l mcstnry,

`gk fnght`ry hdngnfcds. Mh cs fhfahr nj tmh Tm`knw Jcg`gdc`l Qhbul`-

tnry Dnffctthh, tmh Tm`knw Nphg F`riht Dnffctthh, `gk tmh Jcg`gdc`lHdngnfcsts Qnugktàlh, ` Qhsh`rdm @ssndc`th nj tmh G`tcng`l Aurhù nj

Hdngnfcd Qhsh`rdm, `gk ` fhfahr nj tmh Mnnvhr Cgstctutcng–s [`si Jnrdh

ng Urnphrty Qcbmts. Urnjhssnr D`lnfcrcs w`s Dn-Kcrhdtnr nj tmh Urnohdt ng

Jcg`gdc`l Khrhbul`tcng `gk `lsn ` Thgcnr Jhllnw `t tmh Dnugdcl ng Jnrhcbg

Qhl`tcngs. Urnjhssnr D`lnfcrcs shrvhk ng tmh Cgthrg`tcng`l Jcg`gdc`l Cgstctu-

tcng @kvcsnry Dnffcsscng, ` dngbrhsscng`l dnffcsscng tn `kvcsh tmh X.T.

bnvhrgfhgt ng tmh rhjnrf nj tmh Cgthrg`tcng`l Fnght`ry Jugk (CFJ), tmh

Rnrlk A`gi, tmh rhbcng`l khvhlnpfhgt a`gis, `gk tmh Rnrlk [r`kh Nrb`-

gcz`tcng (R[N). Mh m`s pualcsmhk gufhrnus annis, onurg`l `rtcdlhs, `gk

dm`pthrs cg sdmnl`rly vnlufhs, shrvhk ng gufhrnus onurg`l hkctnrc`l an`rks,`gk `kvcshk ` arn`k `rr`y nj bnvhrgfhgt `gk prcv`th nrb`gcz`tcngs.

K`vck D`ggcgb cs Urnjhssnr nj Hdngnfcds `gk Cgthrg`tcng`l Mh`ltm cg

tmh Khp`rtfhgt nj Blna`l Mh`ltm `gk Unpul`tcng, M`rv`rk Tdmnnl nj Uua-

lcd Mh`ltm. Mh m`s shrvhk ng tmh j`dulty nj tmh Lngkng Tdmnnl nj Hdngnf-

cds, D`farckbh Xgcvhrscty, Dnlufac` Xgcvhrscty, `gk Puhhg–s Xgcvhrscty

Ahlj`st. Mcs rhsh`rdm jndushs ng tmh rnlh nj mh`ltm `s ` jnrf nj muf`g

d`pct`l `gk tmh hjjhdt nj khfnbr`pmcd dm`gbh ng hdngnfcd khvhlnpfhgt.

Rcllc`f Q. Dlcgh cs Thgcnr Jhllnw oncgtly `t tmh Uhthrsng Cgstctuth jnr

Cgthrg`tcng`l Hdngnfcds `gk tmh Dhgthr jnr Blna`l Khvhlnpfhgt cg R`sm-

cgbtng, KD. Kurcgb 033:—1550, wmclh ng lh`vh jrnf tmh Uhthrsng Cgstc-

tuth, Kr. Dlcgh w`s Khputy F`g`bcgb Kcrhdtnr `gk Dmchj Hdngnfcst nj tmh

Cgstctuth nj Cgthrg`tcng`l Jcg`gdh (CCJ) cg R`smcgbtng, KD. Mh m`s ahhg

Thgcnr Jhllnw t tmh Uhthrsng Cgstctuth jnr Cgthrg`tcng`l Hdngnfcds scgdh cts

cgdhptcng cg 03=0. Urhvcnusly mh w`s Thgcnr Jhllnw t tmh Arnnicgbs Cgstctu-

tcng (0324—=0)9 Khputy Kcrhdtnr nj Khvhlnpfhgt `gk [r`kh Qhsh`rdm cg

tmh Njffdh nj tmh @sscst`gt Thdrht`ry jnr Cgthrg`tcng`l @jj`crs, X.T. [rh`-

sury Khp`rtfhgt (0320—24)9 Jnrk Jnugk`tcng Zcsctcgb Urnjhssnr cg Ar`zcl

(0325—20)9 gk Lhdturhr gk @sscst`gt Urnjhssnr nj Hdngnfcds t Urcgdhtng

Xgcvhrscty (03:2—25). Mh cs tmh ùtmnr nj 11 annis, cgdlukcgb [r`kh `gkCgdnfh Kcstrcautcng (0332) gk [r`kh Unlcdy gk Blna`l Unvhrty (155;).



Acnbr`pmchs nj tmh Hkctnrs `gk Dngtrcautnrs xxv

Qcdm`rk G. Dnnphr cs Fùrcts D. An`s Urnjhssnr nj Cgthrg`tcng`l Hdn-

gnfcds `t M`rv`rk Xgcvhrscty. Mh w`s jnrfhrly Zcdh Dm`crf`g nj tmh

Blna`l Khvhlnpfhgt Ghtwnri gk fhfahr nj tmh [rcl`thr`l Dnffcsscng,

tmh Dnugdcl ng Jnrhcbg Qhl`tcngs, tmh Hxhdutcvh U`ghl nj tmh X.T. Dmchj

nj G`v`l Nphr`tcngs, `gk tmh Arnnicgbs U`ghl ng Hdngnfcd @dtcvcty. Mh

m`s shrvhk ng shvhr`l ndd`scngs cg tmh X.T. bnvhrgfhgt, `s Dm`crf`g nj

tmh G`tcng`l Cgthllcbhgdh Dnugdcl (0338—32), Xgkhrshdrht`ry nj Tt`th jnr

Hdngnfcd @jj`crs (0322—=0), Khputy @sscst`gt Thdrht`ry nj Tt`th jnr Cgthr-

g`tcng`l Fnght`ry @jj`crs (03:8—::), `gk Thgcnr Tt`jj Hdngnfcst `t tmh

Dnugdcl nj Hdngnfcd @kvcshrs (03:0—:4). Mh w`s `lsn Dm`crf`g nj tmh

Jhkhr`l Qhshrvh A`gi nj Anstng (0335—31). Mcs fnst rhdhgt annis, wmcdm

mh dn-ùtmnrhk, cgdlukh Annf, Drcscs, `gk @koustfhgt9 F`drnhdngnfcd

F`g`bhfhgt cg Inrh`, 0325—03359 Hgvcrngfhgt gk Qhsnurdh Unlcdchs jnr

tmh Rnrlk Hdngnfy9 `gk Rm`t tmh Juturh Mnlks.

@gtngcn Hst`dmh cs Urnjhssnr nj Hdngnfcds `t tmh Xgcvhrsctã Lcarh kh

Aruxhllhs, wmhrh mh mnlks tmh Ahrg`rk Z`g Nffhsl`bmh Dm`cr `gk cs `fhfahr nj tmh Hurnph`g Dhgthr jnr @kv`gdhk Qhsh`rdm nj Hdngnfcds.

Urcnr tn tm`t, mh w`s Dmchj Hdngnfcst jnr tmh Tust`cgàlh Khvhlnpfhgt

Ghtwnri nj tmh Rnrlk A`gi, wmhrh mh sphgt 18 yh`rs (03=1—1552) wnri-

cgb `drnss rhbcngs ng v`rcnus kcfhgscngs nj pualcd shdtnr rhjnrf. Mh m`s

pualcsmhk wckhly ng tmh rhbul`tcng nj ghtwnri cgkustrchs (hlhdtrcdcty, thlh-

dnffugcd`tcngs, tr`gspnrt, `gk w`thr `gk s`gct`tcng), `sshssfhgt nj tmh

phrjnrf`gdh nj tmh pualcd shdtnr, `gk tmh brnwtm `gk kcstrcautcng`l hjjhdts

nj hgvcrngfhgt`l, ffsd`l, `gk shdtnr`l pnlcdchs cg khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs.

F`rc`ggh J`y cs Dmchj Hdngnfcst jnr tmh Tust`cgàlh Khvhlnpfhgt

Ghtwnri nj tmh Rnrlk A`gi `gk Dn-Kcrhdtnr nj tmh Rnrlk KhvhlnpfhgtQhpnrt 1505 ng dlcf`th dm`gbh. Tmh m`s mhlk pnsctcngs cg kcjjhrhgt rhbcngs

nj tmh Rnrlk A`gi (Hurnph gk Dhgtr`l @sc`, L`tcg @fhrcd` gk tmh D`rca-

ah`g, @jrcd`) wnricgb ng cgjr`strudturh, ura`gcz`tcng, `gk fnrh rhdhgtly

`k`pt`tcng tn dlcf`th dm`gbh. Mhr rhsh`rdm m`s jndushk fnstly ng tmh rnlh

nj cgjr`strudturh gk ura`gcz`tcng cg khvhlnpfhgt, wctm p`rtcdul`r cgthrhst

cg cssuhs rhl`thk tn ura`g pnvhrty. Tmh cs tmh utmnr nj gufhrnus rtcdlhs gk

annis ng tmhsh tnpcds.

Bügtmhr Jcgi cs @sscst`gt Urnjhssnr nj Cgthrg`tcng`l Mh`ltm Hdngnfcds

`t tmh Khp`rtfhgt nj Blna`l Mh`ltm `gk Unpul`tcng, M`rv`rk Tdmnnl nj

Uualcd Mh`ltm. Mcs rhsh`rdm m`s dnvhrhk ` wckh r`gbh nj tnpcds rhl`thk tn

hdngnfcd khvhlnpfhgt, wctm p`rtcdul`r jndus ng tmh cgthr`dtcngs ahtwhhg

mh`ltm gk muf`g d`pct`l, ng ngh sckh, gk hdngnfcd brnwtm, ng tmh ntmhr.

Mh cs durrhgtly dngkudtcgb lngbctukcg`l mnushmnlk mh`ltm `gk wh`ltm sur-

vhy cg @ddr`, Bm`g`, tm`t cgvhstcb`ths tmh k`cly aurkhg nj kcsh`sh cg ura`g

Tua-T`m`r`g @jrcd` wctm ` sphdc`l jndus ng f`l`rc`. Mh cs `lsn wnricgb ng

` arn`k sndcnhdngnfcd hv`lu`tcng nj tmh l`rbh-sd`lh `gtc-f`l`rc` prnbr`f

rnllhk nut cg _`fac` scgdh 155:.

K`vck Mhfnus cs durrhgtly cg Um.K. prnbr`f cg hdngnfcds t M`rv`rk

Xgcvhrscty. Mcs rhsh`rdm cgthrhsts cgdlukh brnwtm, tr`kh, `gk hgvcrngfhgt`lhdngnfcds.



xxvc Acnbr`pmchs nj tmh Hkctnrs `gk Dngtrcautnrs

Q`vc I`gaur cs [. M. Lhh Urnjhssnr nj Rnrlk @jj`crs, Cgthrg`tcng`l

Urnjhssnr nj @pplchk Hdngnfcds `gk F`g`bhfhgt, `gk Urnjhssnr nj Hdn-

gnfcds t Dnrghll Xgcvhrscty. Mh m`s tùbmt t tmh ugcvhrsctchs nj Nxjnrk,

D`farckbh, Hsshx, R`rwcdi, Urcgdhtng, `gk Dnlufac`. Q`vc I`gaur m`s

mhlk gufhrnus pnsctcngs `t tmh Rnrlk A`gi, cgdlukcgb Thgcnr Hdngnfcd

@kvcshr, Qhsckhgt Qhprhshgt`tcvh cg Bm`g`, `gk Dmchj Hdngnfcst nj tmh

@jrcd` Qhbcng. Mh m`s `lsn shrvhk `s Kcrhdtnr nj tmh Rnrlk A`gi–s Rnrlk

Khvhlnpfhgt Qhpnrt . Urnjhssnr I`gaur–s f`cg `rh`s nj cgthrhst `rh pua-

lcd hdngnfcds `gk khvhlnpfhgt hdngnfcds. Mcs wnri sp`gs dngdhptu`l,

hfpcrcd`l, `gk pnlcdy `g`lyscs. Mh cs p`rtcdul`rly cgthrhsthk cg arckbcgb

tmh wnrlks nj rcbnrnus `g`lyscs `gk pr`dtcd`l pnlcdy fìcgb. Mh cs tmh

ùtmnr nj fnrh tm`g 085 pualcd`tcngs, dnvhrcgb tnpcds sudm s rcsi tìcgb,

cghqu`lcty, pnvhrty, strudtur`l `koustfhgt, khat, `brcdulturh, `gk pnlctc-

d`l hdngnfy. Mh m`s pualcsmhk cg lh`kcgb hdngnfcds onurg`ls sudm `s

@fhrcd`g Hdngnfcd Qhvchw, Onurg`l nj Unlctcd`l Hdngnfy, Qhvchw nj

Hdngnfcd Ttukchs, Onurg`l nj Hdngnfcd [mhnry, `gk Hdngnfcd Onurg`l .Hgcssh Im`rrnuac cs Thgcnr Hdngnfcst cg tmh Cgthrg`tcng`l @jj`crs Khp`rt-

fhgt `t tmh Jrhgdm Dhgtr`l A`gi. Mh rhdhcvhk ` Um.K. jrnf KHL[@ (gnw

d`llhk tmh U`rcs Tdmnnl nj Hdngnfcds) cg 1554. Mh tmhg oncghk tmh Jrhgdm

Dhgtr`l A`gi cg tmh Hdngnfcd Ttukchs Khp`rtfhgt, wmhrh mh wnrihk ng

v`rcnus tnpcds, cgdlukcgb f`drnhdngnfcd vnl`tclcty, ffg`gdc`l cgthbr`tcng,

`gk lànr f`riht cgstctutcngs. Mh oncghk tmh Cgthrg`tcng`l @jj`crs Khp`rt-

fhgt cg 1552, dngkudtcgb rhsh`rdm ng tmrhh f`cg tnpcds? cgthrg`tcng`l

ffg`gdh `gk d`pct`l finws, lcquckcty drcshs `gk a`gicgb, `gk nphg hdngnfy

fnght`ry hdngnfcds. Mcs rhdhgt pualcd`tcngs cgdlukh g rtcdlh cg tmh Cgthr-

g`tcng`l Onurg`l nj Dhgtr`l A`gicgb tctlhk “Lcquckcty, Fnr`l M`z`rk, `gkCgthr-A`gi F`riht Dnll`psh.‖

K`ggy Lhcpzcbhr cs Urnjhssnr nj Cgthrg`tcng`l Auscghss `t tmh Bhnrbh

R`smcgbtng Xgcvhrscty `gk Zcdh Dm`cr nj tmh Dnffcsscng ng Brnwtm `gk

Khvhlnpfhgt. Mh cs jnrfhr Zcdh Urhsckhgt nj tmh Unvhrty Qhkudtcng `gk

Hdngnfcd F`g`bhfhgt Ghtwnri (155;—53) `t tmh Rnrlk A`gi. @s Zcdh

Urhsckhgt, mh prnvckhk lh`khrsmcp jnr tmh A`gi–s str`thbcd cgctc`tcvhs ng

brnwtm `gk pnvhrty rhkudtcng, kcrhdtcgb wnri ng hdngnfcd pnlcdy, khat,

tr`kh, bhgkhr, `gk bnvhrg`gdh cssuhs `s whll `s tmh A`gi–s kc`lnbuh wctm

ihy p`rtghr cgstctutcngs, cgdlukcgb tmh Cgthrg`tcng`l Fnght`ry Jugk, tmh

Rnrlk [r`kh Nrb`gcz`tcng, tmh Nrb`gcs`tcng jnr Hdngnfcd Dn-nphr`tcng

`gk Khvhlnpfhgt (NHDK), `gk tmh Hurnph`g Xgcng. Nvhr tmh dnursh nj

mcs 1=-yh`r d`rhhr `t tmh Rnrlk A`gi, mh m`s mhlk f`g`bhfhgt pnsctcngs

cg tmh H`st @sc` `gk U`dcffd Qhbcng `gk tmh L`tcg @fhrcd` `gk D`rcaah`g

Qhbcng `s whll `s cg tmh Rnrlk A`gi Cgstctuth. Urcnr tn oncgcgb tmh A`gi,

Kr. Lhcpzcbhr shrvhk cg shgcnr pnsctcngs t tmh X.T. @bhgdy jnr Cgthrg`tcng`l

Khvhlnpfhgt `gk tmh X.T. Khp`rtfhgt nj Tt`th.

Qnahrt Fhgkhlsnmg cs Hkwcg Rhyhrm`hushr K`vcs Urnjhssnr cg tmh S`lh

Tdmnnl nj Jnrhstry `gk Hgvcrngfhgt`l Ttukchs, S`lh Xgcvhrscty. Urnjhssnr

Fhgkhlsnmg m`s jndushk mcs rhsh`rdm ng fh`surcgb tmh ahghffts nj prnthdt-cgb tmh hgvcrngfhgt. Mh m`s stukchk wckh r`gbh nj tnpcds jrnf fh`surcgb



Acnbr`pmchs nj tmh Hkctnrs `gk Dngtrcautnrs xxvcc

tmh k`f`bhs jrnf m`z`rknus w`sth gk tr`kctcng`l cr pnllutcng tn hstcf`t-

cgb tmh hdngnfcd v`luh nj wclklcjh `gk gngtcfahr jnrhst prnkudts. Nvhr tmh

l`st 08 yh`rs, mh m`s qu`gtcffhk tmh cfp`dts nj blna`l w`rfcgb `gk stukchk

dlcf`th `k`pt`tcng.

K`gc Qnkrci cs Q`ffq M`rcrc Urnjhssnr nj Cgthrg`tcng`l Unlctcd`l Hdng-

nfy `t tmh Onmg J. Ihgghky Tdmnnl nj Bnvhrgfhgt, M`rv`rk Xgcvhrscty.

Mh m`s pualcsmhk wckhly cg tmh `rh`s nj cgthrg`tcng`l hdngnfcds, hdngnfcd

khvhlnpfhgt, `gk pnlctcd`l hdngnfy. Mcs rhsh`rdm jndushs ng wm`t dng-

stctuths bnnk hdngnfcd pnlcdy `gk wmy snfh bnvhrgfhgts `rh ahtthr tm`g

ntmhrs cg `knptcgb ct. Mh cs `jfflc`thk wctm tmh G`tcng`l Aurhù nj Hdn-

gnfcd Qhsh`rdm, tmh Dhgtrh jnr Hdngnfcd Unlcdy Qhsh`rdm (Lngkng), tmh

Dhgthr jnr Blna`l Khvhlnpfhgt, `gk tmh Dnugdcl ng Jnrhcbg Qhl`tcngs. Mh

w`s `w`rkhk tmh cgùbur`l @lahrt N. Mcrsdmf`g Urczh ay tmh Tndc`l Tdc-

hgdh Qhsh`rdm Dnugdcl cg 1552. Mh m`s `lsn rhdhcvhk tmh Lhngtchj @w`rk

jnr @kv`gdcgb tmh Jrngtchrs nj Hdngnfcd [mnubmt, `g mngnr`ry kndtnr`th

jrnf tmh Xgcvhrscty nj @gtwhrp, `gk rhsh`rdm br`gts jrnf tmh D`rghbchDnrpnr`tcng, Jnrk Jnugk`tcng, `gk Qndihjhllhr Jnugk`tcng. Urnjhssnr

Qnkrci cs g hkctnr nj tmh Qhvchw nj Hdngnfcds gk Tt`tcstcds `gk tmh Onur-

g`l nj Blna`lcz`tcng `gk Khvhlnpfhgt.

@gkrhw Tmhgb cs ` Dm`rthrhk @ddnugt`gt `gk m`s shrvhk cg v`rcnus

pnsctcngs wctm A`gi Ghb`r` F`l`ysc`, tmh Rnrlk A`gi, `gk tmh Mngb

Ingb Fnght`ry @utmnrcty. Jrnf Ndtnahr 033= tn Thpthfahr 1558, mh

w`s Dm`crf`g nj tmh Thdurctchs `gk Juturhs Dnffcsscng, Mngb Ingb,

Dmcg`. Jrnf Ndtnahr 1554 tn Thpthfahr 1558, mh w`s Dm`crf`g

nj tmh [hdmgcd`l Dnffctthh nj tmh Cgthrg`tcng`l Nrb`gcz`tcng nj Thdurc-

tchs Dnffcsscngs. Tcgdh Khdhfahr 1558, mh m`s ahhg Dmchj @kvcshr tntmh Dmcg` A`gicgb Qhbul`tnry Dnffcsscng. Cg `kkctcng tn dm`crcgb tmh

`ggu`l NHDK—@sc`g Khvhlnpfhgt A`gi Cgstctuth Qnugktàlh ng D`pc-

t`l F`rihts cg @sc`, mh cs ` An`rk Fhfahr nj P`t`r Jcg`gdc`l Dhgtrh

Qhbul`tnry @utmnrcty `gk nj Tcfh K`ray Ahrm`k, Im`z`g`m G`scng`l

Ahrm`k, `s whll `s ` Fhfahr nj tmh Dnugdcl nj tmh Cgthrg`tcng`l Dhgthr

jnr Hkud`tcng cg Csl`fcd Jcg`gdh. Mh cs `lsn dngdurrhgtly @kougdt Urnjhs-

snr cg tmh Br`ku`th Tdmnnl nj Hdngnfcds `gk F`g`bhfhgt, [scgbmu`

Xgcvhrscty, Ahcocgb, `gk @kougdt Urnjhssnr nj Jcg`gdc`l `gk Fnght`ry

Hdngnfcds, Xgcvhrscty nj F`l`y`. Mh wrcths ` rhbul`r dnlufg ng cgvhs-

tnr hkud`tcng jnr D`cocgb F`b`zcgh. Mh cs tmh ùtmnr nj A`gi Qhstrud-

turcgb? Lhssngs jrnf tmh 03=5s (Nxjnrk Xgcvhrscty Urhss `gk tmh Rnrlk

A`gi 0338), `gk Jrnf @sc`g tn Blna`l Jcg`gdc`l Drcscs (D`farckbh Xgc-

vhrscty Urhss 1553).

Fcdm`hl Tphgdh cs Thgcnr Jhllnw `t tmh Mnnvhr Cgstctutcng `gk Umclcp M.

Igcbmt Urnjhssnr Hfhrctus nj F`g`bhfhgt cg tmh Br`ku`th Tdmnnl nj Ausc-

ghss, Tt`gjnrk Xgcvhrscty. Mh w`s `w`rkhk tmh Gnahl Fhfnrc`l Urczh cg

Hdngnfcd Tdchgdhs cg 1550. Kr. Tphgdh w`s Umclcp M. Igcbmt Urnjhssnr gk

Kh`g nj tmh Tt`gjnrk Auscghss Tdmnnl jrnf 0335 tn 0333. Tcgdh 0333, mh

m`s ahhg ` U`rtghr `t Nì Mcll D`pct`l U`rtghrs. Jrnf 0328 tn 0335, mhshrvhk `s Urnjhssnr nj Hdngnfcds `gk Auscghss @kfcgcstr`tcng `t M`rv`rk



xxvccc Acnbr`pmchs nj tmh Hkctnrs `gk Dngtrcautnrs

Xgcvhrscty. Kr. Tphgdh w`s `w`rkhk tmh Onmg Ihgghtm B`lar`ctm Urczh jnr

Hxdhllhgdh cg [h`dmcgb cg 032= gk tmh Onmg A`ths Dl`ri Fhk`l cg 03=0 jnr

` “scbgcffd`gt dngtrcautcng tn hdngnfcd tmnubmt `gk ignwlhkbh.‖ Mh w`s

`ppncgthk Dm`crf`g nj tmh Hdngnfcds Khp`rtfhgt `t M`rv`rk cg 03=4

`gk shrvhk `s Kh`g nj tmh J`dulty nj @rts `gk Tdchgdhs jrnf 03=; tn 0335.

@t v`rcnus tcfhs, mh m`s shrvhk `s ` Fhfahr nj tmh hkctnrc`l an`rks nj tmh

@fhrcd`g Hdngnfcds Qhvchw, Ahll Onurg`l nj Hdngnfcds, Onurg l nj Hdn-

gnfcd [mhnry, gk Uualcd Unlcdy. Urnjhssnr Tphgdh cs Dm`cr nj tmh Dnffcs-

scng ng Brnwtm `gk Khvhlnpfhgt.

K`vck Rmhhlhr cs Thgcnr Jhllnw `t tmh Dhgthr jnr Blna`l Khvhlnpfhgt,

wmhrh mh wnris ng cssuhs rhl`thk tn dlcf`th dm`gbh `gk g`tur`l rhsnurdh

dngshrv`tcng. Jrnf 0334 tn 155:, `s ` Lh`k Hdngnfcst cg tmh Rnrlk

A`gi–s Khvhlnpfhgt Qhsh`rdm Brnup, mh kcrhdthk ` th`f tm`t wnrihk ng

hgvcrngfhgt`l pnlcdy `gk rhsh`rdm cssuhs cg dnllànr`tcng wctm pnlcdy fì-

hrs `gk `d`khfcds cg A`gbl`khsm, Ar`zcl, Dmcg`, Dnlnfac`, Bm`g`, Cgkc`,

Cgknghsc`, Fhxcdn, tmh Umclcppcghs, Zchtg`f, `gk ntmhr dnugtrchs. @jthrdnfplhtcgb mcs kndtnr`th cg 032;, Rmhhlhr tùbmt hdngnfcds jnr twn yh`rs

`t tmh G`tcng`l Xgcvhrscty nj _`crh cg Icgsm`s`. Mh oncghk tmh hdngnfcds

j`dulty `t Anstng Xgcvhrscty cg 032: `gk tùbmt tmhrh ugtcl mh oncghk tmh

Rnrlk A`gi cg 0335.



@dignwlhkbfhgts xxcx

[mh hkctnrs `rh fnst br`thjul jnr tmh strngb suppnrt prnvckhk ay tmh spng-

snrs nj tmh Dnffcsscng ng Brnwtm `gk Khvhlnpfhgt? tmh bnvhrgfhgts nj

@ustr`lc`, tmh Ghtmhrl`gks, Twhkhg, `gk tmh Xgcthk Icgbknf9 tmh Rcllc`f

`gk Jlnr` Mhwlhtt Jnugk`tcng9 gk tmh Rnrlk A`gi. Cg p`rtcdul`r, tmh Unv-

hrty Qhkudtcng `gk Hdngnfcd F`g`bhfhgt Ghtwnri `t tmh Rnrlk A`gi

w`s bhghrnus cg prnvckcgb rhsnurdhs jnr tmcs hjjnrt. Rh rh fudm nalcbhk tn

tmh p`rtcdcp`gts cg tmh wnrismnps ng “Blna`l [rhgks `gk Dm`llhgbhs‖ `gk

tmh “Jcg`gdc`l Drcscs `gk Cts Cfp`dt ng Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs– Brnwtm

Ttr`thbchs gk Urnsphdts,‖ spngsnrhk ay tmh Dnffcsscng gk mhlk t S`lh–s

Dhgthr jnr tmh Ttuky nj Blna`lcz`tcng `gk M`rv`rk–s Ihgghky Tdmnnl nj

Bnvhrgfhgt, rhsphdtcvhly. Rh wnulk hsphdc`lly lcih tn tm`gi tmh dm`pthr

`utmnrs jnr tmhcr gufhrnus gk kcvhrsh cgscbmts gk tmh tcfh tmhy khkcd`thk

tn hgb`bcgb cg kcsdusscngs nj tmh cssuhs. Qnahrtn _`bm`, Thdrht`ry nj tmhDnffcsscng, w`s ` dngst`gt snurdh nj bnnk ckh`s, hgdnur`bhfhgt, `gk

stcful`tcng. Qnahrtn arcgbs nut tmh ahst cg ntmhrs, wmclh ihhpcgb ` sm`rp

jndus ng tmh krcvcgb cssuhs `t m`gk. [mh lhvhl nj kcsdusscng `gk tmh qu`lcty

nj tmh p`phrs tm`t jnllnw rhfihdt mcs hgtmusc`sf `gk wcsknf. Lucs Thrvhg

khkcd`thk mcs tcfh `gk hxphrtcsh tn rhvchwcgb tmh tmhf`tcd p`phrs `gk

mhlphk tn sm`ph tmh wnrismnps. Rcllc`f N–Anylh, ` dngsult`gt jnr tmh

Rnrlk A`gi, lsn khshrvhs sphdc`l tm`gis jnr mcs khkcd`tcng tn ll sphdts nj

tmh vnlufh. Mcs rhsh`rdm, hkctcgb, `gk nrb`gcz`tcng`l hjjnrts whrh cgstru-

fhgt`l cg cts tcfhly dnfplhtcng.

@dignwlhkbfhgts



xxx @dignwlhkbfhgts

@ th`f nj dnllh`buhs cg tmh Dnffcsscng Thdrht`rc`t‛Furchl K`rlcgb-

tng, Kc`g` F`ghvsi`y`, `gk Knrnt` Gnw`i‛w`s khkcd`thk tn f`icgb

hvhry `sphdt nj tmh Dnffcsscng–s wnri suddhssjul. [mhy b`vh us wm`t jhlt

lcih ugkcvckhk `tthgtcng cg nrb`gczcgb tmh wnrismnps `gk prnkudcgb tmcs

anni‛ngh nj f`gy nj tmh Dnffcsscng–s `dtcvctchs wctm prhsscgb kh`klcghs

`gk lnw tnlhr`gdh jnr hrrnr. [mh wmnlh prndhss w`s ngly pnsscalh kuh tn

tmhcr f`rvhlnus nrb`gcz`tcng `gk sth`ky m`rk wnri. @zcz Búikhfcr w`s

pr`bf`tcd, `ddnffnk`tcgb, `gk rcbnrnus cg prhp`rcgb tmh f`gusdrcpt jnr

pualcd`tcng. Mh ghvhr fcsshk mcs kh`klcghs `gk w`s fnrh tm`g ugkhrst`gk-

cgb wmhg wh ndd`scng`lly ghhkhk tn smcjt nurs. Tthpmhg FdBrn`rty nvhr-

s`w tmh pualcd`tcng prndhss wctm brh`t sicll, `gk Gnr` Qcknlff f`g`bhk tmh

prcgtcgb nj tmh anni tn hgsurh tmh mcbmhst qu`lcty.

Fcdm`hl Tphgdh

K`ggy Lhcpzcbhr



@aarhvc`tcngs xxxc

@aarhvc`tcngs

@CB @fhrcd`g Cgthrg`tcng`l Brnup

DDD dngtcgbhgt d`pct`l dhrtcffd`th

DKN dnll`thr`lczhk khat nalcb`tcng

DKT drhkct khjùlt sw`p

DN1 d`rang kcnxckh

HKFH hfhrbcgb `gk khvhlnpcgb f`riht hdngnfy

HX Hurnph`g Xgcng

JD j`ll`dy nj dnfpnsctcng

JKCDC@ Jhkhr`l Khpnsct Cgsur`gdh Dnrpnr`tcng Cfprnvhfhgt @dt

JM@ Jhkhr`l Mnuscgb @kfcgcstr`tcng

B-= Brnup nj Hcbmt

B-15 Brnup nj [whgty

B@[[ Bhghr`l @brhhfhgt ng [`rcjjs `gk [r`khBKU brnss knfhstcd prnkudt

BTH bnvhrgfhgt-spngsnrhk hgthrprcshs

Bt bcb`tngs

BtD bcb`tngs nj d`rang

CLN Cgthrg`tcng`l Lànur Nrb`gcz`tcng

CFJ Cgthrg`tcng`l Fnght`ry Jugk

CUDD Cgthrbnvhrgfhgt`l U`ghl ng Dlcf`th Dm`gbh

CTCD Cgthrg`tcng`l Tt`gk`rk Cgkustrc`l Dl`sscffd`tcng

LJUQ lànr jnrdh p`rtcdcp`tcng r`th

LJ[U lànr jnrdh tn pnpul`tcngLBK lnss bcvhg khjùlt



xxxcc @aarhvc`tcngs

FKB Fcllhggcuf Khvhlnpfhgt Bn`l

FCT f`g`bhfhgt cgjnrf`tcng systhf

Ft fhb`tng

GHU ghw hdngnfcd pnwhr

GBN gngbnvhrgfhgt`l nrb`gcz`tcng

GCCU ght cgthrg`tcng`l cgvhstfhgt pnsctcng

GQTQN g`tcng`lly rhdnbgczhk st`tcstcd`l r`tcgb nrb`gcz`tcng

NHDK Nrb`gcs`tcng jnr Hdngnfcd Dn-nphr`tcng `gk Khvhlnpfhgt

NLT nrkcg`ry lh`st squ`rhs

NUHD Nrb`gcz`tcng nj tmh Uhtrnlhuf-Hxpnrtcgb Dnugtrchs

N[D nvhr-tmh-dnugthr

UK prna`aclcty nj khj`ult

UUC Urcv`th U`rtcdcp`tcng cg Cgjr`strudturh

ppf p`rts phr fcllcng

Q&K rhsh`rdm `gk khvhlnpfhgt

TKQ sphdc`l kr`wcgb rcbmtsTC[D Tt`gk`rk Cgkustrc`l [r`kh Dl`sscffd`tcng

[JU tnt`l j`dtnr prnkudtcvcty

[TLT twn-st`bh lh`st squ`rhs

XG Xgcthk G`tcngs

R[N Rnrlk [r`kh Nrb`gcz`tcng



Cgtrnkudtcng



Lhcpzcbhr 4

DM@U[HQ 0Blna`lcz`tcng Qhvcscthk

K`ggy Lhcpzcbhr

Tcgdh tmh F`y 155= rhlh`sh nj [mh Brnwtm Qhpnrt , tmh wnrlk hdngnfy m`s

ahhg mct ay g hxtr`nrkcg`ry shrchs nj smndis. [mhsh smndis m`vh tmrh`thghk

tmh hdngnfcd shdurcty nj f`gy pnnr dnugtrchs gk cfphrclhk tmh strngb f`d-

rnhdngnfcd prnbrhss rhdnrkhk ay ntmhrs. @fngb ntmhr tmcgbs, tmhsh smndis

wcll prnvckh `g cfpnrt`gt thst jnr tmh rhdnffhgk`tcngs nj [mh Brnwtm

Qhpnrt . @t tmh tcfh nj cts wrctcgb, tmh dngghdtcng ahtwhhg tmh rhpnrt–s rhd-

nffhgk`tcngs gk tmh twcg drcshs w`s pp`rhgt, aut gnt tmh hxthgt tn wmcdm

lngb-thrf, sust`cg`alh brnwtm wnulk ah cfphrclhk. @ fhrh jhw fngtms l`thr,mnwhvhr, wctm tmh `kvhgt nj tmh mnuscgb, a`gicgb, `gk stndi f`riht drcshs,

tmh sctu`tcng dm`gbhk r`kcd`lly. @s Dl`hsshgs, Insh, `gk [hrrnghs (155=)

gnth, `ltmnubm tmh dnfacg`tcng nj kcstrhss cg tmhsh tmrhh shbfhgts nj tmh

ffg`gdc`l systhf cs r`rh, ct cs `ssndc`thk wctm khhphr `gk lngbhr rhdhsscngs.0

0 Dl`hsshgs, Insh, gk [hrrnghs (155=) hx`fcgh hvckhgdh nj 011 rhdhsscngs cg 10 cgkustrc`l dnug-

trchs cg tmh phrcnk 03:5—1552. Qhcgm`rt `gk Qnbnjj (1553) d`t`lnbuh shvhrh drcshs `gk qu`gtcjy

tmh khptm `gk kur`tcng nj tmh jnllnwcgb slufp. Thh `lsn Jrhugk (1553) jnr k`t` ng tmh cgdrh`sh

cg tr`kh hl`stcdcty tn brnss knfhstcd prnkudt (BKU) nvhr tmh l`st 85 yh`rs.

[m`gis rh kuh tn Rcllc`f B. N–Anylh jnr mcs sscst`gdh `gk tn Umclcpph @bmcng, Fcl`g Ar`mfam`tt,

@gtngcn Hst`dmh, Onsã @gtngcn Nd`fpn, `gk @gkrh T`pcr jnr ushjul dnffhgts.



; Blna`lcz`tcng Qhvcscthk

Ghw cg tmcs hqu`tcng `rh tmh hxthgt nj blna`lcz`tcng, wmcdm cs fudm wckhr

tm`g cg h`rlchr drcshs, `gk tmh hxthgt tn wmcdm cgdrh`shk cgthbr`tcng wcll

f`bgcjy tmh lnsshs.1

Blna`lcz`tcng `s `g hdngnfcd pmhgnfhgng m`s ahhg tmh knfcg`gt

jnrdh jnr hdngnfcd cgthbr`tcng `gk tmh f`cg krcvhr nj brnwtm wnrlkwckh

jnr f`gy khd`khs, `ltmnubm tmh sphhk nj blna`lcz`tcng‛tìhg tn cgdlukh

tr`kh, ffg`gdh, finws nj cgjnrf`tcng `gk thdmgnlnby, `gk njjsmnrcgb‛cs

ugprhdhkhgthk cg fnkhrg hdngnfcd mcstnry. [mh cgdrh`shk hdngnfcd cgthr-

dngghdtcngs ahtwhhg dnugtrchs `rh wckhly drhkcthk `s ngh nj tmh krcvcgb

jnrdhs tm`t scbgcffd`gtly rhkudhk pnvhrty cg Dmcg` `gk Zchtg`f, hgàlhk

tmh pnnrhr g`tcngs nj Hurnph tn rckh tmh Hurnph`g Xgcng tr`cg tn mcbmhr

cgdnfhs, `gk b`vh mnph tn snfh @jrcd`g dnugtrchs tm`t Dnllchr–s prnbgn-

scs tm`t blna`lcz`tcng cs ac`shk `b`cgst l`thdnfhrs fcbmt ah tnn phsscfcstcd

(Dnllchr 1552). [mh hxthgt nj ffg`gdc`l finws, rh`dmcgb =.: phrdhgt nj tmh

dnfacghk BKU nj hfhrbcgb gk khvhlnpcgb f`riht hdngnfchs (HKFHs) cg

1552, shhfhk tn supplhfhgt g`tcng`l smnrt`bhs nj d`pct`l `gk tn prnfnthknfhstcd cgvhstfhgt cg snfh d`shs.4 [mh hxpnrt krcvh nj tmh HKFHs cg tmh

phrcnk 1555—52 dngtrcauthk ànut twn-tmcrks nj tmh brnwtm cg tnt`l wnrlk

tr`kh `gk :5 phrdhgt nj tmh brnwtm cg tnt`l wnrlk nutput. [mcs cs rhf`ri-

àlh wmhg dnfp`rhk hvhg tn tmh khd`kh nj tmh 0335s, wmhg tmh HKFHs

`ddnugthk jnr ngly ` qu`rthr nj tmh brnwtm cg wnrlk tr`kh `gk ànut

;5 phrdhgt nj tmh brnwtm cg wnrlk nutput (Rnrlk A`gi 155=a, 1553`).

[mh 1553 dnll`psh nj tmh auaalh dm`gbhk tmh l`gksd`ph dngsckhràly.

[`li nj khdnuplcgb kcs`pph`rhk, `gk kcsdusscng dhgthrhk ng tmh juturh, gnt

ngly nj blna`lcz`tcng, aut `lsn nj d`pct`lcsf `s wh ignw ct (Rnlj 1553).

[mh st`rtlcgb j`dt tm`t blna`l nutput smr`gi cg 1553 jnr tmh ffrst tcfh cgfnkhrg pnstw`r mcstnry cs rhcgjnrdhk ay tmh sczh nj tmh khdlcgh‛gnw v`rc-

nusly hstcf`thk ay cgstctutcng`l pugkcts tn ah ahtwhhg ghb`tcvh 1.8 `gk

ghb`tcvh 1.3 phrdhgt. Xscgb tmh sthhphr khdlcgh wnulk fh`g tm`t wnrlk

cgdnfh cg 1553 m`s ahhg sht a`di `t lh`st tn tmh lhvhl nj 1552, ` twn-yh`r

lnss. Rnrlk tr`kh m`s j`llhg ay `t lh`st 05 phrdhgt cg vnlufh, `gk prnsphdts

jnr 1505 pnrthgk `g `ghfcd rhdnvhry (CFJ 15539 NHDK 1553a9 Rnrlk

A`gi 1553`).

@vhr`bh dm`gbhs cg wnrlk cgdnfhs `rh cllufcg`tcgb, aut, `s cs usu`lly

tmh d`sh, tmh kcstrcautcng nj tmhsh whlj`rh lnsshs cs `syffhtrcd. [mh h`rly

dngdhrgs r`cshk ay Ttcblctz (1551) `gk ntmhrs ànut tmh ughqu`l b`cgs `gklnsshs jrnf blna`lcz`tcng ahdnfh fnrh st`rily rhlhv`gt wmhg tmh lnsshs

ahbcg tn fnugt. [mh rbufhgt prh-drcscs w`s tm`t pualcd pnlcdy w`s t jùlt

jnr gnt kh`lcgb sujffdchgtly wctm tmh lnshrs jrnf blna`lcz`tcng, wmhrh`s tmh

cssuh gnw cs mnw fudm nj tmh lnss smnulk ah `llnd`thk tn wmcdm shbfhgt nj

sndchty. Bcvhg tmh hxp`gscng nj g`tcng`l cgkhathkghss cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths,

1 Jrhugk (1553) d`ldul`ths tm`t tmh hl`stcdcty nj wnrlk tr`kh tn BKU rnsh jrnf ugkhr 1.5 cg tmh

03:5s tn ` mcbm nj 4.8 ahjnrh tmh drcscs. Tmh `lsn ffgks tm`t tmh khdlcgh cg tmh brnwtm r`th nj

tr`kh jnllnwcgb ` khdlcgh cg BKU cs sukkhg `gk, ng `vhr`bh, fnrh tm`g jnur tcfhs `s l`rbh `s

tmh brnwtm nj cgdnfh.4 Thh Qnkrci gk Tuar`f`gc`g (155=a) jnr g hxpl`g`tcng nj wmy jnrhcbg d`pct l j`clhk tn ah dm`g-

ghlhk tn prnkudtcvh cgvhstfhgt cg ntmhr d`shs. Thh Arhsshr-Uhrhcr` `gk B`l` (1552) jnr ` scfcl`r

`rbufhgt.



Lhcpzcbhr 8

jnr hx`fplh, tmh ffsd`l cgdckhgdh aurkhg ahdnfhs cgdrh`scgbly cgthrbhghr-

`tcng`l `s whll (A`rr `gk Kc`fngk 15539 Aurf`g 15539 NHDK 1553`).

Qhdhgt wnri ng ffsd`l cgdckhgdh pnlcdy ay Hst`dmh gk Lhcpzcbhr (1553) gk

tmhcr dnllànr`tnrs pncgts tn tmh cfpnrt`gdh nj fh`surcgb tmh ahghffdc`rchs

jnr `ll typhs nj hxphgkcturhs, cg p`rtcdul`r, ahdùsh fckklh-dl`ss cgthrhsts

f`y gnt ah `pprnprc`thly prnthdthk, wctm kvhrsh dngshquhgdhs jnr tmh dng-

kudt nj hdngnfcd pnlcdy (Hst`dmh gk Lhcpzcbhr 15539 Lhcpzcbhr gk Tphgdh

15529 Ttcblctz 1551).

Jnr hfhrbcgb `gk khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs, tmh quhstcng ahdnfhs ngh nj

wmhtmhr tmh l`gksd`ph m`s dm`gbhk sn jugk`fhgt`lly tm`t hdngnfcd pnlcdy

ghhks tn ah rhkhscbghk. Cg Unst-Drcscs Brnwtm cg Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs?

@ Tphdc`l Qhpnrt nj tmh Dnffcsscng ng Brnwtm `gk Khvhlnpfhgt ng tmh

Cfplcd`tcngs nj tmh 155= Jcg`gdc`l Drcscs (mhrhcg`jthr, tmh sphdc`l rhpnrt) ,

tmh Dnffcsscng rbuhs tm`t tmh a`scd kcrhdtcng nj pnlcdy tm`t `cfs tn dmchvh

lngb-thrf brnwtm rhf`cgs ug`lthrhk, aut tm`t tmh b`cgs jrnf lhvhr`bcgb tmh

cgthrg`tcng`l tr`kcgb systhf f`y ah sf`llhr tm`g cg rhdhgt khd`khs gk tm`tp`st rhlc`gdh ng jnrhcbg finws f`y ghhk tn ah rhtmnubmt (Dnffcsscng ng

Brnwtm gk Khvhlnpfhgt 1553). Cssuhs surrnugkcgb blna`lcz`tcng rh mhrh

tn st`y, `gk tmcs vnlufh nj p`phrs, prhp`rhk jnr Dnffcsscng wnrismnps

mhlk jrnf 1552 tn 1553, cs cgthgkhk tn mhlp us tn g`vcb`th v`rcnus hlhfhgts

nj tmh blna`lcz`tcng kha`th.

[mhrh m`s ahhg gn kh`rtm nj dnffhgt`ry ànut wm`t tmh drcscs f`y

fh`g, aut cg rh`lcty, ugtcl tmh anttnf m`s ahhg rh`dmhk `gk tmh p`tm tn

rhdnvhry cs dlh`r, ct wcll ah kcjffdult tn kr`w bhghr`l lhssngs jnr tmh juturh.

[mcs dnllhdtcng nj hss`ys hgdnfp`sshs ` v`rchty nj vchwpncgts `gk dnvhrs

antm fhkcuf- `gk lngb-thrf pnlcdy cssuhs. Ct cs s`ck tm`t fnrh thxtannism`vh ahdnfh nasnlhth cg 1553 tm`g cg `gy yh`r scgdh tmh Brh`t Khprhsscng.

@s ` dnrnll`ry, fudm m`s ahhg wrctthg tm`t cs wnrtm rhvchwcgb cg ` vnlufh

ng blna`lcz`tcng. [mh p`phrs lnni `t tmh cssuh nj blna`lcz`tcng jrnf kcvhrsh

pncgts nj vchw `gk `kk cgscbmts `gk phrsphdtcvh tn tmh rhdnffhgk`tcngs nj

tmh [mh Brnwtm Qhpnrt .

[mh Tt`th nj tmh Durrhgt Kha`th

[mhrh cs gn smnrt`bh nj dnffhgt`ry ng tmh cfplcd`tcngs nj tmh durrhgt drcscsjnr tmh juturh. Tnfh shh ct `s thfpnr`ry shta`di tn tmh nphg gk cgthbr`thk

systhf nj antm tr`kh `gk ffg`gdh tm`t m`s usmhrhk cg twn khd`khs nj sphd-

t`dul`r wnrlk brnwtm `gk fngufhgt`l b`cgs jnr tmnsh fnst cgthbr`thk cg

tmh blna`l systhf. [n tmh blna`lczhrs‛`gk mhrh C wnulk put prnfcghgtly

Am`bw`tc, Dnnphr, gk Fcsmicg‛tmhrh cs fudm wnri tn ah kngh tn rhstnrh

tmh systhf–s mh`ltm, `gk bnvhrgfhgts ghhk tn smnw st`thsf`gsmcp cg rhscst-

cgb g`tcng`lcstcd snlutcngs tm`t `rh blna`lly whlj`rh rhkudcgb. Blna`lcz`tcng

stcll njjhrs tmh ahst nutdnfh jnr tmh fnst phnplh, hvhg tmnubm snfh kcstrcau-

tcng`l quhstcngs rhf`cg. [mh hjffdchgdy `rbufhgts nj blna`lcz`tcng `gk tmh

pnlctcd`l ghdhsscty nj pullcgb tnbhtmhr tn ihhp tmh systhf jugdtcngcgb rh shhgtn ah nj p`r`fnugt cfpnrt`gdh (Am`bw`tc 155;9 Fcsmicg 155:9 shh Dnnphr

cg dm`pthr 8 nj tmcs vnlufh).



: Blna`lcz`tcng Qhvcscthk

Jnr ntmhrs, lcih Ttcblctz, Qnkrci, `gk Tuar`f`gc`g, tmh systhf cs arnihg

tn snfh khbrhh, `gk tmh juturh smnulk gnt `gk d`ggnt rhshfalh tmh p`st cg

f`gy jugk`fhgt`l w`ys. Ttcblctz jndushs ng tmh bnvhrg`gdh rhqucrhfhgts

nj tmh systhf `gk cts a`scd cghquctchs `s whll `s tmh f`riht j`clurhs tm`t `rh

gnt h`scly rhfhkchk. Cg j`dt, Ttcblctz wnulk `rbuh tm`t “f`riht jugk`fhg-

t`lcsf‖ cs kh`k, `gk mcs vchw tm`t urbhgt rhjnrf cs ghhkhk dhrt`cgly m`s

fnrh `kmhrhgts tm`g ahjnrh. Ntmhrs wnulk rhly fnrh ng f`rihts tn ffx

tmhfshlvhs, strhsscgb cgdhgtcvhs gk cgdhgtcvh-dnfp`tcalh rhbul`tcng (A`rtm,

D`prcn, `gk Lhvcgh 155:9 D`lnfcrcs cg dm`pthr 4 nj tmcs vnlufh). Qnkrci

m`s `rbuhk tm`t tmh bn`l smnulk gn lngbhr ah f`xcfuf nphgghss cg tr`kh

`gk ffg`gdh, aut lhvhls tm`t lh`vh sujffdchgt rnnf jnr tmh pursuct nj knfhstcd

sndc`l `gk hdngnfcd `cfs. Rctm Tuar`f`gc`g, mh `rbuhs tm`t tmh k`ys nj

ugquhstcngàly nphg d`pct`l f`rihts cg HKFHs, `gk tmh `ddnfp`gycgb

vnlufh nj drnss-anrkhr finws, `rh bngh `gk tm`t tmcs cs, ng a`l`gdh, ` bnnk

tmcgb (Qnkrci `gk Tuar`f`gc`g 155=`9 A`rtm, D`prcn, `gk Lhvcgh 155:9

Dnffcsscng nj Hxphrts 15539 Qnkrci 15539 Ttcblctz 1553).Rmhrh wh wcll hfhrbh jrnf tmhsh kha`ths rhf`cgs tn ah shhg9 mnwhvhr, `

strcdt rhturg tn tmh st`tus qun `gth cs uglcihly. Jnr ngh, tmh rhbul`tnry hgvc-

rngfhgt wcll gnt `llnw ct, `gk, `s m`s ahhg gnthk ay Qò`g `gk ntmhrs, tmh

sm`ph nj dnrpnr`th ffg`gdh wcll dm`gbh gk wctm ct tmh g`turh nj cgthrg`tcng`l

finws (Khll–@rcddc`, Khtr`bc`dmh, `gk Qò`g 15589 Qò`g 1553). Thdngk, tmh

tr`khnjj ahtwhhg knfhstcd ona lnsshs `gk cgkustry prnffts tm`t m`s krcvhg

njjsmnrcgb, `t lh`st cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths, wcll ghhk rhhx`fcg`tcng. Rh rhjhr

ahlnw tn tmh tmcgicgb nj Alcgkhr (1552, 1553) ng tmcs cfpnrt`gt cssuh. [mcrk,

tmh juturh nj tmh nphg, blna`lczhk systhf wcll khphgk ` lnt ng mnw tmh ghw

hdngnfcd pnwhrs (GHUs) f`g`bh tmhfshlvhs `gk mnw tmhy cgfiuhgdh tmhsysthf bncgb jnrw`rk (Lhcpzcbhr `gk N–Anylh 1553).

[mhrh cs dngsckhràlh ugdhrt`cgty anut tmh g`turh nj blna`lcz`tcng pnst-

drcscs. Cj, jnr hx`fplh, tmh swctdm cg khf`gk cg tmh GHUs jrnf hxpnrts tn

gngtr`kàlhs cs phrf`ghgt, tmhg pnnrhr khvhlnpcgb (jnr hx`fplh, @jrcd`g)

dnugtrchs f`y ah àlh tn `ssufh tmh f`gtlh nj dmh`p f`guj`dturhr tn tmh

wnrlk. Rmhtmhr tmcs wcll ah hgnubm tn njjsht tmh nvhr`ll khdlcgh cg hxpnrts

tn kv`gdhk dnugtrchs rhf`cgs tn ah shhg. Cj, mnwhvhr, ghw icgk nj cgkus-

trc`l pnlcdy ahbcgs tn phrfh`th, `gk g`tcng`l cgkustrchs `gk a`gis `rh bcvhg

bnvhrgfhgt prhjhrhgdhs cg dnugtrchs nj tmh Nrb`gcs`tcng jnr Hdngnfcd

Dn-nphr`tcng `gk Khvhlnpfhgt (NHDK) `s whll `s tmh GHUs, tmhg tmh sys-thf ctshlj wcll ugkhrbn fònr tr`gsjnrf`tcng, `gk gnt jnr tmh ahtthr. Ngh

tmcgb cs dhrt`cg, `s Knfcgcquh Ttrùss-I`mg s`ck `t tmh B-= Tuffct cg Ouly

1553, “Blna`lcz`tcng cs gnt oust ` tnpcd jnr tmh J[ hkctnrc`l p`bhs‖ (Jcg`g-

dc`l [cfhs 1553).

Ngh nj tmh krcvhrs nj brnwtm cg wnrlk tr`kh cg rhdhgt khd`khs m`s

ahhg tmh khf`gk jnr njjsmnrh shrvcdhs cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths, `rbuàly tmh

brnwtm hgbcgh jnr fudm nj blna`l khf`gk. [mcs njjsmnrcgb, wmcdm m`s

`ll tmh hjffdchgdy-hgm`gdcgb dm`r`dthrcstcds nj tr`kh tm`t `rh hlnquhgtly

gnthk ay Am`bw`tc, U`g`b`rcy`, `gk Trcgcv`s`g (155;), `lsn dnfhs wctmstrcgbs `tt`dmhk. Alcgkhr (1552) phrsu`scvhly `rbuhs tm`t tmh hxp`gscng nj



Lhcpzcbhr 2

njjsmnrcgb ay X.T. ffrfs m`s kr`f`tcd`lly `lthrhk tmh hfplnyfhgt l`gk-

sd`ph `gk wcll kn sn hvhg fnrh cg tmh juturh. [mcs nashrv`tcng w`s rhg-

khrhk ahjnrh tmh durrhgt drcscs `gk tmhrhjnrh m`s pnthgtc`lly hvhg brh`thr

scbgcffd`gdh gnw jnr tmh juturh nj blna`lcz`tcng. Alcgkhr shhs tmh njjsmnrcgb

trhgk `s ` l`rbh, pnthgtc`lly kcsruptcvh jnrdh cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths, hqucv`-

lhgt tn `g cgkustrc`l rhvnlutcng cg cts cfp`dt ng onas. Mh `rbuhs tm`t ct cs

scbgcffd`gt ahdùsh ct dnulk `jjhdt ahtwhhg 15 `gk 45 phrdhgt nj onas cg

tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths, p`rtcdul`rly tmnsh tm`t `rh “cfphrsng l,‖ gnt rhqucrcgb

hctmhr j`dh-tn-j`dh nr dustnfczhk cgthr`dtcngs.;

[mcs cs gnt bnnk ghws jnr tmh juturh nj wnrlk dnffhrdh ahdùsh wh

m`vh gnw shhg ` dngfi`br`tcng nj `ll tmrhh khvhlnpfhgts tm`t Alcgkhr prh-

kcdts jnr tmh @fhrcd`g lànr f`riht, g`fhly (`) `g cgdrh`sh cg jrcdtcng`l

ughfplnyfhgt kuh tn ona dmurgcgb, wmcdm cs ugprhdhkhgthk ahdùsh nj

ffrf dlnscgbs cg tmh durrhgt drcscs9 (a) `g cgdrh`sh cg strudtur`l ughfplny-

fhgt ahdùsh nj ` fcsf`tdm nj siclls dùshk ay tmh hxpnrt nj cfphrsng`l

onas, wmcdm, ddnrkcgb tn Alcgkhr, cs dngtcgucgb trhgk98

gk (d) g cgdrh`shcg ughfplnyfhgt kurcgb dydlcd`l knwgturgs, wmcdm m`s rh`dmhk mcstnrcd

prnpnrtcngs ahdùsh nj tmh sm`rp krnp cg phrsng`l cgdnfh, sphgkcgb, `gk

dngffkhgdh cg tmh X.T. hdngnfy cg 1553. Rmclh tmhsh pmhgnfhg` `rh gnt

ghw, tmhy m`vh b`cghk dngsckhràlh tr`dtcng `t ` tcfh nj r`pckly cgdrh`scgb

ughfplnyfhgt. [ìhg `s ` p`di`bh, tmh pnlctcd`l hdngnfy dngshquhgdhs

`rh cghvctàly bncgb tn ah ng tmh sckh nj drh`tcgb `gk prhshrvcgb (tmrnubm

wm`thvhr fh`gs) knfhstcd onas. Hvhg fnrh cfpnrt`gt tn tmh juturh cs tm`t,

wmhtmhr tmcs wcll ah shhg `s jnrf`l prnthdtcngcsf nr gnt, blna`lcz`tcng wcll

gn knuat ah put `t nkks wctm g`tcng`l hdngnfcd bn`ls cg ` mcbmly pnlctc-

dczhk j`smcng.

[rhgks `gk Cgfihdtcng Uncgts

@ ushjul st`rtcgb pncgt jnr kcsdusscgb wmhtmhr nr gnt wh d`g hxphdt ` p`r`-

kcbf smcjt cg tmh blna`lcz`tcng fnkhl nj rhdhgt khd`khs cs tn rhvchw wmhrh

wh `rh wctm rhsphdt tn hdngnfcd cgthbr`tcng `gk tmhg tn nvhrl`y antm tmh

rhdhgt ugprhdhkhgthk drcscs `gk tmh lngbhr-thrf trhgks tm`t `rh j`crly dhr-

t`cg. [mh Rnrlk A`gi–s 1552 Blna`l Hdngnfcd Urnsphdts (Rnrlk A`gi

1552) shrvhs s ushjul buckh, scgdh ct dnrrhdtly pnrtr`yhk wnrlk nj cgdrh`s-cgb cgthrkhphgkhgdh cg wmcdm tr`kh nutp`dhk hdngnfcd brnwtm `gk cg

wmcdm, `s ` rhsult, tmh `vhr`bh tr`kh tn BKU r`tcn rnsh jrnf 04 phrdhgt cg

0325 tn 18 phrdhgt cg 1558. [mh rhpnrt prhkcdthk ` trhalcgb nj wnrlk

tr`kh tn $12 trcllcng ay 1545, cgdlukcgb antm r`pck b`cgs ay HKFHs `gk

; Alcgkhr (1552) shhs njjsmnrcgb bncgb j`r ahyngk acllcgb, annicgb, `gk cgjnrf`tcng thdmgnlnby

suppnrt `gk nashrvhs tm`t, hvhg cg ` ffhlk sudm `s fhkcdcgh, r`kcnlnby cs fnrh lcihly tn ah njj-

smnrhk, suaohdt tn rhbul`tnry cssuhs, tm`g cs phkc`trcds.

8 Alcgkhr (1553) pnscts twn acb smndis tm`t wcll `llnw tmcs pmhgnfhgng tn dngtcguh? (`) `kkcgb

lànr prhvcnusly nutsckh tmh blna`l hdngnfy wcll put knwgw`rk prhssurh ng w`bhs `gk upw`rk

prhssurh ng rhturgs tn d`pct`l, `gk (a) cgdrh`shs cg thdmgnlnby wcll fìh prhvcnusly phrsng`lshrvcdhs cfphrsng`l.



= Blna`lcz`tcng Qhvcscthk

fònr cgdrh`shs cg tr`kh cg shrvcdhs.

Rcll tmhsh trhgks, wmcdm whrh sn prn-

gnugdhk nvhr tmh 1555—52 phrcnk, cg wmcdm khvhlnpcgb dnugtry hxpnrts

fnrh tm`g knualhk (`g cgdrh`sh nj 012 phrdhgt) `gk Tnutm-Tnutm tr`kh

brhw `t `g hvhg j`sthr dlcp (085 phrdhgt), dngtcguh khspcth tmh durrhgt sht-

a`dis (R[N 155=)>

[mh ugprhdhkhgthkly mcbm ughfplnyfhgt r`ths cg tmh `kv`gdhk dnug-

trchs, p`rtcdul`rly cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths wmhrh sndc`l s`jhty ghts `rh whìhr

tm`g tmnsh cg fudm nj Hurnph, wcll put hgnrfnus pnlctcd`l prhssurh ng pnl-

cdy fìhrs tn kh`l wctm ona lnsshs. Nj dnursh, ` ihy krcvhr nj tmh cgdrh`sh

cg tr`kh cg shrvcdhs cs njjsmnrcgb‛ahtwhhg 033; `gk 1554 cg Cgkc` `lngh,

tr`kh cg shrvcdhs brhw fnrh tm`g 255 phrdhgt! Rh `lrh`ky m`vh wctghsshk

shvhr`l prnthdtcngcst fh`surhs cg tmh dngthxt nj stcfulus p`di`bhs cg f`gy

dnugtrchs, gnt lh`st cg tmh X.T. “auy @fhrcd`g‖ gk Dmcghsh “auy Dmcghsh‖

prnvcscngs.

[mh juturh tròhdtnry nj brnwtm wctm cts dngshquhgdhs jnr wnrlk

tr`kh cs dlnshly dngghdthk tn tmh cssuh nj onas gk pualcd pnlcdy tn prnthdt nr

drh`th knfhstcd hfplnyfhgt (@gkhrlcgc 15539 Rnrlk A`gi 1552).[ìcgb sthp a`di, tmh Uhw Blna`l @ttctukhs Turvhy nj 155=, dngkudthk

prcnr tn tmh drcscs, jnugk sm`rp khdlcgh cg pnsctcvh vchws fngb @fhrcd`gs

tnw`rk cgthrg`tcng`l tr`kh. Dnfp`rhk tn ffvh yh`rs h`rlchr, ngly 84 phrdhgt

nj rhspngkhgts tmnubmt tr`kh w`s ` bnnk tmcgb, ` krnp nj 18 phrdhgt`bh

pncgts (Uhw Blna`l @ttctukhs Urnohdt 155=). [mcs rhfihdts tmh cgdrh`scgb

pnl`rcz`tcng nj tmh blna`lcz`tcng cssuh ahtwhhg `kv`gdhk hdngnfchs `gk

hfhrbcgb f`rihts, wmcdm stcll l`rbhly vchw blna`lcz`tcng `s ` pnsctcvh jnrdh.

Fudm nj tmh kcshgdm`gtfhgt wctm jrhh tr`kh sthfs jrnf tmh phrdhptcng tm`t

ct cs tmh f`cg dùsh nj ona lnsshs cg cgkustrc`lczhk dnugtrchs. Rmhtmhr tmcs

cs truh nr gnt cs kha`tàlh, `s cs tmh quhstcng nj wm`t cs krcvcgb ona lnsshs?l`di nj hkud`tcng, w`bh kcjjhrhgtc`ls, nr thdmgnlnbcd`l cggnv`tcng (Alcgkhr

15539 Bnlkcg `gk I`tz 15529 CFJ 15529 L`wrhgdh 155=). Mnwhvhr, ngh

pncgt cs qucth dlh`r? cg tmh pualcd phrdhptcng, onas cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths `rh

ahcgb hxpnrthk, pmhgnfhgng tm`t cs pnlctcd`lly ugthgàlh wmhg dnfacghk

wctm mnuscgb jnrhdlnsurhs, cfp`crhk stndi f`riht `sshts, `gk rhdnrk mcbm

ughfplnyfhgt. Tcgdh ct d`g ah `rbuhk tm`t tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths sht tmh a`r

jnr blna`lcz`tcng hjjnrts, tmh durrhgt st`th nj tmh hdngnfy f`y prhs`bh `

rhturg tn hdngnfcd g`tcng`lcsf, ` trhgk shhg wnrlkwckh tmhsh k`ys. Qhdhgt

hvckhgdh smnws tm`t 02 nj tmh 03 cgkcvcku`l fhfahrs nj tmh B-15 cgstc-

tuthk snfh jnrf nj prnthdtcng cg 1553 `gk `lsn tm`t tmh jrhquhgdy nj `gtc-kufpcgb sucts cgdrh`shk (B`fahrngc `gk Ghwj`rfhr 1553). @gtckufpcgb

`dtcngs `rh jrhquhgtly shhg `s ` t`dtcd tn slnw knwg cfpnrts `gk prnthdt

knfhstcd cgkustrchs ugkhr strhss (Lhcpzcbhr `gk Tmcg 0330). Khspcth bhghr`l

`kfngctcngs tn `vnck prnthdtcngcsf, sudm `s tmnsh dngt`cghk cg B-15 `gk

B-= dnffugcquãs, knfhstcd pnlctcd`l prhssurhs `rh ffhrdhly prnthdtcngcst,

hsphdc`lly kurcgb knwgturgs.

[mcs arcgbs tmh cssuh nj kcstrcautcng jrngt `gk dhgthr. Cg tmh Xgcthk

Tt`ths, stcll tmh l`rbhst tr`kcgb g`tcng, wh shh ` kcsturacgb trhgk rhb`rkcgb

cghqu`lcty, gk ct cs prnaàly dngghdthk tn tmh ffgkcgb tm`t @fhrcd`–s fckklhdl`ss rhpnrts tmh lnwhst s`tcsj`dtcng wctm cgthrg`tcng`l tr`kh `s ` pnsctcvh



Lhcpzcbhr 3

pmhgnfhgng (Uhw Blna`l @ttctukhs Urnohdt 155=). [mh nvhr`ll Bcgc dnhj-

ffdchgt jnr tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths, fi`t kurcgb tmh 03:5s `gk 0325s, ahb`g tn rcsh

cg tmh 03=5s gk dngtcguhk tn dlcfa ahtwhhg 0335 gk 1558 tn ànut 5.;2.

[mcs pl`dhs ct gnt ngly `fngb tmh fnrh ughqu`l hx `gth (tm`t cs, ahjnrh

rhkcstrcautcng) nj NHDK dnugtrchs, aut, wmcdm cs fnrh cfpnrt`gt, `fngb

tmh fnst ughqu`l hx pnst `s whll.: Fnrh cfpnrt`gt, mnwhvhr, `ddnrkcgb tn

tmh X.T. Dhgsus Aurhù (1553), fnst nj tmh cgdrh`sh cg cghqu`lcty m`s dnfh

jrnf tmh ughvhgghss ahtwhhg tmh tnp 8 phrdhgt `gk tmh fhkc`g cgdnfh

h`rghr.

Fnst kr`f`tcd`lly, ngly tmh tnp 2.8 phrdhgt nj X.T. mnushmnlks

cgdrh`shk tmhcr rh`l h`rgcgbs cg tmh 1550—58 phrcnk. [mh dncgdckhgdh nj vhry

r`pck brnwtm cg cgdnfhs, ` mcbmly sihwhk sm`rcgb nj tmhsh b`cgs, `gk tmh

mcbm pncgt cg blna`lcz`tcng rh`dmhk cg tmh phrcnk ahtwhhg 1550 gk tmh dur-

rhgt drcscs bcvhs rcsh tn ` brh`t kh`l nj dygcdcsf cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths tnw`rk

blna`lcz`tcng (Tuar`f`gc`g 1553`).

@gkrh T`pcr nashrvhk tm`t, `fngb Hurnph`g sndc`l fnkhls, cgdrh`shk

ush nj hfplnyfhgt prnthdtcng lhbcsl`tcng cs `ssndc`thk wctm lnwhr r`ths njhfplnyfhgt. Mh gnthk tm`t tmh dngtcghgt–s fnst hjffdchgt `gk hquctàlh

sndc`l fnkhl, tmh Gnrkcd fnkhl, m`s `dmchvhk tmcs rhsult tmrnubm ` mcbm

khbrhh nj lànr f`riht fihxcaclcty dnfacghk wctm ` rnaust sndc`l s`jhty ght,

`ltmnubm tmh lngb-thrf sust`cgàclcty nj tmcs fnkhl gk tmh khbrhh tn wmcdm

ct d`g ah tr`gspl`gthk tn ntmhr dnugtrchs cs cg knuat. Cg ` sygdmrngczhk dnl-

l`psh sudm `s tmh ngh hxphrchgdhk cg 155=—53, mnwhvhr, tmhsh tr`khnjjs f`y

rhdhkh cg cfpnrt`gdh, `gk hfplnyfhgt-prnthdtcgb pnlcdchs f`y whll hfhrbh

`drnss-tmh-an`rk wmhg j`dhk wctm tmh pnsscaclcty nj ` slnw rhdnvhry.2

[mh shdngk f`cg dngdhrg surrnugkcgb tmh juturh nj blna`lcz`tcng dhgthrs

ng tmh d`pct`l f`riht, wmhrh wmnlhs`lh khlhvhr`bcgb `gk ugprhdhkhgthk`dtcngs ng tmh p`rt nj dhgtr`l a`gis `gk bnvhrgfhgts m`vh usmhrhk cg `

phrcnk nj hxtrhfh vnl`tclcty `gk ugdhrt`cgty (I`smy`p, Qò`g, `gk Tthcg

155=9 Qò`g 1558). Jlnws m`vh krchk up cg rhspngsh tn tmh khlhvhr`bcgb nj

tmh ffg`gdc`l shdtnr9 mnwhvhr, tmh dngdhrg cs ` fhkcuf-thrf ngh. @s pncgthk

nut ay tmh Cgthrg`tcng`l Fnght`ry Jugk (CFJ), tmh rhffg`gdcgb ghhks nj

tmh dnrpnr`th shdtnrs cg HKFHs wcll tnt`l ànut $0.8 trcllcng jnr 1505, `gk

tmh snurdhs nj ffg`gdh `rh gnt `pp`rhgt (CCJ 15539 CFJ 15539 Rnrlk A`gi

1553`). Knhs tmcs cfply tm`t dnugtrchs wcll ghhk tn ah fnrh shlj-sujffdchgt

cg prnvckcgb drhkct> Cg 1553 wh m`vh `lrh`ky shhg tm`t bnvhrgfhgts cg tmh

fònr GHUs, sudm `s Ar`zcl `gk Cgkc`, m`vh rhlchk ng st`th khvhlnpfhgta`gis tn prnvckh drhkct tm`t gnrf`lly wnulk ah `ddhsshk àrn`k. Tudm `

rhvhrs`l cg ffg`gdcgb snurdhs d`g arcgb wctm ct dngdhrgs ànut bnvhrgfhgt

: Ohsuct `gk F`mlhr (155;) smnw tm`t, jthr ffsd`l rhkcstrcautcng, tmh pcdturh dm`gbhs hgtcrhly, `gk

fnst NHDK dnugtrchs m`vh Bcgc dnhjffdchgts ahlnw 5.45, wmclh ngly tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths (5.4;8)

`gk tmh Xgcthk Icgbknf (5.414) hxdhhk tm`t lhvhl.

2 T`pcr (1558) nashrvhs tm`t tmh @gbln-T`xng fnkhl cs hjffdchgt, aut l`dis hqucty. [mh dngtcghgt`l

`gk Fhkcthrr`gh`g fnkhls rh gnt hjffdchgt gk rh tmhrhjnrh ugsust`cgàlh cg tmh lngb thrf. Mh

ffgks `g cgvhrsh rhl`tcngsmcp ahtwhhg tmh strcdtghss nj hfplnyfhgt prnthdtcng lhbcsl`tcng (ushk

fnrh cg dngtcghgt`l gk Fhkcthrr`gh`g fnkhls) gk tmh hfplnyfhgt r`th. Thh @bmcng gk ntmhrs

(155=) jnr tmh cfplcd`tcngs nj trust ng lànr f`riht rhbul`tcng. Thh lsn @lb`g gk D`mud (155:)jnr `g `glyscs nj tmh `k`ptàclcty nj sndc`l fnkhls.



05 Blna`lcz`tcng Qhvcscthk

cgthrvhgtcng cg shdtnrs `gk d`g rhvcvh nlk kha`ths ànut cgkustrc`l pnlcdy

(Hxf`g 1553).

Fnrh bhghr`lly, tmh kha`th m`s smcjthk rhdhgtly tn kcsdusscngs ànut gnt

ngly tmh rhbul`tnry j`clurhs aut lsn tmh pprnprc`th rnlh nj jnrhcbg d`pct`l cg

tmh khvhlnpfhgt prndhss. Tuar`f`gc`g m`s rbuhk tm`t tmh “jhtcsm‖ nj rhly-

cgb ng jnrhcbg d`pct`l f`y m`vh hgkhk. U`st kha`ths ànut dngtrnllcgb tmh

qu`lcty nj d`pct`l cgfinws (jnr hx`fplh, tmh Dmclh`g rhshrvh t`x, wmcdm kcs-

dnur`bhk smnrt-thrf cgfinws, `gk hvhg tmh F`l`ysc`g rhspngsh tn tmh H`st

@sc` drcscs) rh ahcgb rhnphghk s dnffhgt`tnrs wngkhr anut tmh kvcsàcl-

cty nj nphg d`pct`l ddnugts gk tmh cgmhrhgt rcsicghss nj rhlc`gdh ng hxthrg`l

d`pct`l (Khfcrbüâ-Iugt gk Thrvhg 15539 T@CT 15539 Tuar`f`gc`g 1553`).

Rmclh snfh, lcih Dnnphr cg dm`pthr 8 nj tmcs vnlufh, rh gnt sw`yhk cg tmhcr

dngffkhgdh cg f`rihts, ntmhrs lcih Qnkrci `gk Tuar`f`gc`g shh tmh hgk nj

`g hr` nj nphg d`pct`l ddnugts gk tmh kvhgt nj fudm brh`thr f`g`bhfhgt

nj hxdm`gbh r`ths, cfa`l`gdhs, `gk, ay cfplcd`tcng, ntmhr pnlcdy v`rcàlhs.

[mhrh cs ` dngshgsus ng tmh ghhk jnr ffg`gdc`l rhjnrf, cj gnt ng tmh sdmhfhstn ah dmnshg.= Nj dnursh, tmh g`turh nj tmh dmnshg rhbul`tnry p`tm wcll m`vh

fònr cfplcd`tcngs jnr tmh juturh nj d`pct`l finws `gk, tmhrhjnrh, jnr tmh

juturh nj blna`lcz`tcng.

Rctm sf`llhr pnnl nj v`clàlh d`pct`l‛` dngshquhgdh nj sf`llhr cfa`l-

`gdhs cg tmh fhkcuf thrf‛tmh dnst nj d`pct`l wcll ah mcbmhr, hsphdc`lly

cj rcsi prhfc` `rh fnrh prngnugdhk cg tmh juturh `gk fnrh dngshrv`tcvh

d`pct`l `khqu`dy ahdnfhs tmh gnrf. Ngh wclk d`rk cs tmh hxcstcgb stndi nj

cgthrg`tcng`l rhshrvhs, prnfcghgtly cg Dmcg`, wmcdm m`s gn `ttr`dtcvh `lthr-

g`tcvh ush ntmhr tm`g tn purdm`sh X.T.-khgnfcg`thk `sshts. Khspcth t`li nj

tmh hfhrbhgdh nj TKQs (sphdc`l kr`wcgb rcbmts), ` ugct nj `ddnugt `v`clàlhcg vhry lcfcthk qu`gtctchs scgdh tmh 0325s, tmhrh cs `s yht gn pr`dtcd`l prn-

pns`l tm`t wnulk kcfcgcsm brh`tly tmh rnlh nj tmh knll`r (Hcdmhgbrhhg 1553).

[m`t s`ck, cg f`gy dnugtrchs, tmhrh `rh scbgcffd`gt s`vcgbs, aut fudm nj ct

rhsts njjsmnrh ahdùsh nj bnvhrg`gdh dngdhrgs. Cg tmh d`sh nj @rbhgtcg`, jnr

hx`fplh, `t lh`st $;8 acllcng cg knfhstcd s`vcgbs m`s lhjt tmh dnugtry cg tmh

p`st twn yh`rs lngh (Lhcpzcbhr 1553). [mh cfplcd`tcng nj lhss plhgtcjul hxthr-

g`l finws cs tm`t knfhstcd d`pct`l f`rihts d`g ah bcvhg ` annst9 mnwhvhr,

tmcs rhqucrhs gnt ngly thdmgcd`l f`riht khvhlnpfhgt, aut lsn ssur`gdhs nj

brh`thr bnvhrg`gdh cg snfh d`shs (Qnkrci `gk Tuar`f`gc`g 155=`).

Ngh tmcgb jnr dhrt`cg cs tm`t tmh drcscs wcll `ddhlhr`th ` rhtmcgicgb nj tmhfhrcts nj cgdrh`shk blna`lcz`tcng. Cg tmcs dngthxt, Ttcblctz w`s prhsdchgt cg

kr`wcgb tthgtcng tn tmh quhstcng nj wcgghrs gk lnshrs gk tn tmh ghdhsscty

nj uscgb tmh cgstrufhgts nj pualcd pnlcdy tn kh`l wctm tmh dngshquhgdhs nj

blna`lcz`tcng gk lsn tmh dngdhgtr`tcng nj hdngnfcd pnwhr (Ttcblctz 155:).

Fnrhnvhr, tmnsh sudm `s Hcdmhgbrhhg, wmn pncgthk tn tmh ugsust`cgàcl-

cty nj tmh l`rbh cfa`l`gdhs rug ay Dmcg` `gk tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths, whrh `lsn

dnrrhdt (Hcdmhgbrhhg `gk U`ri 155=). [mh p`r`kcbf nj ` dngsufhr cg tmh

Xgcthk Tt`ths wmn knhs gnt s`vh aut cgsth`k dngsufhs dmh`p bnnks tm`t rh

= Dnffcsscng nj Hxphrts (1553). Thh `lsn B-15 (1553) jnr tmh oncgt khdl`r`tcng ng strhgbtmhgcgb

tmh ffg`gdc`l systhf.



Lhcpzcbhr 00

prnkudhk cg Dmcg` ay lnw-w`bh wnrihrs `gk snlk `t R`l-F`rt, `ckhk ay `

j`vnràlh hxdm`gbh r`th, ngly wnris cg ` brnwcgb hdngnfy wctm àugk`gt

drhkct. Aut wmhg tmh auaalh, juhlhk ay `g àugk`gt supply nj fnghy `gk

àgnrf`lly lnw cgthrhst r`ths, aursts `gk blna`l khf`gk j`lthrs, tmcs fnkhl

j`cls.3 [mcs r`cshs cgthrhstcgb quhstcngs anut tmh rnlh nj fnght`ry pnlcdy, g

cssuh shczhk upng ay pnlctcdc`gs ng antm sckhs nj tmh @tl`gtcd.

@ rhl`thk `gk cgthrhstcgb hfhrbcgb kha`th dngdhrgs tmh g`turh nj d`pc-

t`lcsf `gk f`rihts `gk tmh rhsphdtcvh rnlhs tn ah pl`yhk ay bnvhrgfhgt

`gk tmh prcv`th shdtnr. F`gy cg Hurnph l`y al`fh ng @gbln-T`xng d`pc-

t`lcsf `gk put jnrw`rk ` suppnshkly suphrcnr fnkhl nj st`th d`pct`lcsf

(K`vchs 1553). Ct cs dlh`r tm`t f`rihts cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths `gk tmh Xgcthk

Icgbknf whrh ugkhrrhbul`thk, dùscgb hxtrhfh dngshquhgdhs `gk l`rbh

pualcd a`clnuts‛tmh a`l`gdh smhhts nj antm tmh X.T. Jhk `gk tmh A`gi nj

Hgbl`gk m`vh fnrh tm`g knualhk cg tmh 155=—53 drcscs. Rmhtmhr st`th

d`pct`lcsf cs tmh `gswhr cs gnt `t `ll dlh`r cg lcbmt nj dngdhrgs ànut antm

hjffdchgdy `gk bnvhrg`gdh. Dngtcghgt`l Hurnph`g a`gis m`vh `lsn sujjhrhkmubh suaprcfh lnsshs `gk `rh hxphdthk tn ah m`rk-mct ay cfphgkcgb lnsshs

cg tmhcr Dhgtr`l `gk H`sthrg Hurnph`g pnrtjnlcns (Brns 1553). Rm`t cs

f`gcjhst, mnwhvhr, cs tm`t khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs wctm ghctmhr tmh rhbul`tnry

strudturhs gnr tmh cgstctutcngs j`dh ` kcjffdult kclhff` rhb`rkcgb tmh rnlh nj

bnvhrgfhgt bncgb jnrw`rk.

Bnvhrgfhgts cg `ll dnugtrchs m`vh ahhg tmrust a`di ngtn dhgthr st`bh `s

f`rihts m`vh hctmhr j`clhk tn jugdtcng nr byr`thk brh`tly, fìcgb ct kcjffdult

jnr auscghsshs tn nphr`th. Unlcdy rhspngshs tn tmh drcscs m`vh v`rchk dngsckhr-

àly, ltmnubm cg fnst dnugtrchs wctm ffsd`l sp`dh, snfh supplhfhgt`tcng nj

`bbrhb`th khf`gk m`s ahhg knpthk. Hx`dtly wm`t m`s ahhg kngh gk wm`tbnvhrgfhgt–s rnlh m`s ahhg hxhrt `g cfpnrt`gt cgfiuhgdh ng tmh juturh dng-

kudt nj hdngnfcd pnlcdy. Cg tmcs dngthxt, snfh hdngnfcd pnlcdy khdcscngs

tìhg cg tmh drcscs wcll dngstr`cg juturh pualcd dmncdhs `gk wcll `jjhdt juturh

brnwtm pnlcdchs. Ct cs wnrtm tìcgb ` lnni, hvhg cg ` sphdul`tcvh j`smcng, `t

tmh cfplcd`tcngs nj tmh drcscs `gk cts f`g`bhfhgt jnr tmh juturh.

Mnw Drcscs F`g`bhfhgt Rcll Tm`ph Juturh Brnwtm

@ltmnubm [mh Brnwtm Qhpnrt pl`dhk bnvhrgfhgts `t tmh dhgthr nj tmh

brnwtm `gk khvhlnpfhgt prndhss,

tmh rhpnrt arnubmt tnbhtmhr hxphrchgdh

`gk oukbfhgt `pplcdàlh tn sust`cg lngb-thrf lhvhls nj mcbm hdngnfcd

brnwtm r`tmhr tm`g `kvcdh ng drcscs f`g`bhfhgt. Ghvhrtmhlhss, ct cs drcscs

f`g`bhfhgt tm`t prhnddupchs pnlcdy fìhrs `t prhshgt, `gk ct cs gn hx`b-

bhr`tcng tn dl`cf tm`t tmh dngkudt nj tmhsh smnrt-thrf fh`surhs wcll m`vh

l`stcgb cfplcd`tcngs. [mcs cs truh cg antm tmh `kv`gdhk `gk tmh hfhrbcgb

f`riht hdngnfchs.

3 CFJ (1553) smnws tm`t tmh dtu`l Jhk jugks r`th w`s ;.: phrdhgt ahlnw [`ylnr rulh buck`gdh cg

tmh shdngk qu`rthr nj 155;.




Ngh wnrry cs tm`t tmh annsts tn `bbrhb`th khf`gk f`y gnt ah tr`gsc-

tnry. Qhkudtcngs cg t`x r`ths `rh kcjffdult tn rhvhrsh, `gk supplhfhgts

`gk hxthgscngs nj dnvhr`bh cg sndc`l s`jhty ghts, `ltmnubm whll `kvcshk,

`rh hqu`lly m`rk tn rhtr`dt. Tnfhwm`t h`schr tn f`g`bh f`y ah tmh purh

hxphgkcturh sckh nj ffsd`l stcfulus p`di`bhs, `ltmnubm hvhg mhrh fultcyh`r

cgjr`strudturh pl`gs, sudm `s tmnsh ahcgb cfplhfhgthk cg tmh Qhpualcd nj

Inrh`, nr smcjts tn knfhstcd dngstrudtcng, `s cg Dmcg`, wcll ah `rnugk jnr

f`gy yh`rs. Jnr dnugtrchs hxphdthk tn hxphrchgdh rhghwhk mcbm brnwtm cg

dnfcgb yh`rs, tmhsh smcjts cg ffsd`l st`gdhs f`y ah sust`cgàlh. Cg ntmhrs,

p`rtcdul`rly tmh fnrh `kv`gdhk hdngnfchs, tmh ffsd`l aurkhg nj a`clnuts

`gk cgdrh`shk sphgkcgb wcll hx`dt ` juturh prcdh, `gk tm`t prcdh cs ` lnwhr

brnwtm tròhdtnry.

Qhl`thk tn tmh dngkudt nj ffsd`l pnlcdy cs, nj dnursh, tmh dngkudt nj fng-

ht`ry pnlcdy. [mh dustnkc`gs nj fnght`ry pnlcdy cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths gk tmh

Xgcthk Icgbknf m`vh tìhg kcjjhrhgt pprn`dm jrnf tmh Hurnph`g Dhgtr`l

A`gi, wctm tmh l`tthr jnduscgb ng cgfi`tcng `gk rhscstcgb khf`gks tn prcfhtmh pufp. [mcs cs dngsdcnus tr`khnjj. Cg tmh sn-d`llhk @gbln-T`xng hdngn-

fchs, ` snarcquht gnt ushk cg `g hgkh`rcgb j`smcng ay drctcds, dhgtr`l a`gis

m`vh tìhg ng tmh Mhrdulh`g t`si nj a`clcgb nut tmh ffg`gdc`l shdtnr `gk

`tthfptcgb tn rhstnrh dngffkhgdh `gk lcquckcty tn sd`rhk `gk, cg snfh d`shs,

kysjugdtcng`l d`pct`l f`rihts. [mcs m`s lhk snfh dnffhgt`tnrs, sudm `s

Hl-Hrc`g, tn sphì nj tmh “ghw gnrf`l.‖ Mh rhjhrs tn ` ffg`gdc`l systhf l`ck

lnw ay khlhvhr`bcgb, khblna`lcz`tcng, gk rhrhbul`tcng, cg wmcdm prcdh jnrf`-

tcng cg f`gy f`rihts wcll ah cgfiuhgdhk ay tmh lhb`dy `gk, cg snfh d`shs, tmh

dngtcgu`tcng nj kcrhdt bnvhrgfhgt cgvnlvhfhgt (Hl-Hrc`g 1553). Dngdrhthly,

tmcs d`g ah shhg s kcvhrtcgb tmh X.T. Jhk jrnf ngh nj cts twn rnlhs‛tmh prcdhstàclcty rnlh‛wctm hjjhdts ng cgthrthfpnr`l ffsd`l khdcscngs tm`t r`csh khat

lhvhls cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths gk tmhrhjnrh dngstr`cg juturh brnwtm.

Fnst cfpnrt`gt jnr HKFHs, `s tmh rnlh nj bnvhrgfhgt m`s dm`gbhk cg

tmh `kv`gdhk hdngnfchs, tmh hfhrbcgb f`riht pnlcdy fìhrs m`vh tìhg

ng ` rhvcshk rnlh `s whll. Fudm cg tmh spcrct nj [mh Brnwtm Qhpnrt , pnlcdy

fìhrs gnw shh tmhfshlvhs `s fudm fnrh hfpnwhrhk tn f`g`bh brnwtm,

tn drh`th strngbhr tchs ahtwhhg auscghss `gk bnvhrgfhgt, tn kcrhdt drhkct tn

dnrpnr`ths wmn `rh smut nut nj cgthrg`tcng`l f`rihts, `gk, ay cfplcd`tcng,

tn `rtcdul`th ` strngbhr tr`kh pnlcdy, hsphdc`lly cg lcbmt nj rcscgb prnthd-

tcngcst shgtcfhgt. Qnkrci, cg dm`pthr 2 nj tmcs vnlufh, pncgts tn tmh ghhkjnr bnvhrgfhgts tn ah fudm fnrh m`gks-ng wctm rhsphdt tn f`g`bhfhgt

nj pnst-drcscs brnwtm, `gk tmh dnugthr`rbufhgt tm`t tmcs smnulk ah lhjt tn

f`rihts cs dlh`rly rhsng`tcgb lhss. Rmhtmhr bnvhrgfhgts `rh whll hqucpphk

tn ugkhrtìh tmcs hxp`gkhk rnlh cs ` shp`r`th quhstcng, aut ckhnlnby m`s

smcjthk `s ` rhsult nj tmh fhltknwg nj f`rihts `gk tmh ghdhsscty nj pualcd

shdtnr `dtcng.

@s ` rhsult nj j`lthrcgb khf`gk `gk slnwhr brnwtm, `tthgtcng cs `lsn

smcjtcgb tn tmh ghhk jnr l`rbh-sd`lh rh`llnd`tcng nj rhsnurdhs `gk ghw

jnrfs nj cggnv`tcng. Tdmufphthrc`g hdngnfcds, gnw dnfcgb a`di cgtntmh kha`th, cs shhg `s ` pnsctcvh jnrdh wmhg dmurgcgb nj ffrfs `gk hgsucgb



Lhcpzcbhr 04

ona lnsshs d`g ah fnrh tm`g dnfphgs`thk jnr (`t lh`st cg tmh `bbrhb`th)

ay tmh drh`tcng nj ghw ffrfs `gk ghw onas (Tdmufphthr 03;1). Qnfhr

m`s wrctthg phrsu`scvhly ànut tmcs dmurgcgb cg mcs dngtrcautcngs tn [mh

Brnwtm Qhpnrt , `gk Qnfhr `gk @bmcng cgkhphgkhgtly m`vh pncgthk tn

tmh brh`t ahghfft nj cggnv`tcng `s ` krcvhr nj brnwtm (@bmcng `gk Mnwctt

03319 Qnfhr 0335). Cg rhdhgt wnri, @bmcng m`s strhsshk tmh kcjjhrcgb

pnlcdy dmncdhs j`dcgb cfct`tnrs `gk cggnv`tnrs `s whll `s tmh dnfplhfhg-

t`rctchs `fngb brnwtm pnlcdchs, thdmgnlnbcd`l cggnv`tcng, `gk cgstctutcngs

(@dhfnblu, @bmcng, `gk _clcanttc 15519 @bmcng `gk ntmhrs 1553). [mcs

m`s ahhg tmh stnry cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths tmrnubmnut tmh twhgtchtm dhgtury9

mnwhvhr, durrhgt pnlctcd`l hdngnfy rh`lctchs cg fnst nj tmh `kv`gdhk dnug-

trchs gn lngbhr `rh àlh tn `ddhpt drh`tcvh khstrudtcng ng ` l`rbh sd`lh. [mcs

cs ahdùsh nj tmh sczàlh ona lnsshs `ssndc`thk wctm tmh durrhgt slnwknwg

`s whll `s tmh ug`v`clàclcty nj drhkct `t ` tcfh wmhg lhgkhrs `rh dngshrv-

cgb d`pct`l `gk `rh hxtrhfhly rcsi `vhrsh. [mh jnrfhr drh`ths trhfhgknus

prhssurh tn prhshrvh ffrfs wctm bnvhrgfhgt a`clnuts, wmclh tmh l`tthr fìhsct kcjffdult jnr ghw ffrfs tn bht st`rthk nr hxp`gk. Ct d`g ah `rbuhk tm`t

Tdmufphthrc`g hdngnfcds wnris lhss whll cg ` blna`l fhltknwg, tmh `lthr-

g`tcvh ahcgb tn prnthdt durrhgt cgkustrchs tn tmh khtrcfhgt nj cggnv`tcng

`gk dm`gbh. Cghvctàly, mnwhvhr, lhss drh`tcvh khstrudtcng fh`gs lhss cggn-

v`tcng `gk, ultcf`thly, slnwhr lngb-thrf brnwtm.

F`gy dnffhgt`tnrs m`vh npcghk ng pnlcdy lhssngs kuh tn tmh drcscs.

Tuar`f`gc`g kr`ws lhssngs jnr Cgkc`g pnlcdy fìhrs, `gk Lcg `gk R`gb

kr`w lhssngs jrnf Dmcghsh pnlcdy jnr ntmhr dnugtrchs (Lcg `gk R`gb 155=9

T@CT 15539 Tuar`f`gc`g 1553a). Irubf`g (1553), wrctcgb cg tmh Ghw

Snri [cfhs, shhs ` wckhgcgb sdmcsf ahtwhhg tmh f`riht jugk`fhgt`lcsts`gk ` fnrh pr`bf`tcd ghw brnup nj cgfiuhgtc`l hdngnfcsts wmn shh f`r-

iht fi`ws `s systhfcd`lly k`gbhrnus. @t tmh Xgcthk G`tcngs, tmh Dnffcs-

scng nj Hxphrts lhk ay Onshpm Ttcblctz m`s prnpnshk r`kcd`l dm`gbhs tn tmh

blna`l ffg`gdc`l `rdmcthdturh, bncgb sn j`r `s tn cgdlukh ` prnpns`l jnr tmh

khvhlnpfhgt nj ` ghw blna`l rhshrvh systhf `gk hgtctchs jnr blna`l ffg`g-

dc`l suphrvcscng (Dnffcsscng nj Hxphrts 1553). @s Fcih Tphgdh gnths cg

tmh sphdc`l rhpnrt nj tmh Dnffcsscng, tmcs drcscs m`s hfa`rr`sshk ` lnt nj

tmhnrchs `gk tmhnrcsts, `gk tmh quhstcng cs mnw fudm d`g ah `fhgkhk yht

s`lv`bhk `gk mnw fudm ghhks jugk`fhgt`l rhtmcgicgb (Dnffcsscng ng

Brnwtm `gk Khvhlnpfhgt 1553).Ngh `rh` nj p`st dngtrnvhrsy cs tmh rnlh nj pualcd shdtnr a`gis, njthg tmh

snurdh nj mubh gngphrjnrfcgb ln`gs `gk pnlctcd`l cgfiuhgdh. Cg tmh `jthr-

f`tm nj tmh drcscs, wh m`vh shhg pualcd a`gis cg Cgkc` ahcgb smnrhk up wctm

` fònr cgfiux nj d`pct`l (p`rtly ffg`gdhk ay Rnrlk A`gi ln`gs) tn cgdrh`sh

drhkct `gk ffg`gdh cgjr`strudturh9 l`rbh cgdrh`shs cg lhgkcgb ay tmh A`gdn

G`dcng`l kh Khshgvnlvcfhgtn Hdngnfcdn h Tndc`l, Ar`zcl–s l`rbh pualcd

khvhlnpfhgt a`gi9 `gk, nj dnursh, l`rbh hxp`gscngs nj drhkct tmrnubm Dmc-

ghsh bnvhrgfhgt-spngsnrhk a`gis (Hdngnfcst 15539 Hxf`g 1553). @rh

tmhsh `dtcngs `gy lhss rh`sngàlh tm`g tmh Jhk–s a`clnuts> Ngly tcfh wcllthll, aut tmh rhsurbhgdh nj pualcd shdtnr a`gis `gk tmh pualcd tìhnvhr nj



0; Blna`lcz`tcng Qhvcscthk

prcv`th a`gis `rh rh`lctchs `gk d`ggnt ah shhg `s ahgcbg jnr tmh juturh nj

blna`lcz`tcng `s wh m`vh dnfh tn ignw ct.

[mh a`scd dngghdtcng wctm blna`lcz`tcng cs tm`t tmh rhhfhrbhgdh nj

g`tcng`l pnlcdchs‛cg tmh `rh`s nj drhkct jnr tmh prcv`th shdtnr, pualcd cgjr`-

strudturh cgvhstfhgt, `gk ush nj t`x drhkcts `gk ntmhr fh`gs tn jnsthr

khf`gk cg ` p`rtcdul`r shdtnr (jnr hx`fplh, ùtns cg Ar`zcl)‛m`s wckh-

rh`dmcgb cfplcd`tcngs jnr tmh cgthrg`tcng`l hdngnfy. Rmhrh`s tmh p`st

dnuplh nj khd`khs s`w g`tcng`l bnvhrgfhgts tìcgb fònr duhs jrnf blna`l

f`rihts, tm`t hpndm `pph`rs tn ah nvhr, `t lh`st jnr tmh l`rbhst HKFHs. Jnr

tmh pnnrhr `gk sf`llhr hdngnfchs, tmh p`r`kcbf smcjt f`y ah nj sf`llhr

f`bgctukh (Ar`mfam`tt 155=)9 mnwhvhr, tmh ckhnlnbcd`l smcjt cs p`lpàlh,

`gk cgthrg`tcng`l ffg`gdc`l cgstctutcngs wcll m`vh ` fnrh kcjffdult tcfh `rbu-

cgb jnr purh f`riht snlutcngs.

[mhrh `rh snfh ffg`l cfplcd`tcngs tn ah kr`wg rhb`rkcgb tmh hxcbhg-

dchs nj drcscs f`g`bhfhgt `gk tmh `tt`cgfhgt nj lngbhr-thrf bn`ls. [mh

kha`th `rnugk “khdnuplcgb‖ m`s tìhg `g cgthrhstcgb turg, wctm ` brh`thrrhlc`gdh ng tmh pnsctcvh brnwhrs jnr 1553 (Hdngnfcst 15539 Insh, Ntrni,

`gk Ur`s`k 155=). Rctm tmcs m`s dnfh ` smcjt cg phrdhptcngs `s tn wmcdm

dnugtrchs `rh rhspngscalh dustnkc`gs nj tmh blna`l systhf, `gk tmh B-15

m`s hfhrbhk `s `g cfpnrt`gt ghw jnruf, mcbmlcbmtcgb tmh juturh hdngnfcd

cfpnrt`gdh nj tmh GHUs (Lhcpzcbhr `gk N–Anylh 1553). @s l`rbh hfhrbcgb

hdngnfchs rh cgdrh`scgbly rhb`rkhk s tmh brnwtm hgbcghs tm`t wcll lh`k tmh

wnrlk nut nj rhdhsscng, ` lngb nvhrkuh kha`th cs tìcgb pl`dh ànut tmhcr

rhprhshgt`tcng cg ffg`gdc`l `gk hdngnfcd khdcscng-fìcgb ankchs. Nvhr tmh

lngb thrf, l`rbh hfhrbcgb `gk khvhlnpcgb hdngnfchs wcll ah fnrh cgvnlvhk

cg systhfcd cgctc`tcvhs gk wcll m`vh tmh nppnrtugcty tn tìh lh`khrsmcp rnlhscg tmh cgthrg`tcng`l systhf.

Cg tmh wìh nj slnwcgb brnwtm `s ` rhsult nj tmh drcscs, prhshrvcgb `gk

prnfntcgb tr`kh wcll ah ` drctcd`lly cfpnrt`gt dm`llhgbh tn tmh wnrlk hdn-

gnfcd systhf. Khspcth blna`l rmhtnrcd cg nppnsctcng tn cgdrh`shk prnthdtcng-

csf, rhdhgt hvckhgdh m`s smnwg tm`t prnthdtcngcst fh`surhs m`vh cgdrh`shk

`fngb tmh wnrlk–s l`rbhst tr`kcgb g`tcngs (Anwg 1553 jnr dnugtrchs jnr

wmcdm k`t` whrh v`clàlh). [mh rhvcv`l nj tmh Knm` Qnugk cs g cfpnrt`gt

sthp, cg gn sf`ll p`rt kuh tn cts syfanlcd cfpnrt`gdh s thst nj tmh wnrlk–s

dnffctfhgt tn ` fultcl`thr`l tr`kcgb systhf (Dnffcsscng ng Brnwtm `gk

Khvhlnpfhgt 155=). Mnwhvhr, tmcs durrhgt w`vh nj prnthdtcngcsf cs nddur-rcgb antm wctmcg tmh lhb`l anugks nj Rnrlk [r`kh Nrb`gcz`tcng (R[N)

rulhs `gk nutsckh tmh sdnph nj tmh Knm` `brhhfhgt. [mcs pnst-drcscs phrcnk

prhshgts ugcquh nppnrtugcty jnr tmh fònr tr`kcgb g`tcngs, antm khvhlnphk

`gk khvhlnpcgb, tn rhscst prnthdtcngcsf `gk strhgbtmhg tmh tr`kcgb systhf

jrnf wmcdm tmhy m`vh brh`tly ahghffthk (F`ttnn gk Tuar`f`gc`g 1553).

Qhjnrf nj tmh blna`l ffg`gdc`l `rdmcthdturh cs `gntmhr cssuh tm`t cs ahcgb

rhsm`phk `s ` rhsult nj tmh drcscs, wctm fònr khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs pl`y-

cgb ` l`rbhr rnlh. Bcvhg tmh mcstnrcd kha`th nvhr tmh nppnrtugctchs vhr-

sus tmh tmrh`ts nj ffg`gdc`l blna`lcz`tcng, tmcs drcscs m`s prhdcpct`thk yht`gntmhr rhhv`lu`tcng nj cts fhrcts. Hdngnfcsts knuatcgb tmh pnsctcvh hjjhdts



Lhcpzcbhr 08

nj hxthrg`l ffg`gdh ng brnwtm m`vh ahhg `t tmh jnrhjrngt nj tmcs kha`th

(Qnkrci `gk Tuar`f`gc`g 155=a), `gk pnlctcd`l `dtcng m`s lhk tn cgdrh`shk

rhbul`tnry sdrutcgy nvhr drnss-anrkhr ffg`gdc`l finws `gk fultcg`tcng`l

ffg`gdc`l cgstctutcngs. [mh tr`gsjnrf`tcng nj tmh Jcg`gdc`l Ttàclcty Jnruf

tn cgdlukh l`rbh hfhrbcgb f`riht dnugtrchs m`s ahhg dngdrhth sthp tnw`rk

fnrh hjjhdtcvh drnss-anrkhr rhbul`tcng. [mh ghw brnup, tmh Jcg`gdc`l Tt`-

aclcty An`rk, wcll wnri dlnshly wctm tmh CFJ ng ckhgtcjycgb `gk `kkrhsscgb

tr`gsg`tcng`l f`drnhdngnfcd `gk ffg`gdc`l rcsis (Hdngnfcst 1553) `gk

hxp`gkcgb cts f`gk`th tn cgdlukh `sshssfhgt, nvhrscbmt, dnnrkcg`tcng, `gk

cgjnrf`tcng hxdm`gbh d`pàclctchs (B-15 1553).

Cg kkctcng tn pnscgb cffhkc`th dm`llhgbhs, tmh drcscs m`s fònr cfplcd`-

tcngs jnr lngb-thrf trhgks, f`gy nj tmhf dnrrhdtly ckhgtcffhk cg [mh Brnwtm

Qhpnrt . Xra`gcz`tcng cs g h`scly ckhgtcffhk shdul`r trhgk. Rh m`vh lsn shhg

bnvhrgfhgts trycgb tn f`rry tmh ghhk jnr cffhkc`th ffsd`l stcfulus wctm `

lngbhr-thrf khscrh tn jnsthr “brhhg cgvhstfhgt,‖ `gk cg snfh d`shs, sudm `s

Inrh`, tmh lcgi`bh m`s ahhg strngbly vcscalh cg tmh bnvhrgfhgt–s stcfulusprnbr`f (R`tts 1553). Ngh `rhg` cg wmcdm tmh ghhks nj smnrt-thrf pnlcdy

`gk lngbhr-thrf trhgks kn gnt ghdhss`rcly dncgdckh cs cg lànr f`riht cssuhs,

phrm`ps ngh nj tmh tmnrgchst `sphdts nj blna`lcz`tcng, f`kh fnrh dnfplhx

ay smcjts cg khfnbr`pmcds `gk cgdnfh cghqu`lcty.

[mh Cfplcd`tcngs nj Lngbhr-[hrf [rhgks

Dm`gbcgb khfnbr`pmcds wcll ah `g cfpnrt`gt jh`turh nj tmh blna`l hgvc-

rngfhgt cg tmh ghxt jhw khd`khs‛ngh tm`t wcll m`vh cfp`dts ng s`vcgbahm`vcnr, phgscng systhfs, `gk ffsd`l stàclcty. @s [mh Brnwtm Qhpnrt

kndufhgts, wh wcll wctghss ` dngtcgunus cgdrh`sh cg wnrlk pnpul`tcng,

`ltmnubm fnrh tm`g 35 phrdhgt nj tmh cgdrh`sh wcll ah cg HKFH dctchs.

@t tmh s`fh tcfh, cg tmh rcdmhst dnugtrchs, pnpul`tcngs wcll `bh (Rnrlk

A`gi 1552). Cg j`dt, tmh prnpnrtcng nj tmh wnrlk–s pnpul`tcng ànvh tmh

`bh nj :5 cg 1585 dnfp`rhk tn 055 yh`rs h`rlchr wcll fnrh tm`g knualh,

tn 11 phrdhgt. [mcs m`s fònr cfplcd`tcngs jnr tmh ffg`gdcgb nj s`jhty

ghts `gk jnr tmh khphgkhgdy pyr`fck, `s Alnnf, D`ggcgb, `gk Jcgi

khsdrcah cg dm`pthr 04 nj tmcs vnlufh.

@ddnrkcgb tn tmh CFJ, khfnbr`pmcd dm`gbh cs tmh fònr tmrh`t tn lngb-thrf ffsd`l snlvhgdy. Cg `kkctcng tn pnpul`tcng `bcgb, pnthgtc`l bnvhrgfhgt

jugkcgb nalcb`tcngs nj phgscng lcàclctchs `s ` rhsult nj j`llcgb `ssht prcdhs

wcll jurtmhr ohnp`rkczh ffsd`l stàclcty `gk lngb-thrf brnwtm. [mh prcf`ry

rcsis tn bnvhrgfhgts `rcsh antm jrnf tmh kcrhdt hjjhdts nj cgvhstfhgts cg

`sshts `jjhdthk ay tmh drcscs `gk jrnf hxplcdct bu`r`gthhs dnvhrcgb prcv`th

`sshts. Unlctcd`l prhssurh tn fìh up jnr tmh lnsshs sujjhrhk ay phgscng-

hrs dnvhrhk ay prcv`th pl`gs wcll `lsn ah suast`gtc`l. Cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths,

jnr hx`fplh, bnvhrgfhgt khffghk-ahghfft pl`gs m`vh lnst 18 phrdhgt nj

tmhcr v`luh scgdh tmh hgk nj 1553. Tudm ` khdlcgh cg hqucty prcdhs trcbbhrs `rhqucrhfhgt tn dlnsh tmh jugkcgb b`p nvhr tmh jnllnwcgb ffvh yh`rs, aurkhg



0: Blna`lcz`tcng Qhvcscthk

tm`t cs lcihly tn j`ll ng bnvhrgfhgt, hfplnyhrs, gk ultcf`thly tmh t`xp`yhr.

@s A`rr (1553) pncgts nut, tmhrh `rh jnur pnsscalh w`ys jnrw`rk jnr phg-

scng systhfs? (`) phnplh p`y mcbmhr dngtrcautcngs, (a) phnplh rhdhcvh lnwhr

fngtmly phgscngs, (d) phnplh rhtcrh l`thr, `gk (k) bnvhrgfhgts ffgk pnlcdchs

tm`t cgdrh`sh g`tcng`l nutput (A`rr 15539 Bclhs 15539 CFJ, Jcsd`l @jj`crs

Khp`rtfhgt 15539 NHDK 1553`).

Tudm cgdrh`shs cg bh-rhl`thk dnsts, cg kkctcng tn tmh dnsts nj tmh a`clnuts

`gk stcfulus p`di`bhs, wcll m`vh tn ah anrgh ay tmh ffsd`l sckh, wmcdm d`g

ngly ah hxphdthk tn ah lhss rnaust. Cg `kv`gdhk hdngnfchs, tmh whìhgcgb

cg pualcd shdtnr `ddnugts nvhr 155=—53 wcll ah tmh fnst prngnugdhk nj

`gy cg tmh p`st tmrhh khd`khs.05 Rctm gn jurtmhr cgjuscngs nj ffg`gdh jrnf

surplus dnugtrchs, tmcs cfplchs ` lnwhr-lhvhl hquclcarcuf brnwtm r`th jnr tmh

`kv`gdhk hdngnfchs. [r`gsl`thk cgtn khf`gk jnr cfpnrts jrnf tmh HKFHs,

ngh d`g bhghr`lly hxphdt lhss fnfhgtuf jnr hxthrg`lly krcvhg brnwtm, wctm

` brh`thr rnlh jnr knfhstcd khf`gk, hvhg ngdh tmh rhdnvhry m`s ahbug.

[mus tmh dnfpnghgts nj bbrhb`th khf`gk wcll lcihly smcjt cg `kv`gdhk gkhfhrbcgb f`riht hdngnfchs tn j`vnr bnvhrgfhgt sphgkcgb. [mcs cs ` fònr

smcjt cgkhhk.

Bnvhrgfhgts wcll ah dm`llhgbhk tn sphgk wcshly cg tmh smnrt thrf tn

`vnck bcvcgb up b`cgs cg lngb-thrf brnwtm. Cg tmh jthrf`tm nj drcscs, tmh

rh`l v`luh nj bnvhrgfhgt khat thgks tn hxplnkh, rcscgb ay `g `vhr`bh nj

=: phrdhgt cg tmh fònr pnst—Rnrlk R`r CC hpcsnkhs (Qhcgm`rt gk Qnbnjj

1553). Jnr tmcs rh`sng, ffsd`l fh`surhs smnulk ah l`rbhly rhvhrscalh nr m`vh

dlh`r sugsht dlùshs dngtcgbhgt ng hdngnfcd dngkctcngs `gk prhdnffct-

fhgt tn juturh dnrrhdtcvh fh`surhs. Tfnntmly ugwcgkcgb ffsd`l stcfulus

fh`surhs hctmhr `t ` sphdcffd k`th nr ng ` dngtcgbhgt a`scs cs cfpnrt`gttn rhb`cgcgb ffsd`l pnsctcngs (CFJ, Jcsd`l @jj`crs Khp`rtfhgt 1553). [`x

arhìs `gk suasckchs br`gthk kurcgb tmh drcscs wcll m`vh tn ah ugwnugk

hvhgtu`lly, wmcdm cs ghvhr ` pnlctcd`lly `ttr`dtcvh nptcng. Ngdh hdngn-

fchs m`vh stàclczhk, bnvhrgfhgts wnulk kn whll tn cgdrh`sh t`x dnllhd-

tcng hjjnrts, bcvhg lnwhr bnvhrgfhgt rhvhguhs gk tmh pulla`di cg jnrhcbg

finws nj prcv`th d`pct`l. Rmclh vnl`tclh, jnrhcbg finws m`vh `vhr`bhk ngly

ànut 0.8 phrdhgt nj rhdcpchgt dnugtry BKU nvhr tmh 0335—155= phrcnk,

`gk `g cgdrh`shk t`x hjjnrt nj tmcs sczh cs wctmcg tmh rh`lf nj pnsscaclcty

(Rnrlk A`gi 1553`). Qhsh`rdm dngkudthk ay tmh Rnrlk A`gi m`s smnwg

tm`t `fngb ` s`fplh nj 05; dnugtrchs, 4= phrdhgt m`vh tmh d`p`dcty tncgdrh`sh t`x rhvhguh dnllhdtcng scbgcffd`gtly wctmnut ohnp`rkczcgb fhkcuf-

thrf brnwtm (Lh, Fnrhgn-Knksng, gk Qnodm`cdm`gcgtmnrg 155=).

Dngtr`ry tn pnpul`r ahlchj, tmh f`cg dùsh nj r`pckly hxp`gkcgb bnvhrg-

fhgt khat cs gnt tmh wckhly jh`rhk dnst nj a`clcgb nut `gk rhd`pct`lczcgb tmh

a`gicgb systhf, aut r`tmhr tmh dnll`psh nj juturh t`x rhvhguhs cg tmh wìh

05 CFJ, Jcsd`l @jj`crs Khp`rtfhgt (1553). CFJ k t` smnw tm`t cg 1552, 8;.8 phrdhgt nj dnugtrchs

jnr wmcdm k`t` whrh `v`clàlh m`k ffsd`l surplushs `gk tmnsh tm`t kck gnt whrh cg khffdct ay `g

`vhr`bh nj 0.:= phrdhgt nj BKU. Cg 1505 ngly 4 phrdhgt nj tmhsh dnugtrchs `rh prnohdthk tn ah cg

surplus, `gk tmh `vhr`bh a`l`gdh nj tmnsh tm`t `rh prnohdthk tn ah cg khffdct wcll ah ghb`tcvh 8.4=phrdhgt nj BKU.



Lhcpzcbhr 02

nj khhp gk prnlngbhk hdngnfcd dngtr`dtcngs. [mhrhjnrh, bnvhrgfhgts wcll

ah dm`llhgbhk tn hgsurh tm`t prnbr`fs prnfntcgb juturh brnwtm `rh gnt

dut jnr l`di nj rhsnurdhs (CFJ, Jcsd`l @jj`crs `gk Qhsh`rdm Khp`rtfhgts

155=). Tudm duts cg brnwtm-prnfntcgb sphgkcgb m`vh ahhg smnwg tn lnwhr

tmh prhshgt v`luh nj juturh t`x rhvhguhs tn ` khbrhh tm`t fnrh tm`g njjshts

tmh cfprnvhfhgt cg tmh prhshgt d`sm khffdct jnr wmcdm tmh duts whrh f`kh

(H`sthrly, Crwcg, `gk Thrvhg 1552).

@t prhshgt, tmh nutlnni jnr `kv`gdhk hdngnfchs cs snfahr? tmh CFJ

prnohdts ` 8: phrdhgt`bh pncgt cgdrh`sh cg khat r`tcns ay 1545. Hfhrbcgb

f`rihts smnulk j`rh snfhwm`t ahtthr ahdùsh nj lnwhr drcscs dnsts, lnwhr

prcf`ry khffdcts, `gk lnwhr hxphdthk `bh-rhl`thk dnsts dnfacghk wctm `

strngbhr brnwtm nutlnni. Khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs, mnwhvhr, m`vh shhg ` scb-

gcffd`gt j`llnjj cg prcv`th p`rtcdcp`tcngs cg cgjr`strudturh, `gk ct cs ugdlh`r

wmhtmhr tmh pualcd shdtnr wcll ah alh tn ffll tmh vnck. [mh @ubust—Gnvhfahr

155= phrcnk `lngh wctghsshk ` 1: phrdhgt khdlcgh cg prnohdt dnfplhtcngs

kuh tn khl`ys `gk d`gdhll`tcngs `s ` rhsult nj mcbmhr dnsts nj ffg`gdcgb `gksl`dihgcgb khf`gk (Rnrlk A`gi 1553a). Cgjr`strudturh sphgkcgb, mnwhvhr,

m`s ahhg prnfcghgt cg tmh B-15 stcfulus p`di`bhs tn k`th, subbhstcgb tm`t

`kv`gdhk `gk l`rbh khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs rh`lczh tmh cfpnrt`gdh nj f`cg-

t`cgcgb cgvhstfhgts cg tmh juturh. Nj tmh rnubmly 85 phrdhgt nj kcsdrhtcng`ry

ffsd`l stcfulus hg`dthk tmrnubm hxphgkcturh fh`surhs, `pprnxcf`thly twn-

tmcrks m`s bngh nr wcll bn tnw`rk cgjr`strudturh sphgkcgb cg 155= gk 1553.

[mcs rhprhshgts 5.2 phrdhgt nj 155= BKU nj B-15 dnugtrchs (CFJ, Jcsd`l

@jj`crs Khp`rtfhgt 1553).

@s fhgtcnghk, tmh v`st fònrcty nj pnpul`tcng brnwtm cg tmh dnfcgb

khd`khs wcll nddur cg khvhlnpcgb-dnugtry dctchs, cfplycgb r`pckly cgdrh`scgbp`dh nj ura`gcz`tcng `drnss tmh blnah. Cg 155=, tmh wnrlk rh`dmhk `g cgvcs-

calh aut fnfhgtnus fclhstngh? fnrh tm`g m`lj tmh wnrlk–s pnpul`tcng‛

4.4 acllcng phnplh‛w`s lcvcgb cg ura`g `rh`s. Ay 1545, tmcs gufahr cs

hxphdthk tn swhll tn `lfnst 8 acllcng, `g cgdrh`sh nj fnrh tm`g :8 fcllcng

phnplh yh`r. [mh khvhlnpcgb wnrlk cg p`rtcdul`r wcll shh g ugprhdhkhgthk

sd`lh nj ura`g brnwtm, wctm ura`g pnpul`tcngs cg @jrcd` `gk @sc` knu-

alcgb ahtwhhg 1555 gk 1545. Khspcth tmcs r`pck dm`gbh, ura`g pnpul`tcng

brnwtm r`ths m`vh `dtu`lly slnwhk cg tmh p`st 45 yh`rs, phìcgb `t 4.2 phr-

dhgt ` yh`r cg 0385—28. Mnwhvhr, bcvhg tmh brnwcgb a`sh nj phnplh lcvcgb

cg dctchs, `ggu`l pnpul`tcng cgdrhfhgts cg àsnluth gufahrs `rh vhry l`rbh`gk, tn f`gy, `l`rfcgb (Tphgdh, Dl`rih @gghz, `gk Audilhy 15539 Xgcthk

G`tcngs Unpul`tcng Jugk 1552).

[mh hvckhgdh tn k`th dlh`rly suppnrts tmh dngdluscng tm`t dctchs `rh

cfpnrt`gt j`dclct`tnrs nj hdngnfcd brnwtm, cgdrh`shk prnkudtcvcty, `gk rcs-

cgb cgdnfhs cg pnnr `gk rcdm g`tcngs `lcih (Pucblhy 1553). Cg `ll ignwg

d`shs nj mcbm `gk sust`cghk brnwtm, ura`g f`guj`dturcgb `gk shrvcdhs lhk

tmh prndhss, wmclh cgdrh`shs cg `brcdultur`l prnkudtcvcty jrhhk up lànr tm`t

fnvhk tn tmh dctchs. Cg tmh mcbm-brnwtm d`shs hx`fcghk ay tmh Dnffcsscng,

tmh `vhr`bh prnkudtcvcty nj ` wnrihr cg f`guj`dturcgb nr shrvcdhs cs ngtmh nrkhr nj tmrhh tn ffvh tcfhs tm`t nj ` wnrihr cg tr`kctcng`l shdtnrs `gk



0= Blna`lcz`tcng Qhvcscthk

snfhtcfhs fudm fnrh. [mhrh cs `lsn ` rnaust rhl`tcngsmcp ahtwhhg ura`g-

cz`tcng `gk phr d`pct` cgdnfh? gh`rly `ll dnugtrchs ahdnfh `t lh`st 85 phr-

dhgt ura`gczhk ahjnrh rh`dmcgb fckklh-cgdnfh st`tus, `gk `ll mcbm-cgdnfh

dnugtrchs `rh 25—=5 phrdhgt ura`gczhk. Cg j`dt, wh ignw nj gn dnugtrchs

tm`t hctmhr `dmchvhk mcbm cgdnfhs nr r`pck brnwtm wctmnut suast`gtc`l, `gk

njthg r`pck, ura`gcz`tcng (Tphgdh, Dl`rih @gghz, `gk Audilhy 1553).

Xra`gcz`tcng pnshs fònr dm`llhgbhs tn khvhlnpcgb-dnugtry pnlcdy fì-

hrs. Rmclh ura`gcz`tcng m`s snfh pnthgtc`lly fònr ahghffts cg thrfs nj

`bblnfhr`tcng hdngnfchs gk cggnv`tcng, ct lsn m`s ghb`tcvh dngshquhgdhs

cg thrfs nj dngbhstcng, l`di nj shrvcdh khlcvhry, `gk smhhr ugf`g`bhàclcty.

[mh ffrst dm`llhgbh cs tn jnsthr tmh brnwtm nj mcbm-prnkudtcvcty dtcvctchs tm`t

ahghfft jrnf `bblnfhr`tcng `gk sd`lh hdngnfchs cg khvhlnpcgb-dnugtry dct-

chs. [mh shdngk dm`llhgbh cgvnlvhs f`g`bcgb tmh lcihly sckh hjjhdts nj tmh

hdngnfcd suddhss nj dctchs‛pnllutcng, rhbcng`l cghqu`lcty, `gk mcbm prcdhs

nj l`gk gk mnuscgb‛drctcd`l tn fctcb`tcgb tmh kcvcscvh cfp`dts nj suddhssjul

hdngnfcd brnwtm. Hfpcrcd`l stukchs nj lcvàclcty gk BKU phr d`pct` subbhsttm`t lngb-thrf brnwtm cs ngly jh`scalh cj dcty ttrcauths rhb`rkcgb dngbhstcng,

pnllutcng, gk s`jhty rh cfprnvhk `lngbsckh ura`g hdngnfcd f`g`bhfhgt.

Cgjr`strudturh `gk pualcd shrvcdhs wcll ah ` ihy pchdh nj tmh puzzlh, phrm`ps

tmh fnst cfpnrt`gt. @ddnrkcgb tn snfh hstcf`ths, $;5 trcllcng nj cgjr`strud-

turh sphgkcgb cs rhqucrhk tn fhht tmh ghhks nj dctchs cg khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs.

Khvcscgb fh`gs nj ffg`gdcgb sudm v`st hxphgkcturhs cs prnaàly tmh acbbhst

dm`llhgbh jnr ura`gcz`tcng pnlcdy cg tmh khvhlnpcgb wnrlk (Bcll `gk Im`r`s

15529 Bôfhz-Caàðhz 155=9 Tphgdh, Dl`rih @gghz, `gk Audilhy 15539 shh

`lsn Hst`dmh `gk J`y cg dm`pthr = nj tmcs vnlufh).

Rmclh ura`gcz`tcng wcll krcvh tmh lnd`tcng nj cgkustry `gk phnplh, p`r-tcdul`rly cg tmh khvhlnpcgb wnrlk, tmhsh bblnfhr`tcngs nj hdngnfcd dtcvcty

wcll ah tmh jnd`l pncgts nj cgdrh`scgb brhhgmnush b`s hfcsscngs. Ng dlcf`th

dm`gbh, [mh Brnwtm Qhpnrt stìhs nut ` vchw hghrbczhk ay tmh Dnffcs-

scng–s dm`crf`g, Gnahl lùrh`th Fcdm`hl Tphgdh, `s whll `s tm`t nj mcs nwg

fhgtnr, Gnahl lùrh`th [mnf`s Tdmhllcgb, g`fhly, tm`t brnwtm cg tmh

khvhlnpcgb wnrlk smnulk gnt ah durt`clhk cg nrkhr tn rh`dm hfcsscngs bn`ls

(Tdmhllcgb 15529 `lsn shh p`rt ; nj Rnrlk A`gi 155=`). Mnwhvhr, khvhlnp-

cgb dnugtrchs ghhk tn ah khhply cgvnlvhk cg tmh dlcf`th dm`gbh dngvhrs`tcng

bcvhg tmhcr dnllhdtcvh st`tus `s fònr blna`l hfctthrs. [mh rh`lctchs `rh sudm

tm`t (`) hvhg cj tmh NHDK dnugtrchs durt`clhk `ll hfcsscngs tnfnrrnw, whwnulk stcll ah ng ` dnllcscng dnursh wctm rhsphdt tn blna`l thfphr`turhs9

(a) tmh fònr cgdrhfhgt`l hfctthrs wcll ah tmh HKFHs9 `gk (d) tmh d`rang

cgthgscty nj brnwtm cg snfh HKFHs j`r hxdhhks tm`t cg tmh kv`gdhk wnrlk

(Hghrby Cgjnrf`tcng @kfcgcstr`tcng 15539 Rnrlk A`gi 155=`).

Rm`t dngdluscngs d`g ngh kr`w jrnf tmcs hvckhgdh, `gk wm`t knhs ct

cfply jnr blna`l brnwtm `gk sust`cgàclcty> Jcrst, [mh Brnwtm Qhpnrt

fìhs tmh cfpnrt`gt pncgt tm`t jrnf `g hdngnfcd phrsphdtcvh, tmh dnrrhdt

pnlcdy cs tn rhkudh hfcsscngs hjffdchgtly, g`fhly, `t tmh lnwhst dnst phr tng,

rhb`rklhss nj wmhrh tmh pnllutcng tìhs pl`dh. Nj dnursh, ahdùsh nj g`tcng`lanrkhrs, ngh m`s tn kcstcgbucsm fngb hfctthrs, gk mhrh tmh shdngk prcgdcplh



Lhcpzcbhr 03

icdis cg‛g`fhly, tm`t tmh dnst nj tmcs hjffdchgt à`thfhgt ghhks tn ah kcs-

trcauthk j`crly. [mcs fh`gs tìcgb cgtn `ddnugt gnt ngly àclcty tn p`y, aut

`lsn tmh rhdnrk nj wm`t bnt us tn tmcs pncgt. [mh rhpnrt cs d`rhjul, mnwhvhr,

gnt tn pl`dh `g hxdluscvh aurkhg ng tmh rcdm dnugtrchs hctmhr, scgdh fudm

nj tmh p`st brnwtm (`ltmnubm gnt hgvcrngfhgt`lly snugk) cs `lsn rhspng-

scalh jnr f`sscvh cgdnfh b`cgs cg tmh pnnrhr p`rts nj tmh wnrlk. [mus tmh

aurkhg-sm`rcgb jnrful`s ghhk tn ah cgthrg`tcng`lly ghbntc`thk, gk cg tmhsh

dngvhrs`tcngs, tmh hjffdchgdy nj tmh blna`l brnwtm bhghr`tcng f`dmcghry lsn

ghhks tn ah dngsckhrhk.

[mh Brnwtm Qhpnrt kcsdusshs khdcscng fìcgb ugkhr hxtrhfh ugdhr-

t`cgty9 ltmnubm blna`l k`f`bh cs hxphdthk jrnf dlcf`th dm`gbh, tmhrh cs stcll

fònr ugdhrt`cgty `s tn tmh khbrhh `gk tmh hx`dt tcppcgb pncgt (Gnrkmùs

155:9 shh `lsn Rmhhlhr `gk Fhgkhlsnmg cg dm`pthrs 00 `gk 01, rhsphd-

tcvhly, nj tmcs vnlufh). [mcs ugdhrt`cgty `rbuhs jnr ` rnaust jhhka`di lnnp

a`shk ng tmh b`tmhrcgb nj ghw cgjnrf`tcng `gk, `s ` dnrnll`ry, `g nptcng

jnr kh`lcgb wctm tmh prnalhf, aut gnt cg sn kr`stcd ` j`smcng `s tn dnfprn-fcsh lngbhr-thrf brnwtm tm`t fcbmt njjhr ahtthr snlutcngs. @b`cg, cj tmh

`pprn`dm cs tn `tt`di tmh fònr snurdhs nj pnllutcng, tmhg ngh fust kn tmcs

cg `g hdngnfcd`lly hjffdchgt `gk `jjnrkàlh w`y.

[mh jnurtm fònr trhgk tm`t cs j`crly hvckhgt cs tmh cgdrh`scgb cgtr`-

g`tcng`l cghqu`lcty (jnr k`t` ng cghqu`lcty trhgks ahtwhhg dnugtrchs, shh

Xgcthk G`tcngs 155:). [mcs cs rhpnrthk cg ` v`rchty nj dnugtry dcrdufst`gdhs

`gk, `s hxphdthk, wctm kcjjhrhgt pnlcdy rhspngshs. @s rhpnrthk ay Anurbuc-

bgng jnr tmh Rnrlk A`gi, `g cgdrh`scgb gufahr nj khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs

m`vh shhg pnsctcvh brnwtm cg tmh l`st 05 yh`rs, aut g nvhrwmhlfcgb prnpnr-

tcng (;1 nut nj Anurbucbgng–s s`fplh nj 83) m`vh `lsn hxphrchgdhk khdlcghcg cgdnfh hqu`lcty scgdh 0335 (Anurbucbgng 1552). Cj, s cg tmh d`sh nj Zcht-

g`f, tmhsh twcg pmhgnfhg` nj mcbm brnwtm r`ths gk rcscgb cghqu`lcty (jrnf

` lnw a`sh) `rh dnfacghk wctm r`pck rhkudtcngs cg fh`surhk pnvhrty, tmcs

d`g ah shhg `s ` pnsctcvh khvhlnpfhgt, prnaàly cghvctàlh cg tmh khvhlnp-

fhgt prndhss. Mnwhvhr, cg snfh rhbcngs lcih L`tcg @fhrcd`, tmh ugkhrlycgb

cghqu`lcty cs suast`gtc`l, wctm tmh tnp qucgtclh d`pturcgb fnrh tm`g :5 phr-

dhgt nj g`tcng`l cgdnfh `gk, cg Ar`zcl, jnr hx`fplh, nutp`dcgb tmh lnwhst

;5 phrdhgt ay ` j`dtnr nj = tn 0 cg 1554. Cg ntmhr rhbcngs lcih H`st @sc`, tmh

ugkhrlycgb cghqu`lcty cs lhss prngnugdhk9 mnwhvhr, tmh dm`gbh cg cgdnfh

sm`rhs ahtwhhg 033: gk 155; rh st`ri, wctm h`dm mcbmhr qucgtclh nuth`rg-cgb tmh prhvcnus ngh ay scbgcffd`gt f`rbcg (CFJ 1552).

Cg tmh `kv`gdhk dnugtrchs, tmh NHDK rhpnrts tm`t tmh fckklh tmrhh

qucgtclhs nj tmh kcstrcautcng lnst brnugk ahtwhhg 0338 `gk 1558 cg thrfs

nj cgdnfh sm`rhs cg D`g`k`, Khgf`ri, Jcgl`gk, Jr`gdh, Bhrf`gy, Ct`ly,

Gnrw`y, Twhkhg, `gk tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths. [mh anttnf qucgtclh w`s hctmhr

stàlh nr lnst brnugk cg `ll 1: dnugtrchs survhyhk hxdhpt Ct`ly `gk Fhxcdn.

Cg tmhcr anni ng tmh fckklh dl`ss, Hst`dmh `gk Lhcpzcbhr (1553) urbh `

dlnshr lnni `t tmh cfp`dt nj bnvhrgfhgt–s ffsd`l pnlcdy ng tmh hgtcrh sphd-

truf nj cgdnfh brnups. Cbgnrcgb tmh fckklh dl`ss `gk tmh knwgsckhs njblna`lcz`tcng m`s, cg tmh p`st, tmrh`thghk tmh pnlctcd`l suppnrt jnr knfhstcd




`gk cgthrg`tcng`lly whlj`rh-cfprnvcgb pnlcdchs `gk dnulk kn sn `b`cg. [mcs

cs kuh tn tmh j`dt tm`t cgdnfh khthrfcg`gts `rh f`gy, `gk kcstrcautcng`l

dngdhrgs `rh ` f`tthr nj lnd`l pnlctcds. [mcs m`s ghvhr ahhg fnrh truh tm`g

cg tmh `jthrf`tm nj tmh durrhgt drcscs, wmcdm m`s dl`cfhk fcllcngs nj onas

wnrlkwckh (Hst`dmh `gk Lhcpzcbhr 15539 NHDK 155=).

Cgdrh`scgb cghqu`lcty cs shhg `s ` dnrnll`ry nj blna`lcz`tcng cg g`tcngs

`s kcvhrsh `s Dmcg`, Cgkc`, `gk tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths. Cg rh`lcty tmhrh `rh f`gy

hxpl`g`tcngs jnr tmcs rcsh. [mh CFJ pncgts tn thdmgnlnby s tmh f`cg krcvhr,

`sdrcacgb tmh auli nj dm`gbh tn tmcs j`dtnr `gk vhry lcttlh tn blna`lcz`tcng

phr sh (CFJ 1552). @gk tmhrh `rh gn knuat kcjjhrhgdhs ahtwhhg tmh rcsh cg

Dmcg`–s Bcgc dnhjffdchgt jrnf 5.1= cg 03=0 tn 5.;1 cg 155;, wmcdm `ddnf-

p`gchk trhfhgknus ura`gcz`tcng `gk ghw ona drh`tcng, jrnf tmh sctu`tcng

cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths, wmhrh, ddnrkcgb tn Bnlkcg gk I`tz (1552), tmh w`bh

prhfcuf tn hkud`tcng rnsh kr`f`tcd`lly `jthr 03=5, hx`dhra`tcgb cghqu`l-

cty. Cg tmh d`sh nj tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths, `ddnrkcgb tn L`wrhgdh (155=), w`bhs

nj aluh-dnll`r nddup`tcngs rnsh ay oust ;.; phrdhgt ahtwhhg 03=0 gk 155:,wmclh nutput phr mnur w`s up 25 phrdhgt.00 Jnllnwcgb tmh vchws nj Alcgkhr

(1553) wnulk lh`k ngh tn ahlchvh tm`t ct cs gn lngbhr cgvhstfhgt cg hkud`-

tcng arn`kly sphìcgb tm`t f`tthrs, aut r`tmhr cgvhstfhgt cg hkud`tcng tm`t

phrsng`lczhs shrvcdhs `gk kcsdnur`bhs tmhcr njjsmnrcgb. [mh anttnf lcgh,

mnwhvhr, cs tm`t cgdnfh m`s ahdnfh fnrh ughvhg cg rhdhgt khd`khs, `gk

tmh pualcd ahlchvhs tm`t tmcs cs l`rbhly kuh tn blna`lcz`tcng‛wmcdm cs gnt

bnnk ghws jnr blna`lczhrs.

@s `rkhgt blna`lczhrs lcih O`bkcsm Am`bw`tc `rbuh, tmh ahghffts nj bln-

a`lcz`tcng, p`rtcdul`rly cg tr`kh, `rh hgnrfnus, aut tmhrh cs ` prnalhf nj

tr`gsctcng `gk dnfphgs`tcng. Am`bw`tc `rbuhs jnr `koustfhgt `sscst`gdhjnr pnnrhr dnugtrchs, wmclh Alcgkhr pncgts nut tm`t `koustfhgt `sscst`gdh

m`s ghvhr wnrihk cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths. [mnsh wmn shh jugk`fhgt`l fi`ws

wctm tmh p`tm nj blna`lcz`tcng, lcih Ttcblctz (1551, 155:, 1553), pncgt tn

tmh cg`khqu`dy nj dnfphgs`tcng fhdm`gcsfs, tmh cgmhrhgt `syffhtry nj

hdngnfcd pnwhr, `gk yhs, tmh j`clurh nj ffg`gdc`l rhbul`tcng. @s Lhcpzcbhr

`gk Tphgdh `rbuhk cg 1552, tmh dngdhrg ànut wcgghrs `gk lnshrs cs lhss

ànut j`crghss tm`g ct cs ànut tmh pr`dtcd`l ghhk tn f`cgt`cg pnlctcd`l sup-

pnrt jnr pnlcdchs gk cgthrg`tcng`l brhhfhgts tm`t `kv`gdh nphgghss cg tmh

blna`l hdngnfy (Dnffcsscng nj Hxphrts 15539 Lhcpzcbhr gk Tphgdh 15529

Ttcblctz 1551, 155:).[mh juturh sm`ph nj blna`lcz`tcng cs, `ddnrkcgb tn snfh, vhry fudm cg

knuat. Rm`t cs dhrt`cg, tmnubm, cs tm`t khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs wcll j`dh ghw

dm`llhgbhs tn brnwtm `gk fust `pprn`dm tmh durrhgt hgvcrngfhgt cg `gy-

tmcgb aut auscghss-`s-usu`l f`gghr. [mh p`phrs sshfalhk jnr tmcs vnlufh

shhi tn sihtdm tmh nutlcghs nj tmh juturh brnwtm kyg`fcds, p`rtcdul`rly jnr

khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs, `s whll `s tn stcful`th kha`th `gk subbhst pnsscalh

w`ys jnrw`rk.

00 Bnlkcg `gk I`tz (1552)9 L`wrhgdh (155=). L`wrhgdh ffgks tm`t, wmclh w`bh cghqu`lcty kck

cgdrh`sh, ` l`rbhr pnrtcng nj tmh w`bh b`p w`s kuh tn fh`surhfhgt cssuhs `gk hkud`tcng nj gng-aluh-dnll`r wnrihrs.



Lhcpzcbhr 10

[mh Kcstcgdt Dngtrcautcngs nj tmh Znlufh

Cg dm`pthr 1 nj tmcs vnlufh, K`rng @dhfnblu prnvckhs `g ckh`l nphgcgb tn

` vnlufh ng blna`lcz`tcng, hlànr`tcgb ng tmh cgthllhdtu`l hrrnrs hdngnfcsts

m`vh f`kh cg vchw nj tmh drcscs `gk wm`t lhssngs tmhsh hrrnrs njjhr us fnv-

cgb jnrw`rk. Fnrh cfpnrt`gt, mh `rbuhs tm`t ihy hdngnfcd prcgdcplhs

rhl`thk tn tmh fnst cfpnrt`gt bn`l nj hdngnfcd phrjnrf`gdh, tmh lngb-rug

brnwtm nj g`tcngs, `rh stcll v`lck `gk mnlk cfpnrt`gt lhssngs jnr cgthllhdtu`l

`gk pr`dtcd`l khlcahr`tcngs ng pnlcdy. @dhfnblu hfpm`sczhs tmh cfpnrt`gdh

nj thdmgnlnbcd`l cggnv`tcng jnr tmh prnsphrcty `gk suddhss nj tmh d`pct`lcst

hdngnfy. Mnwhvhr, khspcth tmhcr pnsctcvh cfp`dts ng lngb-rug hdngnfcd

brnwtm, cggnv`tcng gk rh`llnd`tcng m`vh ahhg dngspcdunus cg tmhcr ashgdh

jrnf tmh pnlctcd`l kha`th `gk m`vh pl`yhk lcttlh rnlh cg tmh khscbg nj drcscs

f`g`bhfhgt rhspngshs. @dhfnblu mcbmlcbmts wmy ` jndus ng hdngnfcd

brnwtm cs hsshgtc`l. A`rrcgb ` dnfplhth fhltknwg nj tmh blna`l systhf, tmh

pnsscalh lnss nj BKU jnr fnst dnugtrchs cs cg tmh r`gbh nj ` dnuplh nj phr-dhgt`bh pncgts. Cg dngtr`st, fnkhst dm`gbhs cg hdngnfcd brnwtm wcll `ddu-

ful`th tn fudm l`rbhr gufahrs wctmcg ngh khd`kh nr twn. [mus, jrnf `

pnlcdy gk whlj`rh phrsphdtcvh, s`drcffdcgb hdngnfcd brnwtm tn kh`l wctm tmh

durrhgt drcscs cs ` a`k nptcng. Hdngnfcd brnwtm nubmt tn ah ` dhgtr`l p`rt

nj tmh kcsdusscng, gnt `g `jthrtmnubmt.

@dhfnblu `lsn `kkrhsshs tmh k`gbhrs pnshk ay brnwcgb sihptcdcsf

tnw`rk blna`lcz`tcng `gk tmh pnlctcd`l hdngnfy nj brnwtm. Mh rhfcgks us

tm`t, ahdùsh nj tmh rh`llnd`tcng `gk drh`tcvh khstrudtcng arnubmt ànut

ay hdngnfcd brnwtm, tmhrh wcll `lw`ys ah p`rtchs, njthg strngb p`rtchs,

nppnshk tn dhrt`cg `sphdts nj hdngnfcd brnwtm. [mus ngh nj tmh fònrrcsis j`dcgb blna`lcz`tcng cs ngh nj dngsufhrs `gk pnlcdy fìhrs ahdnfcgb

phsscfcstcd anut juturh brnwtm gk tmh prnfcsh nj f`rihts. Xltcf`thly, tmh

drcscs smnulk ah rhb`rkhk `s ` j`clurh gnt nj d`pct`lcsf nr jrhh f`rihts, aut,

`ddnrkcgb tn @dhfnblu, nj ugrhbul`thk f`rihts.

Cg dm`pthr 4, Dm`rlhs D`lnfcrcs hlànr`ths ng tmh rhbul`tnry j`clurhs tm`t

dngtrcauthk tn tmh ngsht nj tmh ffg`gdc`l drcscs. Rmclh mh, lcih f`gy ntmhrs,

`dignwlhkbhs tm`t rhbul`tcng w`s prcf`ry dngtrcautnr, mh rbuhs tm`t tmh

prnalhf w`s lhss ` l`di nj rhbul`tcng tm`g a`k rhbul`tcng. D`lnfcrcs knhs

gnt brhh wctm tmnsh wmn rbuh tm`t tmh suaprcfh drcscs cs f`cgly stnry nj

bnvhrgfhgt “hrrnrs nj nfcsscng,‖ wmcdm llnwhk a`gis tn vnck rhbul`tnry

kcsdcplcgh kuh tn tmh cgsujffdchgt `pplcd`tcng nj a`gi d`pct`l rhbul`tcngs.

Cgsth`k, tmh f`cg stnry nj tmh suaprcfh drcscs, cg mcs vchw, cs ngh nj bnvhrg-

fhgt “hrrnrs nj dnffcsscng,‖ wmcdm whrh j`r fnrh cfpnrt`gt cg bhghr`tcgb

tmh mubh rcsis gk l`rbh lnsshs tm`t arnubmt knwg tmh X.T. ffg`gdc`l systhf.

Bnvhrgfhgt `dtcngs whrh tmh rnnt prnalhf, gnt bnvhrgfhgt cg`dtcng. D`l-

nfcrcs rhjhrhgdhs tmh lcthr`turh tn fìh mcs pncgt tm`t cg tcfhs `gk pl`dhs

wmhrh tmhsh bnvhrgfhgt cgthrvhgtcngs whrh àshgt, ffg`gdc`l drcshs whrh

rhl`tcvhly r`rh `gk gnt vhry shvhrh.

Mnwhvhr, rh`lczcgb tmh ghhk jnr `pprnprc`th rhbul`tcng bcvhg tmh dnf-plhxcty nj tnk`y–s systhf, D`lnfcrcs kht`cls scx d`thbnrchs nj pnlcdy rhjnrf




tm`t wnulk `kkrhss tmh whìghsshs tm`t b`vh rcsh tn tmh suaprcfh drcscs,

cgdlukcgb (`) sf`rthr “fcdrn prukhgtc`l‖ rhbul`tcng nj a`gis, (a) ghw ckh`s

jnr “f`drn prukhgtc`l‖ rhbul`tcng nj a`gi d`pct`l `gk lcquckcty st`gk`rks,

(d) tmh drh`tcng nj kht`clhk `gk rhbul`rly upk`thk prhp`di`bhk “arckbh

a`gi‖ pl`gs jnr l`rbh, dnfplhx ffg`gdc`l nrb`gcz`tcngs, (k) rhjnrfs tn

hlcfcg`th tmh kcstnrtcngs cg mnuscgb ffg`gdh cgkudhk ay bnvhrgfhgt pnlcdchs

tm`t hgdnur`bh mcbm rcsi gk lhvhr`bcgb, (h) rhjnrfs tn cfprnvh stndimnlkhr

kcsdcplcgh nj a`gis, `gk (j) cgctc`tcvhs tn hgdnur`bh brh`thr tr`gsp`rhgdy cg

khrcv`tcvhs tr`gs`dtcngs.

Cg dm`pthr ;, @gkrhw Tmhgb `pplchs ghtwnri tmhnry tn tmh ahm`vcnr nj

blna`l ffg`gdc`l f`rihts `gk kr`ws cfplcd`tcngs jnr suphrvcscng `gk bnv-

hrg`gdh. Tmhgb subbhsts tm`t ghw cgscbmts cg tmcs `rh` dnulk `sscst tmhn-

rhtcdc`gs `gk pr`dtctcnghrs cg ugkhrst`gkcgb ahtthr mnw f`rihts wnri

`gk mnw tn cfprnvh durrhgt pnlcdchs. Tmhgb ahbcgs wctm tmh prhfcsh tm`t `

systhf d`ggnt ah rhbul`thk uglhss pnlcdy fìhrs m`vh ` dnfplhth ugkhr-

st`gkcgb nj mnw ct wnris. [mh dnll`psh nj Lhmf`g Arntmhrs mcbmlcbmthk tmhg`turh nj fnkhrg ffg`gdc`l drcshs cg thrfs nj tmhcr dnfplhxcty, khptm, sphhk

nj dngt`bcng, `gk tr`gsfcsscng. [mh sd`lh nj lnss w`s ugprhdhkhgthk‛`

p`cgjul khfngstr`tcng tm`t ffg`gdc`l rhbul`tnrs `gk pnlcdy fìhrs kck gnt

ugkhrst`gk tmh `gcf`l wctm wmcdm tmhy whrh kh`lcgb.

Tmhgb mcbmlcbmts tmh ghhk jnr jr`fhwnri tn scfplcjy tmh ugkhrst`gkcgb

nj sudm dnfplhx f`rihts, cg wmcdm tmh cgthr`dtcng ahtwhhg f`riht p`rtcdc-

p`gts nphr`tcgb ugkhr `syffhtrcd cgjnrf`tcng cs kyg`fcd, aut gnt `lw`ys

stàlh. Tudm jr`fhwnri ghhks tn kh`l gnt ngly wctm systhfwckh phrsphd-

tcvh, aut `lsn wctm vulghràclctchs `t tmh kht`cl lhvhl‛tm`t cs, tmh whìhst

lcgi. Rmclh tmh ghtwnri g`lyscs knhs gnt m`vh prhkcdtcvh d`p`dcty, ct cs ush-jul cg l`ycgb nut g nrb`gcz`tcng`l jr`fhwnri tn khdcpmhr durrhgt ahm`vcnr,

rhvh`lcgb nur l`di nj `pprhdc`tcng nj tmh prnalhfs nj hxthrg`lctchs, wrngb

cgdhgtcvhs, whì strudturhs, `gk fi`whk prndhsshs. [mh fònr cgscbmt nj

ghtwnri `g`lyscs cs tm`t tmh prndhss nj dm`gbh cs gnt lcgh`r. Cg j`dt, ct cs

cgthr`dtcvh, cgthrdngghdthk, `gk tmh nutdnfh nj hxphrcfhgt`tcng, `ddckhgt,

`gk f`gcpul`tcng ay systhf p`rtcdcp`gts, cgdlukcgb ffg`gdc`l cgstctutcngs,

cgvhstnrs, rhbul`tnrs, `gk pnlcdy fìhrs.

Cg dm`pthr 8, Qcdm`rk Dnnphr `rbuhs tm`t blna`l cfa`l`gdhs cg durrhgt

`ddnugt pnsctcngs `rh ` g`tur`l dngshquhgdh nj tmh blna`lcz`tcng nj ffg`g-

dc`l f`rihts `gk khfnbr`pmcd trhgks, p`rtcdul`rly cg Hurnph `gk H`st@sc`. [mnsh sndchtchs `rh `bcgb r`pckly, wctm khdlcgcgb gufahrs nj ynugb

`kults. Cg antm rhbcngs, s`vcgbs smnulk ah mcbm `gk cgvhstfhgt whì,

rhsultcgb cg hxdhss s`vcgb. Rctm blna`lcz`tcng nj d`pct`l f`rihts, tmcs

hxdhss s`vcgb wcll g`tur`lly shhi shdurh cgvhstfhgt nppnrtugctchs àrn`k.

[mh X.T. hdngnfy, wmhrh khfnbr`pmcd trhgks rh f`rihkly kcjjhrhgt (kuh

cg p`rt tn cffcbr`tcng nj ynugb `kults), njjhrs ` bnnk dnfacg`tcng nj

ychlk, lcquckcty, `gk shdurcty jnr tmcs hxdhss s`vcgbs, wmcdm cg tcfh wcll ah

lcquck`thk tn ffg`gdh dngsufptcng cg nlk bh. [mus tmh l`rbh “cfa`l`gdh‖

knhs gnt navcnusly rhfihdt kcshquclcarc` cg tmh wnrlk hdngnfy, aut r`tmhr` durrhgt pm`sh nj cgthrthfpnr`l tr`kh.



Lhcpzcbhr 14

Tphìcgb `t tmh Rnrlk A`gi cg 1553, Dnnphr b`vh pnsctcvh vchws ng tmh

juturh nj blna`lcz`tcng, khspcth tmh drcscs, drhkctcgb tmh brnwtm `gk cgthbr`-

tcng nj tmh wnrlk hdngnfy cg tmh p`st m`lj dhgtury, `gk hsphdc`lly cg tmh

p`st twn khd`khs, jnr krcvcgb tmh acbbhst rhkudtcng cg antm rhl`tcvh `gk

àsnluth pnvhrty cg mcstnry. Mnwhvhr, mh w`s d`rhjul tn fhgtcng tm`t tmh

durrhgt drcscs knhs pnsh shrcnus k`gbhrs, jnrhfnst fngb tmhf tmh pnthgtc`l

pnpul`r a`dil`sm b`cgst blna`lcz`tcng gk tr`kh cg p`rtcdul`r. @ scbgcffd`gt

prnthdtcngcst rh`dtcng ng tmh p`rt nj l`rbh tr`kcgb g`tcngs wnulk m`vh `

fònr ghb`tcvh cfp`dt ng lngb-thrf brnwtm. Dnnphr rhb`rks ffg`gdc`l drc-

shs `s cghvctàlh cg `gy fnkhrg hdngnfy9 tmh dm`llhgbh tn pnlcdy fìhrs cs

gnt tn prhvhgt drcshs, aut tn lcfct tmh rh`l k`f`bh `gk tn ah rh`ky tn tìh

`kv`gt`bh nj tmh pnst-drcscs hgvcrngfhgt cg prnpnscgb hjjhdtcvh rhbul`tnry

rhjnrfs. Dnnphr `rbuhs tm`t tmus j`r pnst-drcscs f`g`bhfhgt m`s j`clhk ng

antm tmhsh dnugts (Dnnphr 1553? 415—41).

Cg dm`pthr :, Q`vc I`gaur `kkrhsshs ` quhstcng tm`t cs dhgtr`l jnr pnlcdy

fìhrs dngdhrghk wctm mhlpcgb tmh pnnr kurcgb f`drnhdngnfcd drcshs,g`fhly, mnw tn t`rbht sd`rdh rhsnurdhs `t ` tcfh nj brh`thr ghhk. [hdmgcd`l

`rbufhgts m`vh subbhsthk tm`t ffghr t`rbhtcgb nj `gtc-pnvhrty cgctc`tcvhs,

tmrnubm tcbmthgcgb cgkcvcku`l prnbr`fs nr rh`llnd`tcgb rhsnurdhs tnw`rk

fnrh tcbmtly t`rbhthk prnbr`fs, lh`ks tn fnrh hjffdchgt rhsnurdh ush‛hvhg

wmhg tmh brh`thr cgjnrf`tcng dnsts `gk tmh cgdhgtcvh hjjhdts nj ffghr t`rbht-

cgb `rh tìhg cgtn ddnugt. Mnwhvhr, pnlctcd`l hdngnfy rbufhgts subbhst

tm`t ffghr t`rbhtcgb tm`t rhsults cg jhwhr nvhr`ll rhsnurdhs ahcgb `llnd`thk cs

smnrt-scbmthk `gk tm`t lnnshr t`rbhtcgb, ahdùsh ct igcts tnbhtmhr tmh cgthr-

hsts nj tmh pnnr gk tmh gh`r-pnnr, f`y whll ah prhjhràlh. [mh sgnwa`llcgb

hjjhdts ssndc`thk wctm tmh gh`r-pnnr ahcgb pusmhk cgtn pnvhrty ay tmh drcscs`gk tmh bhghr`l khscrh tn upmnlk a`scd dngsufptcng lhvhls fngb brnups cg

tmh lnwhr p`rt nj tmh kcstrcautcng cfply tm`t lhìchr prnbr`fs f`y whll ah

prhjhrrhk cg tcfhs nj kr`f`tcd hdngnfcd knwgturgs.

I`gaur–s dm`pthr cs p`rtcdul`rly `pprnprc`th cg tmh durrhgt hgvcrng-

fhgt ahdùsh gn vnlufh ng blna`lcz`tcng, brnwtm, `gk tmh ffg`gdc`l drcscs

wnulk ah dnfplhth wctmnut ` kcsdusscng nj tmh hjjhdts nj tmh drcscs ng tmh

pnnr. Rmclh tmh drcscs m`s knfcg`thk mh`klcghs jnr arcgbcgb knwg snfh

nj tmh wnrlk–s fnst stnrchk ffg`gdc`l cgstctutcngs, cts hjjhdt ng tmh pnnr m`s

rhdhcvhk lhss `tthgtcng. @ddnrkcgb tn tmh Rnrlk A`gi, 35 fcllcng fnrh

phnplh lcvhk cg hxtrhfh pnvhrty cg 1553 `s ` rhsult nj tmh drcscs. Cg tmh pnst-drcscs hgvcrngfhgt, str`thbchs gk pnlcdchs tn fctcb`th tmh hjjhdts nj tmh drcscs

ng tmh pnnr rh snrhly ghhkhk. Rmclh kcstrcautcng`l dngdhrgs lw`ys f`tthr,

tmhy ahdnfh hvhg fnrh rhlhv`gt cg phrcnks nj khdlcgcgb cgdnfh. Mnw ngh

fctcb`ths tmh wnrst dngshquhgdhs nj drcshs `lsn pl`ys `g cfpnrt`gt rnlh cg

sm`pcgb tmh juturh p`tm nj rhdnvhry, gk cgkhhk, tmh juturh rnlh nj blna`lcz`-

tcng cg khvhlnpcgb hdngnfchs, ` tnpcd `kkrhsshk cg p`rt 1.

U`rt 1 nj tmh vnlufh smcjts jndus jrnf tmh cffhkc`th drcscs tn tmh cfp`dt

nj tmh drcscs ng khvhlnpcgb-dnugtry brnwtm. Cg dm`pthr 2, K`gc Qnkrci

hx`fcghs tmh blna`l hgvcrngfhgt jnr hdngnfcd brnwtm cg tmh khvhlnpcgbwnrlk s ct hfhrbhs jrnf tmh prhshgt ffg`gdc`l drcscs. Jnr Qnkrci, tmh gswhr



1; Blna`lcz`tcng Qhvcscthk

khphgks ng mnw whll tmh jnllnwcgb thgscngs rh f`g`bhk. Ng tmh ngh m`gk,

blna`l f`drnhdngnfcd stàclcty rhqucrhs tm`t wh prhvhgt hxthrg`l cfa`l-

`gdhs jrnf bhttcgb tnn l`rbh9 ng tmh ntmhr m`gk, brnwtm cg pnnr g`tcngs

rhqucrhs tm`t tmh wnrlk hdngnfy ah àlh tn àsnra ` r`pck cgdrh`sh cg tmh

supply nj tr`kàlhs tmhy prnkudh.

Qnkrci–s vchws m`vh fònr pnlcdy cfplcd`tcngs.

Mh `rbuhs tm`t ct cs pns-

scalh tn rhgkhr tmhsh twn rhqucrhfhgts dnfp`tcalh, aut tm`t kncgb sn wcll

rhqucrh brh`thr ush nj hxplcdct cgkustrc`l pnlcdchs cg khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs

tm`t m`vh tmh pnthgtc`l jnr hgdnur`bcgb fnkhrg tr`kàlh `dtcvctchs wctmnut

spcllcgb nvhr cgtn tr`kh surplushs. Mh `sshrts tm`t tmh ihy tn brnwtm cs tmh

knfhstcd nutput nj fnkhrg tr`kàlhs, gnt tmh hxdhss supply tmhrhnj. [mh

cfplcd`tcng jnr khvhlnpcgb g`tcngs tm`t m`vh bntthg mnnihk ng tr`kh sur-

plushs s tmhcr hgbcgh nj brnwtm smnulk ah dlh`r? tmhrh cs gn ghhk tn s`drcffdh

brnwtm `s lngb `s knfhstcd khf`gk jnr tr`kàlhs d`g ah cgdrh`shk `lngb-

sckh knfhstcd supply.

Cg dm`pthr =, @gtngcn Hst`dmh `gk F`rc`ggh J`y prnvckh `g nvhrvchwnj tmh fònr durrhgt kha`ths ng cgjr`strudturh pnlcdy bcvhg tmh rhl`tcngsmcp

ahtwhhg cgjr`strudturh khvhlnpfhgt `gk hdngnfcd brnwtm. [mhy rhvchw

tmh hvckhgdh ng tmh f`drnhdngnfcd scbgcffd`gdh nj tmh shdtnr cg thrfs nj

brnwtm `gk pnvhrty `llhvc`tcng `gk kcsduss tmh fònr cgstctutcng`l kha`ths,

cgdlukcgb tmh rhl`tcvh dnfp`r`tcvh `kv`gt`bh nj tmh pualcd `gk tmh prcv`th

shdtnrs cg tmh v`rcnus st`bhs nj cgjr`strudturh shrvcdh khlcvhry `s whll `s tmh

f`cg nptcngs jnr dm`gbcgb tmh rnlh nj bnvhrgfhgt (tm`t cs, rhbul`tcng `gk

khdhgtr`lcz`tcng).

Rmclh tmh mhthrnbhghcty nj tmh cgjr`strudturh auscghss cs sudm tm`t ct cs kcj-

ffdult tn kr`w sphdcffd dngdluscngs jnr gy bcvhg suashdtnr nr dnugtry, Hst`dmh`gk J`y ffgk tm`t snfh bhghr`l dngdluscngs d`g ah kr`wg. Jcrst, wmclh tmh

lcthr`turh ng cgjr`strudturh `gk brnwtm th`dmhs us tm`t cgjr`strudturh cs

cfpnrt`gt, cts cfpnrt`gdh v`rchs `drnss dnugtrchs, wctmcg dnugtrchs, `gk

nvhr tcfh, `s dnugtrchs dm`gbh `gk tmh acgkcgb dngstr`cgts smcjt. Thdngk,

tmhrh cs stcll ` lngb w`y tn bn cg fhhtcgb tmh cgjr`strudturh ghhks nj tmh

pnnrhst dnugtrchs nj tmh wnrlk. [mcrk, prcv`tcz`tcng m`s gnt khlcvhrhk `s

fudm cgvhstfhgt `s hxphdthk, `gk tmnsh wctmnut `ddhss tn cgjr`strudturh

shrvcdhs `rh tmh fnst phg`lczhk ay tmcs j`clurh. Hst`dmh `gk J`y ffgk tm`t

ngh nj tmh f`cg rh`sngs jnr ` l`di nj dlh`r-dut `gswhrs rhb`rkcgb cgjr`-

strudturh cs tmh l`di nj naohdtcvh k`t` ng tmh shdtnr, wmcdm lh`vhs ct vulghr-àlh tn ckhnlnbcd`l r`tmhr tm`g j`dt-a`shk khdcscng fìcgb. K`t` b`ps `rh

mcbmlcbmthk tmrnubmnut tmhcr nvhrvchw, cgdlukcgb ng a`scd cssuhs sudm `s

dnsts `gk t`rcjjs nr tmh sm`rh nj pualcd nr prcv`th rhsnurdhs `llnd`thk tn

hxp`gk nr f`cgt`cg tmh shdtnrs. [mhy `rbuh tm`t tn prnkudh suast`gtcvh

`gswhrs tn dnrh quhstcngs wctmnut rhdnursh tn ckhnlnby, ct cs hsshgtc`l jnr

tmh cgthrg`tcng`l dnffugcty tn tìh tmh k`t` `bhgk` fudm fnrh shrcnusly

tm`g cg tmh p`st. Jurtmhrfnrh, cg lcbmt nj tmh drcscs gk j`llcgb cgjr`strudturh

ffg`gdh, p`rtcdul`rly cg prcv`th shdtnr jugkcgb, ghw ckh`s ng mnw tn fnvh

jnrw`rk cg tmh shdtnr `rh ghhkhk.



Lhcpzcbhr 18

Rcllc`f Dlcgh cg dm`pthr 3 rhvcscts mcs 03=1 `rtcdlh ng tmh “j`ll`dy nj

dnfpnsctcng,‖ rhhx`fcgcgb ct cg lcbmt nj tmh durrhgt hgvcrngfhgt. Dlcgh–s

nrcbcg`l rbufhgt quhstcnghk tmh jh`scaclcty nj bhghr`lczcgb tmh B-;‛Mngb

Ingb, Dmcg`9 Inrh`9 Tcgb`pnrh9 `gk [`cw`g, Dmcg`‛fnkhl nj brnwtm

a`shk ng tmh r`pck brnwtm nj hxpnrts, ng tmh brnugks tm`t cj `ll khvhlnpcgb

hdngnfchs pursuhk ct, tmhcr dnfacghk f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts wnulk hvhgtu-

`lly trcbbhr prnthdtcng cg cgkustrc`l dnugtrchs. Mcs 03=; anni ckhgtcffhk `

s`jh sphhk lcfct nj anut 05—08 phrdhgt ggu`l brnwtm nj khvhlnpcgb dnug-

try hxpnrts nj f`guj`dturhs, whll ahlnw tmh 18—48 phrdhgt r`th nj Inrh`

`gk [`cw`g, Dmcg` cg tmh 03:5s `gk 0325s.

Dlcgh–s dm`pthr cg tmcs vnlufh rhvcscts tmcs quhstcng cg lcbmt nj ` qu`rthr

dhgtury nj hxphrchgdh. Ct ffgks tm`t khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs– `bbrhb`th f`gu-

j`dturhk hxpnrts brhw `t ànut 05 phrdhgt `ggu`lly, ` rnaust p`dh, aut

wctmcg tmh sphhk lcfcts prhvcnusly hgvcscnghk. Hvhg sn, cg ihy shdtnrs sudm s

`pp`rhl, cfpnrt phghtr`tcng lhvhls m`vh hxdhhkhk tmrhsmnlks tm`t, `ddnrkcgb

tn h`rlchr hstcf`ths, wnulk prnvnih prnthdtcng, subbhstcgb tmh cfpnrt`gdhnj cgdrh`shk R[N kcsdcplcgh. [mh a`sh nj f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts jrnf pnnr

dnugtrchs rhf`cgs sf`ll rhl`tcvh tn tm`t nj Dmcg` `gk tmh nrcbcg`l B-;, sn

tmhrh smnulk ah dngsckhràlh rnnf jnr hxpnrt brnwtm jrnf tmhsh ghwdnfhrs.

@ltmnubm mh knhs gnt hxplcdctly `kkrhss tmh pnstdrcscs wnrlk, ngh dngdlu-

scng tn kr`w jrnf Dlcgh–s `rbufhgt cs tm`t tmh `bbrhb`th smcjt cg khf`gk

`w`y jrnf hxpnrts cg l`rbh hfhrbcgb f`rihts f`y nphg fnrh hxpnrt sp`dh

jnr pnnrhr khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs. Rmhg dnfacghk wctm tmh r`pck brnwtm cg

Tnutm-Tnutm tr`kh, tmcs njjhrs snfh rhghwhk mnph jnr tmh fnkhl nj hxpnrt-

lhk brnwtm jnr lhss khvhlnphk dnugtrchs.

Cg dm`pthr 05, Umclcpph @bmcng, K`vck Mhfnus, `gk Hgcssh Im`rrnuachv`lu`th wmhtmhr tmh dydlcd`l p`tthrg nj ffsd`l pnlcdy d`g jjhdt brnwtm. [mcs

cs ` p`rtcdul`rly cfpnrt`gt tnpcd cg lcbmt nj tmh durrhgt hjjnrts cg khvhlnphk

`gk l`rbh khvhlnpcgb hdngnfchs tn stcful`th knfhstcd khf`gk tmrnubm

ffsd`l fh`surhs. [mcs dm`pthr, scfcl`r tn dm`pthr 1, quhstcngs lngb-st`gkcgb

`ssufptcngs cg tmh stuky nj smnrt-thrf `gk lngb-thrf hdngnfcd phrjnr-

f`gdh. @ddnrkcgb tn tmh ùtmnrs, f`drnhdngnfcd thxtannis bhghr`lly

cfpnsh ` strcdt shp`r`tcng ahtwhhg tmh `g`lyscs nj lngb-rug brnwtm `gk tmh

smnrt-thrf `g`lyscs, wmcdm jndushs ng tmh hjjhdts nj f`drnhdngnfcd pnlc-

dchs (ffsd`l nr fnght`ry) cfhk t stàclczcgb tmh hdngnfy jnllnwcgb smndis.

Sht rhdhgtly tmcs vchw tm`t smnrt-rug stàclcz`tcng pnlcdchs kn gnt f`tthr jnrlngb-rug brnwtm m`s ahhg dm`llhgbhk.

[mcs dm`pthr bnhs jurtmhr, lnnicgb `t tmh hjjhdt nj dnugthrdydlcd`l ffsd`l

pnlcdy ng cgkustry brnwtm, khphgkcgb ng cgkustry ffg`gdc`l dngstr`cgts.

Hfpcrcd`l hvckhgdh smnws tm`t cgkustrchs wctm mh`vchr ffg`gdc`l dngstr`cgts

thgk tn brnw j`sthr cg dnugtrchs wctm fnrh stàclczcgb ffsd`l pnlcdy. [mh

ùtmnrs– f`cg hfpcrcd`l ffgkcgb cs tm`t tmh cgthr`dtcng ahtwhhg ffg`gdc`l

dngstr`cgts cg g cgkustry gk ffsd`l pnlcdy dnugthrdydlcd`lcty m`s pnsctcvh,

scbgcffd`gt, `gk rnaust cfp`dt ng cgkustry brnwtm nj dnfp`ràlh (nr hvhg

brh`thr) cfpnrt`gdh tn tm`t nj fnrh strudtur`l jh`turhs. Ur`dtcd`lly sphìcgb,



1: Blna`lcz`tcng Qhvcscthk

tmcs m`s j`r-rh`dmcgb cfplcd`tcngs jnr tmh dngkudt nj f`drnhdngnfcd pnlcdy

nvhr tmh auscghss dydlh, wctm antm hx `gth `gk hx pnst hjjhdts ng cggnv`-

tcng `gk prnkudtcvcty. @ fnrh dnugthrdydlcd`l ffsd`l pnlcdy cgdrh`shs tmh

cgdhgtcvhs jnr cggnv`tcng hx `gth ay rhkudcgb tmh rcsi tm`t cggnv`tcng wcll

j`cl cg tmh juturh kuh tn `kvhrsh f`drnhdngnfcd smndis9 hx pnst ct mhlps

tn rhkudh tmh prnpnrtcng nj ffrfs tm`t wcll m`vh tn rhkudh prnkudtcvcty-

hgm`gdcgb cgvhstfhgts jnllnwcgb ` fònr smndi.

U`rt 4 nj tmcs vnlufh lnnis `t lngb-thrf dm`llhgbhs tn brnwtm. Cg dm`pthrs

00 `gk 01, K`vck Rmhhlhr `gk Qnahrt Fhgkhlsnmg, rhsphdtcvhly, `kkrhss

cssuhs nj dlcf`th dm`gbh cg lcbmt nj durrhgt kha`ths ng cts rhbul`tcng `gk

cfp`dt ng hdngnfcd brnwtm. Antm dm`pthrs `dignwlhkbh tm`t fudm ugdhr-

t`cgty stcll hxcsts ng tmh gngsdchgtcffd `sphdts `s whll `s tmh sd`lh, sdnph,

`gk tcfcgb nj dhrt`cg cgctc`tcvhs (Rnrlk A`gi 1553d). Rmclh antm ùtmnrs

`brhh tm`t tmh sdchgdh cs dlh`r tm`t tmh auclkup nj brhhgmnush b`shs wcll dùsh

tmh h`rtm tn w`rf, tmhy m`vh kcjjhrhgt `sshssfhgts nj tmh pnthgtc`l hdngnfcd

cfp`dts nj w`rfcgb. [mhy antm `brhh, mnwhvhr, tm`t tmh dm`llhgbh cs tnkhvhlnp ` str`thby tm`t suppnrts `t tmh vhry lh`st fnkhr`th fh`surhs gnw cg

nrkhr tn rht`cg tmh pnthgtc`l jnr fnrh rcbnrnus fh`surhs wmhg tmh hdngnf-

cds `gk pnlctcds ahdnfh jh`scalh. [mhy `rh `lsn cg `brhhfhgt tm`t khvhlnp-

cgb dnugtrchs fust ah jull p`rtcdcp`gts ahdùsh tmhy wcll ah fnst mh`vcly

`jjhdthk ay blna`l w`rfcgb `gk ahdùsh tmh sd`lh nj tmhcr hfcsscngs cs r`p-

ckly `pprn`dmcgb p`rcty wctm tm`t nj khvhlnphk dnugtrchs.

Cg dm`pthr 00, K`vck Rmhhlhr `kkrhsshs tmh cfplcd`tcngs nj dlcf`th

dm`gbh jnr khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs `gk pualcd pnlcdy, `rbucgb tm`t hjffdchgt

fctcb`tcng nj hfcsscngs wcll rhqucrh d`rang prcdcgb vc` f`riht-a`shk cgstru-

fhgts (dm`rbhs nr ùdtcnghk tr`kàlh phrfcts). [n l`y tmh jnugk`tcngs jnrdngjrngtcgb tmh blna`l dm`llhgbh, mh `kvnd`ths twn prcnrcty `dtcngs. [mh

ffrst cs tn hstàlcsm `g cgthrg`tcng`l cgstctutcng f`gk`thk tn dnllhdt, vhr-

cjy, `gk pualcdly kcsdlnsh cgjnrf`tcng ànut hfcsscngs jrnf `ll scbgcffd`gt

blna`l d`rang snurdhs. [mh shdngk cs tn hstàlcsm jnur blna`l dngsnrtc`

dm`rbhk wctm (`) tmh rhkudtcng nj brhhgmnush hfcsscngs, (a) tmh `ddhlhr`thk

khvhlnpfhgt nj dlh`g thdmgnlnbchs, (d) tmh ffg`gdcgb nj tmhcr r`pck kcjju-

scng cg khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs, `gk (k) tmh suppnrt jnr khvhlnpcgb dnugtry

`k`pt`tcng tn tmh cfp`dts nj ug`vnckàlh dlcf`th dm`gbh. [mhsh dngsnrtc`

smnulk ah hfpnwhrhk tn sht naohdtcvhs `gk prcnrctchs uscgb tmh ahst `v`cl-

àlh sdchgtcffd, thdmgcd`l, `gk hdngnfcd hvckhgdh. [mhcr nphr`tcngs smnulkah tr`gsp`rhgt `gk cgkhphgkhgtly ùkcthk jnr rhsults.

Cg dm`pthr 01, Fhgkhlsnmg `rbuhs tm`t tmh cfp`dt nj dlcf`th dm`gbh ng

tmh blna`l hdngnfy cs lcihly tn ah qucth sf`ll nvhr tmh ghxt 85 yh`rs `gk

tm`t shvhrh cfp`dts hvhg ay tmh hgk nj tmh dhgtury `rh uglcihly, khspcth tmh

brcf khsdrcptcngs nj tmh dngshquhgdhs nj dlcf`th dm`gbh jnr lngb-thrf hdn-

gnfcd brnwtm. Cg rh`lcty, `ddnrkcgb tn Fhgkhlsnmg, lngb-thrf hdngnfcd

brnwtm cs tmrh`thghk fnrh ay hxdhsscvh gh`r-thrf fctcb`tcng hjjnrts tm`g

ay dlcf`th dm`gbh. Fhgkhlsnmg `sshrts tm`t ahdùsh f`rbcg`l k`f`bhs

rcsh `s brhhgmnush b`shs `dduful`th, tmh nptcf`l pnlcdy cs kyg`fcd, brnw-cgb strcdthr nvhr tcfh. [mcs a`l`gdhk hdngnfcd `pprn`dm tn tmh prnalhf



Lhcpzcbhr 12

wcll `kkrhss dlcf`th dm`gbh wctm fcgcf`l rhkudtcngs cg hdngnfcd brnwtm.

U`rtly, tmcs kyg`fcd pnlcdy rhfihdts tmh j`dt tm`t thdmgcd`l dm`gbh cs bncgb

tn cfprnvh nur àclcty tn dngtrnl brhhgmnush b`shs nvhr tcfh. [mh fnrh

`bbrhsscvh tmh gh`r-thrf fctcb`tcng prnbr`f, mnwhvhr, tmh brh`thr tmh rcsi

tm`t dlcf`th dm`gbh wcll slnw lngb-thrf brnwtm.

Jcg`lly, cg dm`pthr 04, Alnnf, D`ggcgb, `gk Jcgi hx`fcgh khfnbr`pmcd

dm`gbh, ` ffhlk tm`t tmh CFJ rhb`rks `s tmh fònr tmrh`t tn lngb-thrf ffsd`l

snlvhgdy (CFJ, Jcsd`l @jj`crs Khp`rtfhgt 1553). [mhy hx`fcgh tmh cfp`dt

nj pnpul`tcng `bcgb ng tmh lànr jnrdh `gk tmh cfplcd`tcngs jnr lngb-thrf

hdngnfcd brnwtm. @ltmnubm lànr jnrdh p`rtcdcp`tcng r`ths `rh prnohdthk

tn khdlcgh kurcgb tmh phrcnk 1555 tn 15;5 cg fnst dnugtrchs, kuh f`cgly

tn dm`gbhs cg tmhcr `bh kcstrcautcng, tmh r`tcn nj lànr jnrdh tn pnpul`tcng

wcll cgdrh`sh cg fnst dnugtrchs. [mcs cs ahdùsh lnw jhrtclcty wcll dùsh lnwhr

ynutm khphgkhgdy tm`t wcll njjsht tmh sihwcgb nj `kults tnw`rk tmh nlkhr

`bhs wmhg lànr jnrdh p`rtcdcp`tcng cs lnwhr. [mh cgdrh`sh cg lànr jnrdh tn

pnpul`tcng r`tcns wcll ah jurtmhr f`bgcffhk ay cgdrh`shs cg bh-sphdcffd r`thsnj jhf`lh lànr jnrdh p`rtcdcp`tcng `ssndc`thk wctm lnwhr jhrtclcty. [mhsh

j`dtnrs subbhst tm`t hdngnfcd brnwtm wcll dngtcguh p`dh, gntwctmst`gkcgb

tmh pmhgnfhgng nj pnpul`tcng `bcgb.

Jnr tmh NHDK dnugtrchs, tmh khdlcghs prnohdthk tn nddur cg antm lànr

jnrdh p`rtcdcp`tcng gk tmh r`tcn nj lànr jnrdh tn pnpul`tcng subbhst fnkhst

khdlcghs cg tmh p`dh nj hdngnfcd brnwtm. Aut hvhg tmhsh hjjhdts d`g ah fctc-

b`thk ay ahm`vcnr`l rhspngshs tn pnpul`tcng `bcgb‛cg tmh jnrf nj mcbmhr

s`vcgbs jnr rhtcrhfhgt, brh`thr lànr jnrdh p`rtcdcp`tcng, `gk cgdrh`shk

cffcbr`tcng jrnf lànr-surplus tn lànr-khffdct dnugtrchs. Dnugtrchs tm`t

d`g j`dclct`th sudm dm`gbhs f`y ah àlh tn lcfct tmh `kvhrsh dngshquhgdhsnj pnpul`tcng `bcgb. Rmhg shhg tmrnubm tmh lhgs nj shvhr`l fctcb`tcgb dng-

sckhr`tcngs, tmhrh cs rh`sng tn tmcgi tm`t pnpul`tcng `bcgb cg khvhlnphk

dnugtrchs f`y m`vh lhss hjjhdt tm`g snfh m`vh prhkcdthk. Cg kkctcng, pnlcdy

rhspngshs rhl`thk tn rhtcrhfhgt cgdhgtcvhs, phgscng jugkcgb fhtmnks, cgvhst-

fhgts cg mh`ltm d`rh nj tmh hlkhrly, `gk cffcbr`tcng d`g jurtmhr `fhlcnr`th

tmh hjjhdt nj pnpul`tcng `bcgb ng hdngnfcd brnwtm.

[n dngdlukh, tmcs vnlufh arcgbs tnbhtmhr hxphrtcsh jrnf `rnugk tmh

wnrlk ng ` wckh r`gbh nj suaohdts tm`t wcll `jjhdt tmh hdngnfcd brnwtm

nj khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs cg tmh yh`rs tn dnfh. U`rt 0 prnvckhs kht`clhk

`g`lyscs nj tmh dngtrcautcgb j`dtnrs, t antm tmh g`tcng`l gk blna`l lhvhls,tm`t lhk tmh wnrlk hdngnfy cgtn tmh fnr`ss cg wmcdm ct durrhgtly ffgks

ctshlj `gk prnpnshs gnvhl ckh`s jnr rhjnrf. U`rt 1 hxplnrhs sphdcffd pnlcdy

ckh`s rhlhv`gt tn tmh hdngnfcd brnwtm nj khvhlnpcgb g`tcngs cg pnst-drcscs

wnrlk. U`rt 4 l`ys nut lngb-thrf trhgks `gk dm`llhgbhs tm`t `ll dnugtrchs

wcll m`vh tn g`vcb`th cg tmhcr quhst jnr brnwtm, f`kh ghwly rhlhv`gt ay

tmh prhssurhs nj tmh durrhgt hgvcrngfhgt. @t tmcs pncgt cg tmh hvnlutcng

nj tmh ffg`gdc`l `gk hdngnfcd drcscs, ct cs dlh`r tm`t tmhy wcll d`st ` lngb

sm`knw nvhr tmh khvhlnpfhgt prndhss, hsphdc`lly jnr pnnr dnugtrchs. [mcs

vnlufh shhis tn smhk lcbmt ng tmh st`th nj tmh pnst-drcscs wnrlk `gk pns-scalh w`ys jnrw`rk.



1= Blna`lcz`tcng Qhvcscthk

Qhjhrhgdhs

@dhfnblu, K`rng, Umclcpph @bmcng, `gk Jàrczcn _clcanttc. 1551. “Zhrtcd`l

Cgthbr`tcng `gk Kcst`gdh tn Jrngtchr.‖ GAHQ Rnricgb U`phr 3030. G`tcng`l

Aurhù nj Hdngnfcd Qhsh`rdm, D`farckbh, F@.

@bmcng, Umclcpph, `gk Uhthr Mnwctt. 0331. “@ Fnkhl nj Brnwtm tmrnubm Drh`tcvh

Khstrudtcng.‖ Hdngnfhtrcd :5 (F`rdm)? 414—80.

@bmcng, Umclcpph, Lh`m Anust`g, D`rnlcgh Mnxay, `gk Ohrnfh Z`gkhgaussdmh.

1553. “[mh Dùs`l Cfp`dt nj Hkud`tcng ng Hdngnfcd Brnwtm.‖ Rnricgb

U`phr. M`rv`rk Xgcvhrscty, D`farckbh, F@.

@bmcng, Umclcpph, S`gg @lb`g, Uchrrh D`mud, `gk @gkrh Tmlhcjhr. 155=. “Qhbul`-

tcng `gk Kcstrust.‖ [mh G`tcng`l Aurhù nj Hdngnfcd Qhsh`rdm (GAHQ)

Rnricgb U`phr. GAHQ, D`farckbh, F@.

@lb`g, S`gg, `gk Uchrrh D`mud. 155:. “Dcvcd @ttctukhs `gk tmh Khscbg nj Lànr

F`riht Cgstctutcngs? Rmcdm Dnugtrchs D`g Cfplhfhgt tmh K`gcsm Jlhxcdurcty

Fnkhl>‖ C_@ Kcsdusscng U`phr 031= (O`gu`ry). Cgstctuth jnr tmh Ttuky njLànr, Angg.

@gkhrlcgc, O`fcl. 1553. “”Auy Dmcg`– Unlcdy Tht tn Q`csh [hgscngs.‖ Jcg`gdc`l

[cfhs, Ough 0:.

A`rr, Gcdmnl`s. 1553. Dnffhgts `t tmh M`rv`rk wnrismnp nj tmh

Dnffcsscng ng Brnwtm `gk Khvhlnpfhgt. [r`gsdrcpt. Rnrlk A`gi,

R`smcgbtng, KD.

A`rr, Gcdmnl`s, `gk Uhthr Kc`fngk. 1553. “Qhjnrfcgb Uhgscngs.‖ Cgthrg`tcng`l

Tndc`l Thdurcty Qhvchw :1 (1)? 8—13.

A`rtm, O`fhs, Bhr`lk D`prcn, `gk Qnss Lhvcgh. 155:. Qhtmcgicgb A`gi Qhbul`tcng?

[cll @gbhls Bnvhrg. D`farckbh, X.I.? D`farckbh Xgcvhrscty Urhss.

Am`bw`tc, O`bkcsm. 155;. Cg Khjhgsh nj Blna`lcz`tcng. Ghw Snri? Dnugdcl ng

Jnrhcbg Qhl`tcngs.

Am`bw`tc, O`bkcsm, @rvcgk U`g`b`rcy`, `gk [. G. Trcgcv`s`g. 155;. “[mh Fukklhs

nvhr Nutsnurdcgb.‖ Onurg`l nj Hdngnfcd Uhrsphdtcvhs 0= (;)? 34—00;.

Alcgkhr, @l`g. 1552. “Mnw F`gy X.T. Onas Fcbmt Ah Njjsmnràlh.‖ Rnricgb

U`phr :5. Urcgdhtng Xgcvhrscty, Khp`rtfhgt nj Hdngnfcds, Dhgthr jnr Hdn-

gnfcd Unlcdy Ttukchs, Urcgdhtng, GO.

‛‛‛. 1553. “Njjsmnrcgb? Acb Kh`l nr Auscghss `s Xsu`l.‖ Cg Njjsmnrcgb nj

@fhrcd`g Onas? Rm`t Qhspngsh jrnf X.T. Hdngnfcd Unlcdy> hk. O`bkcsmAm`bw`tc `gk @l`g Alcgkhr. D`farckbh, F@? FC[ Urhss.

Anurbucbgng, Jr`gâncs. 1552. “[mh Dm`llhgbhs nj Cgdluscvh Blna`l Khvhlnpfhgt.‖

Urhshgt`tcng tn tmh Khvhlnpfhgt Dnffctthh, Rnrlk A`gi, R`smcgbtng, KD.

Anwg, Dm`k. 1553. Blna`l @gtckufpcgb K`tà`sh. R`smcgbtng, KD? Rnrlk A`gi

(Ouly). www.ar`gkhcs.hku/~danwg/blna`l^`k/.

Ar`mfam`tt, Fcl`g. 155=. “Rh`tmhrcgb tmh Ttnrf? Hdngnfcd Unlcdy Qhspngshs tn

tmh Jcg`gdc`l Drcscs.‖ Rnricgb U`phr. Rnrlk A`gi, R`smcgbtng, KD.

Arhsshr-Uhrhcr`, Lucz D`rlns, `gk Uùln B`l`. 1552. “Rmy Jnrhcbg T`vcgbs J`cl tn

Dùsh Brnwtm.‖ Jcg`l vhrscng nj ` p`phr nrcbcg`lly prhshgthk `t tmh Tän Uùln

Tdmnnl nj Hdngnfcds, Bhtÿlcn Z`rb`s Jnugk`tcng, Tän Uùln. F`y 14, 1558.



Lhcpzcbhr 13

Aurf`g, Lhng`rk H. 1553. “@ Aluhprcgt jnr [`x Qhjnrf `gk Mh`ltm Qhjnrf.‖

Qhsh`rdm rhpnrt (@prcl 2). Xra`g Cgstctuth, R`smcgbtng, KD. www.ura`g.nrb/

url.djf>CK605501:1.

Dl`hsshgs, Ttcog, F. @ym`g Insh, `gk F`rdn H. [hrrnghs. 155=. “Rm`t M`pphgs

kurcgb Qhdhsscngs, Drugdmhs, `gk Austs> DHUQ Kcsdusscng U`phr KU25=8.

Dhgtrh jnr Hdngnfcd Unlcdy Qhsh`rdm, Lngkng.

Dnllchr, Uùl. 1552. [mh Anttnf Acllcng? Rmy tmh Unnrhst Dnugtrchs @rh J`clcgb

`gk Rm`t D`g Ah Kngh ànut Ct . Ghw Snri? Nxjnrk Xgcvhrscty Urhss.

Dnffcsscng nj Hxphrts nj tmh Urhsckhgt nj tmh Bhghr`l @sshfaly. 1553. Qhdnf-

fhgk`tcngs ay tmh Dnffcsscng nj Hxphrts nj tmh Urhsckhgt nj tmh Bhghr`l

@sshfaly ng Qhjnrfs nj tmh Cgthrg`tcng`l Fnght`ry gk Jcg`gdc`l Tysthfs.

Ghw Snri? Xgcthk G`tcngs.

Dnffcsscng ng Brnwtm `gk Khvhlnpfhgt. 155=. [mh Brnwtm Qhpnrt? Ttr`thbchs

jnr Tust`cghk Brnwtm gk Cgdluscvh Khvhlnpfhgt . R`smcgbtng, KD?

Rnrlk A`gi.

‛‛‛. 1553. Unst-Drcscs Brnwtm cg Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs. @ Tphdc`l Qhpnrt.R`smcgbtng, KD? Dnffcsscng ng Brnwtm `gk Khvhlnpfhgt.

Dnnphr, Qcdm`rk. 1553. Urhshgt`tcng `t tmh “UQHF Ignwlhkbh `gk Lh`rgcgb

Jnruf 1553,‖ R`smcgbtng, KD. @prcl 1=.

K`vchs, Lczzy. 1553. “T`rinzy `gk Fhrihl [hll X.T. [m`t Hurnph Rcll Lh`k R`y

tnw`rks ”Fnr`l– D`pct`lcsf.‖ Bu`rkc`g, O`gu`ry =.

Khll–@rcddc`, Bcnv`ggc, Hgrcd` Khtr`bc`dmh, `gk Q`bmur`f Qò`g. 1558. “[mh

Qh`l Hjjhdt nj A`gicgb Drcshs.‖ CFJ Rnricgb U`phr 58/:4. Cgthrg`tcng`l

Fnght`ry Jugk, R`smcgbtng, KD.

Khfcrbüâ-Iugt, @slİ, `gk Lucs Thrvhg. 1553. “@rh @ll tmh T`drhk DnwsKh`k> Cfplcd`tcngs nj tmh Jcg`gdc`l Drcscs jnr F`drn `gk Jcg`gdc`l

Unlcdchs.‖ Unlcdy Qhsh`rdm Rnricgb U`phr ;=52. Rnrlk A`gi, R`smcgbtng,

KD.

H`sthrly, Rcllc`f, [cfntmy Crwcg, `gk Lucs Thrvhg. 1552. “R`licgb up tmh Knwg

Hsd`l`tnr? Uualcd Cgvhstfhgt `gk Jcsd`l Ttàclcty.‖ Unlcdy Qhsh`rdm Rnricgb

U`phr ;08=. Rnrlk A`gi, R`smcgbtng, KD.

Hdngnfcst. 1553. “Khdnuplcgb 1.5.‖ Hdngnfcst , F`y 10.

Hcdmhgbrhhg, A`rry. 1553. “Dnffhrdc`lczh tmh TKQ Gnw.‖ Bulj [cfhs, F`y 4.

Hcdmhgbrhhg, A`rry, `gk Sugb Dmul U`ri. 155=. “@sc` `gk tmh Khdnuplcgb Fytm.‖Khp`rtfhgt nj Hdngnfcd `gk Tndc`l @jj`crs Rnricgb U`phr :3. Xgcvhrscty nj

D`lcjnrgc`, Ahrihlhy.

Hl-Hrc`g, Fnm`fhk. 1553. “@ Ghw Gnrf`l.‖ pcfdn.dnf, F`y. www.pcfdn.

dnf/LhjtG`v/UCFDN+Tpntlcbmt/1553/Thdul`r+Nutlnni+F`y+1553+

Hl-Hrc`g.mtf Y`ddhsshk Ouly 10, 1553V.

Hghrby Cgjnrf`tcng @kfcgcstr`tcng. 1553. Cgthrg`tcng`l D`rang Kcnxckh Hfcs-

scngs gk D`rang Cgthgscty. R`smcgbtng, KD? Hghrby Cgjnrf`tcng @kfcgcstr`-

tcng (@prcl).

Hst`dmh, @gtngcn, `gk K`ggy Lhcpzcbhr. 1553. Ttudi cg tmh Fckklh? Cs Jcsd`l Unlcdy

J`clcgb tmh Fckklh Dl`ss> R`smcgbtng, KD? Arnnicgbs Cgstctutcng Urhss.




Hxf`g, Jhrg`gkn. 1553. “Ar`zcl Cgohdts D`sm cg Tt`th A`gi tn Annst Lhgkcgb.‖

rhuthrs.dnf, O`gu`ry 11. www.rhuthrs.dnf/`rtcdlh/huCpnGhws/

ckXTG118;;;3815535011 Y`ddhsshk Ouly 10, 1553V.

Jcg`gdc`l [cfhs. 1553. “Gn Jrhh Lugdmhs, Hvhg `t B-=, T`ys CFJ Dmchj.‖

Jcg`gdc`l [cfhs, Ouly 3.

Jrhugk, D`rnlcgh. 1553. “[mh [r`kh Qhspngsh tn Blna`l Knwgturgs? Mcstnrcd`l

Hvckhgdh.‖ Unlcdy Qhsh`rdm Rnricgb U`phr 8508. Rnrlk A`gi, R`smcgbtng, KD.

B-15. 1553. Khdl`r`tcng ng Ttrhgbtmhgcgb tmh Jcg`gdc`l Tysthf. Dnffugcquã.

Lngkng? B-15.

B`fahrngc, Hlcs`, `gk Qcdm`rk Ghwj`rfhr. 1553. “[r`kh Urnthdtcng? Cgdcpchgt

aut Rnrrcsnfh [rhgks.‖ [r`kh Gnths. Rnrlk A`gi, Cgthrg`tcng`l [r`kh

Khp`rtfhgt, R`smcgbtng, KD.

Bclhs, Dmrcs. 1553. “Uhgscng Ttr`cgs Qcsi Khd`khs nj Tndc`l Drcscs, R`rgs NHDK.‖

Jcg`gdc`l [cfhs, Ough 1;, p. ;.

Bcll, Cgkhrfct, `gk Mnfc Im`r`s. 1552. @g H`st @sc`g Qhg`css`gdh? Ckh`s jnr

Hdngnfcd Brnwtm. R`smcgbtng, KD? Rnrlk A`gi.Bnlkcg, Dlùkc`, `gk L`wrhgdh I`tz. 1552. “[mh Q`dh ahtwhhg Hkud`tcng `gk

[hdmgnlnby? [mh Hvnlutcng nj X.T. Hkud`tcng`l R`bh Kcjjhrhgtc`ls, 0=35 tn

1558.‖ GAHQ Rnricgb U`phr R013=;. G`tcng`l Aurhù nj Hdngnfcd

Qhsh`rdm, D`farckbh, F@.

Bôfhz-Caàðhz, Onsã. 155=. “Urcv`th Cgjr`strudturh cg Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs?

Lhssngs jrnf Qhdhgt Hxphrchgdh.‖ Cg Rnrismnp ng Blna`l [rhgks `gk

Dm`llhgbhs. D`farckbh, F@? Dnffcsscng ng Brnwtm `gk Khvhlnpfhgt.

Brns, K`gchl. 1553. “Dnll`psh cg H`sthrg Hurnph> [mh Q`tcng`lh jnr ` Hurnph`g

Jcg`gdc`l Ttàclcty Jugk.‖ Dnffhgt`ry. Dhgtrh jnr Hurnph`g Unlcdy Ttukchs,

Arusshls.

CCJ (Cgstctuth nj Cgthrg`tcng`l Jcg`gdh). 1553. D`pct`l Jlnws tn Hfhrbcgb F`riht

Hdngnfchs. R`smcgbtng, KD? CCJ.

CFJ (Cgthrg`tcng`l Fnght`ry Jugk). 1552. Rnrlk Hdngnfcd Nutlnni? Blna`lcz`-

tcng `gk Cghqu`lcty. R`smcgbtng, KD? CFJ.

‛‛‛. 1553. Rnrlk Hdngnfcd Nutlnni. R`smcgbtng, KD? CFJ.

CFJ, Jcsd`l @jj`crs Khp`rtfhgt. 1553. “[mh Tt`th nj Uualcd Jcg`gdhs? Nutlnni `gk

Fhkcuf-[hrf Unlcdchs `jthr tmh 155= Drcscs.‖ CFJ, R`smcgbtng, KD.

CFJ, Jcsd`l @jj`crs `gk Qhsh`rdm Khp`rtfhgts. 155=. “Jcsd`l Unlcdy jnr tmh

Drcscs.‖ Tt`jj Unsctcng Gnth. CFJ, R`smcgbtng, KD. Ohsuct, K`vck, `gk Zcgdhgt F`mlhr. 155;. “Tt`th Qhkcstrcautcng cg Dnfp`r`tcvh

Uhrsphdtcvh? @ Drnss-G`tcng`l @g`lyscs nj tmh Khvhlnphk Dnugtrchs.‖ U`phr

prhshgthk `t tmh `ggu`l fhhtcgb nj tmh @fhrcd`g Unlctcd`l Tdchgdh @ssndc`tcng,

Dmcd`bn, CL. Thpthfahr.

I`smy`p, @gcl, Q`bmur`f Qò`g, `gk Ohrhfy Tthcg. 155=. “Qhtmcgicgb D`pct`l

Qhbul`tcng.‖ U`phr prhp`rhk jnr tmh Jhkhr`l Qhshrvh A`gi nj I`gs`s Dcty

syfpnscuf “F`cgt`cgcgb Ttàclcty cg ` Dm`gbcgb Jcg`gdc`l Tysthf,‖ O`disng

Mnlh, RS. @ubust 10—14.

Insh, @ym`g, Dmrcstnpmhr Ntrni, `gk Hsw`r Ur`s`k. 155=. “Blna`l Auscghss

Dydlhs? Dngvhrbhgdh nr Khdnuplcgb>‖ CFJ Rnricgb U`phr 5=/0;4. Cgthrg`-tcng`l Fnght`ry Jugk, R`smcgbtng, KD.



Lhcpzcbhr 40

Irubf`g, Uùl. 1553. “Mnw Kck Hdngnfcsts Bht Ct Tn Rrngb>‖ Ghw Snri

[cfhs, Thpthfahr :.

L`wrhgdh, Qnahrt _. 155=. Aluh-Dnll`r Aluhs? Cs [r`kh tn Al`fh jnr Qcscgb X.T.

Cgdnfh Cghqu`lcty> R`smcgbtng, KD? Uhthrsng Cgstctuth jnr Cgthrg`tcng`l

Hdngnfcds.

Lh, [u`g Fcgm, Al`gd` Fnrhgn-Knksng, `gk Ohhp Qnodm`cdm`gcgtmnrg. 155=.

“Hxp`gkcgb [`xàlh D`p`dcty gk Qh`dmcgb Qhvhguh Unthgtc`l? Drnss-Dnugtry

@g`lyscs.‖ Unlcdy Qhsh`rdm Rnricgb U`phr ;883. Rnrlk A`gi, R`smcgbtng, KD.

Lhcpzcbhr, K`ggy. 1553. “Mnw tn Hxpl`cg @rbhgtcg` `gk Rmhrh Ct Cs Mh`khk>‖

Gnth. R`smcgbtng, KD.

Lhcpzcbhr, K`ggy, `gk Rcllc`f N–Anylh. 1553. “[mh Ghw Hdngnfcd Unwhrs

(GHUs)? Lh`khrsmcp Nppnrtugctchs Unst Drcscs.‖ Rnrlk Hdngnfcds 03 (4)?

;4—=5.

Lhcpzcbhr, K`ggy, `gk Myug O` Tmcg. 0330. “Khf`gk jnr Urnthdtcngs? @ Lnni `t

@gtckufpcgb D`shs.‖ Nphg Hdngnfcds Qhvchw 1 (0)? 12—4=.

Lhcpzcbhr, K`ggy, `gk Fcdm`hl Tphgdh. 1552. “Blna`lcz`tcng–s Lnshrs GhhkTuppnrt.‖ Jcg`gdc`l [cfhs, F`y 08, p. 08. mttp?//k`ggylhcpzcbhr.dnf/

kndufhgts/hdngnfcdvchwpncgt0;.pkj.

Lcg, Oustcg, `gk S`g R`gb. 155=. “Dmcg`–s Cgthbr`tcng wctm tmh Rnrlk? Khvhlnp-

fhgt `s ` Urndhss nj Lh`rgcgb `gk Cgkustrc`l Xpbr`kcgb.‖ Unlcdy Qhsh`rdm

Rnricgb U`phr ;233. Rnrlk A`gi, R`smcgbtng, KD.

F`ttnn, @`kcty`, `gk @rvcgk Tuar`f`gc`g. 1553. “@ Drcscs Qnugk nj [r`kh

Ghbntc`tcngs>‖ cch.dnf, F`rdm 45. www.cch.dnf/pualcd`tcngs/p`phrs/p`phr

.djf>Qhsh`rdmCK60024 Y`ddhsshk @prcl 0:, 1553V.

Fcsmicg, Jrhkhrcd. 155:. [mh Ghxt Brh`t Blna`lcz`tcng? Mnw Kcs`kv`gt`bhkG`tcngs D`g M`rghss [mhcr Jcg`gdc`l Tysthfs tn Bht Qcdm. Urcgdhtng, GO?

Urcgdhtng Xgcvhrscty Urhss.

Gnrkmùs, Rcllc`f K. 155:. “[mh ”Tthrg Qhvchw– ng tmh Hdngnfcds nj Dlcf`th

Dm`gbh.‖ GAHQ Rnricgb U`phr 012;0. G`tcng`l Aurhù nj Hdngnfcd


NHDK (Nrb`gcs`tcng jnr Hdngnfcd Dn-nphr`tcng `gk Khvhlnpfhgt). 155=.

“Brnwcgb Xghqu`l> Cgdnfh Kcstrcautcng `gk Unvhrty cg NHDK Dnugtrchs.‖

NHDK, U`rcs, Ndtnahr.

‛‛‛. 1553`. “Drcscs Mcbmlcbmts tmh Ghhk jnr Twhhpcgb Uhgscng Qhjnrfs, T`ys

NHDK.‖ nhdk.dnf, Ough 14 (`ddhsshk Ough 13, 1553).

‛‛‛. 1553a. NHDK Hdngnfcd Nutlnni =8 (Ough). U`rcs? NHDK.

Uhw Blna`l @ttctukhs Urnohdt. 155=. Tnfh Unsctcvh Tcbgs jnr X.T. Cf`bh? Blna`l

Hdngnfcd Blnnf9 Dmcg` gk Cgkc` Gntàlh Hxdhptcngs. R`smcgbtng, KD? Uhw

Qhsh`rdm Dhgthr.

Pucblhy, Onmg F. 1553. “Xra`gcz`tcng, @bblnfhr`tcng, `gk Hdngnfcd Khvhlnp-

fhgt.‖ Rnricgb U`phr. Rnrlk A`gi, R`smcgbtng, KD.

Qò`g, Q`bmur`f. 1558. “M`s Jcg`gdc`l Khvhlnpfhgt F`kh tmh Rnrlk Qcsichr>‖

GAHQ Rnricgb U`phr 0021=. G`tcng`l Aurhù nj Hdngnfcd Qhsh`rdm,

D`farckbh, F@.‛‛‛. 1553. “Dydlh-Urnnj Qhbul`tcng.‖ Hdngnfcst , @prcl 3.




Qhcgm`rt, D`rfhg, `gk Ihgghtm Qnbnjj. 1553. “[mh @jthrf`tm nj tmh Jcg`gdc`l

Drcscs.‖ GAHQ Rnricgb U`phr 0;:8:. G`tcng`l Aurhù nj Hdngnfcd Qhsh`rdm,

D`farckbh, F@.

Qnkrci, K`gc. 1553. “[mh Aufpy Qn`k @mh`k.‖ Inrh` [cfhs, Ough 0;.

Qnkrci, K`gc, `gk @rvcgk Tuar`f`gc`g. 155=`. “Rh Fust Dura Cgthrg`tcng`l

Jlnws nj D`pct`l.‖ Jcg`gdc`l [cfhs, Jharu`ry 18.

‛‛‛. 155=a. “Rmy Kck Jcg`gdc`l Blna`lcz`tcng Kcs`ppncgt>‖ Rnricgb U`phr

155=-50;4. M`rv`rk Xgcvhrscty, Rh`tmhrmh`k Dhgthr jnr Cgthrg`tcng`l @jj`crs,

D`farckbh, F@.

Qnfhr, Uùl. 0335. “Hgknbhgnus [hdmgnlnbcd`l Dm`gbh.‖ Onurg`l nj Unlctcd`l

Hdngnfy 3= (8)? 20—051.

T@CT (Tdmnnl nj @kv`gdhk Cgthrg`tcng`l Ttukchs). 1553. “Ghw Ckh`s cg Khvhlnp-

fhgt `jthr tmh Jcg`gdc`l Drcscs.‖ [r`gsdrcpt. Onmgs Mnpicgs Xgcvhrscty, T@CT,

R`smcgbtng, KD.

T`pcr, @gkrh. 1558. “Blna`lcz`tcng `gk tmh Qhjnrf nj Hurnph`g Tndc`l Fnkhls.‖

Unlcdy Archj. Aruhbhl, Arusshls.Tdmhllcgb, [mnf`s. 1552. “Rm`t Khvhlnpfhgt Hdngnfcsts Ghhk tn Ignw ànut

Dlcf`th Dm`gbh.‖ UQHF Thfcg`r Thrchs (Khdhfahr 0=). Rnrlk A`gi, R`sm-

cgbtng, KD.

Tdmufphthr, Onshpm. 03;1. D`pct`lcsf, Tndc`lcsf, gk Khfndr`dy. Ghw Snri?

M`rphr.

Tphgdh, Fcdm`hl, U`trcdc` Dl`rih @gghz, `gk Qnahrt Audilhy, hks. 1553. Xra`gcz`-

tcng `gk Brnwtm. R`smcgbtng, KD? Rnrlk A`gi.

Ttcblctz, Onshpm. 1551. Blna`lcz`tcng gk Cts Kcsdngthgts. Ghw Snri? Gnrtng.

‛‛‛. 155:. Fìcgb Blna`lcz`tcng Rnri. Ghw Snri? Gnrtng.‛‛‛. 1553. “R`ll Ttrhht–s [nxcd Fhss`bh.‖ Z`gcty J`cr, Ouly.

Tuar`f`gc`g, @rvcgk. 1553`. “Dnuplhk Hdngnfchs, Khdnuplhk Kha`ths.‖

Auscghss Tt`gk`rk , @prcl 3.

‛‛‛. 1553a. “Cgkc`–s Bnlkclndis Blna`lcz`tcng.‖ Ghwswhhi, Ough :.

Xgcthk G`tcngs. 155:. Rnrlk Hdngnfcd `gk Tndc`l Turvhy 155:. Ghw Snri?

Xgcthk G`tcngs.

Xgcthk G`tcngs Unpul`tcng Jugk. 1552. Tt`th nj tmh Rnrlk Unpul`tcng 1552. Ghw

Snri? Xgcthk G`tcngs.

X.T. Dhgsus Aurhù. 1553. Mcstnrcd`l Cgdnfh Cghqu`lcty [àlhs. R`smcgbtng, KD?X.T. Dhgsus Aurhù (@ubust).

R`tts, Ong`tm`g. 1553. “Tnutm Inrh` Lcbmts tmh R`y ng D`rang Hfcsscngs wctm

Cts 14 Acllcng Unugk Brhhg Kh`l.‖ Bu`rkc`g, @prcl 10.

Rnlj, F`rtcg. 1553. “[mcs Drcscs Cs ` Fnfhgt, aut Cs Ct ` Khffgcgb Ngh>‖

Jcg`gdc`l [cfhs, F`y 03.

Rnrlk A`gi. 1552. Blna`l Hdngnfcd Urnsphdts? F`g`bcgb tmh Ghxt R`vh nj

Blna`lcz`tcng. R`smcgbtng, KD? Rnrlk A`gi.

‛‛‛. 155=`. Cgthrg`tcng`l [r`kh gk Dlcf`th Dm`gbh? Hdngnfcd, Lhb`l, gk

Cgstctutcng`l Uhrsphdtcvhs. R`smcgbtng, KD? Rnrlk A`gi.

‛‛‛. 155=a. Rnrlk Khvhlnpfhgt Cgkcd`tnrs. R`smcgbtng, KD? Rnrlk A`gi.



Lhcpzcbhr 44

‛‛‛. 1553`. Blna`l Khvhlnpfhgt Jcg`gdh. R`smcgbtng, KD? Rnrlk A`gi.

‛‛‛. 1553a. Urcv`th U`rtcdcp`tcng cg Cgjr`strudturh K`t`a`sh. R`smcgbtng, KD?

Rnrlk A`gi (Ouly).

‛‛‛. 1553d. Rnrlk Khvhlnpfhgt Qhpnrt 1553? Qhsm`pcgb Hdngnfcd Bhnbr`-

pmy. R`smcgbtng, KD? Rnrlk A`gi.

R[N (Rnrlk [r`kh Nrb`gcz`tcng). 155=. Cgthrg`tcng`l [r`kh Tt`tcstcds 155=. Bhghv`? R[N.



U@Q[ 0[mh Blna`l Jcg`gdc`l Drcscs?D`ushs, Fctcb`tcng, `gk Qhjnrf



@dhfnblu 42

DM@U[HQ 1[mh Drcscs nj 155=? Ttrudtur`l Lhssngs jnr`gk jrnf HdngnfcdsK`rng @dhfnblu

[mcs dm`pthr w`s cgctc`lly pualcsmhk `s ` p`phr cg DHUQ Unlcdy Cgscbmt , Gn. 1= (O`gu`ry 1553). Thhwww.dhpr.nrb/puas/UnlcdyCgscbmts/UnlcdyCgscbmt1=.pkj. [mh ùtmnr wnulk lcih tn tm`gi K`vck @utnr,

Qcd`rkn Dà`llhrn, Tcfng Onmgsng, Ahgbt Mnlfstrnf, `gk O`fhs Unthra` jnr dnffhgts.

Rh kn gnt yht ignw wmhtmhr tmh blna`l ffg`gdc`l `gk hdngnfcd drcscs nj

155= wcll bn knwg cg mcstnry s fnfhgtnus nr hvhg ugcquhly d`t`strnpmcd

hvhgt. Xgwrctthg mcstnry cs jull nj lngb-jnrbntthg hvhgts tm`t dngthfpnr`rchs

tmnubmt whrh hpndm`l. Ng tmh ntmhr sckh nj tmh sd`lh, f`gy phrsngs cg tmh

h`rly st`bhs nj tmh Brh`t Khprhsscng ahlcttlhk cts cfpnrt. @ltmnubm ct cs tnn

snng tn thll mnw tmh shdngk m`lj nj 155= wcll jh`turh cg mcstnry annis, tmhrh

smnulk ah gn knuat tm`t ct scbgcffhs ` drctcd`l nppnrtugcty jnr tmh kcsdcplcgh

nj hdngnfcds. Ct cs `g nppnrtugcty jnr us‛`gk mhrh C fh`g tmh fònrcty njtmh hdngnfcds prnjhsscng, fyshlj cgdlukhk‛tn ah kcsàushk nj dhrt`cg

gntcngs tm`t wh smnulk gnt m`vh `ddhpthk sn rh`kcly cg tmh ffrst pl`dh. Ct cs

`lsn `g nppnrtugcty jnr us tn sthp a`di `gk dngsckhr wm`t `rh tmh fnst

cfpnrt`gt lhssngs wh m`vh lh`rghk jrnf nur tmhnrhtcd`l `gk hfpcrcd`l

cgvhstcb`tcngs‛tm`t rhf`cg ugt`rgcsmhk ay rhdhgt hvhgts‛`gk tn `si

wmhtmhr tmhy d`g prnvckh us wctm buck`gdh cg durrhgt pnlcdy kha`ths.

[mcs dm`pthr prhshgts fy vchws ng wm`t cgthllhdtu`l hrrnrs wh m`vh f`kh

`gk wm`t lhssngs tmhsh hrrnrs njjhr us fnvcgb jnrw`rk. Fy f`cg naohdtcvh,



4= [mh Drcscs nj 155=? Ttrudtur l Lhssngs jnr `gk jrnf Hdngnfcds

mnwhvhr, cs gnt tn kwhll ng tmh cgthllhdtu`l durrhgts nj tmh p`st, aut tn strhss

tm`t hdngnfcd tmhnry stcll m`s ` lnt tn th`dm hdngnfcsts `gk pnlcdy fìhrs

`s wh fìh nur w`y tmrnubm tmh drcscs. C `rbuh tm`t shvhr`l hdngnfcd

prcgdcplhs rhl`thk tn tmh fnst cfpnrt`gt sphdt nj hdngnfcd phrjnrf`gdh‛

tmh lngb-rug brnwtm pnthgtc`l nj g`tcngs‛`rh stcll v`lck gk mnlk cfpnrt`gt

lhssngs cg nur cgthllhdtu`l `gk pr`dtcd`l khlcahr`tcngs ng pnlcdy. Aut tmhsh

prcgdcplhs m`vh pl`yhk lcttlh rnlh cg rhdhgt `d`khfcd kha`ths `gk m`vh ahhg

hgtcrhly àshgt cg pnlcdy kha`ths. @s `d`khfcd hdngnfcsts, wh smnulk ah

rhfcgkcgb pnlcdy fìhrs nj tmhsh prcgdcplhs `gk tmh cfplcd`tcngs nj durrhgt

pnlcdchs jnr tmh brnwtm pnthgtc`l nj tmh blna`l hdngnfy.

Lhssngs jrnf Nur Cgthllhdtu`l Dnfpl`cs`gdh

[mh drcscs cs stcll hvnlvcgb, `gk fudm ugdhrt`cgty rhf`cgs ànut wm`t m`p-

phghk cg tmh ffg`gdc`l f`rihts gk cgsckh f`gy dnrpnr`tcngs. Rh wcll ignwfnrh cg tmh yh`rs tn dnfh. Rctm wm`t wh ignw tnk`y, f`gy nj tmh rnnts nj

nur durrhgt prnalhfs rh lrh`ky pp`rhgt. Aut fnst nj us kck gnt rhdnbgczh

tmhf ahjnrh tmh drcscs. [mrhh gntcngs cfphllhk us tn cbgnrh tmhsh cfphkcgb

prnalhfs `gk tmhcr dùshs.

[mh ffrst cs tm`t tmh hr` nj `bbrhb`th vnl`tclcty m`k dnfh tn `g hgk. Rh

ahlchvhk tm`t tmrnubm `stuth pnlcdy nr ghw thdmgnlnbchs, cgdlukcgb ahtthr

fhtmnks nj dnffugcd`tcng `gk cgvhgtnry dngtrnl, wh m`k dngquhrhk tmh

auscghss dydlhs. Nur ahlchj cg ` fnrh ahgcbg hdngnfy f`kh us nptcfcstcd

ànut tmh stndi f`riht `gk tmh mnuscgb f`riht. Cj `gy dngtr`dtcng fust

ah snjt `gk smnrt lcvhk, tmhg ct ahdnfhs h`schr tn ahlchvh tm`t ffg`gdc`lcgthrfhkc`rchs, ffrfs, `gk dngsufhrs smnulk gnt wnrry ànut l`rbh krnps

cg `ssht v`luhs.

Hvhg tmnubm tmh k`t` smnw ` rnaust, ghb`tcvh rhl`tcngsmcp ahtwhhg

cgdnfh phr d`pct` `gk hdngnfcd vnl`tclcty, `gk f`gy fh`surhs smnw `

f`rihk khdlcgh cg `bbrhb`th vnl`tclcty scgdh tmh 0385s, `gk dhrt`cgly scgdh

tmh prhw`r hr`, tmhsh hfpcrcd`l p`tthrgs fh`g ghctmhr tm`t tmh auscghss dydlhs

m`vh kcs`pph`rhk gnr tm`t d`t`strnpmcd hdngnfcd hvhgts `rh cfpnsscalh.

[mh s`fh hdngnfcd `gk ffg`gdc`l dm`gbhs tm`t m`vh f`kh nur hdngnfy

fnrh kcvhrscffhk `gk cgkcvcku`l ffrfs ahtthr cgsurhk m`vh `lsn cgdrh`shk tmh

cgthrdngghdtcngs `fngb tmhf. Tcgdh tmh ngly w`y tn kcvhrscjy ckcnsygdr`tcd

rcsis cs tn sm`rh tmhf `fngb f`gy dnfp`gchs `gk cgkcvcku`ls, ahtthr

kcvhrscffd`tcng `lsn drh`ths ` fultctukh nj dnugthrp`rty rhl`tcngsmcps. Tudm

cgthrdngghdtcngs fìh tmh hdngnfcd systhf fnrh rhsclchgt tn sf`ll smndis

ahdùsh ghw ffg`gdc`l prnkudts suddhssjully kcvhrscjy ` wckh r`gbh nj

ckcnsygdr`tcd rcsis gk rhkudh auscghss j`clurhs. [mhy lsn fìh tmh hdngnfy

fnrh vulghràlh tn dhrt`cg lnw-prnaàclcty, t`cl hvhgts prhdcshly ahdùsh tmh

cgthrdngghdtcngs tm`t cghvctàly prhdcpct`th tmh brh`thr kcvhrscffd`tcng drh`th

pnthgtc`l knfcgn hjjhdts `fngb ffg`gdc`l cgstctutcngs, dnfp`gchs, `gk

mnushmnlks. Cg tmcs lcbmt, phrm`ps wh smnulk gnt ffgk ct surprcscgb tm`t yh`rsnj hdngnfcd d`lf d`g ah jnllnwhk ay tufult `gk gntàlh vnl`tclcty.



@dhfnblu 43

[mhrh cs `gntmhr shgsh cg wmcdm tmh fytm nj tmh hgk nj tmh auscghss

dydlh cs `t nkks wctm jugk`fhgt`l prnphrtchs nj tmh d`pct`lcst systhf. @s

Tdmufphthr `rbuhk lngb `bn, tmh wnricgbs nj tmh f`riht systhf `gk tmh

cggnv`tcng kyg`fcds tm`t dngstctuth cts hsshgdh cgvnlvh ` mh`vy knsh nj

drh`tcvh khstrudtcng, wmhrh hxcstcgb ffrfs, prndhkurhs, `gk prnkudts `rh

rhpl`dhk ay ghw nghs. Fudm nj drh`tcvh khstrudtcng tìhs pl`dh `t tmh

fcdrn lhvhl. Aut gnt `ll nj ct. F`gy dnfp`gchs `rh l`rbh, `gk rhpl`dhfhgt

nj tmhcr dnrh auscghss ay ghw ffrfs `gk ghw prnkudts wcll m`vh `bbrhb`th

cfplcd`tcngs. Fnrhnvhr, f`gy bhghr`l-purpnsh thdmgnlnbchs `rh sm`rhk ay

kcvhrsh dnfp`gchs cg kcjjhrhgt lcghs nj auscghss, sn tmhcr j`clurh gk pnthgtc`l

rhpl`dhfhgt ay ghw prndhsshs wcll `b`cg m`vh `bbrhb`th r`fcffd`tcngs.

Hqu`lly cfpnrt`gt, auscghsshs `gk cgkcvcku`ls fìh khdcscngs ugkhr

cfphrjhdt cgjnrf`tcng `gk pnthgtc`lly lh`rg jrnf h`dm ntmhr `gk jrnf p`st

pr`dtcdhs. [mcs lh`rgcgb prndhss wcll cgtrnkudh `kkctcng`l dnrrhl`tcng `gk

dn-fnvhfhgt cg tmh ahm`vcnr nj hdngnfcd `bhgts, wmcdm wcll `lsn hxthgk

tmh rh`lf nj drh`tcvh khstrudtcng jrnf tmh fcdrn tn tmh f`drn.[mh l`rbh krnps cg `ssht v`luhs `gk tmh scfult`ghnus cgsnlvhgdchs nj

f`gy dnfp`gchs smnulk `lhrt us tm`t `bbrhb`th vnl`tclcty cs p`rt `gk p`rdhl

nj tmh f`riht systhf. Xgkhrst`gkcgb tm`t sudm vnl`tclcty wcll ah wctm us

smnulk rhkcrhdt nur `tthgtcng tnw`rk fnkhls tm`t mhlp us tn cgthrprht

tmh v`rcnus snurdhs nj vnl`tclcty `gk khlcgh`th wmcdm dnfpnghgts `rh

`ssndc`thk wctm tmh hjffdchgt wnricgb nj f`rihts `gk wmcdm rhsult jrnf

`vnckàlh f`riht j`clurhs. @ fnrh cg-khptm stuky nj `bbrhb`th vnl`tclcty `lsn

ghdhssct`ths dngdhptu`l `gk tmhnrhtcd`l cgvhstcb`tcngs nj mnw tmh cgdrh`s-

cgbly cgthrdngghdthk g`turh nj nur hdngnfcd `gk ffg`gdc`l systhf `jjhdts

tmh `llnd`tcng nj rhsnurdhs `gk tmh `llnd`tcng `gk sm`rcgb nj rcsis nj antmdnfp`gchs `gk cgkcvcku`ls.

Nur shdngk tnn-qucdily-`ddhpthk gntcng cs tm`t tmh d`pct`lcst hdngnfy

jugdtcngs cg g cgstctutcng-lhss v`duuf, wmhrh f`rihts fcr`dulnusly fngctnr

nppnrtugcstcd ahm`vcnr. Jnrbhttcgb tmh cgstctutcng`l jnugk`tcngs nj f`rihts,

wh fcstìhgly hqu`thk jrhh f`rihts wctm ugrhbul`thk f`rihts. @ltmnubm

wh ugkhrst`gk tm`t hvhg ugjhtthrhk dnfphtctcvh f`rihts `rh a`shk ng `

sht nj l`ws `gk cgstctutcngs tm`t shdurh prnphrty rcbmts, hgsurh hgjnrdhfhgt

nj dngtr`dts, `gk rhbul`th ffrf ahm`vcnr `gk prnkudt `gk shrvcdh qu`lcty,

wh cgdrh`scgbly àstr`dthk jrnf tmh rnlh nj cgstctutcngs `gk rhbul`tcngs

cg suppnrtcgb f`riht tr`gs`dtcngs cg nur dngdhptu`lcz`tcng nj f`rihts.

Cgstctutcngs rhdhcvhk fnrh `tthgtcng nvhr tmh p`st 08 yh`rs nr sn tm`g

ahjnrh, aut tmh tmcgicgb w`s tm`t wh m`k tn stuky tmh rnlh nj cgstctutcngs

tn ugkhrst`gk wmy pnnr g`tcngs whrh pnnr, gnt tn prnah tmh g`turh nj tmh

cgstctutcngs tm`t hgsurhk dngtcguhk prnsphrcty cg tmh `kv`gdhk g`tcngs nr

mnw tmhy smnulk dm`gbh cg tmh j`dh nj hvhr-hvnlvcgb hdngnfcd rhl`tcngs.

Cg nur nalcvcnusghss tn tmh cfpnrt`gdh nj f`riht-suppnrtcgb cgstctutcngs,

wh whrh cg sygd wctm pnlcdy fìhrs, wmn whrh lurhk ay ckhnlnbcd`l gntcngs

khrcvhk jrnf @yg Q`gk gnvhls r`tmhr tm`g hdngnfcd tmhnry. Rh lht tmhcr

pnlcdchs `gk rmhtnrcd sht tmh `bhgk` jnr nur tmcgicgb ànut tmh wnrlk `gkwnrsh, phrm`ps, hvhg jnr nur pnlcdy `kvcdh. Cg mcgkscbmt, wh smnulk gnt ah



;5 [mh Drcscs nj 155=? Ttrudtur l Lhssngs jnr `gk jrnf Hdngnfcds

surprcshk tm`t ugrhbul`thk prnfft-shhicgb cgkcvcku`ls tnni rcsis jrnf wmcdm

tmhy ahghffthk `gk ntmhrs lnst.

Rh gnw ignw ahtthr. Jhw `fngb us wnulk `rbuh tnk`y tm`t f`riht

fngctnrcgb cs sujffdchgt `b`cgst nppnrtugcstcd ahm`vcnr. F`gy cgsckh `gk

nutsckh `d`khfc` f`y vchw tmcs `s ` j`clurh nj hdngnfcd tmhnry. C strngbly

kcs`brhh wctm tmcs dngdluscng. Ng tmh dngtr`ry, tmh rhdnbgctcng tm`t f`rihts

lcvh ng jnugk`tcngs l`ck ay cgstctutcngs‛tm`t jrhh f`rihts `rh gnt tmh s`fh

`s ugrhbul`thk f`rihts‛hgrcdmhs antm tmhnry `gk cts pr`dtcdh. Rh fust

gnw st`rt auclkcgb ` tmhnry nj f`riht tr`gs`dtcngs tm`t cs fnrh cg tugh

wctm tmhcr cgstctutcng`l `gk rhbul`tnry jnugk`tcngs. Rh fust `lsn turg tn

tmh tmhnry nj rhbul`tcng‛nj antm ffrfs `gk ffg`gdc`l cgstctutcngs‛wctm

rhghwhk vcbnr `gk `kkctcng`l cgscbmts b`cghk jrnf durrhgt hxphrchgdh. @

khhp gk cfpnrt`gt dngtrcautcng nj tmh kcsdcplcgh nj hdngnfcds cs tmh cgscbmt

tm`t brhhk cs ghctmhr bnnk gnr a`k cg tmh àstr`dt. Rmhg dm`gghlhk cgtn

prnfft-f`xcfczcgb, dnfphtctcvh, gk cggnv`tcvh ahm`vcnr ugkhr tmh uspcdhs

nj snugk l`ws `gk rhbul`tcngs, brhhk d`g `dt `s tmh hgbcgh nj cggnv`tcng`gk hdngnfcd brnwtm. Aut wmhg ugdmhdihk ay tmh `pprnprc`th cgstctutcngs

`gk rhbul`tcngs, ct wcll khbhghr`th cgtn rhgt shhicgb, dnrruptcng, `gk drcfh.

Ct cs nur dnllhdtcvh dmncdh tn f`g`bh tmh brhhk tm`t f`gy cg nur sndchty

cghvctàly pnsshss. Hdngnfcd tmhnry prnvckhs buck`gdh ng mnw tn drh`th tmh

rcbmt cgdhgtcvh systhfs `gk rhw`rk strudturhs tn dngt`cg ct `gk turg ct cgtn

` jnrdh jnr prnbrhss.

[mh tmcrk gntcng tm`t m`s ahhg khstrnyhk ay rhdhgt hvhgts cs lhss navcnus,

aut ngh tm`t C strngbly mhlk. Nur lnbcd `gk fnkhls subbhsthk tm`t hvhg cj wh

dnulk gnt trust cgkcvcku`ls, p`rtcdul`rly wmhg cgjnrf`tcng w`s cfphrjhdt

`gk rhbul`tcng l`dilusthr, wh dnulk trust tmh lngb-lcvhk l`rbh ffrfs‛tmhHgrngs, tmh Ah`r Tth`rgs, tmh Fhrrcll Lygdms, `gk tmh Lhmf`g Arntmhrs

nj tmcs wnrlk‛tn fngctnr tmhfshlvhs `gk tmhcr nwg ahdùsh tmhy m`k

`dduful`thk sujffdchgt rhput`tcng d`pct`l. Nur j`ctm cg lngb-lcvhk l`rbh

nrb`gcz`tcngs w`s smìhg aut stcll st`gkcgb `jthr tmh `ddnugtcgb sd`gk`ls

`t Hgrng `gk ntmhr bc`gts nj tmh h`rly 1555s. Ct f`y gnw m`vh sujjhrhk tmh

kh`tm alnw.

Nur trust cg tmh shlj-fngctnrcgb d`pàclctchs nj nrb`gcz`tcngs cbgnrhk twn

drctcd`l kcjffdultchs. [mh ffrst cs tm`t, hvhg wctmcg ffrfs, fngctnrcgb fust ah

kngh ay cgkcvcku`ls‛tmh dmchj hxhdutcvhs, tmh f`g`bhrs, tmh `ddnugt`gts.

@gk cg tmh s`fh w`y tm`t wh smnulk gnt m`vh alcgkly trusthk tmh cgdhgtcvhs

nj stndiarnihrs wcllcgb tn tìh `strngnfcd`l rcsis jnr wmcdm tmhy whrh

gnt tmh rhscku`l dl`cf`gts, wh smnulk gnt m`vh put nur j`ctm cg tmh àclcty

nj cgkcvcku`ls tn fngctnr ntmhrs scfply ahdùsh tmhy `rh p`rt nj ` l`rbh

nrb`gcz`tcng. [mh shdngk cs hvhg fnrh trnualcgb jnr nur w`y nj tmcgicgb

ànut tmh wnrlk? rhput`tcng`l fngctnrcgb rhqucrhs tm`t j`clurh ah pugcsmhk

shvhrhly. Aut tmh sd`rdcty nj sphdcffd d`pct`l `gk ignw-mnw fh`gs tm`t

sudm pugcsmfhgts `rh njthg gnt drhkcalh. [mh cgthllhdtu`l `rbufhgt jnr

tmh ffg`gdc`l a`clnut nj j`ll 155= m`s ahhg tm`t tmh nrb`gcz`tcngs dlh`rly

rhspngscalh jnr tmh prnalhfs wh `rh cg tnk`y smnulk gnghtmhlhss ah s`vhk`gk prnpphk up ahdùsh tmhy rh tmh ngly nghs tm`t m`vh tmh sphdcffd d`pct`l



@dhfnblu ;0

tn bht us nut nj nur durrhgt prhkcd`fhgt. [mcs cs ` v`lck `rbufhgt `gk gnt

ugcquh tn tmh durrhgt sctu`tcng. Rmhghvhr tmh cgdhgtcvhs tn dnfprnfcsh

cgthbrcty, tn s`drcffdh qu`lcty, `gk tn tìh ugghdhss`ry rcsis hxcst, fnst

dnfp`gchs wcll kn sn cg t`gkhf. @gk ahdùsh tmh hx pnst v`duuf nj sphdcffd

siclls, d`pct`l, `gk ignwlhkbh tm`t tmhcr pugcsmfhgt wcll drh`th fìhs sudm

` dnursh nj `dtcng tnn dnstly jnr sndchty, `ll icgks nj pugcsmfhgts lnsh tmhcr

hjjhdtcvhghss `gk drhkcaclcty.

[mh lhssngs jnr nur tmcgicgb jrnf tmcs dm`cg nj rh`sngcgb `rh twnjnlk.

Jcrst, wh ghhk tn rhtmcgi tmh rnlh nj tmh rhput`tcngs nj ffrfs cg f`riht

tr`gs`dtcngs, tìcgb cgtn `ddnugt tmh bhghr`l hquclcarcuf‛tmh sd`rdcty

v`luh nj tmhcr siclls `gk hxphrtcsh wmhg tmh rhput`tcngs nj shvhr`l nj tmhf

j`cl scfult`ghnusly. Thdngk, wh ghhk tn rhvcsct tmh ihy quhstcngs nj tmh

hdngnfcds nj nrb`gcz`tcng sn tm`t ffrf rhput`tcngs `rh khrcvhk jrnf tmh

ahm`vcnr‛`gk cgthr`dtcngs‛nj kcrhdtnrs, f`g`bhrs, gk hfplnyhhs, r`tmhr

tm`g jrnf tm`t nj tmh mypntmhtcd`l prcgdcp`l f`xcfczcgb tmh ght prhshgt

kcsdnugthk v`luh nj tmh ffrf.Rmhg wh lnni `t tmh `d`khfcd t`lly, wh d`g `lw`ys al`fh nurshlvhs

jnr fcsscgb cfpnrt`gt hdngnfcd cgscbmts `gk gnt ahcgb fnrh j`rscbmthk

tm`g pnlcdy fìhrs. Rh d`g hvhg al`fh nurshlvhs jnr ahcgb dnfplcdct cg

tmh cgthllhdtu`l tfnspmhrh lh`kcgb up tn tmh durrhgt kcs`sthr. Ng tmh arcbmt

sckh, tmh drcscs m`s cgdrh`shk tmh vct`lcty nj hdngnfcds gk mcbmlcbmthk shvhr`l

dm`llhgbcgb, rhlhv`gt, `gk hxdctcgb cssuhs. [mhsh cgdlukh tmh àclcty nj tmh

f`riht systhf tn kh`l wctm rcsis, cgthrdngghdtcngs, `gk tmh kcsruptcngs

arnubmt ànut ay tmh prndhss nj drh`tcvh khstrudtcng, cssuhs rhl`thk tn `

ahtthr jr`fhwnri jnr rhbul`tcng `gk tmh rhl`tcngsmcp ahtwhhg ugkhrlycgb

cgstctutcngs `gk tmh jugdtcngcgb nj f`rihts `gk nrb`gcz`tcngs. Ct smnulkah fudm lhss lcihly cg tmh khd`kh tn dnfh jnr arcbmt ynugb hdngnfcsts tn

wnrry ànut ffgkcgb ghw `gk rhlhv`gt quhstcngs ng wmcdm tn wnri.

Lhssngs jrnf Nur Cgthllhdtu`l Hgknwfhgt

@ltmnubm v`rcnus gntcngs wh mhlk kh`r ghhk rhtmcgicgb, shvhr`l ntmhr

prcgdcplhs tm`t `rh p`rt nj nur cgthllhdtu`l hgknwfhgt `rh ushjul jnr

ugkhrst`gkcgb mnw wh bnt mhrh `gk jnr jnrhw`rgcgb us `b`cgst tmh fnst

cfpnrt`gt pnlcdy fcstìhs cg nur‛`gk fnrh cfpnrt`gt cg pnlcdyfìhrs–‛

`tthfpts tn kh`l wctm tmh drcscs. Uhrm`ps gnt surprcscgb bcvhg fy nwg

cgthllhdtu`l a`dibrnugk, C tmcgi tmhsh prcgdcplhs `rh rhl`thk tn hdngnfcd

brnwtm `gk pnlctcd`l hdngnfy.

Jcrst, ct cs navcnus wmy wh smnulk mhhk cssuhs nj hdngnfcd brnwtm. A`rrcgb

` dnfplhth fhltknwg nj tmh blna`l systhf, hvhg wctm tmh jhrndcnus shvhrcty

nj tmh blna`l drcscs, tmh pnsscalh lnss nj brnss knfhstcd prnkudt jnr fnst

dnugtrchs cs cg tmh r`gbh nj ` dnuplh nj phrdhgt`bh pncgts, `gk fnst nj tmcs

fcbmt m`vh ahhg ug`vnckàlh bcvhg tmh hdngnfcd nvhrhxp`gscng cg prcnr

yh`rs. Cg dngtr`st, fnkhst dm`gbhs cg hdngnfcd brnwtm wcll `dduful`thtn fudm l`rbhr gufahrs wctmcg ngh khd`kh nr twn. [mus jrnf ` pnlcdy



;1 [mh Drcscs nj 155=? Ttrudtur l Lhssngs jnr `gk jrnf Hdngnfcds

`gk whlj`rh phrsphdtcvh, ct smnulk ah shlj-hvckhgt tm`t s`drcffdcgb hdngnfcd

brnwtm tn kh`l wctm tmh durrhgt drcscs cs ` a`k nptcng.

Hdngnfcd brnwtm khshrvhs nur `tthgtcng gnt ngly ahdùsh ct m`s `

prnfcghgt rnlh cg fh`gcgbjul d`ldul`tcngs nj whlj`rh, aut `lsn ahdùsh f`gy

`sphdts nj brnwtm `gk cts f`cg snurdhs `rh rh`sngàly whll ugkhrstnnk.

[mhrh cs arn`k tmhnrhtcd`l `gk hfpcrcd`l `brhhfhgt ng tmh rnlhs nj pmyscd`l

d`pct`l, muf`g d`pct`l, `gk thdmgnlnby cg khthrfcgcgb nutput `gk brnwtm.

Aut hqu`lly, wh `lsn ugkhrst`gk tmh rnlh tm`t cggnv`tcng `gk rh`llnd`tcng

pl`y cg prnp`b`tcgb hdngnfcd brnwtm, `gk wh rhdnbgczh tmh arn`k nutlcghs

nj tmh cgstctutcng`l jr`fhwnri tm`t fìhs cggnv`tcng, rh`llnd`tcng, `gk

lngb-rug brnwtm pnsscalh.

Qhdhgt hvhgts m`vh smhk gn knuat ng tmh cfpnrt`gdh nj cggnv`tcng. Ng

tmh dngtr`ry, wh m`vh hgonyhk prnsphrcty nvhr tmh p`st twn khd`khs ahdùsh

nj r`pck cggnv`tcngs‛qucth cgkhphgkhgt nj ffg`gdc`l auaalhs `gk trnualhs.

Rh wctghsshk ` arhìghdi p`dh nj ghw cggnv`tcngs cg snjtw`rh, m`rkw`rh,

thlhdnffugcd`tcngs, pm`rf`dhutcd`ls, acnthdmgnlnby, hgthrt`cgfhgt, `gkrht`cl `gk wmnlhs`lh tr`kh. [mhsh cggnv`tcngs `rh rhspngscalh jnr tmh auli

nj tmh cgdrh`shs cg `bbrhb`th prnkudtcvcty wh hgonyhk nvhr tmh p`st twn

khd`khs. Hvhg tmh ffg`gdc`l cggnv`tcngs, wmcdm `rh snfhwm`t t`cgthk cg tmh

rhdhgt drcscs, `rh cg fnst d`shs sndc`lly v`luàlh `gk m`vh dngtrcauthk tn

brnwtm. Dnfplhx shdurctchs whrh fcsushk tn tìh rcsis, wctm tmh knwgsckh

ahcgb anrgh ay ugsusphdtcgb p`rtchs. Aut wmhg prnphrly rhbul`thk, tmhy lsn

hgàlh fnrh snpmcstcd`thk str`thbchs jnr rcsi sm`rcgb `gk kcvhrscffd`tcng.

[mhy m`vh hgàlhk gk ultcf`thly wcll b`cg hgàlh ffrfs tn rhkudh tmh dnst

nj d`pct`l. [hdmgnlnbcd`l cgbhgucty cs tmh ihy tn tmh prnsphrcty `gk suddhss

nj tmh d`pct`lcst hdngnfy. Ghw cggnv`tcngs `gk tmhcr cfplhfhgt`tcng`gk f`rihtcgb wcll pl`y ` dhgtr`l rnlh cg rhghwhk hdngnfcd brnwtm cg tmh

`jthrf`tm nj tmh drcscs.

[mh ntmhr pcll`r nj hdngnfcd brnwtm cs rh`llnd`tcng. Ahdùsh cggnv`tcng

njthg dnfhs cg tmh jnrf nj Tdmufphthrc`g drh`tcvh khstrudtcng, ct wcll

cgvnlvh prnkudtcng prndhsshs `gk ffrfs rhlycgb ng nlk thdmgnlnbchs ahcgb

rhpl`dhk ay tmh ghw. [mcs cs ngly ngh `sphdt nj d`pct`lcst rh`llnd`tcng,

mnwhvhr. Znl`tclcty tm`t cs p`rt nj tmh f`riht hdngnfy `lsn hxmcacts ctshlj

ay cgdhss`gtly dm`gbcgb wmcdm dnfp`gchs `gk wmcdm shrvcdhs m`vh brh`thr

prnkudtcvcty `gk brh`thr khf`gk. Tudm vnl`tclcty, phrm`ps strhgbtmhghk

gnw fnrh tm`g hvhr ahdùsh nj tmh brh`thr blna`l cgthrdngghdtcngs, cs gnt

` dursh `b`cgst wmcdm wh smnulk khjhgk nurshlvhs, aut, jnr tmh fnst p`rt,

`g nppnrtugcty jnr tmh f`riht hdngnfy. Ay rh`llnd`tcgb rhsnurdhs tn wmhrh

prnkudtcvcty `gk khf`gk `rh, tmh d`pct`lcst systhf d`g hxplnct vnl`tclcty.

[mh khvhlnpfhgts nj tmh l`st twn khd`khs `b`cg mcbmlcbmt tmh cfpnrt`gdh

nj rh`llnd`tcng, scgdh hdngnfcd brnwtm, s usu`l, tnni pl`dh cg t`gkhf wctm

nutput, lànr, `gk d`pct`l fnvcgb `w`y jrnf f`gy hstàlcsmhk dnfp`gchs

`gk tnw`rk tmhcr dnfphtctnrs, njthg jnrhcbg dnfphtctnrs, `gk `w`y jrnf

shdtnrs cg wmcdm tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths `gk ntmhr `kv`gdhk dnugtrchs dh`shk

tn m`vh dnfp`r`tcvh `kv`gt`bh `gk tnw`rk tmnsh wmhrh tmhcr `kv`gt`bhsahd`fh strngbhr.



@dhfnblu ;4

[mh ffg`l prcgdcplh tm`t C hfpm`sczh rhl`ths tn tmh pnlctcd`l hdngnfy

nj brnwtm. Hdngnfcd brnwtm wcll ngly tìh pl`dh cj sndchty drh`ths tmh

cgstctutcngs gk pnlcdchs tm`t hgdnur`bh cggnv`tcng, rh`llnd`tcng, cgvhstfhgt,

`gk hkud`tcng. Aut sudm cgstctutcngs smnulk gnt ah tìhg jnr br`gthk. Ahdùsh

nj tmh rh`llnd`tcng `gk drh`tcvh khstrudtcng arnubmt ànut ay hdngnfcd

brnwtm, tmhrh wcll `lw`ys ah p`rtchs, njthg strngb p`rtchs, nppnshk tn

dhrt`cg sphdts nj hdngnfcd brnwtm. Cg f`gy lhss-khvhlnphk hdngnfchs, tmh

ihy `sphdt nj tmh pnlctcd`l hdngnfy nj brnwtm cs tn hgsurh tm`t cgdufahgt

prnkudhrs, hlcths, `gk pnlctcdc`gs kn gnt mco`di tmh pnlctcd`l `bhgk` `gk

drh`th `g hgvcrngfhgt cgcfcd`l tn hdngnfcd prnbrhss `gk brnwtm. @gntmhr

tmrh`t tn tmh cgstctutcng`l jnugk`tcngs nj hdngnfcd brnwtm dnfhs jrnf cts

ultcf`th ahghffdc`rchs. Drh`tcvh khstrudtcng `gk rh`llnd`tcng gnt ngly m`rf

hstàlcsmhk auscghsshs aut `lsn tmhcr wnrihrs `gk supplchrs, snfhtcfhs

hvhg khstrnycgb tmh lcvhlcmnnk nj fcllcngs nj wnrihrs `gk ph`s`gts. Ct cs

tmhg h`sy jnr cfpnvhrcsmhk pnpul`tcngs sujjhrcgb jrnf `kvhrsh smndis

`gk hdngnfcd drcshs‛p`rtcdul`rly cg sndchtchs wmhrh tmh pnlctcd`l hdngnfyghvhr bhghr`thk `g hjjhdtcvh s`jhty ght‛tn turg `b`cgst tmh f`riht systhf

`gk suppnrt pnpulcst pnlcdchs tm`t wcll drh`th a`rrchrs `b`cgst hdngnfcd

brnwtm. [mhsh tmrh`ts `rh `s cfpnrt`gt jnr `kv`gdhk hdngnfchs `s tmhy

`rh jnr lhss khvhlnphk dnugtrchs, p`rtcdul`rly cg tmh fckst nj tmh durrhgt

hdngnfcd drcscs.

[mh cfpnrt`gdh nj pnlctcd`l hdngnfy m`s ahhg ugkhrsdnrhk ay rhdhgt

hvhgts. Ct cs kcjffdult tn thll tmh stnry nj tmh j`clurh nj rhbul`tcng nj cgvhstfhgt

a`gis gk tmh ffg`gdc`l cgkustry t-l`rbh nvhr tmh p`st twn khd`khs gk nj tmh

a`clnut pl`g pprnvhk wctmnut fìcgb snfh rhjhrhgdh tn pnlctcd`l hdngnfy.

[mh Xgcthk Tt`ths cs gnt Cgknghsc` ugkhr Tum`rtn nr tmh Umclcppcghs ugkhrF`rdns. Aut wh kn gnt ghhk tn bn tn sudm hxtrhfhs tn cf`bcgh tm`t wmhg

tmh ffg`gdc`l cgkustry dngtrcauths fcllcngs tn tmh d`fp`cbgs nj fhfahrs

nj tmh X.T. Dngbrhss, ct wcll m`vh `g `duth cgfiuhgdh ng pnlcdchs tm`t `jjhdt

cts lcvhlcmnnk nr tm`t wmhg cgvhstfhgt a`gihrs sht up‛nr j`cl tn sht up,

`s tmh d`sh f`y ah‛tmh rhbul`tcngs jnr tmhcr jnrfhr p`rtghrs gk dnllh`buhs

wctmnut nvhrscbmt, ct wcll lcihly lh`k tn pnlctcd`l hdngnfy prnalhfs. Ct cs

kcjffdult tn hgvcs`bh ` sdhg`rcn cg wmcdm durrhgt `gk juturh pnlcdchs wcll gnt

ah cgfiuhgdhk ay tmh a`dil`sm b`cgst f`rihts tm`t tmnsh wmn m`vh lnst tmhcr

mnushs `gk lcvhlcmnnks jhhl `t tmh fnfhgt.

@ashgt Lhssngs

Unlcdchs khscbghk tn dngt`cg gk hgk tmh blna`l drcscs m`vh dngsckhrhk f`gy

hdngnfcd j`dtnrs. Aut tmhcr cfp`dts ng lngb-rug hdngnfcd brnwtm, cggn-

v`tcng, rh`llnd`tcng, `gk pnlctcd`l hdngnfy m`vh ahhg dngspcdunus cg tmhcr

àshgdh cg tmh hgsucgb kha`th.

@ l`rbh stcfulus pl`g tm`t cgdlukhs a`clnuts jnr a`gis, tmh ffg`gdc`l

shdtnr `t-l`rbh, ùtn f`guj`dturhrs, `gk ntmhrs wcll ugknuathkly cgfiuhgdhcggnv`tcng gk rh`llnd`tcng. [mcs cs gn rh`sng jnr gnt hgknrscgb tmh stcfulus



;; [mh Drcscs nj 155=? Ttrudtur l Lhssngs jnr `gk jrnf Hdngnfcds

pl`g, aut ct cs cfpnrt`gt tn dngsckhr tmh jull sht nj cfplcd`tcngs. Qh`llnd`tcng

wcll dlh`rly sujjhr s rhsult nj f`gy sphdts nj tmh durrhgt stcfulus pl`g. Cg

tmh ùtn cgkustry, f`riht scbg`ls subbhst tm`t lànr `gk d`pct`l smnulk ah

rh`llnd`thk `w`y jrnf tmh Khtrnct Acb [mrhh `gk tm`t mcbmly sicllhk lànr

smnulk ah rh`llnd`thk `w`y jrnf tmh ffg`gdc`l cgkustry `gk tnw`rk fnrh

cggnv`tcvh shdtnrs. [mh l`tthr rh`llnd`tcng cs drctcd`lly cfpnrt`gt cg vchw nj

tmh j`dt tm`t R`ll Ttrhht `ttr`dthk f`gy nj tmh ahst (`gk fnst `factcnus)

fcgks nvhr tmh p`st twn khd`khs9 wh gnw rh`lczh tm`t ltmnubm tmhsh arcbmt

ynugb fcgks dngtrcauthk tn ffg`gdc`l cggnv`tcng, tmhy lsn ushk tmhcr t`lhgts

tn khvcsh ghw fhtmnks nj tìcgb l`rbh rcsis, tmh knwgsckh nj wmcdm tmhy

wnulk gnt ah`r. M`lthk rh`llnd`tcng wcll `lsn fh`g m`lthk cggnv`tcng.

Thvhr`l `kkctcng`l `rh`s nj pnthgtc`l cggnv`tcng f`y kcrhdtly sujjhr `s

` rhsult nj tmh durrhgt drcscs `gk nur pnlcdy rhspngshs tn ct. Cfprnvhfhgts

cg rht`cl `gk wmnlhs`lh tr`kh `gk shrvcdh khlcvhry wcll ugknuathkly slnw

knwg s dngsufhr khf`gk dngtr`dts. @ ihy rh` nj cggnv`tcng jnr tmh ghxt

khd`kh `gk ahyngk‛hghrby‛f`y `lsn ahdnfh ` d`su`lty. [mh khf`gkjnr `lthrg`tcvh hghrby snurdhs w`s strngb ahjnrh tmh drcscs `gk prnfcshk `

pl`tjnrf, scfcl`r tn wm`t wh hgonyhk cg dnfputcgb, pm`rf`dhutcd`ls, `gk

acnthdmgnlnby, wctm pnwhrjul syghrbchs ahtwhhg sdchgdh `gk prnffts. Rctm

tmh khdlcgh cg ncl prcdhs `gk tmh nkks turgcgb `b`cgst tmh fudm-ghhkhk t`x

ng b`snlcgh, snfh nj tmh fnfhgtuf cs ugknuathkly lnst. Cj a`clnuts rh gnt

tchk tn tmh `pprnprc`th rhnrb`gcz`tcng nj tmh ùtn dnfp`gchs, tmhg `gntmhr

cfpnrt`gt `sphdt nj tmh krcvh tnw`rk ghw hghrby-hjffdchgt thdmgnlnbchs wcll

m`vh ahhg squ`gkhrhk `s whll.

@ll nj tmhsh dngdhrgs rh gnt sujffdchgt tn fìh us rhjr`cg jrnf dnfprh-

mhgscvh stcfulus pl`g. Cg fy vchw, mnwhvhr, tmh rh`sng jnr ` stcfulus pl`gcs gnt tn snjthg tmh alnw nj tmh rhdhsscng aut cs `b`cg rhl`thk tn hdngnfcd

brnwtm. [mh rcsi tm`t wh j`dh cs ngh nj `g hxphdt`tcng`l tr`p‛dngsufhrs

`gk pnlcdy fìhrs ahdnfcgb phsscfcstcd anut juturh brnwtm gk tmh prnf-

csh nj f`rihts. Rh kn gnt ugkhrst`gk hxphdt`tcng`l tr`ps whll hgnubm tn

ignw hx`dtly mnw tmhy m`pphg gk wm`t hdngnfcd kyg`fcds tmhy uglh`sm.

@gk yht tmcs knhs gnt khgy tmh k`gbhrs tm`t tmhy pnsh. Dngsufhrs khl`ycgb

purdm`shs nj kuràlh bnnks d`g dhrt`cgly m`vh fònr hjjhdts, p`rtcdul`rly

wmhg cgvhgtnrchs `rh mcbm `gk drhkct cs tcbmt. @g hxphdt`tcng`l tr`p nj tmcs

snrt wnulk khhphg `gk lhgbtmhg tmh rhdhsscng `gk drh`th hxthgscvh auscghss

j`clurhs `gk lcquck`tcngs r`tmhr tm`g tmh ghdhss`ry drh`tcvh khstrudtcng `gk

rh`llnd`tcng.

Cg fy npcgcng, mnwhvhr, ` brh`thr k`gbhr jrnf `g hxphdt`tcng`l tr`p

`gk ` khhp rhdhsscng lchs hlshwmhrh. Rh f`y shh dngsufhrs `gk pnlcdy

fìhrs st`rt tn ahlchvh tm`t jrhh f`rihts `rh rhspngscalh jnr tmh hdngnfcd

clls nj tnk`y `gk smcjt tmhcr suppnrt `w`y jrnf tmh f`riht hdngnfy. Rh

wnulk tmhg shh tmh phgkuluf swcgb tnn j`r, tìcgb us tn `g hr` nj mh`vy

bnvhrgfhgt cgvnlvhfhgt r`tmhr tm`g tmh ghhkhk jnugk`tcng`l rhbul`tcng

nj jrhh f`rihts. C ahlchvh tm`t sudm ` swcgb `gk tmh `gtcf`riht pnlcdchs

tm`t ct wnulk arcgb wnulk tmrh`thg tmh juturh brnwtm prnsphdts nj tmh



@dhfnblu ;8

blna`l hdngnfy. Qhstrcdtcngs ng tr`kh cg bnnks `gk shrvcdhs wnulk ah `

ffrst sthp. Cgkustrc`l pnlcdy tm`t styfchs rh`llnd`tcng `gk cggnv`tcng wnulk

ah ` shdngk, hqu`lly k`f`bcgb sthp. Rmhg tmh t`li cs nj a`clcgb nut `gk

prnthdtcgb shlhdthk shdtnrs, fnrh systhf`tcd prnpns`ls ng tr`kh rhstrcdtcngs

`gk cgkustrc`l pnlcdy f`y ah `rnugk tmh dnrghr.

@ dnfprhmhgscvh stcfulus pl`g, hvhg wctm `ll nj cts cfphrjhdtcngs, cs

prnaàly tmh ahst w`y nj ffbmtcgb njj tmhsh k`gbhrs, `gk ng a`l`gdh tmhrh

`rh sujffdchgt rh`sngs jnr `d`khfcd hdngnfcsts `s whll `s dngdhrghk dctczhgs

tn suppnrt durrhgt hjjnrts `s cgsur`gdh `b`cgst tmh wnrst nutdnfhs wh f`y

j`dh. Ghvhrtmhlhss, tmh kht`cls nj tmh stcfulus pl`g smnulk ah khscbghk sn `s

tn dùsh fcgcf`l kcsruptcng tn tmh prndhss nj rh`llnd`tcng `gk cggnv`tcng.

T`drcffdcgb brnwtm nut nj nur jh`r nj tmh prhshgt wnulk ah `s shvhrh `

fcstìh `s cg`dtcng.

[mh rcsi tm`t ahlchj cg tmh d`pct`lcst systhf f`y dnll`psh smnulk gnt ah

kcsfcsshk. @jthr `ll, tmh p`st twn khd`khs whrh mhr`lkhk `s tmh trcufpm

nj d`pct`lcsf, sn tmhcr actthr `jthrf`tm fust ah tmh j`clurh nj tmh d`pct`lcstsysthf. Ct smnulk ah gn surprcsh tm`t C kcs`brhh wctm tmcs dngdluscng, scgdh C

kn gnt tmcgi tmh suddhss nj tmh d`pct`lcst systhf d`g ah jnugk cg nr w`s a`shk

ng ugrhbul`thk f`rihts. Rh `rh hxphrchgdcgb gnt ` j`clurh nj d`pct`lcsf nr

jrhh f`rihts phr sh, aut ` j`clurh nj ugrhbul`thk f`rihts‛cg p`rtcdul`r, nj

ugrhbul`thk ffg`gdc`l shdtnr `gk rcsi f`g`bhfhgt. @s sudm, ct smnulk gnt

fìh us lhss nptcfcstcd ànut tmh brnwtm pnthgtc`l nj f`riht hdngnfchs‛

prnvckhk tm`t f`rihts `rh a`shk ng snlck cgstctutcng`l jnugk`tcngs. Aut

scgdh tmh rmhtnrcd nj tmh p`st twn khd`khs hqu`thk d`pct`lcsf wctm l`di nj

rhbul`tcng, tmcs gu`gdh wcll ah lnst ng f`gy wmn gn lngbhr m`vh ` mnush

nr ` ona.@ a`dil`sm cs tmus cghvctàlh. [mh quhstcng cs mnw tn dngt`cg ct. [mh

pnlcdy rhspngshs nj tmh p`st shvhr`l fngtms m`vh ngly f`kh f`tthrs wnrsh.

Ct cs ngh tmcgb jnr tmh pnpul`tcng `t-l`rbh tn tmcgi tm`t f`rihts kn gnt

wnri `s whll `s tmh pugkcts prnfcshk. Ct cs `g hgtcrhly kcjjhrhgt lhvhl nj

kcsclluscngfhgt jnr tmhf tn tmcgi tm`t f`rihts rh oust g hxdush jnr tmh rcdm

`gk pnwhrjul tn ffll tmhcr pndihts `t tmh hxphgsh nj tmh rhst. Aut mnw dnulk

tmhy tmcgi ntmhrwcsh wmhg tmh a`clnuts m`vh ahhg khscbghk ay a`gihrs tn

mhlp a`gihrs `gk tn fcgcfczh k`f`bh tn tmnsh rhspngscalh jnr tmh kha`dlh

cg tmh ffrst pl`dh>

[mcs cs gnt tmh pl`dh tn jnrful`th dngdrhth prnpns`ls tn cfprnvh tmh

stcfulus `gk a`clnut p`di`bhs, gnr kn C m`vh tm`t hxphrtcsh. @ltmnubm tmh

hdngnfcds prnjhsscng w`s p`rtly dnfplcdct cg tmh auclkup nj tmh durrhgt

drcscs, wh stcll m`vh cfpnrt`gt fhss`bhs jnr pnlcdy fìhrs. [mhy kn gnt

phrt`cg tn tmh kht`cls nj tmh a`clnut pl`g, ng wmcdm f`gy pugkcts `rh ngly

tnn ihhg tn hxprhss g npcgcng, aut ng tmh lngb-rug phrsphdtcvh. Rh smnulk

cgsth`k ah vnd`l cg hfpm`sczcgb tmh cfplcd`tcngs nj durrhgt pnlcdy prnpns`ls

jnr cggnv`tcng, rh`llnd`tcng, `gk tmh pnlctcd`l hdngnfy jnugk`tcngs nj

tmh d`pct`lcst systhf. Hdngnfcd brnwtm nubmt tn ah ` dhgtr`l p`rt nj tmh

kcsdusscng, gnt `g `jthrtmnubmt.



D`lnfcrcs ;2

Jcg`gdc`l cggnv`tcngs njthg rhspngk tn rhbul`tcng ay sckhsthppcgb rhbul`-

tnry rhstrcdtcngs tm`t wnulk ntmhrwcsh lcfct `dtcvctchs cg wmcdm phnplh wcsm

tn hgb`bh. Thdurctcz`tcng nj ln`gs (jnr hx`fplh, drhkct d`rk rhdhcvàlhs nr

suaprcfh rhsckhgtc`l fnrtb`bhs) cs njthg pnrtr`yhk, dnrrhdtly, `s m`vcgb

`rcshg cg p`rt `s ` fh`gs nj “`ractr`bcgb‖ rhbul`tnry d`pct`l rhqucrhfhgts

ay annicgb `sshts njj tmh a`l`gdh smhhts nj rhbul`thk a`gis. Nrcbcg`tnrs nj

tmh ln`gs whrh alh tn f`cgt`cg lnwhr hqucty d`pct`l b`cgst tmnsh ln`gs tm`g

tmhy wnulk m`vh ghhkhk tn f`cgt`cg cj tmh ln`gs m`k ahhg pl`dhk ng tmhcra`l`gdh smhhts.0

0 Jcg`gdc`l cggnv`tcngs cgvnlvcgb rhbul`tnry `ractr`bh d`g ah dnfplhx. Thdurctczhk sshts cfplcdctly

njthg rhf`cg dngghdthk tn tmh a`l`gdh smhht nj tmh a`gi tm`t nrcbcg`thk tmhf, khspcth tmh j`dt

tm`t tmh lcàclctchs cssuhk ay tmh shdurctcz`tcng dngkucts rh gnt lhb`lly prnthdthk ay tmh nrcbcg`tcgb

a`gi9 lhgkhrs gnt ngly prnvckh hxplcdct drhkct hgm`gdhfhgts tn tmhcr njj-a`l`gdh-smhht dngkucts,

aut `lsn njjhr cfplcdct “bu`r`gthhs‖ tn tmh f`riht. [mhsh cfplcdct bu`r`gthhs `rh v`luhk ay tmh

f`riht, wmcdm hxphdts nrcbcg`tnrs tn vnlugt`rcly st`gk ahmcgk tmh shdurctczhk khats nj tmhcr njj-a`l`gdh-smhht dngkucts, t lh`st ugkhr fnst dcrdufst`gdhs. [mcs pmhgnfhgng cs ignwg s cfplcdct

rhdnursh (shh D`lnfcrcs `gk F`sng 155;).

DM@U[HQ 4Jcg`gdc`l Cggnv`tcng, Qhbul`tcng, `gk QhjnrfDm`rlhs R. D`lnfcrcs

© 1553 [mh D`tn Cgstctuth. Qhprcgthk ay phrfcsscng jrnf D`tn Onurg`l , Znl. 13, Gn. 0, Rcgthr

1553, pp. :8—30. [mh ùtmnr tm`gis Qcdm`rk Mhrrcgb, Dm`rlhs Ulnsshr, `gk Uhthr R`llcsng jnr mhlp-

jul kcsdusscngs.



;= Jcg`gdc`l Cggnv`tcng, Qhbul`tcng, gk Qhjnrf

D`pct`l rhbul`tcng nj shdurctcz`tcng cgvcthk tmcs jnrf nj njj-a`l`gdh-smhht

rhbul`tnry `ractr`bh `gk kck sn qucth dngsdcnusly. Thvhr`l nj tmh d`pct`l

rhqucrhfhgt rulhs jnr tmh trh`tfhgt nj shdurctczhk sshts nrcbcg`thk ay a`gis,

`gk jnr tmh khats cssuhk ay tmnsh dngkucts gk mhlk nr bu`r`gthhk ay a`gis,

whrh sphdcffd`lly `gk dngsdcnusly khscbghk tn phrfct a`gis tn `llnd`th lhss

d`pct`l `b`cgst tmhcr rcsis rhl`tcgb tn tmnsh dngkucts tm`g tmhy wnulk m`vh

m`k tn f`cgt`cg b`cgst scfcl`r rcsis mhlk ng tmhcr a`l`gdh smhhts (D`lnfcrcs

155=a). Drctcds nj tmhsh d`pct`l rhbul`tcngs m`vh rcbmtly pncgthk tn tmhsh

d`pct`l rhqucrhfhgts s m`vcgb dngtrcauthk tn tmh suaprcfh drcscs ay phrfct-

tcgb a`gis tn f`cgt`cg cgsujffdchgt fnugts nj hqucty d`pct`l phr ugct nj rcsi

ugkhrtìhg cg tmhcr suaprcfh mnlkcgbs.

D`pct`l rhbul`tcngs tm`t whrh lhss strcdt tm`g tmnsh `pplycgb tn dnffhr-

dc`l a`gis phrfctthk cgvhstfhgt a`gis tn hgb`bh cg suaprcfh-rhl`thk rcsi

wctm cgsujffdchgt aukbhtcgb nj hqucty d`pct`l. Cgvhstfhgt a`gis j`dhk d`pct`l

rhbul`tcngs ugkhr Thdurctchs gk Hxdm`gbh Dnffcsscng buckhlcghs tm`t whrh

scfcl`r tn tmh fnrh phrfcsscvh A`shl CC rulhs tm`t pply tn dnffhrdc`l a`gisnutsckh tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths. Ahdùsh tmnsh d`pct`l rhbul`tcngs whrh lhss strcdt

tm`g d`pct`l rhbul`tcngs cfpnshk ng X.T. a`gis, cgvhstfhgt a`gis whrh alh

tn lhvhr`bh tmhcr pnsctcngs fnrh tm`g dnffhrdc`l a`gis. Cgvhstfhgt a`gis–

ush nj nvhrgcbmt rhpurdm`sh `brhhfhgts `s tmhcr prcf`ry snurdh nj ffg`gdh

`lsn phrfctthk tmhf tn “rckh tmh ychlk durvh‖ wmhg uscgb khat tn jugk tmhcr

rcsiy ssht pnsctcngs9 cg tm`t rhsphdt, dnll`thr`lczhk rhpns pph`rhk tn njjhr

suastctuth jnr lnw-cgthrhst dnffhrdc`l a`gi khpnscts.1 Aut `s tmh dnll`thr`l

st`gkcgb ahmcgk tmnsh rhpns khdlcghk cg v`luh gk ahd`fh rcsiy, “m`crduts‖

`ssndc`thk wctm rhpn dnll`thr`l ahd`fh lhss j`vnràlh, `gk cgvhstfhgt a`gis

whrh ugàlh tn rnll nvhr tmhcr rhpn pnsctcngs, ` lcquckcty rcsi tm`t `kkhk tntmhcr vulghràclcty `gk f`kh tmhcr hqucty d`pct`l pnsctcngs hvhg fnrh cgsuj-

ffdchgt `s rcsi aujjhrs.

[mhrh cs gn knuat tm`t tmh ffg`gdc`l cggnv`tcngs ssndc`thk wctm shdurctc-

z`tcng `gk rhpn ffg`gdh whrh fntcv`thk `t lh`st cg p`rt ay rhbul`tnry `rac-

tr`bh. Jurtmhrfnrh, tmhrh cs gn knuat tm`t cj ng-a`l`gdh-smhht dnffhrdc`l

a`gi d`pct`l rhbul`tcngs m`k khthrfcghk tmh `fnugt nj hqucty aukbhthk ay

`ll suaprcfh fnrtb`bh nrcbcg`tnrs, tmhg tmh lhvhr`bh r`tcns nj tmh a`gicgb

systhf wnulk gnt m`vh ahhg sn l`rbh `gk tmh lcquckcty rcsi jrnf rhpn jugk-

cgb wnulk m`vh ahhg suast`gtc`lly lhss, antm nj wmcdm wnulk m`vh rhkudhk

tmh f`bgctukh nj tmh ffg`gdc`l drcscs.Sht C kn gnt brhh wctm tmnsh wmn rbuh tm`t tmh suaprcfh drcscs cs f`cgly

` stnry nj bnvhrgfhgt “hrrnrs nj nfcsscng,‖ wmcdm `llnwhk a`gis tn `vnck

rhbul`tnry kcsdcplcgh kuh tn tmh cgsujffdchgt `pplcd`tcng nj hxcstcgb rhbul`-

tcngs jnr ng-a`l`gdh-smhht dnffhrdc`l a`gi d`pct`l tn tmh rcsis ugkhrtìhg

ay cgvhstfhgt a`gis `gk njj-a`l`gdh-smhht dngkucts. [mh f`cg stnry nj tmh

suaprcfh drcscs cgsth`k cs ngh nj bnvhrgfhgt “hrrnrs nj dnffcsscng,‖ wmcdm

whrh j`r fnrh cfpnrt`gt cg bhghr`tcgb tmh mubh rcsis `gk l`rbh lnsshs tm`t

arnubmt knwg tmh X.T. ffg`gdc`l systhf.

1 Qhpns brhw sn qucdily tm`t tmhy d`fh tn hxdhhk cg sczh tmh tnt`l `sshts nj tmh dnffhrdc`l a`gicgb

systhf, `s kcsdusshk cg Bnrtng (1553).



D`lnfcrcs ;3

Rm`t Rhgt Rrngb `gk Rmy>

[mh suaprcfh drcscs rhfihdthk ffrst `gk jnrhfnst tmh wcllcgbghss nj tmh f`g-

`bhrs nj l`rbh ffg`gdc`l cgstctutcngs tn tìh ng rcsis ay auycgb ffg`gdc`l

cgstrufhgts tm`t whrh cfprnphrly prcdhk, wmcdm f`kh tmh purdm`shs nj tmhsh

cgstrufhgts dngtr`ry tn tmh cgthrhsts nj tmh sm`rhmnlkhrs nj tmh cgstctutcngs

tm`t cgvhsthk cg tmhf. @s D`lnfcrcs (155=a) smnws, ng g hx gth a`scs, rcsi

w`s suast`gtc`lly ugkhrhstcf`thk cg tmh f`riht kurcgb tmh suaprcfh annf

nj 1554—52. Qh`sngàlh jnrw`rk-lnnicgb hstcf`ths nj rcsi whrh cbgnrhk

cgthgtcng`lly ay shgcnr f`g`bhfhgt nj ffg`gdc`l cgstctutcngs, wmn strudturhk

dnfphgs`tcng p`di`bhs tn f`xcfczh tmh cgdhgtcvhs jnr `ssht f`g`bhrs tn

ugkhrtìh tmhsh ugkhrhstcf`thk rcsis. Cg tmh àshgdh nj “rhbul`tnry `rac-

tr`bh,‖ aukbhtcgb ` lcttlh fnrh rhbul`tnry d`pct`l wnulk m`vh rhkudhk tmh

`fnugt nj rcsi ugkhrtìhg `gk bcvhg tmh systhf ` l`rbhr dusmcng jnr f`g-

`bcgb cts lnsshs, aut tmh mubh lnsshs jrnf ugkhrhstcf`thk suaprcfh rcsi stcll

wnulk m`vh nddurrhk.[mh rcsi-tìcgb fcstìhs nj ffg`gdc`l f`g`bhrs whrh gnt tmh rhsult nj r`g-

knf f`ss cgs`gcty9 r`tmhr, tmhy rhfihdthk ` pnlcdy hgvcrngfhgt tm`t strngbly

hgdnur`bhk ffg`gdc`l f`g`bhrs tn ugkhrhstcf`th rcsi cg tmh suaprcfh fnrt-

b`bh f`riht. Qcsi tìcgb w`s krcvhg ay bnvhrgfhgt pnlcdchs9 bnvhrgfhgt

`dtcngs whrh tmh rnnt prnalhf, gnt bnvhrgfhgt cg`dtcng. Mnw kn bnvhrg-

fhgt pnlcdy `dtcngs `ddnugt jnr tmh kcs`strnus khdcscngs nj l`rbh ffg`gdc`l

cgstctutcngs tn tìh ng ugprnfftàlh suaprcfh fnrtb`bh rcsi> Cg wm`t jnl-

lnws, C rhvchw h`dm nj tmh fònr `rh`s nj bnvhrgfhgt pnlcdy kcstnrtcngs

`gk mnw tmhy hgdnur`bhk tmh dngsdcnus ugkhrtìcgb nj ugkhrhstcf`thk rcsi

cg tmh f`riht (shh `lsn D`lnfcrcs 155=`, 155=a9 D`lnfcrcs `gk R`llcsng155=9 Hcshgahcs 155=).

Jnur d`thbnrchs nj bnvhrgfhgt hrrnr whrh cgstrufhgt`l cg prnkudcgb

tmh drcscs. Jcrst, l`x Jhk cgthrhst r`th pnlcdy, hsphdc`lly jrnf 1551 tmrnubm

1558, prnfnthk h`sy drhkct gk ihpt cgthrhst r`ths vhry lnw jnr prntr`dthk

phrcnk. [mh mcstnry nj pnstw`r fnght`ry pnlcdy m`s shhg ngly twn hpcsnkhs

cg wmcdm tmh rh`l Jhk jugks r`th rhf`cghk ghb`tcvh jnr shvhr`l dngshdutcvh

yh`rs9 tmnsh phrcnks `rh tmh mcbm-cgfi`tcng hpcsnkh nj 0328—2= (wmcdm w`s

rhvhrshk ay tmh `gtc-cgfi`tcng`ry r`th mcihs nj 0323—=1) `gk tmh `ddnf-

fnk`tcvh pnlcdy hgvcrngfhgt nj 1551—58. @ddnrkcgb tn tmh Tt. Lnucs Jhk,

tmh Jhkhr`l Qhshrvh khvc`thk sm`rply jrnf cts “[`ylnr rulh‖ `pprn`dm tn

shttcgb cgthrhst r`ths kurcgb tmh 1551—58 phrcnk9 Jhk jugk r`ths rhf`cghk

suast`gtc`lly gk phrscsthgtly ahlnw tmh lhvhls tm`t wnulk m`vh ahhg dngscs-

thgt wctm tmh [`ylnr rulh, hvhg cj tm`t rulh m`k ahhg t`rbhtcgb 4 nr ; phrdhgt

lngb-rug cgfi`tcng.

Gnt ngly whrh smnrt-thrf rh`l r`ths mhlk `t phrscsthgt mcstnrcd lnws, aut

ahdùsh nj phdulc`rctchs cg tmh angk f`riht rhl`thk tn blna`l cfa`l`gdhs

`gk @sc`g khf`gks jnr fhkcuf- gk lngb-thrf X.T. trh`surchs, tmh trh`sury

ychlk durvh w`s vcrtu`lly fi`t kurcgb tmh 1551—58 phrcnk. [mh dnfacg`tcng

nj lnw smnrt-thrf r`ths `gk ` fi`t ychlk durvh fh`gt tm`t lngb-thrf rh`lcgthrhst r`ths ng trh`sury angks (wmcdm `rh tmh fnst rhlhv`gt ahgdmf`ris



85 Jcg`gdc`l Cggnv`tcng, Qhbul`tcng, gk Qhjnrf

jnr shttcgb r`ths jnr fnrtb`bhs `gk ntmhr lngb-thrf ffxhk-cgdnfh `sshts)

whrh hsphdc`lly lnw rhl`tcvh tn tmhcr mcstnrcd gnrfs.

@ddnffnk`tcvh fnght`ry pnlcdy gk fi`t ychlk durvh fh`gt tm`t drhkct

w`s hxdhsscvhly `v`clàlh tn suppnrt hxp`gscng cg tmh mnuscgb f`riht `t

àgnrf`lly lnw cgthrhst r`ths, wmcdm hgdnur`bhk nvhrprcdcgb nj mnushs.

[mhrh cs suast`gtc`l hfpcrcd`l hvckhgdh smnwcgb tm`t wmhg fnght`ry pnlcdy

cs ddnffnk`tcvh, a`gis dm`rbh lhss jnr ah`rcgb rcsi (rhvchwhk cg D`lnfcrcs

155=a), `gk tmcs shhfs tn ah ` p`tthrg dnffng tn f`gy dnugtrchs cg tmh

prhshgt `gk tmh p`st. @ddnrkcgb tn snfh cgkustry nashrvhrs, lnw cgthrhst

r`ths cg 1551—58 `lsn hgdnur`bhk snfh `ssht f`g`bhrs (wmn d`rhk fnrh

ànut tmhcr jhhs tm`g ànut tmh cgthrhsts nj tmhcr dlchgts) tn `ttr`dt dlchgts ay

njjhrcgb tn f`cgt`cg prhhxcstcgb pnrtjnlcn ychlks gntwctmst`gkcgb khdlcghs cg

cgthrhst r`ths9 tm`t ffg`gdc`l `ldmhfy w`s ngly pnsscalh ahdùsh `ssht f`g-

`bhrs khdckhk tn purdm`sh vhry rcsiy `sshts `gk prhthgk tm`t tmhy whrh gnt

vhry rcsiy.

Thdngk, gufhrnus bnvhrgfhgt pnlcdchs sphdcffd`lly prnfnthk suaprcfhrcsi tìcgb ay ffg`gdc`l cgstctutcngs. [mnsh pnlcdchs cgdlukhk (`) pnlctcd`l

prhssurhs jrnf Dngbrhss ng tmh bnvhrgfhgt-spngsnrhk hgthrprcshs (BTHs)‛

J`ggch F`h gk Jrhkkch F`d‛tn prnfnth “`jjnrkàlh mnuscgb‖ ay cgvhst-

cgb cg mcbm-rcsi suaprcfh fnrtb`bhs, (a) lhgkcgb suasckchs pnlcdchs vc` tmh

Jhkhr`l Mnfh Ln`g a`gi systhf tn cts fhfahr cgstctutcngs tm`t prnfnthk

mcbm fnrtb`bh lhvhr`bh gk rcsi, (d) Jhkhr`l Mnuscgb @kfcgcstr`tcng (JM@)

suasckcz`tcng nj mcbm fnrtb`bh lhvhr`bh `gk rcsi, (k) bnvhrgfhgt `gk BTH

fnrtb`bh jnrhdlnsurh fctcb`tcng prntndnls tm`t whrh khvhlnphk cg tmh l`th

0335s `gk h`rly 1555s tn rhkudh tmh dnsts tn anrrnwhrs nj j`clcgb tn fhht

khat shrvcdh rhqucrhfhgts ng fnrtb`bhs, gk, lfnst ugahlchvàly, (h) 155:lhbcsl`tcng tm`t hgdnur`bhk r`tcgb bhgdchs tn rhl`x tmhcr st`gk`rks jnr fh`-

surcgb rcsi cg suaprcfh shdurctcz`tcngs.

@ll nj tmhsh bnvhrgfhgt pnlcdchs hgdnur`bhk tmh ugkhrhstcf`tcng nj sua-

prcfh rcsi, aut tmh pnlctcdcz`tcng nj J`ggch F`h `gk Jrhkkch F`d `gk tmh

`dtcngs nj fhfahrs nj Dngbrhss tn hgdnur`bh rhdilhss lhgkcgb ay tmh BTHs

cg tmh g`fh nj jjnrkàlh mnuscgb whrh `rbuàly tmh fnst k`f`bcgb pnlcdy

`dtcngs lh`kcgb up tn tmh drcscs. Cg nrkhr jnr J`ggch gk Jrhkkch tn f`cgt`cg

tmhcr cfplcdct (gnw hxplcdct) bnvhrgfhgt bu`r`gthhs ng tmhcr khats, wmcdm

dngtrcauthk suast`gtc`lly tn tmhcr prnfftàclcty, tmhy m`k tn d`thr tn tmh pnlctc-

d`l wmcfs nj tmhcr f`sthrs cg tmh bnvhrgfhgt. Cg tmh dngthxt nj rhdhgt tcfhs,tm`t fh`gt fìcgb rcsiy suaprcfh ln`gs (D`lnfcrcs 155=`9 D`lnfcrcs `gk

R`llcsng 155=). J`ggch gk Jrhkkch hgkhk up mnlkcgb $0.: trcllcng cg hxpn-

surh tn tnxcd fnrtb`bhs, wmcdm dngstctuths m`lj nj tmh tnt`l gng-JM@ nut-

st`gkcgb `fnugt nj tnxcd fnrtb`bhs (Ucgtn 1553).

@ rhvchw nj h-f`cl dnrrhspngkhgdh ahtwhhg rcsi f`g`bhrs `gk shgcnr

f`g`bhfhgt t tmh BTHs rhvh`ls tm`t tmnsh pnsctcngs whrh tìhg khspcth tmh

naohdtcngs nj rcsi f`g`bhrs, wmn vchwhk tmhf `s cfprukhgt `gk wmn prh-

kcdthk tm`t tmh BTHs wnulk lh`k tmh rhst nj tmh f`riht cgtn mubh nvhrprcdcgb

nj rcsiy fnrtb`bhs (D`lnfcrcs 155=`). Cgkhhk, ct cs lcihly tm`t àshgt tmhcgvnlvhfhgt nj J`ggch gk Jrhkkch cg bbrhsscvh suaprcfh auycgb ahbcggcgb



D`lnfcrcs 80

cg 155;, tmh tnt`l f`bgctukh nj tnxcd fnrtb`bhs nrcbcg`thk wnulk m`vh

ahhg lhss tm`g m`lj tmh `dtu`l `fnugt, scgdh J`ggch `gk Jrhkkch drnwkhk

f`riht p`rtcdcp`tcng cg fnrh tm`g tmhy drnwkhk ct nut.

Rm`t sphdts nj BTH cgvnlvhfhgt cg tmh f`riht subbhst tm`t, ng ght, tmhy

drnwkhk cg, r`tmhr tm`g drnwkhk nut, prcv`th cgvhstfhgt cg suaprcfh `gk

@lt-@ fnrtb`bhs> Jcrst, tmh tcfcgb nj BTH cgvnlvhfhgt w`s cfpnrt`gt. [mhcr

`bbrhsscvh r`fpcgb up nj purdm`shs nj tmhsh prnkudts cg 155; dncgdckhk

wctm tmh ddhlhr`tcng nj brnwtm cg suaprcfh fnrtb`bhs. [nt`l suaprcfh gk

@lt-@ nrcbcg`tcngs brhw jrnf $438 acllcng cg 1554 tn $208 acllcng cg 155;,

rh`dmcgb fnrh tm`g $0 trcllcng cg 1558 (D`lnfcrcs 155=a? tàlh 1). Jurtmhr-

fnrh, tmh BTHs st`yhk cg tmhsh f`rihts lngb `jthr tmh fck-155: fi`tthgcgb

nj mnush prcdhs, wmcdm scbg`lhk tn f`gy ntmhr lhgkhrs tmh ghhk tn hxct tmh

suaprcfh f`riht9 kurcgb tmh l`st yh`r nj tmh suaprcfh gk @lt-@ nrcbcg`tcng

annf, wmhg nrcbcg`tcngs rhf`cghk gh`r phì lhvhls khspcth dlh`r hvckhgdh

nj cfphgkcgb prnalhfs, tmh BTHs whrh drudc`l cg f`cgt`cgcgb ffg`gdcgb jnr

suaprcfh `gk @lt-@ shdurctchs.[mh BTHs `lsn whrh ugcquhly l`rbh `gk prnthdthk pl`yhrs cg tmh fnrt-

b`bh f`riht (kuh tn tmhcr BTH st`tus) `gk tmus dnulk sht st`gk`rks `gk

cgfiuhgdh prcdcgb cg w`ys tm`t ntmhr lhgkhrs dnulk gnt. [mhsh ugcquh qu`lc-

tchs whrh gnthk ay Jrhkkch F`d–s rcsi f`g`bhrs wmhg tmhy rhjhrrhk tn Jrhk-

kch–s rnlh cg “fìcgb ` f`riht‖ cg gn-knds fnrtb`bhs. @jthr 155;, `gk

dngtcgucgb lngb `jthr tmh suaprcfh f`riht turghk knwg cg 155:, nrcbcg`-

tnrs nj suaprcfh `gk @lt-@ fnrtb`bhs ighw tm`t tmh BTHs stnnk rh`ky

tn auy tmhcr pnnrly ugkhrwrctthg cgstrufhgts, `gk tmcs BTH lhbctcfcz`tcng

nj ugsnugk ugkhrwrctcgb pr`dtcdhs b`vh `ssur`gdh tn f`riht p`rtcdcp`gts

tm`t tmhrh w`s ` rh`ky snurdh nj khf`gk jnr tmh ghw prnkudt. [m`t `ssur-`gdh m`k cfpnrt`gt dngshquhgdhs antm jnr cgctc`lly `ddhlhr`tcgb `gk l`thr

f`cgt`cgcgb tmh l`rbh finw nj suaprcfh `gk @lt-@ fnrtb`bh kh`ls `gk jnr

prnfntcgb tmh nvhrprcdcgb `gk nvhrlhvhr`bcgb nj tmhsh cgstrufhgts. [m`t

f`riht-fìcgb rnlh nj tmh BTHs m`k dngshquhgdhs jnr tmh hxp`gscng nj tmh

f`riht `gk tmh prcdcgb nj suaprcfh `gk @lt-@ fnrtb`bhs `gk fnrtb`bh-

a`dihk shdurctchs tm`t hxdhhkhk tmh p`rtcdul`r shdurctchs purdm`shk nr bu`r-

`gthhs f`kh ay tmh BTHs.

[mcrk, bnvhrgfhgt rhbul`tcngs lcfctcgb wmn d`g auy stndi cg a`gis f`kh

hjjhdtcvh dnrpnr`th bnvhrg`gdh wctmcg l`rbh ffg`gdc`l cgstctutcngs vcrtu`lly

cfpnsscalh, wmcdm `llnwhk a`gi f`g`bhfhgt tn pursuh cgvhstfhgts tm`twhrh ugprnfftàlh jnr stndimnlkhrs cg tmh lngb rug, aut vhry prnfftàlh jnr

f`g`bhfhgt cg tmh smnrt rug, bcvhg tmh smnrt tcfh mnrczng nj f`g`bhrc`l

dnfphgs`tcng systhfs.

Uhgscngs, futu`l jugks, cgsur`gdh dnfp`gchs, `gk a`gis `rh rhstrcdthk

jrnf mnlkcgb `gytmcgb aut tcgy stìhs cg `gy p`rtcdul`r dnfp`gy, wmcdm

fìhs tmhsh cgjnrfhk prnjhsscng`l cgvhstnrs vcrtu`lly cfpnthgt cg prnfnt-

cgb gy dm`gbh wctmcg a`kly f`g`bhk ffrfs. Mnstclh tìhnvhrs, wmcdm njthg

prnvckh `g `lthrg`tcvh fh`gs nj kcsdcplcgh jnr fcsf`g`bhk gngffg`gdc`l

ffrfs, `rh gnt ` jh`scalh snurdh nj kcsdcplcgh jnr ffg`gdc`l dnfp`gchs9 a`gis`rh shrvcdh prnvckhrs wmnsh jr`gdmcsh dngscsts l`rbhly nj muf`g d`pct`l, gk



81 Jcg`gdc`l Cggnv`tcng, Qhbul`tcng, gk Qhjnrf

tmh ahst p`rts nj tm`t muf`g d`pct`l d`g fihh tn dnfphtctnrs s snng s g`sty

tìhnvhr a`ttlhs ahbcg (` pncsng pcll hvhg ahtthr tm`g st`gk`rk tìhnvhr

khjhgshs). Rm`t ànut tmh pnsscaclcty tm`t ` mhkbh jugk nr prcv`th hqucty

cgvhstnr fcbmt cgthrvhgh tn ahdnfh ` fònr alndimnlkhr cg ` ffg`gdc`l ffrf

`gk try tn dm`gbh ct jrnf wctmcg> [m`t pnsscaclcty cs navc`thk ay tmh A`gi

Mnlkcgb Dnfp`gy @dt, wmcdm prhvhgts `gy hgtcty wctm ` dngtrnllcgb cgthr-

hst cg ` gngffg`gdc`l dnfp`gy jrnf `dqucrcgb ` dngtrnllcgb cgthrhst cg `

a`gi mnlkcgb dnfp`gy (tmh khffgctcng nj tmh sczh nj ` dngtrnllcgb cgthrhst

w`s rhl`xhk cg tmh wìh nj tmh 155= drcscs tn hgdnur`bh fnrh alndi mnlk-

cgb, aut tm`t dm`gbh w`s tnn lcttlh `gk tnn l`th).

Rmhg stndimnlkhr kcsdcplcgh cs àshgt, f`g`bhrs `rh àlh tn sht up tmh

f`g`bhfhgt nj rcsi wctmcg tmh ffrfs tmhy f`g`bh tn ahghfft tmhfshlvhs `t

tmh hxphgsh nj stndimnlkhrs. @g `ssht auaalh (lcih tmh suaprcfh auaalh nj

1554—52) njjhrs `g ckh`l nppnrtugcty9 cj shgcnr f`g`bhrs hstàlcsm dnf-

phgs`tcng systhfs tm`t rhw`rk suanrkcg`ths a`shk ng tnt`l `sshts f`g`bhk

nr tnt`l rhvhguhs dnllhdthk wctmnut rhb`rk tn rcsi nr juturh pnthgtc`l lnss,tmhg suanrkcg`ths m`vh g cgdhgtcvh tn hxp`gk pnrtjnlcns r`pckly kurcgb tmh

auaalh wctmnut rhb`rk tn rcsi. Thgcnr f`g`bhrs tmhg rhw`rk tmhfshlvhs jnr

m`vcgb nvhrshhg tm`t “suddhssjul‖ hxp`gscng wctm l`rbh smnrt-thrf angushs

`gk fìh surh tn d`sm nut tmhcr stndi nptcngs qucdily sn tm`t l`rbh pnrtcng

nj tmhcr fnghy cs s`jhly cgvhsthk hlshwmhrh ay tmh tcfh tmh auaalh aursts.

Jnurtm, prukhgtc`l rhbul`tcng nj dnffhrdc`l a`gis ay tmh bnvhrgfhgt

m`s prnvhg tn ah cghjjhdtcvh. [m`t j`clurh rhfihdts (`) prnalhfs cg fh`surcgb

a`gi rcsi rhsultcgb jrnf rhbul`tcng–s cll-dngsckhrhk rhlc`gdh ng drhkct-r`tcgb

`bhgdchs– `sshssfhgts `gk cgthrg`l a`gi fnkhls tn fh`surh rcsi `gk (a) tmh

tnn-acb-tn-j`cl prnalhf (Tthrg `gk Jhlkf`g 155;), wmcdm fìhs ct kcjffdulttn hgjnrdh hjjhdtcvh kcsdcplcgh ng l`rbh, dnfplhx a`gis, hvhg cj rhbul`tnrs

khthdt tm`t tmhy m`vh sujjhrhk l`rbh lnsshs `gk `dduful`thk cfprukhgtly

l`rbh rcsis.

Rctm rhsphdt tn tmh jnrfhr, C rhcthr`th tm`t tmh rcsi fh`surhfhgt prnalhf

cs gnt fhrhly tm`t rhbul`tnrs gk tmhcr rulhs rhb`rkcgb shdurctcz`tcng phrfct-

thk tmh annicgb nj suaprcfh rcsis njj nj dnffhrdc`l a`gi a`l`gdh smhhts9

tmh fh`surhfhgt nj suaprcfh rcsi, `gk tmh d`pct`l aukbhthk `b`cgst tm`t

rcsi, wnulk stcll m`vh ahhg fudm tnn lnw cj `ll tmh suaprcfh rcsi m`k ahhg

annihk hgtcrhly ng dnffhrdc`l a`gi a`l`gdh smhhts. Qhbul`tnrs utclczh kcj-

jhrhgt fh`gs tn `sshss rcsi, khphgkcgb ng tmh sczh nj tmh a`gi. Xgkhr tmhscfplhst vhrscng nj rhbul`tnry fh`surhfhgt nj a`gi rcsi, suaprcfh fnrt-

b`bhs m`vh ` lnw `ssht rcsi whcbmt (85 phrdhgt tm`t nj dnffhrdc`l ln`gs),

hvhg tmnubm tmhy rh fudm rcsichr tm`g fnst a`gi ln`gs. [mh fnrh dnfplhx

fh`surhfhgt nj suaprcfh rcsi (`pplcdàlh tn l`rbhr X.T. a`gis) rhlchs ng

tmh npcgcngs nj r`tcgb `bhgdchs nr tmh cgthrg`l `sshssfhgts nj a`gis, `gk ct

smnulk dnfh s gn surprcsh tm`t ghctmhr nj tmnsh sshssfhgts cs cgkhphgkhgt

nj a`gi f`g`bhfhgt.

Q`tcgb `bhgdchs, `jthr `ll, `rh suppnshk tn d`thr tn auy-sckh f`riht p`rtcd-

cp`gts, aut wmhg tmhcr r`tcgbs rh ushk jnr rhbul`tnry purpnshs, auy-sckh p`r-tcdcp`gts rhw`rk r`tcgb `bhgdchs jnr ugkhrhstcf`tcgb rcsi, scgdh tm`t mhlps tmh



D`lnfcrcs 84

auy-sckh dlchgts tn `vnck rhbul`tcng. F`gy nashrvhrs wrngbly ahlchvh tm`t

tmh prnalhf wctm r`tcgb `bhgdchs– br`kh cgfi`tcng nj shdurctczhk khats cs tm`t

tmh shllhrs nj tmhsh khats (spngsnrs nj shdurctcz`tcngs) p`y jnr r`tcgbs9 ng tmh

dngtr`ry, tmh prnalhf cs tm`t tmh auyhrs nj tmh khats w`gt cgfi`thk r`tcgbs

ahdùsh tmhy rhdhcvh rhbul`tnry ahghffts jrnf tmnsh cgfi`thk r`tcgbs.

[mh tnn-acb-tn-j`cl prnalhf rhl`ths tn tmh l`di nj drhkcaclcty nj rhbul`tnry

kcsdcplcgh jnr l`rbh, dnfplhx a`gis. Jnr sf`ll a`gis, tmh j`clurh tn f`g-

`bh rcsi prnphrly rhsults cg “cgthrvhgtcng‖ ay rhbul`tnrs, ugkhr tmh Jhkhr`l

Khpnsct Cgsur`gdh Dnrpnr`tcng Cfprnvhfhgt @dt (JKCDC@) jr`fhwnri

hstàlcsmhk cg 0330, wmcdm jnrdhs tmh s`lh nr lcquck`tcng nj cgsujffdchgtly

d`pct`lczhk a`gis. Aut jnr l`rbh, dnfplhx a`gis, tmh prnsphdt nj cgthrvhgcgb

cs sn pnthgtc`lly kcsruptcvh tn tmh ffg`gdc`l systhf tm`t rhbul`tnrs m`vh `g

cgdhgtcvh tn vnck cgthrvhgtcng. [mh cgdhgtcvhs tm`t j`vnr “jnrah`r`gdh‖ d`g

fìh ct m`rk jnr rhbul`tnrs tn hgsurh dnfplc`gdh.

[mh tnn-acb-tn-j`cl prnalhf f`bgcffhs tmh sn-d`llhk fnr`l m`z`rk prna-

lhf nj tmh bnvhrgfhgt s`jhty ght9 a`gis tm`t hxphdt tn ah prnthdthk aykhpnsct cgsur`gdh, Jhk lhgkcgb, `gk [rh`sury-Jhk a`clnuts `gk tm`t ahlchvh

tmhy `rh ahyngk kcsdcplcgh wcll thgk tn tìh ng hxdhsscvh rcsi, scgdh tmh t`x-

p`yhrs sm`rh tmh dnsts nj tm`t hxdhsscvh rcsi ng tmh knwgsckh. @gk oust `s

cfpnrt`gt, a`gis tm`t `rh prnthdthk ay tmh bnvhrgfhgt jrnf tmh kcsdcplcgh

nj tmh f`rihtpl`dh wcll ah tnn tnlhr`gt nj a`k f`g`bhfhgt, scgdh f`g`bh-

rc`l hrrnrs tm`t `rh gnrf`lly pugcsmhk ay j`clurh wcll ah mckkhg ugkhr tmh

ufarhll` nj bnvhrgfhgt prnthdtcng.

[mh fnr`l m`z`rk nj tmh tnn-acb-tn-j`cl prnalhf w`s dlh`rly vcscalh cg tmh

ahm`vcnr nj tmh l`rbh cgvhstfhgt a`gis cg 155=. @jthr Ah`r Tth`rgs w`s rhs-

duhk ay [rh`sury-Jhk a`clnut cg F`rdm, Lhmf`g Arntmhrs, Fhrrcll Lygdm,Fnrb`g Tt`glhy, `gk Bnlkf`g T`dms s`t ng tmhcr m`gks jnr scx fngtms

`w`ctcgb jurtmhr khvhlnpfhgts (tm`t cs, hctmhr g cfprnvhfhgt cg tmh f`riht

hgvcrngfhgt nr m`gknut jrnf Xgdlh T`f). Cg p`rtcdul`r, Lhmf`g kck lcttlh

tn r`csh d`pct`l nr smnrh up cts pnsctcng. Aut wmhg dngkctcngs khthrcnr`thk

`gk tmh `gtcdcp`thk a`clnut j`clhk tn f`thrc`lczh jnr Lhmf`g cg Thpthfahr

155=‛smnwcgb tm`t tmhrh whrh lcfcts tn [rh`sury-Jhk bhghrnscty‛tmh

ntmhr fònr cgvhstfhgt a`gis cffhkc`thly hctmhr whrh `dqucrhk nr tr`gs-

jnrfhk tmhfshlvhs cgtn dnffhrdc`l a`gi mnlkcgb dnfp`gchs tn cgdrh`sh

tmhcr `ddhss tn bnvhrgfhgt suppnrt.

[mh tnn-acb-tn-j`cl fnr`l m`z`rk prnalhf cs gnt ` g`tur`l dngshquhgdhnj tmh hxcsthgdh nj l`rbh, dnfplhx cgstctutcngs. Lcih tmh ntmhr pnlcdy j`clurhs

hgufhr`thk mhrh, ct rhfihdts bnvhrgfhgt khdcscngs. Cg tmh d`sh nj tnn-acb-

tn-j`cl, tmh bnvhrgfhgt m`s f`kh twn ihy hrrnrs. Jcrst, prnthdtcng m`s ahhg

njjhrhk tnn jrhquhgtly (jnr hx`fplh, tmh a`clnut nj Dngtcghgt`l A`gi cg

03=; w`s gnt oustcffhk ay plùscalh “systhfcd rcsi‖ dngdhrgs)9 snfh nj tmh

fnr`l m`z`rk dnst ssndc`thk wctm tnn acb tn j`cl dnulk ah hlcfcg`thk oust ay

ahcgb fnrh shlhdtcvh cg pplycgb tmh kndtrcgh. Thdngk, cj tmh bnvhrgfhgt kck

fnrh tn drh`th drhkcalh cgthrvhgtcng gk rhsnlutcng prndhss jnr l`rbh, dnf-

plhx a`gis tm`t ahdnfh trnualhk, tmhg fudm nj tmh dnst nj tnn acb tn j`cldnulk ah hlcfcg`thk. Cj, jnr hx`fplh, tmh bnvhrgfhgt rhqucrhk tm`t ` jh`scalh



8; Jcg`gdc`l Cggnv`tcng, Qhbul`tcng, gk Qhjnrf

`gk drhkcalh cgthrvhgtcng pl`g ah f`cgt`cghk ng `g ngbncgb a`scs jnr hvhry

l`rbh, dnfplhx cgstctutcng, tmhg ct wnulk gnt ghhk tn jnrah`r jrnf cgthrvhg-

cgb cg sudm cgstctutcngs wmhg tmhy ahdnfh khhply ugkhrd`pct`lczhk.

[n ah jh`scalh gk drhkcalh, g cgthrvhgtcng pl`g wnulk m`vh tn hgsurh

tmh sh`flhss dngtcgucgb nphr`tcng `gk jugkcgb nj tmh cgstctutcng–s lhgk-

cgb `gk ntmhr cfpnrt`gt f`riht tr`gs`dtcngs `gk wnulk m`vh tn khffgh

cg `kv`gdh lnss-sm`rcgb `rr`gbhfhgts `fngb tmh suasckc`rchs wctmcg

tmh nrb`gcz`tcng tm`t kh`l wctm ngh `gntmhr (`gk tmnsh lnss-sm`rcgb

`rr`gbhfhgts wnulk m`vh tn ah `pprnvhk cg `kv`gdh ay tmh v`rcnus

dnugtrchs– rhbul`tnrs cg wmcdm tmh suasckc`rchs `rh lnd`thk). Ngh nj tmh

fnst cgtr`dtàlh prnalhfs nj dnfplhx, blna`lly kcvhrsh a`gis cs khffg-

cgb lnss-sm`rcgb `rr`gbhfhgts `drnss anrkhrs cg tmh fckst nj ` ffg`gdc`l

drcscs. A`giruptdy prndhkurhs `pph`r tn ah tnn dufahrsnfh jnr kh`l-

cgb wctm tmh sfnntm tr`gsjhr nj dngtrnl `gk jugkcgb, `gk tmh l`di nj `

prh`rr`gbhk `brhhfhgt `fngb rhbul`tnrs ànut lnss sm`rcgb fh`gs tm`t

a`giruptdy (`s cg tmh d`sh nj Lhmf`g) d`g hgt`cl dnfplhx, prntr`dthk`koukcd`tcng nj cgthrsuasckc`ry dl`cfs cg f`gy kcjjhrhgt lhb`l vhguhs.

[mh “arckbh a`gi‖ strudturh hxcsts cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths `gk ` jhw ntmhr

dnugtrchs `s ` fh`gs nj tr`gsctcngcgb tn ghw dngtrnl `gk jugkcgb snurdhs,

aut tmcs strudturh m`s gnt ahhg ushk kurcgb tmh suaprcfh drcscs, phrm`ps

ahdùsh ct cs tnn kcjffdult tn khffgh cts strudturh `gk khthrfcgh lnss-sm`rcgb

`rr`gbhfhgts `drnss suasckc`rchs `jthr tmh j`dt. [mh prcf`ry pnlcdy j`clurh

rhl`tcgb tn tnn-acb-tn-j`cl prnalhfs cs gnt tmh khdcscng tn jnrah`r jrnf cgthr-

vhgcgb cg tmh fckst nj tmh drcscs, aut r`tmhr tmh khdcscng gnt tn prhp`rh prnp-

hrly jnr tmh hvhgtu`lcty nj m`vcgb tn cgthrvhgh.

Cg suff`ry, tmh brh`thst tmrh`ts tm`t ffg`gdc`l shdtnr pnlcdy fust dngjrngtm`vh tn kn wctm tmh w`ys cg wmcdm bnvhrgfhgt pnlcdy sm`phs tmh rulhs nj

tmh b`fh tn prnfnth wclljully hxdhsscvh, v`luh-khstrnycgb rcsis. [mh pursuct

nj v`luh-khstrnycgb rcsis `rcshs fnst h`scly kurcgb fnfhgts nj `ddnffn-

k`tcvh fnght`ry pnlcdy, `gk tmh lnw-cgthrhst-r`th hgvcrngfhgt nj 1551—58

w`s `fngb tmh fnst `ddnffnk`tcvh cg X.T. mcstnry. Z`luh-khstrnycgb rcsi

tìcgb kurcgb tmh rhdhgt suaprcfh fnrtb`bh annf `gk aust w`s fntcv`thk

ay (0) pnlctcd`l prhssurhs tn lhgk ugwcshly (jnr hx`fplh, tmh prhssurhs tm`t

lhk J`ggch `gk Jrhkkch tn pursuh tmh hxp`gscng nj “`jjnrkàlh mnuscgb,‖

khspcth cts dnsts tn t`xp`yhrs `gk ugwcttcgb mnfh auyhrs), (1) a`gi `bhgdy

prnalhfs (tm`t cs, pnlcdchs tm`t `llnw a`gihrs tn `vnck stndimnlkhr kcsdc-plcgh cg pursuct nj tmhcr nwg shlj-cgthrhst), `gk (4) s`jhty ght prnthdtcngs

(cgdlukcgb tnn-acb-tn-j`cl pnlcdchs) tm`t fìh v`luh-khstrnycgb rcsis phrsng-

`lly ahghffdc`l tn ffg`gdchrs `gk tmhcr stndimnlkhrs.

Qhbul`tnry Qhjnrf jnr ` Rnrlk Unpul`thk ay Muf`gs

Ngh rhspngsh tn tmh lct`gy nj wnh nutlcghk anvh cs tn subbhst tm`t tmh r`jt

nj bnvhrgfhgt kcstnrtcngs tm`t prnkudh ffg`gdc`l shdtnr kcs`sthrs smnulkah hlcfcg`thk. Cj tmhrh whrh gn bnvhrgfhgt s`jhty ghts, gn bnvhrgfhgt



D`lnfcrcs 88

f`gcpul`tcng nj drhkct f`rihts, gn lhvhr`bh suasckchs, `gk gn lcfct`tcngs

ng tmh f`riht jnr dnrpnr`th dngtrnl, ngh dnulk rh`sngàly `rbuh `b`cgst

tmh ghhk jnr prukhgtc`l rhbul`tcng. Cgkhhk, tmh mcstnry nj ffg`gdc`l drcshs

smnws tm`t cg tcfhs `gk pl`dhs wmhrh tmhsh bnvhrgfhgt cgthrvhgtcngs

whrh àshgt, ffg`gdc`l drcshs whrh rhl`tcvhly r`rh `gk gnt vhry shvhrh

(D`lnfcrcs 1552).

[m`t l`csshz-j`crh `rbufhgt, mnwhvhr, ghblhdts twn dnugthr`rbufhgts.

Jcrst, suast`gtc`l ghb`tcvh hxthrg`lctchs f`y ah `ssndc`thk wctm a`gi rcsi

f`g`bhfhgt. U`rt nj tmh ahghfft jrnf ngh a`gi–s rhkudtcng nj cts rcsi cs

sm`rhk ay ntmhr a`gis (scgdh tmh j`clurh nj ngh l`rbh cgstctutcng d`g m`vh

rhphrdusscngs jnr ntmhrs), `gk tmcs cfplchs tm`t cj a`gis `rh lhjt tn tmhcr

nwg khvcdhs, tmhy wcll dmnnsh lhvhls nj rcsi tm`t `rh mcbmhr tm`g tmh sndc`lly

nptcf`l lhvhls.

Thdngk, ct cs gnt vhry mhlpjul tn subbhst rhbul`tnry dm`gbhs tm`t `rh

j`r ahyngk tmh jh`scalh anugks nj tmh durrhgt pnlctcd`l hgvcrngfhgt. Ct

cs ushjul tn pncgt tn tmh khscràclcty nj f`gy scfult`ghnus jugk`fhgt`lrhjnrfs nj bnvhrgfhgt pnlcdy, aut ct cs `lsn ushjul tn nutlcgh ` pnlcdy

rhjnrf str`thby jnr ` wnrlk tm`t cs gnt `fhgàlh tn tmh rh`snghk `rbu-

fhgts nj lcahrt`rc`g hdngnfcsts. @ashgt tmh hlcfcg`tcng nj bnvhrgfhgt

s`jhty ghts, bnvhrgfhgt drhkct suasckchs, `gk bnvhrgfhgt lcfcts ng dnr-

pnr`th dngtrnl, bnvhrgfhgt prukhgtc`l rhbul`tcng cs ` fust, hvhg jnr

tmnsh wmn rh gnt dngvcgdhk ay tmh rbufhgt rhb`rkcgb rcsi f`g`bhfhgt

hxthrg`lctchs. Xgtcl `gk uglhss tmhsh tmrhh d`thbnrchs nj hxcstcgb bnvhrg-

fhgt kcstnrtcngs rh hlcfcg`thk, wh fust fctcb`th tmhcr m`rfjul hjjhdts ay

hstàlcsmcgb hjjhdtcvh prukhgtc`l rhbul`tcngs.

Cj ngh cs bncgb tn khscbg ` rhbul`tnry systhf tm`t wnris cg tmh prhshgdhnj tmhsh v`rcnus kcstnrtcngs, ct wcll m`vh tn ah khscbghk ng tmh a`scs nj prcg-

dcplhs tm`t tr`gsdhgk tmh f`tmhf`tcds nj ffg`gdh. @s A`rtm, D`prcn, `gk

Lhvcgh (155:) rcbmtly gnth, a`gihrs `rh gnt `gbhls, `gk ghctmhr `rh a`gi

rhbul`tnrs nr fhfahrs nj Dngbrhss nr dàcght shdrht`rchs. A`gi f`g`bhrs

njthg rh wcllcgb tn tìh kv`gt`bh nj stndimnlkhrs nr b`fh tmh bnvhrgfhgt

s`jhty ght. Qhbul`tnrs rh dnrruptcalh, p`rtcdul`rly wmhg tmhy rh tmrh`thghk

ay suphrcnrs wmn hgdnur`bh tmhf tn jnllnw tmh p`tm nj lh`st pnlctcd`l rhscs-

t`gdh. Unlctcdc`gs wcll prhssurh a`gis tn fìh ugprnfftàlh ln`gs gk wcll ah

tnn bhghrnus cg tmhcr dngstrudtcng nj a`gi s`jhty ghts ahdùsh dngstctuhg-

dchs rhw`rk tmhf jnr kncgb sn.Tuddhssjul a`gi rhbul`tcng tìhs cgtn `ddnugt tmhsh muf`g j`clcgbs `gk

khvcshs fhdm`gcsfs tm`t suddhhk rh`sngàly whll cg spcth nj tmhf. [mh trcdi

cg rhbul`tnry rhjnrf cs tn ush tmh pualcd nutr`bh kurcgb ` fnfhgt nj drcscs

`s `g nppnrtugcty tn p`ss rnaust rhjnrfs tm`t wcll wnri `jthr tmh drcscs

cs nvhr `gk tmh tmrh`ts nj pnlctcd`l cgfiuhgdh, s`jhty ghts, `gk f`g`bhrc`l

`bhgdy m`vh rhturghk. [m`t cs gnt h`sy, aut hxphrchgdh `gk hfpcrcd`l hvc-

khgdh subbhst tm`t snfh snlutcngs tn tmhsh prnalhfs `rh fnrh suddhssjul

tm`g ntmhrs.

Cg tmh rhf`cgkhr nj tmcs hss`y, C rhvchw shvhr`l ckh`s jnr rhbul`tnry rhjnrftm`t `rh khscràlh gnt ngly ahdùsh tmhy fìh shgsh thdmgcd`lly `s w`ys tn



8: Jcg`gdc`l Cggnv`tcng, Qhbul`tcng, gk Qhjnrf

fh`surh `gk f`g`bh rcsi, aut `lsn ahdùsh tmhy `jjhdt tmh cgdhgtcvhs nj

a`gihrs `gk a`gi rhbul`tnrs9 cg ntmhr wnrks, ahdùsh tmhy `rh rhl`tcvhly

rnaust tn tmh bnvhrgfhgt pnlcdy prnalhfs `gk muf`g j`clcgbs `t tmh mh`rt

nj tmh suaprcfh drcscs. [mcs cs gnt `g hxmùstcvh rhvchw nj ffg`gdc`l rhbul`-

tcng nr hvhg a`gicgb rhbul`tcng. Fy jndus cs ng tmh strudturh gk dngthgt nj

a`gi prukhgtc`l rhbul`tcng, wctm `g hfpm`scs ng mnw tn strudturh rhbul`-

tnry fhdm`gcsfs tm`t wnulk cfprnvh tmh hjjhdtcvhghss nj tmh fh`surhfhgt

`gk f`g`bhfhgt nj rcsi cg tmh a`gicgb systhf.

C rhvchw scx d`thbnrchs nj pnlcdy rhjnrf tm`t wnulk `kkrhss whìghsshs

nj tmh pnlcdy hgvcrngfhgt tm`t b`vh rcsh tn tmh suaprcfh drcscs, cgdlukcgb

tmnsh rhvchwhk ànvh. [mhsh scx `rh`s `rh (0) sf`rthr “fcdrn prukhgtc`l‖

rhbul`tcng nj a`gis, (1) ghw ckh`s jnr “f`drn prukhgtc`l‖ rhbul`tcng nj

a`gi d`pct`l `gk lcquckcty st`gk`rks, (4) tmh drh`tcng nj kht`clhk, rhbul`rly

upk`thk, prhp`di`bhk “arckbh a`gi‖ pl`gs jnr l`rbh, dnfplhx ffg`gdc`l

nrb`gcz`tcngs, (;) rhjnrfs tn hlcfcg`th tmh kcstnrtcngs cg mnuscgb ffg`gdh

cgkudhk ay bnvhrgfhgt pnlcdchs tm`t hgdnur`bh mcbm rcsi `gk lhvhr`b-cgb, (8) rhjnrfs tm`t wnulk cfprnvh stndimnlkhr kcsdcplcgh nj a`gis, `gk

(:) cgctc`tcvhs tn hgdnur`bh brh`thr tr`gsp`rhgdy cg khrcv`tcvhs tr`gs`dtcngs.

Fìcgb Fcdrn Urukhgtc`l D`pct`l Qhbul`tcng Tf`rthr

Urukhgtc`l d`pct`l rhbul`tcng rhjhrs tn rhbul`tcngs tm`t try tn fh`surh a`gi

rcsi `gk aukbht d`pct`l (hqucty plus ntmhr d`pct`l `ddnugts) `ddnrkcgbly tn

prnthdt `b`cgst pnthgtc`l lnss rhl`thk tn tm`t rcsi. Fcdrn prukhgtc`l d`pct`l

rhbul`tcng rhjhrs tn shttcgb d`pct`l a`shk ng g`lyscs nj tmh dcrdufst`gdhs nj

tmh cgkcvcku`l cgstctutcng. Ahlnw C `lsn dngsckhr f`drn prukhgtc`l rhbul`-

tcng, wmcdm rhjhrs tn tmh v`rc`tcng nvhr tcfh cg tmh fcgcfuf `fnugts njd`pct`l, lcquckcty, gk prnvcscngcgb jnr lnss rhqucrhk nj a`gis tm`t nddurs s

` jugdtcng nj tmh f`drnhdngnfcd st`th nj tmh hdngnfy.

[mh twn ihy dm`llhgbhs cg fcdrn prukhgtc`l d`pct`l rhbul`tcng `rh

(0) ffgkcgb w`ys tn fh`surh `ddur`thly tmh v`luh `gk rcsicghss nj kcjjhr-

hgt `sshts `gk (1) hgsurcgb sphhky cgthrvhgtcng tn prhvhgt lnsshs jrnf

brnwcgb ngdh a`gis ahdnfh shvhrhly ugkhrd`pct`lczhk. [mhsh `rh gnt oust

thdmgcd`l cssuhs. A`gis, suphrvcsnrs, rhbul`tnrs, gk pnlctcdc`gs njthg m`vh

cgdhgtcvhs tn ugkhrst`th lnsshs `gk rcsis `gk tn `vnck tcfhly cgthrvhgtcng.

[cfhly cgthrvhgtcng cs drudc`l, mnwhvhr. Cj suaprcfh rcsi m`k ahhg dnr-

rhdtly ckhgtcffhk cg 1558, tmh rug-up cg suaprcfh lhgkcgb cg 155: gk 1552dnulk m`vh ahhg `vnckhk9 a`gis wnulk m`vh m`k tn aukbht fudm fnrh

d`pct`l b`cgst tmnsh pnsctcngs, wmcdm wnulk m`vh kcsdnur`bhk dngtcgucgb

brnwtm cg suaprcfh lhgkcgb. Jurtmhrfnrh, a`gis tm`t m`vh hxphrchgdhk

l`rbh lnsshs njthg m`vh cgdhgtcvhs tn cgdrh`sh tmhcr rcsi jurtmhr, scgdh tmhy

m`vh lcttlh nj tmhcr nwg d`pct`l lhjt tn lnsh9 tm`t bn-jnr-arnih “rhsurrhd-

tcng‖ rcsi tìcgb d`g ngly ah prhvhgthk ay rhbul`tnrs cj tmhy ckhgtcjy `gk

cgthrvhgh cg shvhrhly ugkhrd`pct`lczhk a`gis cg ` tcfhly f`gghr.

Mnw d`g rhbul`tcng hgsurh `ddur`th `gk tcfhly cgjnrf`tcng ànut tmh

v`luh `gk rcsicghss nj `sshts> [mh ihy prnalhf wctm tmh durrhgt systhfnj fh`surcgb `ssht v`luhs `gk rcsis cs tm`t ct khphgks ng a`gi rhpnrtcgb,



D`lnfcrcs 82

suphrvcsnrs– nashrv`tcngs, `gk r`tcgb `bhgdchs– npcgcngs. Gngh nj tmnsh

tmrhh p`rtchs m`s strngb cgthrhst cg dnrrhdt gk tcfhly fh`surhfhgt nj ssht

v`luh `gk rcsi. Jurtmhrfnrh, hvhg cj suphrvcsnrs whrh hxtrhfhly kclcbhgt cg

tmhcr hjjnrt tn fh`surh v`luh `gk rcsi `ddur`thly, mnw dnulk tmhy suddhss-

jully khjhgk lnw v`lu`tcngs nr mcbm hstcf`ths nj rcsi tm`t whrh hgtcrhly tmh

rhsult nj tmh `pplcd`tcng nj tmhcr fnkhls `gk oukbfhgt>

[mh hsshgdh nj tmh snlutcng tn tmcs prnalhf cs tn arcgb naohdtcvh cgjnr-

f`tcng jrnf tmh f`riht cgtn tmh rhbul`tnry prndhss `gk tn arcgb nutsckh

(f`riht) snurdhs nj kcsdcplcgh cg khat f`rihts tn ah`r cg phg`lczcgb a`gi

rcsi tìcgb. [mhsh `pprn`dmhs m`vh ahhg trchk wctm suddhss nutsckh tmh

Xgcthk Tt`ths, `gk tmhy m`vh njthg wnrihk. Rctm rhsphdt tn arcgbcgb f`r-

iht cgjnrf`tcng tn ah`r cg fh`surcgb rcsi, ngh `pprn`dm tn fh`surcgb tmh

rcsi nj ` ln`g cs tn ush tmh cgthrhst r`th p`ck ng ` ln`g `s `g cgkhx nj cts

rcsi. Mcbmhr-rcsi ln`gs thgk tn p`y mcbmhr cgthrhst. @rbhgtcgh a`gi d`pct`l

st`gk`rks cgtrnkudhk tmcs pprn`dm suddhssjully cg tmh 0335s ay shttcgb d`pc-

t`l rhqucrhfhgts ng ln`gs uscgb ln`g cgthrhst r`ths (D`lnfcrcs `gk Unwhll1551). Cj tm`t m`k ahhg kngh wctm mcbm-cgthrhst suaprcfh ln`gs, tmh d`pct`l

rhqucrhfhgts ng tmnsh ln`gs wnulk m`vh ahhg fudm mcbmhr.

@gntmhr dnfplhfhgt`ry fh`surh wnulk ah tn rhqucrh a`gis tn cssuh snfh

jnrf nj drhkcaly ugcgsurhk khat. Jnrdcgb a`gis tn `ddhss ugcgsurhk khat

f`rihts jnrdhs tmhf tn fhht `g hxthrg`l snurdh nj f`riht kcsdcplcgh, wmcdm

fh`gs tm`t tmhy m`vh ` strngb cgdhgtcvh tn s`tcsjy f`riht dngdhrgs ànut

tmh v`luh `gk rcsicghss nj tmhcr `sshts. Jurtmhrfnrh, tmh cgthrhst r`ths p`ck

ng `t-rcsi khats prnvckh v`luàlh cgjnrf`tcng ànut f`riht phrdhptcngs nj

a`gi rcsi (` prnvhrac`l d`g`ry cg tmh dn`l fcgh), wmcdm wnulk ah cffugh

tn f`gcpul`tcng ay a`gihrs, suphrvcsnrs, rhbul`tnrs, nr pnlctcdc`gs.Thbnvc`gn (155=) smnws tm`t tmh sprh`ks ng a`gi drhkct khjùlt sw`ps

(DKTs) dngt`cghk vhry cgjnrf`tcvh f`riht npcgcngs ànut kcjjhrhgdhs cg

rcsi `drnss a`gis cg 155= `gk ànut tmh futu`l khphgkhgdh `fngb l`rbh

a`gis wctm rhsphdt tn rcsi. [m`t hxphrchgdh cs gnt ugusu`l9 ` l`rbh anky nj

hvckhgdh suppnrts tmh hjffd`dy nj uscgb f`riht cgjnrf`tcng `gk kcsdcplcgh

tn fh`surh `gk dngtrnl a`gi rcsi. [mh hvckhgdh nj tmh hjjhdtcvhghss nj tmcs

`pprn`dm sp`gs f`gy dnugtrchs `gk dnfhs jrnf mcstnrcd`l `s whll `s dur-

rhgt hx`fplhs.

[mh Br`ff-Lh`dm-Alclhy @dt nj 0333 rhqucrhk tmh Jhk `gk [rh`sury

tn dngsckhr tm`t `pprn`dm cg tmh jnrf nj ` suanrkcg`thk khat rhqucrhfhgt.@ Jhk rhpnrt (An`rk nj Bnvhrgnrs 0333) smnwhk tm`t suast`gtc`l rhsh`rdm

j`vnrhk tmcs `pprn`dm, aut lnaaycgb jrnf tmh acb a`gis tn `vnck kcsdcplcgh

hgdnur`bhk [rh`sury Thdrht`ry L`wrhgdh Tuffhrs gk Jhk Dm`crf`g @l`g

Brhhgsp`g tn icll tmcs prnfcscgb ckh`. Gnw cs tmh tcfh tn arcgb tmcs ckh` a`di

ay rhqucrcgb a`gis tn njjhr drhkcaly ugcgsurhk khat cgstrufhgts `s p`rt nj

tmhcr d`pct`l strudturh. @ v`rchty nj pnsscalh cgstrufhgts dnulk ah rhqucrhk tn

prnvckh f`riht cgjnrf`tcng ànut rcsi `gk f`riht kcsdcplcgh. [mh Tm`knw

Jcg`gdc`l Qhbul`tnry Dnffctthh (1555) njjhrhk ` aluhprcgt nj mnw tn

strudturh tmh rulhs surrnugkcgb fcgcfuf suanrkcg`thk khat rhqucrhfhgt.[m`t prnpns`l, wmcdm w`s wrctthg prcnr tn khvhlnpfhgt nj tmh DKT f`riht,



8= Jcg`gdc`l Cggnv`tcng, Qhbul`tcng, gk Qhjnrf

dnulk prnvckh ` ushjul `lthrg`tcvh tn suanrkcg`thk khat cg tmh jnrf nj tmh

f`riht prcdcgb nj drhkct rcsi cgsur`gdh. Jl`gghry (1553) kcsdusshs tmh pnthg-

tc`l kv`gt`bhs nj dngtcgbhgt d`pct`l dhrtcffd`ths (DDDs)‛khats tm`t dngvhrt

tn hqucty wmhg a`gis sujjhr sujffdchgt pnrtjnlcn lnsshs‛r`tmhr tm`g str`cbmt

suanrkcg`thk khat jnr tmcs purpnsh9 Jl`gghry rbuhs tm`t DDDs fcbmt wnri

ahtthr tm`g suanrkcg`thk khat `s ` snurdh nj cgjnrf`tcng ànut rcsi `gk `

jnrf nj f`riht kcsdcplcgh, bcvhg tmh brh`thr pnthgtc`l jnr r`pck lnss ng DDDs

wmhg lnsshs ahdnfh l`rbh.

Jcg`lly, wctm rhsphdt tn tmh ush nj drhkct-r`tcgb bhgdchs– npcgcngs tn fh`-

surh tmh rcsicghss nj `sshts mhlk cg a`gi pnrtjnlcns, bcvhg tmh lnw lcihlcmnnk

tm`t rhbul`tnrs wcll ah wcllcgb tn hlcfcg`th hgtcrhly tmh ush nj r`tcgbs cg j`vnr

nj rhlc`gdh ng f`riht npcgcngs, tmhrh cs ` shdngk-ahst `lthrg`tcvh rhjnrf.

Q`tcgbs ushk jnr rhbul`tnry purpnshs smnulk ah prnvckhk cg gufhrcd`l jnrf,

gnt `s lhtthr br`khs. Lhtthr br`khs `s jnrw`rk-lnnicgb npcgcngs m`vh gn

naohdtcvh fh`gcgb tm`t d`g ah hv`lu`thk `gk phg`lczhk jnr cg`ddur`dy `jthr

tmh j`dt. Aut gufhrcd`l hstcf`ths nj tmh prnaàclcty nj khjùlt (UK) `gk lnssbcvhg khjùlt (LBK) kn m`vh naohdtcvh, fh`suràlh fh`gcgbs. Q`tcgb `bhg-

dchs tm`t prnvckh r`tcgbs ushk ay rhbul`tnrs (tmh sn-d`llhk g`tcng`lly rhd-

nbgczhk st`tcstcd`l r`tcgb nrb`gcz`tcngs, GQTQNs) smnulk m`vh tn prnvckh

sphdcffd hstcf`ths nj tmh UK `gk LBK jnr `gy r`thk cgstrufhgt, gnt oust `

lhtthr br`kh.

Q`tcgb `bhgdchs `lrh`ky d`ldul`th `gk rhpnrt sudm st`tcstcds rhtrnsphd-

tcvhly ng cgstrufhgts tm`t tmhy r`th, `gk prhsufàly tmhcr lhtthr br`khs

`rh fh`gt tn tr`gsl`th cgtn jnrw`rk-lnnicgb prhkcdtcngs nj tmhsh gufahrs.

Aut rhqucrcgb GQTQNs tn hxprhss r`tcgbs uscgb gufahrs wnulk `lthr tmhcr

cgdhgtcvhs tn r`th rcsi hctmhr tnn mcbm nr tnn lnw. Cj GQTQNs whrh phg`lczhkjnr ugkhrhstcf`tcgb rcsi (s`y, wctm ` scx-fngtm “sct nut‖ jrnf m`vcgb tmhcr

r`tcgbs ushk jnr rhbul`tnry purpnshs), tmhy wnulk m`vh strngb shlj-cgthrhst

cg hstcf`tcgb rcsi dnrrhdtly, scgdh tmh rhkudhk khf`gk jnr tmhcr shrvcdhs kur-

cgb tmh sct nut wnulk rhkudh tmhcr jhh cgdnfh. Ct wnulk ah h`sy tn khvcsh `g

`lbnrctmf jnr sudm sct nut? cj g GQTQN–s hstcf`ths nj hctmhr tmh UK nr tmh

LBK `rh sujffdchgtly lnw rhl`tcvh tn `dtu`l hxphrchgdh jnr ` sujffdchgtly lngb

tcfh, tmhy wnulk ah pugcsmhk wctm ` scx-fngtm sct nut.

@gntmhr prnpns`l jnr fìcgb fcdrn prukhgtc`l rhbul`tcng sf`rthr wnulk

ah tn r`csh rhbul`tnry rhqucrhfhgts jnr nrb`gcz`tcngs tm`t `rh l`rbh `gk

mcbmly dnfplhx. [mcs pnlcdy dnulk tìh tmh jnrf nj mcbmhr d`pct`l rhqucrh-fhgt, ` mcbmhr prnvcscngcgb rhqucrhfhgt, nr ` mcbmhr lcquckcty rhqucrh-

fhgt. [mh `rbufhgt cg j`vnr nj sudm ` pnlcdy cs tm`t, cg tmh prhshgdh nj tmh

tnn-acb-tn-j`cl prnalhf, l`rbh, dnfplhx a`gis `rh (0) lhss lcihly tn f`g-

`bh rcsi prnphrly `gk (1) fnrh lcihly tn drh`th prnalhfs jnr tmh ffg`gdc`l

systhf cj tmhy ahdnfh ugkhrd`pct`lczhk. Jnrdcgb tmhf tn f`cgt`cg mcbmhr

d`pct`l, brh`thr lcquckcty, nr antm wnulk njjsht snfh nj tmh sndc`l dnsts

`ssndc`thk wctm tmhcr khdcscng tn ahdnfh tnn acb tn j`cl.

[mhsh prnpnshk rhjnrfs tn fcdrn prukhgtc`l rhbul`tcng dnulk ah

hxtrhfhly mhlpjul, aut ay tmhfshlvhs tmhy `rh cgsujffdchgt. Qhdhgt hxph-rchgdh m`s smnwg tm`t hvhg mnghst f`riht npcgcngs `gk ang` ffkh drhkct



D`lnfcrcs 83

r`tcgbs v`ry cg qu`lcty nvhr tcfh, `gk rhbul`tnry surdm`rbhs jnr l`rbh a`gis

prnaàly wnulk gnt m`vh khthrrhk tmh drhkct annf nj 1551—52. Kurcgb tmh

suaprcfh annf, hsphdc`lly bcvhg tmh bhgdy prnalhfs cg ssht f`g`bhfhgt

tm`t `ddnfp`gchk tmh pnlcdy-cgkudhk auaalh, rcsi w`s ugkhrhstcf`thk cg

tmh f`riht `drnss-tmh-an`rk. Fcdrn prukhgtc`l rulhs tm`t rhly ng scbg`ls

jrnf tmh f`riht wcll gnt wnri `khqu`thly wmhg kcstnrtcng`ry pnlcdchs prn-

fnth tmh systhfcd ugkhrhstcf`tcng nj rcsi cg khat f`rihts. Qhdnbgczcgb

tm`t lcfct`tcng tn fcdrn prukhgtc`l rhbul`tcng cs tmh prcf`ry fntcv`tcng

jnr `knptcgb `kkctcng`l rhjnrfs, cgdlukcgb ` rhl`tcvhly ghw ckh` cg ffg`gdc`l

rhbul`tcng ignwg `s f`drn prukhgtc`l pnlcdy.

F`drn Urukhgtc`l Qhbul`tcng [rcbbhrs

F`drn prukhgtc`l rhbul`tcng fh`gs v`rycgb tmh ihy p`r`fhthrs nj prukhgtc`l

rhbul`tcng (d`pct`l rhqucrhfhgts, lcquckcty rhqucrhfhgts, `gk prnvcscngcgb

pnlcdchs) `ddnrkcgb tn f`drnhdngnfcd dcrdufst`gdhs. [m`t v`rc`tcng tìhs

twn jnrfs? (0) gnrf`l dydlcd`l v`rc`tcng cg fcgcfuf d`pct`l rhqucrhfhgts `sp`rt nj dnugthrdydlcd`l hdngnfcd pnlcdy `gk (1) sphdc`l trcbbhrs jnr cgdrh`shk

prukhgtc`l rhqucrhfhgts wmhg `ssht auaalhs shhf tn ah nddurrcgb.

[mh ffrst nj tmhsh ckh`s rhfihdts tmh lngb-st`gkcgb rhdnbgctcng tm`t fcgc-

fuf d`pct`l rhqucrhfhgts tm`t `rh dngst`gt tmrnubmnut tmh auscghss dydlh

`rh prndydlcd`l cg tmhcr hjjhdts? rhdhsscngs prnkudh a`gi ln`g lnsshs, wmcdm

rhkudh d`pct`l, wmcdm jnrdhs a`gis tn smrcgi tmhcr lhgkcgb, wmcdm khhphgs

rhdhsscngs. Qhpulln gk Tuàrhz (155=) scful`th a`gi d`pct`l gk ssht khdc-

scngs cg fnkhl nj kyg`fcd`lly nptcfczcgb a`gis ugkhr tmh A`shl st`gk`rks

`gk smnw tm`t tmh st`gk`rks cgkudh suast`gtc`l prndydlcd`lcty nj drhkct

supply. @kkcgb ` scfplh lhvhr`bh lcfct (lcih tmh ngh tm`t `lrh`ky hxcsts `s`g `kkctcng`l d`pct`l rhqucrhfhgt cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths) rhkudhs tmh prndy-

dlcd`lcty nj drhkct snfhwm`t, aut tmh ahst `pprn`dm cs tn v`ry prukhgtc`l

rhbul`tcng nvhr tmh auscghss dydlh sn tm`t d`pct`l, rhshrvh, `gk prnvcscng-

cgb st`gk`rks `rh lnnshghk ` act `t tmh ngsht nj rhdhsscng`ry smndis. [n

f`cgt`cg tmh `khqu`dy nj tmnsh rhqucrhfhgts kurcgb rhdhsscngs, tmhrhjnrh,

ngh wnulk m`vh tn r`csh fcgcfuf d`pct`l rhqucrhfhgts kurcgb annf tcfhs,

prnaàly suast`gtc`lly ànvh tmh durrhgt fcgcfuf d`pct`l rhqucrhfhgts

tm`t `pply ugkhr hctmhr tmh A`shl st`gk`rks nr tmh X.T. lhvhr`bh st`gk`rk.

[mh shdngk f`drn prukhgtc`l ckh`‛cgdrh`scgb d`pct`l rhqucrhfhgts ay

fnrh tm`g gnrf`l kurcgb annf tcfhs wmhg tmh annf lsn dncgdckhs wctm mcbm khbrhh nj ffg`gdc`l vulghràclcty, `s kurcgb `g `ssht auaalh‛m`s ahhg

` tnpcd nj kha`th jnr tmh p`st khd`kh. Ct rhfihdts tmh dnffngly mhlk vchw

tm`t antm tmh prh-1550 Cgthrght auaalh `gk tmh prh-1552 suaprcfh auaalh

(`gk tmh rhl`thk pmhgnfhg` tm`t nddurrhk cg p`r`llhl nutsckh tmh Xgcthk

Tt`ths) dnulk m`vh ahhg `vnckhk cj pnlcdy fìhrs m`k lh`ghk `b`cgst tmh

wcgk tn prhvhgt tmh auaalhs jrnf cgfi`tcgb.

Ahjnrh hfar`dcgb tm`t ckh`, mnwhvhr, `kvnd`ths nj f`drn prukhgtc`l

rhbul`tcng fust ah àlh tn `gswhr tmrhh quhstcngs? (0) Rmy smnulk prukhg-

tc`l rhbul`tcng, r`tmhr tm`g fnght`ry pnlcdy, ah tmh tnnl ushk tn lh`g b`cgsttmh wcgk kurcgb auaalhs> (1) Cs ct jh`scalh tn ckhgtcjy auaalhs cg rh`l tcfh



:5 Jcg`gdc`l Cggnv`tcng, Qhbul`tcng, gk Qhjnrf

`gk tn v`ry prukhgtc`l rhqucrhfhgts tn rhspngk tn tmhf> (4) Rm`t `rh tmh

pnthgtc`l dnsts nj cfplhfhgtcgb sudm `g `pprn`dm>

Cg `gswhr tn tmh ffrst quhstcng, tmh Jhk `gk ntmhr dhgtr`l a`gis `lrh`ky

m`vh tmhcr m`gks jull uscgb ngh tnnl (tmh smnrt-thrf cgthrhst r`th dngtrnllhk

ay tmh dhgtr`l a`gi) tn mct twn t`rbhts (lnw cgfi`tcng `gk jull hfplnyfhgt).

@kkcgb ` tmcrk t`rbht tn fnght`ry pnlcdy (g`fhly, ckhgtcjycgb `gk khfi`t-

cgb `ssht auaalhs) wnulk ah ugkhscràlh ahdùsh ct wnulk dnfplcd`th `gk

ugkhrfcgh tmh aclcty tn ush cgthrhst r`ths tn fhht tmh ihy bn`ls nj fnght`ry

pnlcdy. [mcs kcstr`dtcng wnulk `lsn fìh ct m`rkhr tn mnlk dhgtr`l a`gis

tn `ddnugt jnr `dmchvcgb lnw cgfi`tcng `gk mcbm hfplnyfhgt? cj wh try tn

cgdnrpnr`th shdngk`ry naohdtcvhs cgtn cgthrhst r`th pnlcdy, wh f`y bcvh dhg-

tr`l a`gis `g hxdush jnr j`clcgb tn fhht tmhcr prcf`ry naohdtcvhs.

Jurtmhrfnrh, prukhgtc`l rhbul`tcng cs ckh`lly sucthk tn `kkrhsscgb `ssht

f`riht auaalhs, scgdh lnnsh drhkct supply m`s ahhg sn dlnshly ckhgtcffhk

mcstnrcd`lly wctm tmh brnwtm nj `ssht auaalhs. Urukhgtc`l rhbul`tcngs wnulk

dlh`rly suddhhk cg rhkudcgb tmh supply nj drhkct ay tcbmthgcgb d`pct`l,lcquckcty, `gk prnvcscngcgb rhqucrhfhgts, `gk tmcs cs tmh fnst kcrhdt `gk

prnfcscgb `pprn`dm tn `tt`dicgb tmh prnalhf nj ` auclkcgb `ssht prcdh

auaalh, ssufcgb tm`t ngh d`g ah ckhgtcffhk.

Mnw bnnk rh wh t ckhgtcjycgb auaalhs cg rh`l tcfh> Cs ct rh`lcstcd tn tmcgi

tm`t pnlcdy fìhrs d`g ckhgtcjy auaalh qucdily hgnubm gk koust prukhg-

tc`l rhbul`tcngs cg ` tcfhly f`gghr tn fctcb`th tmh auaalh `gk cgdrh`sh tmh

rhsclchgdh nj tmh a`gicgb systhf cg kh`lcgb wctm tmh dngshquhgdhs nj cts

aurstcgb> Qhdhgt rhsh`rdm `gk hxphrchgdh `rh hgdnur`bcgb cg tmcs rhsphdt.

Anrcn `gk Krhmf`gg (155=) khvhlnp ` pr`dtcd`l `pprn`dm tn ckhgtcjycgb

hx `gth scbg`ls nj auaalhs tm`t pnlcdy fìhrs dnulk ush tn v`ry prukhgtc`lrhbul`tcngs cg ` tcfhly w`y cg rh`dtcng tn tmh ahbcggcgb nj ` auaalh. [mhy

ffgk tm`t fnfhgts nj mcbm drhkct brnwtm tm`t dncgdckh wctm hctmhr ugusu`lly

r`pck stndi f`riht `pprhdc`tcng nr ugusu`lly r`pck mnush prcdh `pprhdc`-

tcng `rh jnllnwhk ay ugusu`lly shvhrh rhdhsscngs. @ scbg`lcgb fnkhl tm`t

ckhgtcffhs auaalhs cg tmcs w`y (tm`t cs, `s fnfhgts cg wmcdm antm drhkct

brnwtm cs r`pck `gk ngh nr antm ihy `ssht prcdh cgkcd`tnrs cs rcscgb r`pckly)

wnulk m`vh llnwhk pnlcdy fìhrs tn prhvhgt snfh nj tmh wnrst annf-`gk-

aust dydlhs cg tmh rhdhgt hxphrchgdh nj khvhlnphk dnugtrchs. [mhy ffgk tm`t

tmh scbg`l-tn-gncsh r`tcn nj tmhcr fnkhl cs mcbm9 `koustcgb prukhgtc`l rulhs

cg rhspngsh tn ` scbg`l cgkcd`tcgb tmh prhshgdh nj ` auaalh wnulk fcss jhwauaalhs `gk ngly r`rhly scbg`l ` auaalh cg tmh àshgdh nj ngh.

Qhdhgt hxphrchgdh ay pnlcdy fìhrs m`s lsn ahhg hgdnur`bcgb. Tp`cg (tmh

tmnubmt lh`khr cg tmh `kvnd`dy nj f`drn prukhgtc`l rhbul`tcng) kcspl`yhk

suddhss cg lh`gcgb `b`cgst tmh wcgk rhdhgtly ay hstàlcsmcgb prnvcscngcgb

rulhs tm`t rh lcgihk tn `bbrhb`th drhkct brnwtm. Dnlnfac` w`s suddhssjul cg

`pplycgb ` scfcl`r `pprn`dm cg 1552 `gk 155= (Xrcah 155=). Jcg`gdc`l sys-

thf ln`gs cg Dnlnfac` brhw jrnf ` 05 phrdhgt `ggu`l r`th `s nj Khdhfahr

1558 tn 12 phrdhgt r`th s nj Khdhfahr 1:. Dnrh brnwtm nj tmh dngsufhr

prcdh cgkhx rnsh jrnf 4.8 phrdhgt cg @prcl 155: tn ;.= phrdhgt cg @prcl 1552,rh`l BKU brhw = phrdhgt cg 1552, gk tmh durrhgt ddnugt khffdct knualhk s



D`lnfcrcs :0

` phrdhgt`bh nj BKU jrnf tmh shdngk m`lj nj 155: tn tmh ffrst m`lj nj 1552,

rcscgb jrnf 0.= tn 4.: phrdhgt nj BKU. [m`t drhkct annf nddurrhk cg spcth

nj tthfpts ay tmh dhgtr`l a`gi tn ush cgthrhst r`th pnlcdy tn lh`g b`cgst tmh

wcgk9 cgthrhst r`ths whrh r`cshk ahbcggcgb cg @prcl 155: `gk ay fck-155=

m`k ahhg r`cshk ` tnt`l nj ; phrdhgt`bh pncgts. Cg 155= tmh dhgtr`l a`gi

`gk tmh a`gi suphrcgthgkhgdy tnni kcjjhrhgt t`di, r`cscgb rhshrvh rhqucrh-

fhgts `gk prnvcscngcgb rhqucrhfhgts ng ln`gs `gk cfpnscgb ntmhr rulhs tn

lcfct anrrnwcgb jrnf àrn`k. [mh a`gicgb systhf–s rcsi-whcbmthk d`pct`l

r`tcn rnsh tn 04.3 phrdhgt, `gk drhkct brnwtm jhll tn 04 phrdhgt cg 155=.

Dnlnfac`g ùtmnrctchs `rh gnw a`sicgb cg pr`csh jnr m`vcgb rhkudhk drhkct

brnwtm gk strhgbtmhghk tmhcr a`gis– d`pct`l pnsctcngs cg f`gghr tm`t wcll

suast`gtc`lly fctcb`th tmh a`dil`sm sujjhrhk ay Dnlnfac`g a`gis jrnf tmh

blna`l ffg`gdc`l dnll`psh.

F`drn prukhgtc`l rhbul`tcng dnulk ush ` v`rchty nj w`rgcgb scbgs `s

trcbbhrs jnr mcbmhr rhbul`tnry st`gk`rks. Q`tmhr tm`g scfply jnduscgb ng

drhkct brnwtm, Anrcn `gk Krhmf`gg (155=) subbhst tm`t ` dnfacg`tcng njdrhkct brnwtm `gk `ssht prcdh `pprhdc`tcng f`y ah nptcf`l. Arugghrfhchr

`gk mcs dn-ùtmnrs (1553) `rbuh jnr tmh khscràclcty nj cgdlukcgb fh`surhs

nj systhfcd lhvhr`bh `gk f`turcty strudturh.

Rm`t hdngnfcd dnsts wnulk ah ssndc`thk wctm knptcgb f`drn prukhg-

tc`l trcbbhrs tn dnfa`t `ssht auaalhs> Urhsufàly, tmh f`cg dnsts wnulk

rhsult jrnf j`lsh pnsctcvhs (tm`t cs, tmh sndc`l dnsts `ssndc`thk wctm drhkct

slnwknwgs `gk d`pct`l r`cscgb ay a`gis kurcgb phrcnks ckhgtcffhk `s aua-

alhs tm`t `rh cg j`dt gnt auaalhs). [mhsh dnsts, mnwhvhr, `rh lcihly tn ah

sf`ll. Cj ` a`gi ahlchvhs tm`t hxtr`nrkcg`ry brnwtm cs a`shk cg jugk`fhg-

t`ls r`tmhr tm`g ` auaalh, tmhg tm`t a`gi d`g r`csh d`pct`l cg suppnrt njdngtcgucgb ln`g hxp`gscng (cg j`dt, a`gis m`vh kngh sn kurcgb annfs

cg tmh p`st). [mh dnst tn a`gis nj r`cscgb ` act fnrh d`pct`l kurcgb hxp`g-

scngs cs rhl`tcvhly sf`ll9 tmnsh dnsts dngscst prcf`rcly nj `kvhrsh-shlhdtcng

dnsts (rhfihdthk cg jhhs tn cgvhstfhgt a`gis `gk ugkhrprcdcgb nj sm`rhs),

wmcdm thgk tn ah sf`ll kurcgb `ssht prcdh annfs. Cgkhhk, snfh rhsh`rdm-

hrs `rbuh tm`t “mnt‖ f`rihts thgk tn prnkudh nvhrprcdhk hqucty, fh`gcgb

tm`t a`gis fcbmt hgony ghb`tcvh dnsts (pnsctcvh ahghffts) nj r`cscgb d`pct`l

kurcgb sudm phrcnks.

Fnst cfpnrt`gt, f`drn prukhgtc`l trcbbhrs wnulk prnfnth prndydlcd`l

hqucty r`tcns jnr a`gis, wmcdm wnulk fctcb`th tmh bhgdy gk fnr`l m`z`rkprnalhfs tm`t hgdnur`bh a`gis tn cgdrh`sh lhvhr`bh kurcgb annfs. @krc`g

`gk Tmcg (155=) smnw tm`t, kurcgb tmh suaprcfh annf, dnffhrdc`l a`gis

`gk (hvhg fnrh sn) cgvhstfhgt a`gis suast`gtc`lly r`cshk tmhcr lhvhr`bh

(wmcdm w`s phrfctthk ahdùsh rhbul`tnry d`pct`l st`gk`rks ugkhrhstcf`thk

tmhcr `ssht rcsi).

Urcnr tn tmh hstàlcsmfhgt nj bnvhrgfhgt s`jhty ghts `gk ntmhr pnlcdchs

gnthk h`rlchr, a`gis ahm`vhk kcjjhrhgtly. D`lnfcrcs gk Rclsng (155;) smnw

tm`t kurcgb tmh annf hr` nj tmh 0315s, Ghw Snri Dcty a`gis hxp`gkhk

tmhcr lhgkcgb kr`f`tcd`lly, `gk tmhcr ln`g-tn-`ssht r`tcns `lsn rnsh `s tmha`gis `dtcvhly prnfnthk tmh brnwtm cg hdngnfcd `dtcvcty `gk stndi prcdhs



:1 Jcg`gdc`l Cggnv`tcng, Qhbul`tcng, gk Qhjnrf

kurcgb tmh 0315s. Aut tmh a`gis `lsn rhdnbgczhk tmh rcscgb rcsi nj tmhcr

`sshts `gk f`kh `koustfhgts `ddnrkcgbly. Qcscgb `ssht rcsi lhk tmh a`gis tn

suast`gtc`lly r`csh tmhcr hqucty d`pct`l. Ghw Snri a`gis whgt tn tmh hqucty

f`riht jrhquhgtly cg tmh 0315s `gk ng `vhr`bh cgdrh`shk tmhcr f`riht r`tcn

nj hqucty tn sshts jrnf 0; phrdhgt cg 0315 tn 1= phrdhgt cg 031=. Zcrtu`lly

gn Ghw Snri Dcty a`gis j`clhk kurcgb tmh Brh`t Khprhsscng. Cg ` shgsh,

tmh prcf`ry bn`l nj f`drn prukhgtc`l rhbul`tcng cs tn rhstnrh tmh g`tur`l

prndydlcd`l thgkhgdy nj a`gi hqucty r`tcns, wmcdm m`s ahhg kcsdnur`bhk ay

bnvhrgfhgt pnlcdchs tm`t rhfnvhk f`riht dngstr`cgts `gk cgdhgtcvhs `gk

tmus khthrrhk a`gis jrnf aukbhtcgb mcbmhr d`pct`l kurcgb annfs.

Urhp`di`bhk “Arckbh A`gi‖ Ul`gs jnr L`rbh, Dnfplhx A`gis

[mh tnn-acb-tn-j`cl prnalhf d`g ngly ah `kkrhsshk `khqu`thly cj rhbul`-

tnrs `gk a`gihrs `lcih ahlchvh tm`t rhbul`tnrs wcll ah wcllcgb `gk àlh tn

cgthrvhgh `gk rhsnlvh ugkhrd`pct`lczhk l`rbh, dnfplhx a`gis cg ` tcfhly

j`smcng. [mh Xgcthk Tt`ths hstàlcsmhk prnfpt dnrrhdtcvh dtcng buckhlcghscg tmh 0330 JKCDC@ lhbcsl`tcng, wmcdm w`s fh`gt tn dngstr`cg rhbul`tnry

kcsdrhtcng ànut cgthrvhgtcng `gk rhsnlutcng, `vnck rhbul`tnry jnrah`r-

`gdh, `gk hgsurh r`pck `dtcng ay rhbul`tnrs. @gk tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths m`s

hstàlcsmhk ` arckbh a`gi strudturh tm`t d`g ah `pplchk tn sphhk tmh rhsn-

lutcng nj a`gis tm`t `rh tìhg nvhr ay rhbul`tnry ùtmnrctchs (Mhrrcgb

1553). Khspcth tmhsh `dtcngs, mnwhvhr, gngh nj tmh l`rbh X.T. a`gis tm`t

ahd`fh ugkhrd`pct`lczhk kurcgb tmh rhdhgt drcscs m`s ahhg rhsnlvhk tmrnubm

sudm ` strudturh.

[mh ngly w`y tm`t prnfpt dnrrhdtcvh `dtcng d`g ah drhkcaly `pplchk tn

l`rbh, dnfplhx a`gis cs cj tmh sndc`l dnsts nj cgthrvhgcgb cg tmnsh a`gis

`rh dngsckhrhk sujffdchgtly lnw `t tmh tcfh cgthrvhgtcng cs d`llhk jnr9 ntm-

hrwcsh, pnlctcd`l `gk hdngnfcd dngsckhr`tcngs wcll prhvhgt cgthrvhgtcng.

[n tm`t hgk, dnffhrdc`l a`gis smnulk ah rhqucrhk tn f`cgt`cg upk`thk

`gk kht`clhk pl`gs jnr tmhcr nwg rhsnlutcng, wctm sphdcffd prhkhffghk lnss-

sm`rcgb jnrful`s tm`t d`g ah `pplchk `drnss suasckc`rchs wctmcg `g cgstctu-

tcng nphr`tcgb `drnss g`tcng`l anrkhrs. [mnsh lnss-sm`rcgb jnrful`s fust

ah prh`pprnvhk ay tmh rhbul`tnrs cg tmh dnugtrchs wmhrh tmnsh suasckc`rchs

nphr`th. [mh hxcsthgdh nj sudm ` prhp`di`bhk pl`g wnulk fìh cgthrvhg-

tcng `gk rhsnlutcng drhkcalh.Qhqucrcgb kht`clhk `gk drhkcalh prhp`di`bhk, prh`pprnvhk rhsnlutcng

pl`gs wnulk m`vh hx `gth `gk hx pnst ahghffts jnr tmh ffg`gdc`l systhf. Hx

`gth, ct wnulk fìh l`rbh, dnfplhx a`gis fnrh d`rhjul cg f`g`bcgb tmhcr

`jj`crs `gk cgthrg`lczh tmh dnsts nj tmh dnfplhxcty wctmcg tmnsh nrb`gcz`-

tcngs. Cg ntmhr wnrks, ahdùsh dnfplhxcty `gk cts rcsis `rh m`rk tn f`g`bh,

pl`ggcgb tmh rhsnlutcng nj l`rbh, dnfplhx cgstctutcngs cs m`rkhr `gk fnrh

dnstly. Cj tmh cgstctutcngs `rh jnrdhk tn pl`g tmhcr rhsnlutcngs drhkcaly cg

`kv`gdh, `gk cj ct cs vhry dnstly jnr tmhf tn kn sn, tmhg tmhy f`y `pprnprc-

`thly khdckh tn ah lhss dnfplhx `gk sf`llhr. Hx pnst, dm`gbhs cg tmh dngtrnl

nvhr kcstrhsshk a`gis wnulk nddur wctm fcgcf`l kcsruptcng tn ntmhr ffg`g-dc`l ffrfs, `gk ahdùsh ffg`gdc`l prnalhfs dnulk ah rhsnlvhk fnrh qucdily,



D`lnfcrcs :4

f`g`bhrc`l cgdnfphthgdh wnulk ah dnrrhdthk fnrh sphhkcly, gk “rhsurrhd-

tcng rcsi tìcgb‖ wnulk ah `vnckhk.

Qhjnrfcgb Mnuscgb Jcg`gdh

[mh Xgcthk Tt`ths m`s f`kh `ddhss tn `jjnrkàlh mnuscgb ` dhgthrpchdh nj

bnvhrgfhgt pnlcdy jnr bhghr`tcngs. [mh pmclnsnpmy ahmcgk tmcs ckh` cs tm`t

mnfhnwghrs m`vh ` stìh cg tmhcr dnffugcty `gk cg tmhcr sndchty `gk tmus

fìh ahtthr dctczhgs. [mh `rbufhgt f`y m`vh fhrct, `gk tmh dnsts nj prn-

fntcgb `ddhss tn mnuscgb (hsphdc`lly tmh dnst jrnf drnwkcgb nut nj gng-

mnuscgb cgvhstfhgts) f`y ah w`rr`gthk. Aut mcbmly lhvhr`bhk mnfhnwghrs

(jnr hx`fplh, tmnsh anrrnwcgb 32 phrdhgt nj tmh v`luh nj tmhcr mnfh uscgb

`g JM@ bu`r`gthh) m`vh lcttlh stìh cg tmhcr mnfh9 cgkhhk, ct fcbmt ah fnrh

`ddur`th tn rhjhr tn tmhf `s mnfhnwghrs cg g`fh, aut rhgthrs cg rh`lcty.

[mh ihy hrrnr cg X.T. mnuscgb pnlcdy m`s ahhg tmh ush nj lhvhr`bh suasc-

kchs `s tmh fh`gs ushk ay wmcdm tmh bnvhrgfhgt hgdnur`bhs mnfhnwghr-

smcp. Urnsphdtcvh mnfhnwghrs `rh mhlphk ay tmh bnvhrgfhgt ngly cj tmhy(nr tmhcr lhgkcgb cgstctutcng) `rh lnnicgb jnr dmh`p drhkct, `gk tmh sczh nj

tmh suascky tmhy rhdhcvh cs prnpnrtcng`l tn tmhcr wcllcgbghss tn anrrnw. JM@

bu`r`gthhs, Jhkhr`l Mnfh Ln`g `kv`gdhs, `gk bnvhrgfhgt bu`r`gthhs nj

BTH khats `ll nphr`th vc` lhvhr`bh.

[mhsh suasckchs `rh khlcvhrhk cg `g cghjffdchgt `gk kcstnrtcgb f`gghr.

Tuasckczcgb tmh BTHs m`s ahhg cghjffdchgt, scgdh fudm nj tmh bnvhrgfhgt

suascky m`s ddruhk tn BTH stndimnlkhrs9 ngly pnrtcng m`s ahhg p`sshk ng

tn mnfhnwghrs cg tmh jnrf nj lnwhr cgthrhst r`ths ng fnrtb`bhs. Lhvhr`bh

suasckchs `lsn kcstnrt a`gi `gk anrrnwhr khdcscngs ay hgdnur`bcgb tmhf

tn hxpnsh tmhfshlvhs `gk tmh ffg`gdc`l systhf tn tnn fudm rcsi rhl`thk tnfnvhfhgts cg cgthrhst r`ths `gk dm`gbhs cg mnuscgb prcdhs. Ct cs rhf`riàlh

tn tmcgi tm`t tmh X.T. ffg`gdc`l systhf w`s arnubmt tn cts ighhs ay sf`ll

khdlcghs cg `vhr`bh X.T. mnuscgb prcdhs, wmcdm wnulk m`vh m`k lcttlh hjjhdt

cj mnuscgb lhvhr`bh m`k ahhg f`cgt`cghk `t rh`sngàlh lhvhls.4

[mh BTHs, wmcdm `rh gnw cg dngshrv`tnrsmcp, smnulk ah wnugk knwg

`s snng `s pnsscalh, `gk tmh JM@ `gk Jhkhr`l Mnfh Ln`g a`gis smnulk ah

pm`shk nut. Cg tmhcr pl`dh, tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths dnulk hstàlcsm `g `jjnrkàlh

mnuscgb prnbr`f tm`t `sscsts ffrst-tcfh mnfhnwghrs wctm tmhcr knwg p`y-

fhgt (jnr hx`fplh, njjhrcgb phnplh wctm lnw cgdnfh lufp-suf suascky tn

`pply tnw`rk tmhcr knwg p`yfhgt).

Cfprnvcgb A`gi Ttndimnlkhr Kcsdcplcgh

Twhhpcgb dm`gbhs smnulk ah f`kh tn tmh rhbul`tcng nj a`gi stndimnlkhrs.

@s khsdrcahk ànvh, durrhgt rhbul`tcngs `lfnst bu`r`gthh tm`t l`rbh a`gis

wcll ah nwghk ay ` jr`bfhgthk brnup nj sm`rhmnlkhrs wmn d`ggnt rhcg cg

f`g`bhrs, tmus hgdnur`bcgb f`g`bhrs tn ush tmh a`gis tn jh`tmhr tmhcr nwg

4 [mh fnst pnpul`r fh`surh nj mnush prcdhs, tmh D`sh-Tmcllhr cgkhx, suast`gtc`lly nvhrst`ths tmh

khdlcgh cg mnush prcdhs kuh tn rhbcng`l ac`s `gk shlhdtcvcty ac`s cg tmh fh`surhfhgt nj prcdh

dm`gbh, `s kcsdusshk cg D`lnfcrcs (155=a). @vhr`bh mnush prcdhs cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths, prnphrly

fh`surhk, khdlcghk jrnf tmhcr phì ay lhss tm`g 05 phrdhgt `s nj tmh hgk nj 155=.



:; Jcg`gdc`l Cggnv`tcng, Qhbul`tcng, gk Qhjnrf

ghsts. [m`t `bhgdy prnalhf gnt ngly prnkudhs scbgcffd`gt ngbncgb w`sth

wctmcg a`gis, aut `lsn fìhs tmh `llnd`tcng nj d`pct`l cg tmh hdngnfy cghj-

ffdchgt. A`gis rh suppnshk tn dt s tmh ar`cg nj tmh hdngnfy, aut tmhy wcll

gnt kn sn cj tmhcr cgdhgtcvhs `rh kcstnrthk ay f`g`bhrs cg pursuct nj hgks

ntmhr tm`g f`xcfuf v`luh jnr tmhcr sm`rhmnlkhrs. @gk, cg tmh prhshgdh nj

dcrdufst`gdhs dngkudcvh tn auaalhs, `s wh m`vh shhg rhdhgtly, cgdhgtcvh

prnalhfs d`g tr`gsl`th cgtn systhfcd drcshs wctm khhp dnsts, cgdlukcgb cgthr-

ruptcngs cg tmh gnrf`l finw nj drhkct, wckhsprh`k ona lnsshs, `gk khstrud-

tcng nj wh`ltm tmrnubmnut tmh hdngnfy.

@ ffrst-ahst snlutcng wnulk ah nutrcbmt rhph`l, nr `t lh`st ` scbgcffd`gt

rhl`x`tcng, nj tmh A`gi Mnlkcgb Dnfp`gy @dt rhstrcdtcngs ng nwghr-

smcp nj a`gis, `lngb wctm rhfnv`l nj ntmhr rhstrcdtcngs tm`t fìh ct m`rk

jnr stndimnlkhrs tn kcsdcplcgh f`g`bhrs (dhclcgbs ng cgstctutcng`l cgvhs-

tnrs– mnlkcgbs `gk tmh Rcllc`fs @dt). [mhsh rhjnrfs shhf uglcihly tn

ah hg`dthk `t tmh prhshgt tcfh. Cg tmh prhshgdh nj dngtcgucgb kcstnrtcngs

rhl`thk tn dnrpnr`th bnvhrg`gdh, a`gi stndimnlkhrs, wmn smnulk ah tmhffrst lcgh nj khjhgsh `b`cgst ugwcsh rcsi tìcgb ay a`gi f`g`bhfhgt, `rh

ugàlh tn hxhrt fudm nj ` rnlh. [m`t cfplchs hvhg fnrh nj ` aurkhg ng

rhbul`tnrs tn cfplhfhgt rhjnrfs cg fcdrn `gk f`drn prukhgtc`l rhbul`-

tcng `s whll `s rhsnlutcng pnlcdchs tm`t lcfct tmh sndc`l dnsts `ssndc`thk

wctm a`gicgb drcshs.

[r`gsp`rhgdy cg Khrcv`tcvhs [r`gs`dtcngs

[mh brnwtm nj nvhr-tmh-dnugthr (N[D) tr`gs`dtcngs cg rhdhgt yh`rs m`s

r`cshk ghw dm`llhgbhs jnr prukhgtc`l rhbul`tcng. N[D tr`gs`dtcngs `rh gnt

`lw`ys dlh`rhk tmrnubm ` dlh`rcgbmnush. Dnugthrp`rty rcsi cg tr`gs`dtcngstm`t kn gnt cgvnlvh ` dlh`rcgbmnush cs anrgh acl`thr`lly ay dngtr`dtcgb p`r-

tchs, `gk tmh truh dnugthrp`rty rcsi d`g ah m`rk tn fh`surh, ahdùsh tmh

`bbrhb`th `fnugt nj tr`gs`dtcngs `gk tmh ght `fnugt nj tr`gs`dtcng hxpn-

surh nj `gy ngh dnugthrp`rty `rh gnt ignwg tn tmh ntmhr dnugthrp`rtchs.

[mcs prnalhf cs f`bgcffhk ay tmh “k`csy dm`cg‖ hjjhdt. Cj @ cs dnugthrp`rty

nj A, `gk D cs ` dnugthrp`rty nj A, tmhg tmh dnugthrp`rty rcsi tm`t @ ah`rs

cg cts kh`lcgbs wctm A cs p`rtly tmh rhsult nj tmh dnugthrp`rty rcsi tm`t A ah`rs

cg cts kh`lcgbs wctm D, wmcdm cs ugnashrvàlh tn @.

[mh l`di nj tr`gsp`rhgdy ànut dnugthrp`rty rcsi gnt ngly drh`ths rcsi

f`g`bhfhgt prnalhfs jnr a`gis aut `lsn dnfplcd`ths tmh rhbul`tnry prn-dhss. Qhbul`tnrs `rh gnt àlh tn fngctnr nr dngtrnl cgkcvcku`l cgstctutcng

rcsi (vc` fcdrn prukhgtc`l rulhs) nr `bbrhb`th rcsi (vc` f`drn prukhgtc`l

rulhs) cj tmhy d`ggnt nashrvh rcsi `ddur`thly. Jurtmhrfnrh, scgdh tmh dnug-

thrp`rty rcsis cg N[D tr`gs`dtcngs `rh hsphdc`lly brh`t jnr l`rbh, dnfplhx

a`gis, tmh np`dcty nj tmnsh rcsis `bbr`v`ths tmh tnn-acb-tn-j`cl prnalhf.

L`rbh, dnfplhx a`gis f`y hvhg m`vh cgdhgtcvhs tn ugkhrtìh fnrh m`rk-

tn-nashrvh rcsi prhdcshly ahdùsh cts dnfplhxcty gk np`dcty mhlp tn cgsul`th

tmhf jrnf cgthrvhgtcng.

Mnw smnulk prukhgtc`l rhbul`tnry pnlcdy rhspngk tn tmcs prnalhf>Qhbul`tnrs ghhk tn `kkrhss twn shp`r`th cssuhs? hgdnur`bcgb dlh`rcgb `gk



D`lnfcrcs :8

hgdnur`bcgb kcsdlnsurh. Unlcdy rhjnrfs rhl`thk tn dlh`rcgb f`cgly kkrhss tmh

prnalhf nj dnugthrp`rty rcsi np`dcty. Unlcdy rhjnrfs rhl`thk tn kcsdlnsurh

f`cgly kkrhss tmh prnalhf nj fngctnrcgb gk dngtrnllcgb tmh ght rcsi pnsc-

tcngs nj cgkcvcku`l a`gis gk tmh systhfcd dngshquhgdhs nj tmnsh pnsctcngs.

Rctm rhsphdt tn dlh`rcgb, ngh nptcng jnr kh`lcgb wctm systhfcd dngsh-

quhgdhs nj np`dcty cg dnugthrp`rty rcsi wnulk ah tn rhqucrh `ll khrcv`tcvhs

dngtr`dts tn ah dlh`rhk tmrnubm ` dlh`rcgbmnush. [mcs cs gnt tmh s`fh `s

rhqucrcgb `ll tr`gs`dtcngs tn ah tr`khk ng `g hxdm`gbh. Tnfh N[D khrcv`-

tcvhs `rh dlh`rhk cg dlh`rcgbmnushs hvhg tmnubm tmhy `rh gnt tr`khk ng tmh

hxdm`gbhs `jfflc`thk wctm tmnsh dlh`rcgbmnushs. Rmhg dlh`rcgb tmrnubm tmh

dlh`rcgbmnush, dnugthrp`rty rcsi cs gn lngbhr acl`thr`l9 r`tmhr ct cs tr`gsjhrrhk

tn tmh dlh`rcgbmnush, wmcdm hjjhdtcvhly st`gks cg tmh fckklh nj `ll tr`gs`d-

tcngs `s ` dnugthrp`rty `gk tmhrhay hlcfcg`ths tmh prnalhf nj fh`surcgb

dnugthrp`rty rcsi nr m`vcgb tn wnrry ànut “k`csy dm`cg‖ hjjhdts rhl`tcgb

tn ct. Nj dnursh, rhlycgb ng dlh`rcgbmnushs tn dhgtr`lczh dnugthrp`rty rcsi

rhqucrhs j`ctm cg tmh hjffd`dy nj tmh shlj-rhbul`tnry rulhs tm`t hgsurh tmh st`-aclcty nj tmh dlh`rcgbmnush (jnr hx`fplh, f`rbcg rhqucrhfhgts), aut tmh shlj-

rhbul`tnry rhdnrk m`s ahhg hxdhptcng`lly bnnk tn k`th.

[mh prnalhf wctm rhqucrcgb `ll N[D tr`gs`dtcngs tn dlh`r tmrnubm `

dlh`rcgbmnush cs tm`t tmcs f`y gnt ah pr`dtcd`l jnr tmh fnst dustnfczhk

N[D dngtr`dts. @ ahtthr `pprn`dm wnulk ah tn `tt`dm ` rhbul`tnry dnst tn

N[D dngtr`dts tm`t kn gnt dlh`r tmrnubm tmh dlh`rcgbmnush (cg tmh jnrf nj

` mcbmhr d`pct`l nr lcquckcty rhqucrhfhgt). [mcs wnulk shrvh tn hgdnur`bh,

aut gnt rhqucrh, dlh`rcgb tmrnubm ` dlh`rcgbmnush. Jnr dngtr`dts wmhrh tmh

sndc`l ahghffts nj dustnfcz`tcng rh mcbm, jhhs wcll dnfphgs`th a`gis jnr tmh

mcbmhr rhbul`tnry dnsts nj acl`thr`l dlh`rcgb.Rctm rhsphdt tn kcsdlnsurh, ngh nptcng wnulk ah tn rhqucrh `ll khrcv`-

tcvhs pnsctcngs tn ah pualcdly kcsdlnshk cg ` tcfhly f`gghr. Tudm ` pnlcdy,

mnwhvhr, m`s ugkhscràlh dngshquhgdhs. A`gihrs wmn tr`kh cg khrcv`tcvhs

ahlchvh tm`t kcsdlnscgb tmhcr khrcv`tcvhs pnsctcngs dnulk pl`dh tmhf t str`-

thbcd kcs`kv`gt`bh wctm rhsphdt tn ntmhrs cg tmh f`riht `gk fcbmt hvhg

rhkudh bbrhb`th f`riht lcquckcty. Jnr hx`fplh, cj A`gi @ m`k tn ggnugdh

tm`t ct m`k oust ugkhrtìhg ` l`rbh lngb pnsctcng cg tmh knll`r-yhg dngtr`dt,

ntmhr p`rtcdcp`gts fcbmt hxphdt tm`t ct wnulk ah l`ycgb njj tm`t rcsi cg tmh

juturh, wmcdm dnulk lh`k tn ` khdlcgh cg tmh supply nj lngb pnsctcngs cg

tmh f`riht `gk ` f`rihk dm`gbh cg tmh prcdh tm`t wnulk dlh`r tmh f`riht.@ ahtthr `pprn`dm tn hgm`gdcgb kcsdlnsurh, tmhrhjnrh, wnulk ah tn rhqucrh

tcfhly kcsdlnsurh nj pnsctcngs ngly tn tmh rhbul`tnr `gk tn rhqucrh pualcd

kcsdlnsurhs nj ght pnsctcngs wctm ` l`b.

Dngdluscngs

[mcs hss`y m`s rhvchwhk tmh fònr bnvhrgfhgt pnlcdy kcstnrtcngs tm`t b`vh

rcsh tn tmh suaprcfh turfncl `gk subbhsthk rnaust pnlcdy rhjnrfs tn kh`lwctm tmhf (tm`t cs, rhjnrfs tm`t tìh cgtn `ddnugt tmh hxcsthgdh nj tmnsh



:: Jcg`gdc`l Cggnv`tcng, Qhbul`tcng, gk Qhjnrf

kcstnrtcngs `gk tmh pnlctcd`l hdngnfy nj rhbul`tcng `gk suphrvcscng). [mh

prnpnshk rhjnrfs wnulk rhkudh tmh dnsts nj kcstnrtcngs rhl`thk tn `bhgdy

prnalhfs, tnn-acb-tn-j`cl prnalhfs, gk bnvhrgfhgt f`gcpul`tcng nj mnus-

cgb drhkct f`rihts.

Urnpnshk rhjnrfs j`ll cgtn scx `rh`s? (0) fcdrn prukhgtc`l rhbul`tcng,

(1) f`drn prukhgtc`l rhbul`tcng, (4) tmh drh`tcng nj drhkcalh pl`gs jnr

rhsnlvcgb l`rbh, dnfplhx a`gis, (;) tmh rhjnrf nj mnuscgb pnlcdy tn hlcfc-

g`th lhvhr`bh suasckchs s tmh fh`gs nj prnfntcgb mnfhnwghrsmcp, (8) tmh

rhfnv`l nj a`rrchrs tn stndimnlkhr kcsdcplcgh nj a`gi f`g`bhfhgt, `gk

(:) pnlcdchs tm`t prnfnth cfprnvhfhgts cg dnugthrp`rty rcsi f`g`bhfhgt

`gk tr`gsp`rhgdy cg N[D pnsctcngs.

[mh jnllnwcgb suff`rczhs tmh 01 pnlcdy rhjnrfs prnpnshk cg tmcs hss`y?

0. [mh ush nj ln`g cgthrhst r`ths cg fh`surcgb tmh rcsi whcbmts pplchk tn ln`gs

jnr purpnshs nj shttcgb fcgcfuf d`pct`l rhqucrhfhgts ng tmnsh ln`gs

1. [mh hstàlcsmfhgt nj ` fcgcfuf ugcgsurhk khat rhqucrhfhgt cg `kkc-

tcng tn ntmhr d`pct`l rhqucrhfhgts jnr l`rbh a`gis9 tmh sphdcffd jnrf njtmcs rhqucrhfhgt rhqucrhs jurtmhr kcsdusscng (d`gkck`ths cgdlukh sphdc`lly

khscbghk dl`ss nj suanrkcg`thk khat, DKT cssuhs, nr dngtcgbhgt d`pct`l

dhrtcffd`ths)

4. [mh rhjnrf nj tmh ush nj drhkct-r`tcgb bhgdchs– npcgcngs hctmhr tn hlcfcg`th

tmhcr ush nr tn rhqucrh tm`t GQTQNs njjhr gufhrcd`l prhkcdtcngs nj UK

`gk LBK, r`tmhr tm`g lhtthr br`kh r`tcgbs, gk ah mhlk ddnugtàlh jnr tmh

`ddur`dy nj tmnsh r`tcgbs

;. @ rhbul`tnry surdm`rbh (wmcdm tìhs tmh jnrf nj mcbmhr rhqucrhk d`pct`l,

mcbmhr rhqucrhk lcquckcty, nr fnrh `bbrhsscvh prnvcscngcgb) ng l`rbh, dnf-

plhx a`gis

8. F`drn prukhgtc`l rhbul`tcng tm`t r`cshs d`pct`l rhqucrhfhgts kurcgb gnr-

f`l tcfhs cg nrkhr tn lnwhr tmhf kurcgb rhdhsscngs

:. @kkctcng`l f`drn prukhgtc`l rhbul`tnry trcbbhrs tm`t cgdrh`sh rhbul`-

tnry rhqucrhfhgts jnr d`pct`l, lcquckcty, nr prnvcscngcgb `s ` jugdtcng nj

drhkct brnwtm, `ssht prcdh brnwtm, `gk pnsscaly ntmhr f`drnhdngnfcd rcsi

fh`surhs

2. Kht`clhk gk rhbul`rly upk`thk pl`gs jnr tmh cgthrvhgtcng gk rhsnlutcng nj

`ll l`rbh, dnfplhx a`gis, prhp`rhk ay tmhsh a`gis, tm`t sphdcjy mnw dng-

trnl nj tmh a`gi–s nphr`tcngs wnulk ah tr`gsjhrrhk tn prhp`di`bhk arckbha`gi cj tmh a`gi ahd`fh shvhrhly ugkhrd`pct`lczhk9 tmhsh pl`gs wnulk lsn

sphdcjy jnrful`s jnr sm`rcgb lnsshs `fngb cgthrg`tcng`l suasckc`rchs nj tmh

cgstctutcng, `gk tmh `lbnrctmf sphdcjycgb tmnsh lnss-sm`rcgb `rr`gbhfhgts

wnulk ah prh`pprnvhk ay tmh rhlhv`gt rhbul`tnrs cg dnugtrchs wmhrh tmh

suasckc`rchs `rh lnd`thk

=. [mh wcgkcgb knwg nj J`ggch F`h `gk Jrhkkch F`d, tmh pm`scgb nut nj

tmh JM@ `gk Jhkhr`l Mnfh Ln`g a`gis, `gk tmh rhpl`dhfhgt nj tmnsh

lhvhr`bh suasckchs wctm knwg p`yfhgt sscst`gdh tn lnw-cgdnfh, ffrst-tcfh

mnfh auyhrs

3. [mh hlcfcg`tcng nj a`gi mnlkcgb dnfp`gy rhstrcdtcngs ng tmh `dduful`-tcng nj dngtrnllcgb cgthrhsts cg a`gis



D`lnfcrcs :2

05. [mh rhl`x`tcng nj Rcllc`fs @dt rhqucrhfhgts tm`t auyhrs nj fnrh tm`g `

8 phrdhgt cgthrhst cg ` dnfp`gy fust `ggnugdh tm`t tmhy `rh `dqucrcgb `

scbgcffd`gt cgthrhst cg ` dnfp`gy `gk tmh hlcfcg`tcng nj rhbul`tnry lcfcts

ng tmh phrdhgt`bh cgthrhst tm`t cgstctutcng`l cgvhstnrs d`g nwg cg pualcd

dnfp`gchs

00. [mh hg`dtfhgt nj rhbul`tnry surdm`rbhs (vc` d`pct`l, lcquckcty, nr prnvc-

scngcgb rhqucrhfhgts) tm`t hgdnur`bh tmh dlh`rcgb nj N[D tr`gs`dtcngs

tmrnubm dlh`rcgbmnushs

01. Qhqucrhfhgts jnr tcfhly kcsdlnsurh nj N[D pnsctcngs tn rhbul`tnrs `gk

l`bbhk pualcd kcsdlnsurh nj ght pnsctcngs.

Qhjhrhgdhs

@krc`g, [nac`s, `gk Myug Tngb Tmcg. 155=. “Jcg`gdc`l Cgthrfhkc`rchs, Jcg`gdc`l

Ttàclcty, `gk Fnght`ry Unlcdy.‖ U`phr prhp`rhk jnr tmh hdngnfcd pnlcdy

syfpnscuf, “F`cgt`cgcgb Ttàclcty cg ` Dm`gbcgb Jcg`gdc`l Tysthf,‖ Jhkhr`lQhshrvh A`gi nj I`gs`s Dcty, O`disng Mnlh, RS. @ubust 10—14.

A`rtm, O`fhs Q., Bhr`rk D`prcn Or., `gk Qnss Lhvcgh. 155:. Qhtmcgicgb A`gi

Qhbul`tcng tcll @gbhls Bnvhrg. D`farckbh, X.I.? D`farckbh Xgcvhrscty Urhss.

An`rk nj Bnvhrgnrs nj tmh Jhkhr`l Qhshrvh Tysthf. 0333. “Xscgb Tuanrkcg`thk

Khat `s `g Cgstrufhgt nj F`riht Kcsdcplcgh.‖ Tt`jj Ttuky 021 (Khdhfahr).

An`rk nj Bnvhrgnrs nj tmh Jhkhr`l Qhshrvh Tysthf, R`smcgbtng, KD.

Anrcn, Dlùkcn, `gk F`tmc`s Krhmf`gg. 155=. “[nw`rks `g Nphr`tcng`l Jr`fh-

wnri jnr Jcg`gdc`l Ttàclcty? ”Juzzy– Fh`surhfhgt `gk Cts Dngshquhgdhs.‖ ACT

Rnricgb U`phr (Gnvhfahr). A`gi jnr Cgthrg`tcng`l Thttlhfhgts, A`shl.

Arugghrfhchr, F`rius, @gkrhw Drndiht, Dm`rlhs Bnnkm`rt, @vcg`sm K. Uhrsùk,

`gk Myug Tmcg. 1553. “[mh Jugk`fhgt`l Urcgdcplhs nj Jcg`gdc`l Qhbul`tcng.‖

Bhghv` Qhpnrts ng tmh Rnrlk Hdngnfy 00 (prhlcfcg`ry dngjhrhgdh kr`jt).

Cgthrg`tcng`l Dhgthr jnr Fnght`ry `gk A`gicgb Ttukchs, Bhghv`.

D`lnfcrcs, Dm`rlhs R. 1552. “Zcdtnrc`g Uhrsphdtcvhs ng Fnkhrg A`gicgb Drcshs.‖

Rnricgb U`phr. Dnlufac` Auscghss Tdmnnl, Ghw Snri.

‛‛‛. 155=`. “Tt`thfhgt ahjnrh tmh Dnffctthh ng Nvhrscbmt `gk Bnvhrgfhgt

Qhjnrf, Xgcthk Tt`ths Mnush nj Qhprhshgt`tcvhs.‖ X.T. Mnush nj Qhprhshgt`-

tcvhs, R`smcgbtng, KD. Khdhfahr 3.

‛‛‛. 155=a. “[mh Tuaprcfh [urfncl? Rm`t–s Nlk, Rm`t–s Ghw, `gk Rm`t–sGhxt.‖ U`phr prhp`rhk jnr tmh hdngnfcd pnlcdy syfpnscuf, “F`cgt`cgcgb

Ttàclcty cg ` Dm`gbcgb Jcg`gdc`l Tysthf,‖ Jhkhr`l Qhshrvh A`gi nj I`gs`s

Dcty, O`disng Mnlh, RS. @ubust 10—14.

D`lnfcrcs, Dm`rlhs R., `gk Onshpm Q. F`sng. 155;. “Drhkct D`rk Thdurctcz`tcng

`gk Qhbul`tnry @ractr`bh.‖ Onurg l nj Jcg`gdc`l Thrvcdhs Qhsh`rdm 1: (0)? 8—12.

D`lnfcrcs, Dm`rlhs R., `gk @gkrhw Unwhll. 1551. “D`g Hfhrbcgb F`riht A`gi

Qhbul`tnrs Hstàlcsm Drhkcalh Kcsdcplcgh> [mh D`sh nj @rbhgtcg`, 0331—33.‖

Cg Urukhgtc`l Tuphrvcscng? Rm`t Rnris gk Rm`t Knhsg–t , hk. Jrhkhrcd

T. Fcsmicg, 0;2—3:. Dmcd`bn? Xgcvhrscty nj Dmcd`bn Urhss.

D`lnfcrcs, Dm`rlhs R., `gk Uhthr O. R`llcsng. 155=. “[mh L`st [rcllcng-Knll`rDnffctfhgt? [mh Khstrudtcng nj J`ggch F`h `gk Jrhkkch F`d.‖ @HC



:= Jcg`gdc`l Cggnv`tcng, Qhbul`tcng, gk Qhjnrf

Jcg`gdc`l Thrvcdhs Nutlnni (Thpthfahr). @fhrcd`g Hgthrprcsh Cgstctuth,

R`smcgbtng, KD.

D`lnfcrcs, Dm`rlhs R., `gk Ahrry Rclsng. 155;. “A`gi D`pct`l `gk Unrtjnlcn

F`g`bhfhgt? [mh 0345s– D`pct`l Drugdm `gk Tdr`falh tn Tmhk Qcsi.‖ Onurg`l

nj Auscghss 22 (4)? ;10—88.

Hcshgahcs, Qnahrt @. 155=. “Jcg`gdc`l [urfncl `gk Dhgtr`l A`gi Qhspngshs? XT,

XI, HX, O`p`g, `gk Ntmhrs.‖ U`phr prhshgthk `t tmh Arnnicgbs-[niyn Dlua,

Rm`rtng dngjhrhgdh, “Urukhgt Lhgkcgb Qhstnrhk? Thdurctcz`tcng `jthr tmh 1552

Fnrtb`bh Thdurctchs Fhltknwg,‖ Arnnicgbs Cgstctutcng, R`smcgbtng, KD.

Ndtnahr 0:.

Jl`gghry, F`ri. 1553. “F`riht Kcsdcplcgh cg A`gi Tuphrvcscng.‖ Nxjnrk

M`gkanni nj A`gicgb, hk. @llhg Ahrbhr, Umcl Fnlyghux, `gk Onmg Rclsng.

Nxjnrk M`gkanni cg Jcg`gdh. Nxjnrk? Nxjnrk Xgcvhrscty Urhss.

Bnrtng, B`ry. 1553. “Cgjnrf`tcng, Lcquckcty, `gk tmh (Ngbncgb) U`gcd nj 1552.‖

GAHQ Rnricgb U`phr 0;:;3 (O`gu`ry). G`tcng`l Aurhù nj Hdngnfcd


Mhrrcgb, Qcdm`rk. 1553. “Qhsnlutcng Ttr`thbchs? Dm`llhgbhs Unshk ay Tysthfcd`lly

Cfpnrt`gt Jcg`gdc`l Cgstctutcngs.‖ U`phr prhshgthk `t tmh Jcg`gdc`l Tysthf

Qhbul`tnry Tuffct, Jhkhr`l Qhshrvh A`gi nj Umcl`khlpmc`. O`gu`ry 13.

Ucgtn, Hkw`rk O. 1553. “Tt`thfhgt ahjnrh tmh Dnffctthh ng Nvhrscbmt `gk

Bnvhrgfhgt Qhjnrf, Xgcthk Tt`ths Mnush nj Qhprhshgt`tcvhs.‖ X.T. Mnush nj

Qhprhshgt`tcvhs, R`smcgbtng, KD. Khdhfahr 3, 155=.

Qhpulln, Q`j`hl, `gk O`vchr Tuàrhz. 155=. “[mh Urndydlcd`l Hjjhdts nj A`shl CC.‖

U`phr prhshgthk `t tmh Gcgtm O`dquhs Unlì @ggu`l Qhsh`rdm Dngjhrhgdh,

Cgthrg`tcng`l Fnght`ry Jugk, R`smcgbtng, KD. Gnvhfahr.

Thbnvc`gn, Fcbuhl. 155=. “F`drnhdngnfcd Ttrhss [hstcgb, Tysthfcd Qcsi, `gkA`gicgb Ttàclcty Fh`surhs.‖ CFJ Rnricgb U`phr (Gnvhfahr). Cgthrg`tcng`l

Fnght`ry Jugk, R`smcgbtng, KD.

Tm`knw Jcg`gdc`l Qhbul`tnry Dnffctthh. 1555. Qhjnrfcgb A`gi D`pct`l

Qhbul`tcng? @ Urnpns`l ay tmh X.T. Tm`knw Jcg`gdc`l Qhbul`tnry Dnffctthh.

R`smcgbtng, KD? @fhrcd`g Hgthrprcsh Cgstctuth Urhss.

Tthrg, B`ry M., `gk Qng O. Jhlkf`g. 155;. [nn Acb tn J`cl? [mh M`z`rks nj A`gi

A`clnuts. R`smcgbtng, KD? Arnnicgbs Cgstctutcng Urhss.

Xrcah, Onsã K`ræn. 155=. “Jcg`gdc`l Qcsi F`g`bhfhgt cg Hfhrbcgb Dnugtrchs? [mh

D`sh nj Dnlnfac`.‖ U`phr prhshgthk `t tmh twhljtm `ggu`l dngjhrhgdh nj tmh

Dhgtr`l A`gi nj Dmclh, Gnvhfahr.



Tmhgb :3

DM@U[HQ ;Jcg`gdc`l Drcscs `gk Blna`l Bnvhrg`gdh?

@ Ghtwnri @g`lyscs @gkrhw Tmhgb

[mcs dm`pthr `tthfpts tn ush ghtwnri tmhnry, kr`wg jrnf rhdhgt wnri cg

sndcnlnby, hgbcghhrcgb, `gk acnlnbcd`l systhfs, tn subbhst tm`t tmh durrhgt

drcscs smnulk ah vchwhk `s ` ghtwnri drcscs. Blna`l ffg`gdc`l f`rihts `dt `s

dnfplhx, sd`lh-jrhh, hvnlvcgb ghtwnris tm`t pnsshss ihy dm`r`dthrcstcds

rhqucrcgb ghtwnri f`g`bhfhgt cj tmhy `rh tn jugdtcng wctm stàclcty.0

[mh durrhgt blna`l ffg`gdc`l drcscs m`s hlcdcthk shvhr`l hxdhllhgt stukchs

`gk rhvchws `t tmh rhbul`tnry `gk pnlcdy lhvhls.1 Rmclh tmhsh stukchs dng-

trcauth fudm tn `g`lyshs nj tmh fultcplh dùshs nj tmh drcscs, gn ugcjycgbjr`fhwnri hxpl`cgs tmh ahm`vcnr`l dm`r`dthrcstcds nj tmh f`riht `gk pnlcdy

fìhrs tm`t lhk tn tmh drcscs.

[mh wckhsprh`k ush nj dnffugcd`tcng `gk dnfputhr thdmgnlnby cg tmh

l`st 45 yh`rs b`vh rcsh tn cgdrh`scgb `w`rhghss tm`t ghtwnris pl`y ` fònr

0 Td`lh jrhh fh`gs tm`t tmh dngghdtcvcty nj gnkhs cs gnt r`gknf, aut hxmcacts pnwhr l`w dm`r`dthr-

cstcds. [mh thrf w`s dncghk ay A`rààsc (1554).1 Thh Arugghrfhchr gk ntmhrs (1553)9 Dnffcsscng nj Hxphrts (1553)9 kh L rnschrh (1553)9 Brnup

nj [mcrty (1553)9 [urghr (1553).

[mh utmnr cs br`thjul tn ll wnrismnp p`rtcdcp`gts, hsphdc`lly Fcdm`hl Tphgdh, jnr mhlpjul dnffhgts

`gk cgscbmts. Kr. Dmhgb Ocuy`g gk Fs. R`gb [cgb nj [scgbmu` Xgcvhrscty gk Fs. _m`gb Ocgbdmug

nj Dmcg` A`gicgb Qhbul`tnry Dnffcsscng, Ahcocgb, mhlphk wctm rhsh`rdm `sscst`gdh.



25 Jcg`gdc`l Drcscs `gk Blna`l Bnvhrg`gdh? @ Ghtwnri @g`lyscs

rnlh cg tmh brnwtm nj ffg`gdc`l f`rihts. Jnr hx`fplh, Fhtd`ljh–s l`w w`s `

wckhly ahlchvhk mypntmhscs tm`t tmh v`luh nj ghtwnris w`s prnpnrtcng`l tn

tmh squ`rh nj tmh gufahr nj dngghdthk ushrs nj tmh systhf, g (Tm`pcrn `gk

Z`rc`g 0333). [mh l`w b`vh dnfphtctnrs cg tmh ffg`gdc`l systhf prnfft- gk

brnwtm-krcvhg r`tcng`lh tn cgthbr`th mctmhrtn shbfhgthk f`rihts `gk prnk-

udts, sudm s a`gicgb, cgsur`gdh, jugk f`g`bhfhgt, gk d`pct`l f`rihts. Cg

tmh 0335s, tmh trhgk `ddhlhr`thk `s ffg`gdc`l khrhbul`tcng phrfctthk a`gis,

cgsur`gdh dnfp`gchs, shdurctchs mnushs, gk jugks tn fhrbh nr jnrf mnlkcgb

dnfp`gchs cg ` krcvh tn ahdnfh bc`gt “ffg`gdc`l R`l-F`rts,‖ njjhrcgb ngh-

stnp ffg`gdc`l shrvcdhs tn tmh dngsufhr gk cgvhstnr.

Cg ` shfcg`l wnri, [mh Qcsh nj tmh Ghtwnri Tndchty, F`guhl D`sthlls

dm`r`dthrczhs sndchty cg tmh cgjnrf`tcng `bh `s ` sht nj blna`l “ghtwnris

nj d`pct`l, f`g`bhfhgt, `gk cgjnrf`tcng, wmnsh `ddhss tn thdmgnlnbcd`l

ignw-mnw cs `t tmh rnnts nj prnkudtcvcty `gk dnfphtctcvhghss‖ (D`sthlls

033:? ;20). Ay tmh tcfh nj tmh 0332—3= @sc`g ffg`gdc`l drcscs, tmhrh w`s

cgdrh`scgb w`rhghss nj tmh mcbm khbrhh nj dngt`bcng fngb gnt oust a`gis,aut `lsn wmnlh ffg`gdc`l systhfs `gk tmh dnfplhx cgthrlcgi`bhs `t tmh tr`kh

`gk ffg`gdc`l lhvhls (Tmhgb 1553`). Ay tmh turg nj tmh twhgty-ffrst dhgtury,

ghtwnri fnkhls m`vh ahdnfh cgdrh`scgbly `ddhpthk `s ushjul `g`lytcd`l

tnnls cg dnfputhr `gk cgjnrf`tcng systhfs, dhllul`r thlhpmngh ghtwnris,

`gk tmh Cgthrght.

[mh dnll`psh nj Lhmf`g Arntmhrs ng Thpthfahr 08, 155=, scbgcffhk tm`t

tmh g`turh nj fnkhrg ffg`gdc`l drcscs cs ugprhdhkhgthk cg cts dnfplhxcty,

khptm, sphhk nj dngt`bcng `gk tr`gsfcsscng, `gk sd`lh nj lnss. H`rly p`phrs

m`vh ahhg wrctthg ng tmh ghtwnri g`turh nj tmh drcscs, ahdùsh wctmnut `g

ugkhrst`gkcgb nj tmh g`turh nj tmh drcscs, rhbul`tnry `gk pnlcdy snlutcngswcll ah fi`whk (shh Tmhgb 1558, 1553d9 M`lk`gh 1553).

[mhrh cs bhghr`l brhhfhgt tm`t tmcs p`rtcdul`r ffg`gdc`l drcscs w`s ugusu`l

kuh tn cts cgthgsh dnfplhxcty (Dà`llhrn gk Tcfshi 1553), gnt oust tmh hlà-

nr`th cgthrdngghdtcvcty nj f`rihts `gk dnugthrp`rtchs, aut `lsn tmh `lfnst

cgdnfprhmhgscaclcty nj tmh ffg`gdc`l khrcv`tcvhs wmhrh `lfnst gn ngh, gnt

hvhg tmh cssuhr nr fònr f`riht fìhr, m`k ` dnfplhth pcdturh nj tmh tnx-

cdcty. H`dm p`rtcdcp`gt khlukhk mcfshlj tm`t mcs rcsis whrh mhkbhk tmrnubm

v`rcnus khrcv`tcvh cgstrufhgts, wmhg cg rh`lcty tmh qu`lcty nj sudm cgstru-

fhgts w`s mcbmly susphdt `gk cg f`gy d`shs `kkhk tn rcsis. Rmhg tmh hgvc-

rngfhgt ahdnfhs tnn dnfplhx, f`riht p`rtcdcp`gts kn gnt ugkhrst`gk tmhdnfplhth pcdturh `gk ughxphdthk hvhgts drh`th dngjuscng, lh`kcgb tn p`gcd

`gk ficbmt tn qu`lcty.

Rm`t wh ghhk cs ` jr`fhwnri tn scfplcjy tmh ugkhrst`gkcgb nj sudm

dnfplhx f`rihts, cg wmcdm tmh cgthr`dtcng ahtwhhg f`riht p`rtcdcp`gts

nphr`tcgb ugkhr syffhtrcd cgjnrf`tcng cs kyg`fcd, aut gnt `lw`ys stàlh.

Tudm ` jr`fhwnri ghhks tn kh`l gnt ngly wctm ` systhfwckh phrsphdtcvh,

aut `lsn wctm tmh vulghràclctchs `t tmh kht`cl lhvhl (tmh whìhst lcgi). Rh

ghhk tn rhdnbgczh tm`t tmh ghtwnri g`lyscs knhs gnt m`vh prhkcdtcvh d`p`d-

cty, `ltmnubm ct cs ushjul cg l`ycgb nut `g nrb`gcz`tcng`l jr`fhwnri tn khdc-pmhr durrhgt ahm`vcnr, rhvh`lcgb, ct cs mnphk, nur l`di nj pprhdc`tcng nj tmh



Tmhgb 20

prnalhfs nj hxthrg`lctchs, wrngb cgdhgtcvhs, whì strudturhs, `gk fi`whk

prndhsshs. Cts fònr cgscbmt cs tm`t tmh prndhss nj dm`gbh cs gnglcgh`r, cgthr-

`dtcvh, cgthrdngghdthk, `gk tmh nutdnfh nj hxphrcfhgt`tcng, `ddckhgt, nr

f`gcpul`tcng ay p`rtcdcp`gts, wmcdm cgdlukh ffg`gdc`l cgstctutcngs, cgvhs-

tnrs, rhbul`tnrs, `gk pnlcdy fìhrs.

[mh dm`pthr cs nrb`gczhk s jnllnws. @jthr tmcs archj cgtrnkudtcng, tmh dm`p-

thr survhys tmh dngdhpts nj ghtwnris, tmhcr khffgcgb dm`r`dthrcstcds, `pplcd`-

tcngs tn ffg`gdc`l f`rihts, gk tmh ghhk jnr suphrvcscng gk cfplcd`tcngs jnr

g`tcng`l gk blna`l bnvhrg`gdh9 archfiy hx`fcghs tmh durrhgt ffg`gdc`l drcscs

cg tmh lcbmt nj ghtwnri `g`lyscs9 `gk survhys tmh rhdhgt rhjnrfs cg ffg`g-

dc`l rhbul`tcng `gk `rdmcthdturh. Ct dngdlukhs wctm `g `g`lyscs nj tmh pnlcdy

cfplcd`tcngs nj ghtwnri `g`lyscs.

Xgkhrst`gkcgb Jcg`gdc`l Ghtwnris

Ghtwnris d`g ah ` vhry ushjul rhprhshgt`tcng nj dnfplhx ffg`gdc`l systhfs

(@llhg gk Aàus 155=). Tcgdh ghtwnris nj rhl`tcngsmcps dnfh cg ll sm`phs,

sczhs, `gk jnrfs, tmhrh cs gn scgblh ghtwnri nr jr`fhwnri tn hgdnfp`ss `ll

`pplcd`tcngs.

Bhghr`lly sphìcgb, ghtwnri khsdrcahs dnllhdtcng nj gnkhs gk tmh lcgis

ahtwhhg tmhf. Cg ` ghtwnri, tmh ihy hlhfhgts `rh tmh gnkhs nr pl`yhrs `gk

lcgis. Gnkhs cgvnlvhk cg ghtwnris d`g ah d`llhk “vhrtcdhs,‖ “cgkcvcku`ls,‖

“`bhgts,‖ nr “pl`yhrs,‖ khphgkcgb ng tmh shttcgb. Cg tmh rh`l wnrlk, tmh gnkhs

d`g ah cgkcvcku`l phnplh, ffg`gdc`l ffrfs, dnugtrchs, nr ntmhr nrb`gcz`tcngs9 `

gnkh d`g hvhg ah ` Rha p`bh ahlngbcgb tn ` phrsng nr `g nrb`gcz`tcng. [mhfcguth ` gnkh dngghdts nr lcgis wctm `gntmhr gnkh, ` ghtwnri cs jnrfhk.4

Gnkhs lcgi wctm h`dm ntmhr jnr dnffng purpnsh nr ush cg wmcdm futu`l

ahghfft cs khrcvhk. Cg tmcs scfplh dngstrudtcng, muf`g sndchty cs ` ghtwnri

wmhrhay dctczhgs oncg tnbhtmhr jnr dnffng purpnsh, sudm `s futu`l sup-

pnrt, shdurcty, `gk hdngnfchs nj sd`lh. Ngdh ghtwnris `rh jnrfhk, snfh

gnkhs `rh ahtthr dngghdthk tn ntmhrs ahdùsh nj tmhcr suphrcnr ahghffts tn

ushrs, `gk tmhsh `rh bhghr`lly khsdrcahk `s “muas.‖

Jnr hx`fplh, ` a`gi cs ` mua tm`t dngghdts wctm cts dustnfhrs cg prn-

vckcgb p`yfhgt `gk drhkct shrvcdhs. @ dhgtr`l a`gi cs ` mua nj a`gi muas,

wmhrh tmh dnffhrdc`l a`gis shttlh tmhcr cgthra`gi tr`gs`dtcngs ng ` ffg`la`scs. @ stndi hxdm`gbh cs ` tr`kcgb, dlh`rcgb, `gk shttlhfhgt mua ahtwhhg

stndiarnihrs (gnkhs) wmn `rh, cg turg, lcgihk tn tmhcr nwg ghtwnri nj dus-

tnfhrs. Rh d`g shh jrnf tmcs scfplh fnkhl nj ffg`gdc`l systhfs tm`t tmh

s`fh rht`cl dustnfhr d`g ah lcgihk tn kcjjhrhgt a`gis, arnihrs, nr cgsur`gdh

dnfp`gchs tmrnubm kcjjhrhgt prnkudts. [mcs fh`gs tm`t ghtwnris hxmcact `

mcbm khbrhh nj cgthrkhphgkhgdh, wctm antm kcrhdt `gk cgkcrhdt dngghdtcngs

ahtwhhg ffg`gdc`l cgstctutcngs `gk dnugthrp`rtchs.

4 @ ushjul survhy nj wnri ng ghtwnris d`g ah jnugk cg O`disng (155=). Ntmhr rhdhgt annis cgdlukhA`rààsc (1554) gk Ghwf`g, A`rààsc, gk R`tts (155:).




Dm`r`dthrcstcds nj Ghtwnris

Lcih `ll nrb`gcz`tcngs nr sndc`l systhfs, ghtwnris m`vh dhrt`cg dm`r`dthrcs-

tcds, sudm `s `rdmcthdturh nr strudturh, dnffng purpnshs nr naohdtcvhs, v`l-

uhs, st`gk`rks, cgdhgtcvhs, gk prndhsshs. Mnwhvhr, mnw kcjjhrhgt ghtwnris

lcgi nr cgthr`dt wctm h`dm ntmhr d`g lh`k tn dnllhdtcvh `dtcng khdcscngs nr

nutdnfhs tm`t cgvnlvh dngficdt, ghbntc`tcng, dnnphr`tcng, p`ynjjs, `gk kcj-

jhrhgt b`fhs `gk str`thbchs tm`t rhsult cg tnt`lly ugdm`rthk sctu`tcngs. [mh

cgscbmt tn gnth cs tm`t gnkhs nr muas `rh `lw`ys “b`fcgb‖ wctm h`dm ntmhr

`drnss tmh ghtwnri `gk tm`t tmh blna`l ffg`gdc`l f`riht cs ` ghtwnri nj

dngst`gtly dm`gbcgb ghtwnris.

[mhrh `rh twn typhs nj ghtwnris? ghtwnris nj cgjnrf`l muf`g rhl`tcng-

smcps `gk ghtwnris nj jnrf`l nrb`gcz`tcng`l strudturhs `gk pl`tjnrfs. [mh

wha-lcih strudturh nj ghtwnris cs tmh jnrf`l jr`fhwnri kcsdusshk mhrh, aut

njthg ct cs tmh muf`g ghtwnris tm`t dngtrnl nr krcvh jnrf`l cgstctutcngs.;

Ghtwnris `rh `lfnst K`rwcgc`g cg hvnlutcng, aut `t tmh s`fh tcfh, ct cs

gnt dlh`r wmy snfh ghtwnris survcvh, snfh tmrcvh, `gk snfh wctmhr `gkkcs`pph`r.

Jcrst, ` ghtwnri cs ` sht nj cgthrdngghdthk gnkhs tm`t m`vh `rdmcthdturh. Ct

d`g ah ` ghtwnri nj cgkcvcku`ls, ffrfs, `gk cgstctutcngs (f`riht p`rtcdcp`gts)

dngghdthk cg nrkhr tn hxdm`gbh cgjnrf`tcng, prnkudts, `gk shrvcdhs nr tn

rhkudh rcsis. [mh bn`ls `gk purpnshs dnulk ah dnfplhx, aut dnffng v`luhs,

rulhs, prndhsshs, dnkhs, nr st`gk`rks bhghr`lly j`dclct`th cgthrdngghdtcvcty `gk

cgthrnphràclcty `gk tmhrhjnrh arcgb ahghffts nj dnllhdtcvh `dtcng, hdngnfchs

nj sd`lh, lnwhr tr`gs`dtcng dnsts, `gk lnwhr rcsis. Tphdcffd`lly, dnffng st`g-

k`rks, sudm `s l`gbu`bh, hgàlh fnrh hjffdchgt dnffugcd`tcng `gk lnwhr

tr`gs`dtcng nr jrcdtcng dnsts. [mh fnrh wckhly ushk ` dnffng st`gk`rk, tmhbrh`thr tmh ghtwnri.

Ghtwnri `rdmcthdturh cs hsshgtc`lly ` tr`khnjj ahtwhhg hjffdchgdy `gk

rnaustghss nr stàclcty. [mhrh `rh tmrhh a`scd ghtwnri tnpnlnbchs? tmh st`r

nr dhgtr`lczhk ghtwnri, tmh khdhgtr`lczhk ghtwnri, `gk tmh kcstrcauthk ght-

wnri, wctm tmh st`r systhf ahcgb fnst hjffdchgt, s tmhrh cs ngly ngh mua, aut

tmh fnst vulghràlh cg tmh hvhgt tm`t tmh dhgtr`l mua j`cls (shh ffburh ;.0). [mh

wckhly kcstrcauthk ghtwnri, sudm `s tmh Cgthrght, cs fudm fnrh rhsclchgt tn

vcrushs gk m`dihr tt`dis ahdùsh nj fultcplh muas, wmhrh lcgis d`g ah smut

knwg, ayp`sshk, `gk rhp`crhk wctmnut k`f`bcgb tmh wmnlh systhf, hvhg cj

` dnllhdtcng nj cfpnrt`gt muas cs khstrnyhk. [mh shlj-nrb`gczcgb ahm`vcnr nj

tmh Rha hgsurhs cts nwg survcv`l, gk ct m`s gn scgblh rdmcthdt.

[r`gs`dtcng dnsts `rh lnwhrhk cg ` st`r ghtwnri ahdùsh lcgi`bh cs

tmrnubm ngh dhgtr`l mua, wctm tm`t mua hgjnrdcgb st`gk`rks `gk prnthdtcgb

prnphrty rcbmts jnr lcgis. Khspcth cts hjffdchgdy, tmh st`r tnpnlnby cs jr`bclh cg

tmh hvhgt tm`t tmh scgblh mua cs khstrnyhk ay `ddckhgt, kcs`sthr, nr dnfphtc-

tcng. Dnfphtctcng ahtwhhg muas jnr lcgis nr ushrs `dtu`lly rhsults cg kcjjhr-

hgt typhs nj `rdmcthdturh `s whll `s kcjjhrhgt ahghffts `gk dnsts tn ushrs.

; C `f br`thjul tn Kr. Zhgu Qhkky jnr pncgtcgb nut tmcs kcjjhrhgdh. [mh Dmcghsh d`ll cgjnrf`l ght-

wnri rhl`tcngsmcps “bu`gxc,‖ nr dngghdtcngs.



Tmhgb 24

Thdngk, gnkhs kn gnt dngghdt wctm h`dm ntmhr t r`gknf. Cj Fhtd`ljh–s

l`w cs tn ah ahlchvhk, h`dm mua wcll try tn cgdrh`sh tmh gufahr nj dng-

ghdtcngs nr ushrs cg nrkhr tn cgdrh`sh cts nwg v`luh. Ghtwnri sdchgtcst

@lahrt-Làszlô A`rààsc m`s d`llhk tmh dnfphtctcng ahtwhhg gnkhs jnr lcgis

tmhcr fftghss. Rmhtmhr ` gnkh khdckhs tn lcgi wctm `gntmhr gnkh cs wm`t

A`rààsc d`lls prhjhrhgtc`l `tt`dmfhgt, tmh khdckcgb j`dtnr ahcgb tmh dnst

nj dnffugcd`tcng. [mh sd`lh-jrhh tnpnlnby `gk prhjhrhgtc`l `tt`dmfhgt

`rh tmh hxpl`g`tnry j`dtnrs krcvcgb tmh drh`tcng nj tmh Cgthrght, wmhrhay

Bnnblh, S`mnn, `gk ntmhr Rha scths dnfphth jnr fnrh lcgis cg nrkhr tn

hgm`gdh tmhcr nwg v`luh `gk tmh v`luh tn tmhcr ushrs. Cg nrkhr tn `ttr`dt

fnrh gnkhs, tmh mua wnulk m`vh tn njjhr fnrh “jrhh bnnks‖ tm`g dnfphtc-

tnrs tmrnubm tmh prcgdcplh nj “tmh fnrh ynu bcvh, tmh fnrh ynu rhdhcvh,‖ nr

wm`t C d`ll tmh ghtwnri ltrucsf prcgdcplh. [mcs hxpl`cgs tmh “lnss lh`khr‖

s`lhs `ttr`dtcng cg suphrf`rihts `gk tmh w`y Bnnblh njjhrs jrhh Rha`kkrhsshs `gk suphrcnr sh`rdm shrvcdhs cg nrkhr tn b`tmhr tmh fnst ushrs.

[mcrk, muas gk dlusthrs rh hjffdchgt, ahdùsh tmh smnrthst rnuth ahtwhhg

twn kcst`gt gnkhs f`y ah tmrnubm ` mua. Cg sndc`l ghtwnris, tmcs cs pnpu-

l`rly ignwg s tmh scx khbrhhs nj shp`r`tcng, s kcst`gt dngt`dts d`g dngghdt

usu`lly tmrnubm `t lh`st scx whll-ghtwnrihk phrsngs. [mh fnrh tmh hjffdchgt

muas dlusthr tnbhtmhr `gk sm`rh `gk hxdm`gbh cgjnrf`tcng, tmh brh`thr tmh

ghtwnri hxthrg`lcty, `s h`dm gnkh ahghffts jrnf mcbmhr hjffdchgdy cg `ddhss-

cgb cgjnrf`tcng `gk ignwlhkbh `gk d`g dnnphr`th tn prnkudh brh`thr

nutput (Hdngnfckhs 0334). [mcs cs ignwg `s tmh dlusthr hjjhdt nj ignwl-

hkbh muas. Hdngnfchs nj sd`lh cgdrh`sh wctm dlusthrs `gk drctcd`l f`ss, autfnstly ahdùsh prnkudtcng `gk kcstrcautcng prndhsshs (cgdlukcgb hxdm`gbh

lcgi

st`tcng

(@) dhgtr`lczhk (A) khdhgtr`lczhk (D) kcstrcauthk

Jcburh ;.0. Ghtwnri [npnlnby? [r`khnjj ahtwhhg Hjffdchgdy gk Qnaustghss

Tnurdh? A`r`g (03:;), rhprnkudhk cg A`rààsc (1554? 0;8, ffb. 00.0).



2; Jcg`gdc`l Drcscs `gk Blna`l Bnvhrg`gdh? @ Ghtwnri @g`lyscs

nj cgjnrf`tcng `gk khdcscng fìcgb) nddur `t j`sthr sphhk, hgàlcgb j`sthr

khdcscng fìcgb `gk lhss hxphgscvh tr`gs`dtcngs.

Jnurtm, prhjhrhgtc`l tt`dmfhgt gk ghtwnri hxthrg`lctchs tìhg tnbhtmhr

hxpl`cg wmy ` “wcgghr tìhs `ll‖ sctu`tcng cs dnffng tn ghtwnris. [mh

muas dnfphth wctm h`dm ntmhr ugtcl ngh nr shvhr`l lh`kcgb muas hfhrbh tn

knfcg`th `dtcvctchs. Cg ntmhr wnrks, ghtwnris hxmcact pnwhr l`w dm`r`dthr-

cstcds. Blna`lly, fnrh tm`g twn-tmcrks nj ffg`gdc`l cgjnrf`tcng cs kcstrcauthk

tmrnubm twn fònr cgjnrf`tcng ghtwnris (Qhuthrs `gk Alnnfahrb). Tcfc-

l`rly, crlcgh annicgbs rh tmrnubm twn fònr rhshrv`tcng nr `crlcgh llc`gdhs

(Tt`r @llc`gdh `gk Ngh Rnrlk). Fnrh tm`g =5 phrdhgt nj blna`l drhkct d`rk

auscghss bnhs tmrnubm Zcs`, F`sthrD`rk, nr @fhrcd`g Hxprhss.

[mcs “rcdm bht rcdmhr‖ `sphdt nj ghtwnris d`g ah shhg cg tmh w`y tm`t

f`rihts m`vh ahdnfh fnrh `gk fnrh dngdhgtr`thk, wctm ` sf`ll gufahr

nj acb pl`yhrs knfcg`tcgb tmh auscghss `gk ` l`rbh gufahr nj sf`ll pl`yhrs

jhhlcgb f`rbcg`lczhk. Jnr hx`fplh, tmhrh whrh 055 nr sn stndi hxdm`gbhs cg

tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths kurcgb tmh gcghthhgtm dhgtury. Rctm tmh `rrcv`l nj tmh thlh-br`pm `gk gnw tmh Cgthrght, tmh blna`l hqucty f`riht tr`kcgb cs hsshgtc`lly

knfcg`thk ay twn knfcg`gt hxdm`gbhs, tmh Ghw Snri Ttndi Hxdm`gbh/

Hurnghxt `gk G`sk`q/Nphg F`riht Hxdm`gbh. Umyscdcsts m`vh `lsn gnthk

tm`t tmh `pph`r`gdh nj pnwhr l`ws njthg scbg`ls ` tr`gsctcng jrnf kcsnrkhr

tn nrkhr (A`rààsc 1554? 21).

@ddnrkcgb tn tmcs ghtwnri phrsphdtcvh, tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths cs tnk`y tmh

suphr mua nj blna`l ffg`gdc`l f`rihts, wctm tmh X.T. knll`r `s tmh knfcg`gt

durrhgdy. [mh shdngk fònr mua cs tmh Lngkng f`riht, wmcdm sm`rhs tmh

dnffng-l`w a`dibrnugk `gk Hgblcsm l`gbu`bh `kv`gt`bh, plus Lngkng–s

mcstnrcd`l, pnlctcd`l, `gk hdngnfcd tchs wctm Hurnph `gk tmh rhst nj tmhwnrlk. Mhgdh, ahtwhhg Lngkng `gk Ghw Snri, wmhrh fnst nj tmh wmnlh-

s`lh a`gis, cgvhstfhgt mnushs, `gk `ssht f`g`bhfhgt jugks `rh nphr`tcng-

`lly lnd`thk, tmh twn ffg`gdc`l dhgthrs f`y `ddnugt jnr fnrh tm`g m`lj nj

blna`l f`riht tr`gs`dtcngs.

@g cfpnrt`gt stuky dnffcsscnghk ay tmh G`tcng`l Qhsh`rdm Dnugdcl

(G`tcng`l @d`khfy nj Tdchgdhs) `gk tmh Jhkhr`l Qhshrvh A`gi nj Ghw

Snri jnugk tm`t tmh Jhkwcrh cgthra`gi p`yfhgt ghtwnri, wmcdm tr`gs`dts

$0.1 trcllcng k`cly, m`s :: a`gis `ddnugtcgb jnr 28 phrdhgt nj k`cly v`luh,

wctm 18 a`gis dnfplhthly dngghdthk (I`famu, Rhckf`g, `gk Ircsmg`g

1552, qunthk cg F`y, Lhvcg, `gk Tubcm`r` 155=).Jcjtm, ghtwnris `rh sd`lh jrhh `gk gnt st`tcd, ahdùsh h`dm mua dngtcgu-

`lly shhis tn cgdrh`sh cts lcgis tmrnubm cts nwg dnfphtctcng nr dnnphr`tcng

str`thby. [mh gnkhs nj ` sd`lh-jrhh ghtwnri `rh gnt r`gknfly nr hvhgly

dngghdthk. Td`lh-jrhh ghtwnris cgdlukh f`gy “vhry dngghdthk‖ gnkhs, muas

nj dngghdtcvcty tm`t sm`ph tmh w`y tmh ghtwnri nphr`ths. [mh r`tcn nj vhry

dngghdthk gnkhs tn tmh gufahr nj gnkhs cg tmh rhst nj tmh ghtwnri rhf`cgs

dngst`gt `s tmh ghtwnri dm`gbhs cg sczh. Cj ngh mua ahdnfhs knfcg`gt,

tmh sf`llhr muas d`g dnnphr`th nr `lly wctm ntmhr muas tn dnfphth wctm

tmh knfcg`gt mua. @t tmh lnd`l lhvhl, snfh ghtwnris d`g ahdnfh knfc-g`gt ay cfpnscgb dngtrnl nvhr tmhcr lcgis tmrnubm hgjnrdhfhgt nj rulhs nr



Tmhgb 28

st`gk`rks. @s tmhrh cs gn ugcvhrs`l l`w, tmhrh cs gn scgblh `rdmcthdt jnr tmh

blna`l ghtwnri nj f`rihts. [mh wnrlk cs `lw`ys hvnlvcgb tmrnubm dngtcgu-

nus dnfphtctcng ahtwhhg kcjjhrhgt muas `rcscgb jrnf cggnv`tcng, thdmgnl-

nby, `gk hvhg r`gknf hvhgts. Oust `s tmhrh `rh dnfphtcgb st`gk`rks, tmhrh

`rh dnfphtcgb v`luhs `gk dnfphtcgb ghtwnris. Ghtwnris `rh tmhrhjnrh

p`tm khphgkhgt, ahdùsh tmhy hfhrbh jrnf kcjjhrhgt sndc`l, mcstnrcd`l, `gk

pnlctcd`l hgvcrngfhgts.

Tcxtm, scgdh f`rihts rh ay tmhcr g`turh dnfphtctcvh, tmhy k`pt gk hvnlvh

`rnugk tmhcr hgvcrngfhgt. @ anky nj wnri ay @gkrhw Ln, prnjhssnr `t tmh

F`ss`dmushtts Cgstctuth nj [hdmgnlnby, `gk ntmhrs dngthgks tm`t ffg`gdc`l

f`rihts `rh `k`ptcvh `gk hvnlutcng`ry tmrnubm dnfphtctcng, `k`pt`tcng,

`gk g`tur`l shlhdtcng (Ln 155;, 1558). F`rihts nphr`th tmrnubm jnur ihy

typhs nj ractr`bh? dnst ractr`bh, cgjnrf`tcng ractr`bh, t`x`tcng ractr`bh,

`gk rhbul`tnry nr bnvhrg`gdh `ractr`bh. F`rihts scfply smcjt tn `rh`s

wctm tmh lnwhst tr`gs`dtcng dnsts. Cg lnd`l f`rihts, cj tmhrh `rh nast`dlhs tn

brnwtm, tmh f`riht scfply fnvhs njjsmnrh, wmcdm cs wmy wh m`vh wctghsshktmh r`pck brnwtm nj njjsmnrh ffg`gdc`l dhgthrs rhl`tcvh tn ngsmnrh ffg`gdc`l

f`rihts. F`rihts `rh, ay tmhcr dnfphtctcvh g`turh, plur`lcstcd, kcsdcplcghk,

`gk `k`ptcvh, wctm bnnk jhhka`di fhdm`gcsfs (I`y 1554).

Ngdh wh ahbcg tn lnni `t f`rihts `s ghtwnris tmrnubm hctmhr hgbcghhr-

cgb nr sndcnlnbcd`l phrsphdtcvhs, wh fnvh nutsckh dl`sscd`l hdngnfcds cgtn

tmh rh`lf nj pnlctcd`l gk cgstctutcng`l kyg`fcds. Dnfphtctcvh ahm`vcnr gk

tmh ush nj dnffng st`gk`rks `gk rulhs njthg lh`k tn prndydlcd`l ahm`vcnr,

p`rtcdul`rly scgdh cgthr`dtcngs ahtwhhg kcjjhrhgt f`riht p`rtcdcp`gts wctm

kcjjhrhgt cgjnrf`tcng `gk v`luhs d`rry scbgcffd`gt lh`ks `gk l`bs. Ghtwnris

tmhrhjnrh m`vh cgmhrhgt jhhka`di fhdm`gcsfs tm`t rh snfhtcfhs stàlh `gksnfhtcfhs vcnlhgtly khstàclczcgb.

@pplycgb Ghtwnri [mhnry tn Jcg`gdc`l F`rihts gk Cgstctutcngs

[mh anvh cgscbmts m`vh pnwhrjul cfplcd`tcngs jnr tmh w`y wh lnni t ffg`g-

dc`l f`rihts `gk cgstctutcngs (Tmhgb 1558). [mh khdcscng trhh nj fultcplh

ghtwnri b`fhs j`gs nut cgtn dnfplhx `rh`s, snfh nj wmcdm f`y ah kh`k

hgks `gk snfh f`y nphg up ghw `vhguhs nj nppnrtugcty. Hvhry gnw `gk

`b`cg, tmh systhf f`y hxphrchgdh ` drcscs.

Rh d`g shh tm`t ffg`gdc`l f`rihts hvnlvh tmrnubm tmh cggnv`tcng nj sph-

dcffd prnkudts `gk st`gk`rks tm`t cfprnvh tmhcr “prhjhrhgtc`l `tt`dmfhgt,‖`ttr`dt fnrh ushrs, gk tmhrhjnrh knfcg`th ntmhr ghtwnris. [mhsh ghtwnris

khvhlnp hxthrg`lctchs tmrnubm dnffng st`gk`rks, prndhsshs, gk cgjr`strud-

turh tm`t bhghr`th pnsctcvh hdngnfchs nj sd`lh tm`t `ttr`dt lcgis tn ntmhr

ghtwnris.

Cg ntmhr wnrks, knfhstcd f`rihts `rh ghtwnris nj kcjjhrhgt ghtwnris,

`gk prnphrty rcbmts rh dlh`rhk cg muas d`llhk hxdm`gbhs gk dlh`rcgbmnushs

`gk prnthdthk tmrnubm dnurts `gk rhbul`tnry `bhgdchs. Nj dnursh, prnphrty

rcbmts d`g `lsn ah prnthdthk tmrnubm shlj-rhbul`tnry nr dnllhdtcvh ahm`vcnr.

[mh blna`l f`riht cs ` ghtwnri nj lnd`l ghtwnris, cg wmcdm tmh whìhstlcgi cs pnsscaly tmh whìhst gnkh, lcgi, dlusthr, mua, nr lnd`l ghtwnri. Rh



2: Jcg`gdc`l Drcscs `gk Blna`l Bnvhrg`gdh? @ Ghtwnri @g`lyscs

kn gnt ignw wmy nr wmhrh tmh systhf cs whì ugtcl ct cs suaohdt tn strhss.

Mhgdh, wh ghhk tn lnni `t blna`l ffg`gdc`l stàclcty mnlcstcd`lly nr tmrnubm-

nut tmh wmnlh ghtwnri tn ckhgtcjy tmh whìhst lcgis.

Cg suf, tmh ghtwnri phrsphdtcvh jnrdhs us tn lnni `t tmh cssuhs fnrh

jnrhgscd`lly, wctmcg tmh tnt`l dngthxt `gk ` lngbhr tcfh jr`fh. Rh fust

strhss thst gnt oust tmh gnkhs `gk muas, aut `lsn tmh drudc`l lcgi`bhs tm`t

dnulk arcgb ànut tmh vulghràclctchs. Rh m`vh tn tr`dh tmh rnnts nj prna-

lhfs tn tmhcr snurdh.

Ghtwnri Dm`r`dthrcstcds nj tmh Durrhgt Blna`l Drcscs

Blna`lcz`tcng m`s ghtwnrihk tnbhtmhr mctmhrtn mcbmly lnd`lczhk ffg`gdc`l

f`rihts, `gk ` shrchs nj mcstnrcd`l hvhgts `gk f`drn trhgks drh`thk tmh dng-

kctcngs tm`t lhk tn tmh durrhgt drcscs.

Jcrst, tmh blna`l cfa`l`gdh, wmcdm lhk tn hxdhsscvh lcquckcty tm`t bhghr-`thk hxdhsscvh drhkct `gk lhvhr`bh, w`s kuh tn tmh khdlcgh cg tmh X.T. s`vcgb

r`th `gk X.T. khphgkhgdh ng hxthrg`l rhsnurdhs. Cgkhhk, tmh X.T. a`gicgb

systhf hvnlvhk jrnf ` tr`kctcng`l rht`cl a`gicgb systhf tn ` mcbmly lhvhr-

`bhk wmnlhs`lh a`gicgb systhf jugkhk l`rbhly tmrnubm tmh shdurctcz`tcng nj

`sshts tn j`dclct`th brnwtm nj tmh blna`l cfa`l`gdh.

Cg surplus hdngnfchs, sudm s O`p`g, cg`pprnprc`th pnlcdchs lhk tn ssht

auaalhs cg tmh 0335s tm`t drh`thk pnst-auaalh lnnsh fnght`ry pnlcdy tn

dnfa`t tmh rhsult`gt khfi`tcng. Lnw cgthrhst r`ths hgdnur`bhk brnwtm nj

tmh lhvhr`bhk d`rry tr`kh `gk, bcvhg kcsp`rctchs cg g`tcng`l cgthrhst r`ths

`gk hxdm`gbh r`ths, b`vh rcsh tn l`rbh d`pct`l finws. [mh @sc`g drcscs nj

0332—3= `gk tmh 1555 knt-dnf auaalh whrh `ll dngshquhgdhs nj hxdhs-

scvh lhvhr`bh, l`rbh d`pct`l finws, lnnsh fnght`ry pnlcdy, `gk l`x ffg`gdc`l

rhbul`tcng.

Thdngk, tmh j`ll nj tmh Ahrlcg R`ll lhk tn tmh `rrcv`l nj dmh`p lànr jrnf

tmh jnrfhr dhgtr`lly pl`gghk hdngnfchs, wmcdm drh`thk lnw cgfi`tcng `gk

annsthk blna`l tr`kh `gk hdngnfcd brnwtm.

[mcrk, blna`l tr`kh `gk ffg`gdh whrh hgdnur`bhk tmrnubm tmh f`sscvh

khrhbul`tcng cg t`rcjjs `gk d`pct`l dngtrnls. [mh `bh nj khrhbul`tcng, wmcdm

w`s cgthllhdtu`lly anugk cg jrhh-f`riht jugk`fhgt`lcst pmclnsnpmy, llnwhktmh mubh rhbul`tnry `ractr`bh cg `ddnugtcgb, t`x, `gk rhbul`tnry st`gk`rks

tm`t drh`thk tmh rcsh nj “sm`knw a`gicgb.‖ Cggnv`tcng tmrnubm ffg`gdc`l

hgbcghhrcgb b`vh rcsh tn ghw ffg`gdc`l cgstrufhgts `gk khrcv`tcvh prnkudts,

nsthgscaly tn mhkbh rcsis, aut cg`kvhrthgtly `llnwhk tmh drh`tcng nj hfahk-

khk lhvhr`bh `gk mubh systhfcd rcsis.

Jnurtm, ffg`gdc`l hgbcghhrcgb `gk blna`lcz`tcng dnulk gnt m`vh m`p-

phghk wctmnut f`sscvh cfprnvhfhgts cg cgjnrf`tcng `gk dnffugcd`tcng

thdmgnlnby. [mh sphhk `gk dnfplhxcty nj cggnv`tcng k`zzlhk pnlcdy fì-

hrs `gk dhgtr`l a`gihrs, wmn ahlchvhk tm`t tmh brnwtm cg prnsphrcty w`s

kuh tn cfprnvhk prnkudtcvcty, cfprnvhk rcsi f`g`bhfhgt, `gk suddhssjul



Tmhgb 22

fnght`ry pnlcdy siclls. Cg mcgkscbmt, prnsphrcty w`s drh`thk l`rbhly `s `

rhsult nj lhvhr`bh.

Cg smnrt, tmh jnur blna`l fhb` trhgks nj w`bh, cgthrhst r`th, ignwlhkbh,

`gk rhbul`tnry ractr`bh b`vh rcsh tn tmh jnur hxdhsshs nj lcquckcty, lhvhr`bh,

rcsi tìcgb, `gk brhhk.

Jugk`fhgt`lly, tmh X.T. hdngnfy whgt cgtn ugsust`cgàlh khffdcts, `gk

cts suaprcfh fnrtb`bh f`riht w`s tmh a`scs jnr ffg`gdc`l lhvhr`bh gk hgbc-

ghhrcgb tm`t ultcf`thly ffg`gdhk dngsufhr hxphgkcturh cg hxdhss nj d`p`dcty.

[mh rhvhrs`l nj tmh mnuscgb auaalh gk prnalhfs cg tmh suaprcfh fnrtb`bh

f`riht whrh tmh trcbbhrs tm`t prcdihk tmh X.T. auaalh cg 1552.

Zchwcgb tmh blna`l ffg`gdc`l f`riht `s ` ghtwnri nj g`tcng`l ghtwnris

mcbmlcbmts shvhr`l scbgcffd`gt ghtwnri jh`turhs nj tmh prhshgt drcscs?

• [mh ghtwnri `rdmcthdturh pl`yhk ` rnlh cg khthrfcgcgb cts jr`bclcty nr

vulghràclcty tn drcshs. Ghtwnri dngdhgtr`tcng drh`thk ` gufahr nj

l`rbh, dnfplhx ffg`gdc`l cgstctutcngs tm`t knfcg`th blna`l tr`kcgb `gk

`rh l`rbhr tm`g hvhg g`tcng`l hdngnfchs. Mnwhvhr, tmhy `rh rhbul`thkay g nasnlhth rhbul`tnry strudturh tm`t cs jr`bfhgthk cgtn g`tcng`l shb-

fhgts `gk jurtmhr dnfp`rtfhgt`lczhk cgtn khp`rtfhgt sclns, gngh nj

wmcdm m`s ` systhfwckh vchw nj tmh ghtwnri tm`t `llnws tmh ckhgtcffd`-

tcng nj systhfwckh rcsis.

• Cgdrh`scgb dnfplhxcty nj ghtwnris cs rhl`thk tn tmhcr jr`bclcty. Dnf-

plhxcty cs `lsn pnsctcvhly dnrrhl`thk wctm tmh hxthrg`lctchs nj ghtwnri

ahm`vcnr, gk jhw rhbul`tnrs ugkhrstnnk nr whrh alh tn fh`surh tmhsh

hxthrg`lctchs.

• [mh mcbm khbrhh nj cgthrdngghdtcvcty krnvh tmh v`luh s whll s tmh rcsis

nj muas nr ffg`gdc`l cgstctutcngs. [mh j`clurh nj ngh mua, sudm s Lhmf`g

Arntmhrs, rhvh`lhk cgthrdngghdtcngs tm`t whrh gnt `pp`rhgt tn rhbul`-

tnrs, sudm `s tmh cfp`dt ng @fhrcd`g Cgthrg`tcng`l Brnup (@CB) `gk,

tmrnubm @CB, ng tmh snlvhgdy nj a`gis `gk cgvhstfhgts.

• Ghtwnris m`vh ghb`tcvh `gk pnsctcvh jhhka`di fhdm`gcsfs kuh tn tmh

cgthr`dtcvcty ahtwhhg pl`yhrs gk ahtwhhg muas gk gnkhs s tmhy dnf-

phth. [mh rhbul`tnrs `ssufhk tm`t ngly ghb`tcvh jhhka`di w`s prhv`-

lhgt, sn tm`t f`rihts wnulk rhturg tn hquclcarcuf. Cgsth`k, tmh f`rihts

m`k pnsctcvh jhhka`di ahdùsh nj fnfhgtuf tr`kcgb gk rulhs nr dnkhs

tm`t hfahk prndydlcd`lcty jh`turhs.• [mhrh w`s gn l`di nj cgjnrf`tcng nr tr`gsp`rhgdy, aut tnn fudm cgjnr-

f`tcng w`s gnt ugkhrst`gkàlh.

• Qhbul`tnrs cbgnrhk tmh kcstnrthk cgdhgtcvh strudturhs tm`t prnfnthk rcsi

tìcgb, `gk rhbul`tnrs j`clhk tn fcgcfczh fnr`l m`z`rk, hvhg tmnubm

tmhrh whrh dlh`r lhssngs jrnf h`rlchr ffg`gdc`l drcshs.

• [mh rnlhs `gk rhspngscaclctchs jnr ghtwnri bnvhrg`gdh whrh gnt `lln-

d`thk dlh`rly. Cg tmh àshgdh nj ` scgblh blna`l ffg`gdc`l rhbul`tnr,

hjjhdtcvh hgjnrdhfhgt nj rhbul`tcng `drnss ` blna`l ghtwnri rhqucrhs

dnfplhx dnnphr`tcng ahtwhhg kcjjhrhgt rhbul`tnrs. Mnw kn wh `vnck

rhbul`tnry dnfphtctcng `gk ` “r`dh tn tmh anttnf‖>



2= Jcg`gdc`l Drcscs `gk Blna`l Bnvhrg`gdh? @ Ghtwnri @g`lyscs

Tysthfwckh Zchw nj Ghtwnris

[mhrh cs gnw dngshgsus tm`t tmh prcf`ry prnalhf nj tmh durrhgt blna`l

ffg`gdc`l `rdmcthdturh cs tm`t ct cs blna`l cg thrfs nj tr`gs`dtcngs, aut

g`tcng`l cg thrfs nj lhbcsl`tcng `gk suphrvcscng. @s A`gi nj Hgbl`gk

Bnvhrgnr Fhrvyg Icgb (1553) vcvckly hxprhsshk, “Blna`l a`gicgb cgstc-

tutcngs `rh blna`l cg lcjh, aut g`tcng`l cg kh`tm.‖ [mcs cs tmh cgmhrhgt

prnalhf nj ` blna`l `rdmcthdturh tm`t cs rhbul`thk cg g`tcng`l sclns.

Rnrsh, tmh rhbul`tcng nj ffg`gdc`l `dtcvctchs hvhg wctmcg ` g`tcng d`g ah

shbfhgthk cgtn sn f`gy khp`rtfhgts tm`t rhbul`tnry ractr`bh cs ` fònr

b`fh jnr ffg`gdc`l cgstctutcngs. [mh j`dt tm`t @CB Jcg`gdc`l Urnkudts, tmh

suasckc`ry nj @CB fnst rhspngscalh jnr cts lnsshs, w`s rhbul`thk ay tmh

Njffdh nj [mrcjt Tuphrvcscng, wmcdm m`k lcttlh dnfp`r`tcvh `kv`gt`bh cg

rhbul`tcgb sudm dnfplhx khrcv`tcvhs, cs ` dl`sscd hx`fplh nj rhbul`tnry

`ractr`bh.

Jcg`gdc`l f`rihts m`vh ahdnfh mcbmly cgthbr`thk, aut ffg`gdc`l rhbul`-

tcng rhf`cgs l`rbhly dnfp`rtfhgt`lczhk cgtn shp`r`th ourcskcdtcngs. [mhrhsult cs tm`t gn ngh anky cs rhspngscalh nr `ddnugtàlh jnr tmh wmnlh sys-

thf. H`dm `bhgdy‛tmh dhgtr`l a`gi, tmh ffg`gdc`l rhbul`tnr (crrhsphdtcvh nj

wmhtmhr ct cs ` suphr rhbul`tnr nr fultcplh rhbul`tnrs), `gk tmh fcgcstry nj

ffg`gdh‛jhlt tm`t tmh rnnt prnalhfs `gk snlutcngs fcbmt ah nutsckh tmhcr

nwg ourcskcdtcng.

Mhgdh, tmh Brnup nj [mcrty (1553? =) w`s dnrrhdt cg cts Dnrh Qhdnffhg-

k`tcng C? “B`ps `gk whìghsshs cg tmh dnvhr`bh nj prukhgtc`l rhbul`tcng

`gk suphrvcscng fust ah hlcfcg`thk. @ll systhfcd`lly scbgcffd`gt ffg`gdc`l

cgstctutcngs, rhb`rklhss nj typh, fust ah suaohdt tn `g `pprnprc`th khbrhh nj

prukhgtc`l nvhrscbmt.‖[mhrh cs `lsn rhdnbgctcng tm`t durrhgt rhbul`tnry dnfphtctcng hgbhgkhrs

` “r`dh tn tmh anttnf,‖ `s h`dm ffg`gdc`l rhbul`tnr khrhbul`ths jnr jh`r nj

auscghss krcjtcgb tn ugkhrrhbul`thk nr ugrhbul`thk ffg`gdc`l dhgthrs.

[n `vnck tmcs r`dh tn tmh anttnf, tmhrh smnulk ah dnmhrhgt, `pprnprc-

`th nvhrscbmt nj `ll ffg`gdc`l cgstctutcngs, f`rihts, `gk `dtcvctchs, dngscsthgt

wctm tmhcr rcsis9 b`ps `gk ugkhrrhbul`thk `rh`s smnulk ah `vnckhk. Mnw-

hvhr, tn kn tmcs, ngh ghhks ` dnfprhmhgscvh rhbul`tnry systhf tm`t m`s ugc-

vhrs`l dnvhr`bh `gk cs, `t tmh s`fh tcfh, hjjhdtcvh `gk lhbctcf`th. Cg ntmhr

wnrks, wh ghhk `g hjjhdtcvh systhf nj blna`l ffg`gdc`l rhbul`tcng tm`t j`crly

`llnd`ths b`cgs `gk lnsshs nj ffg`gdc`l `dtcvctchs.

Rh `rh ugàlh tn `rrcvh `t ` blna`l ffg`gdc`l rhbul tnr jnr twn cfpnr-

t`gt rh`sngs. Jcrst, tmhrh cs gn ffsd`l fhdm`gcsf tn `llnd`th nr kcstrca-

uth lnsshs `rcscgb jrnf ugcjnrf fnght`ry `gk ffg`gdc`l pnlcdchs nr tn

nat`cg t`x`tcng tn kn sn. Gn snvhrhcbg dnugtry cs wcllcgb tn dhkh ffsd`l

`gk fnght`ry snvhrhcbgty tn ` blna`l ffg`gdc`l ùtmnrcty. Thdngk, gn

cgkhphgkhgt blna`l oukcdc`ry d`g `ractr`th prnphrty rcbmts kcspuths nvhr

sudm lnss `llnd`tcng, p`rtcdul`rly cg tmh a`giruptdy nj blna`l ffg`gdc`l

cgstctutcngs.

[mh ngly rhbcng`l anky tm`t shhfs àlh tn fnvh cg tm`t kcrhdtcng cs tmhHurnph`g Xgcng (HX), p`rtly ahdùsh ct cs antm ` pnlctcd`l `gk ` fnght`ry



Tmhgb 23

ugcng wctm Hurnph`g l`ws `gk `g cgstctutcng`l jr`fhwnri jnr `llnd`tcgb

b`cgs `gk lnsshs. Hvhg cg tmh HX, tmh `llnd`tcng nj ffsd`l `gk a`gi rhsduh

dnsts cs dngtrnvhrsc`l, gk, cg tmh smnrt rug, tmh dnsts rh stcll p`ck jnr l`rbhly

`t tmh g`tcng`l lhvhl.

[mcs cgàclcty tn `rrcvh `t ` blna`l ffg`gdc`l rhbul`tnr dngtr`sts wctm tmh

blna`l tr`kh systhf, wmhrhay tmh Rnrlk [r`kh Nrb`gcz`tcng (R[N) cs

àlh tn hgjnrdh tr`kh kcspuths tmrnubm ` systhf `pprnvhk ay trh`ty. Uhr-

m`ps tmh jugk`fhgt`l rh`sng jnr tmcs kcjjhrhgdh cs tm`t tmh ahghffts nj jrhh

tr`kh `rh navcnus, `s whrh tmh fcstìhs nj tr`kh prnthdtcngcst `dtcng kur-

cgb tmh 0345s. Mnwhvhr, scgdh tmh shrvcdhs tr`kh cs mcstnrcd`lly fnrh prn-

thdthk `t tmh g`tcng`l lhvhl `gk tmh dngdhgtr`tcng nj ffg`gdc`l shrvcdhs siclls

cs prhknfcg`gtly @gbln-T`xng, snfh dnugtrchs `rh rhludt`gt tn nphg up

tn jrhh tr`kh cg ffg`gdc`l shrvcdhs. Hvhg R[N fhfahrs `ddhpt tmh bhghr`l

`rbufhgt tm`t dnugtrchs d`g cfpnsh prukhgtc`l rulhs cg ffg`gdc`l shrvcdhs,

prnvckhk tmhy `rh gnt kcsdrcfcg`tnry tn jnrhcbg pl`yhrs. Ct cs lcihly tm`t gn

blna`l ffg`gdc`l rhbul`tnr wcll hvnlvh uglhss tmh dnsts nj tmh durrhgt drcscs nrjuturh ffg`gdc`l drcshs `rh sn l`rbh `s tn jnrdh g`tcng`l ùtmnrctchs tn dhkh

tmhcr snvhrhcbg pnwhrs tn ` blna`l anky.

Dnfplhxcty

[mhcr sd`lh-jrhh `gk b`fcgb g`turh subbhsts tm`t ghtwnris cgmhrhgtly

brnw fnrh `gk fnrh dnfplhx. Rm`t cs tmh fntcv`tcng ahmcgk tmh brnw-

cgb dnfplhxcty>

[mh twn dnrh cssuhs nj `ll cgstctutcngs `rh tmh prcgdcp`l-`bhgt prnalhf

`gk cgjnrf`tcng syffhtry. [mhrh cs cgmhrhgt cghqu`lcty cg ll sndchtchs gk

hdngnfchs ahdùsh nj `g ughqu`l hgknwfhgt nj ignwlhkbh `gk `ddhss tncgjnrf`tcng. Mnwhvhr, cgdrh`scgb dnfplhxcty cs tmh tnnl ay wmcdm tmh bhgt

d`g tìh kv`gt`bh nj tmh prcgdcp`l. [mh brh`thr tmh cgjnrf`tcng syffhtry

nr dnfplhxcty, tmh brh`thr tmh aclcty nj tmh bhgt tn dmh`t tmh prcgdcp`l gk

tmh whìhr cs tmh `bhgt–s `ddnugtàclcty.

Mhgdh, tmh durrhgt cgdhgtcvh strudturh wctmcg ffg`gdc`l cgstctutcngs (rh`k

ffg`gdc`l hgbcghhrs) cs tn fìh sctu`tcngs fnrh dnfplhx, ahdùsh tmh mcbmhr

tmh “ignwlhkbh prhfcuf,‖ tmh fnrh tmhy prnfft `t tmh hxphgsh nj tmh prcg-

dcp`l (rh`k cgvhstnrs `gk rhbul`tnrs). [mh ffg`gdc`l hgbcghhrs phrsu`khk tmh

cgvhstnrs `gk tmh rhbul`tnrs tm`t tmhcr fnkhls whrh mhkbcgb `gk f`g`bcgb

tmh rcsis, wmhrh`s cg rh`lcty, tmh mcbmhr prnffts jrnf tmh dnfplhx khrcv`tcvhs

whrh khrcvhk jrnf mcbmhr lhvhls nj hfahkkhk lhvhr`bh. Xgjnrtug`thly, tmh

rhbul`tnry systhf j`clhk tn dngkudt sujffdchgt kuh kclcbhgdh ng ahm`lj nj tmh

prcgdcp`l, tmh pualcd `t-l`rbh.

[mh dngdluscng jrnf tmcs `g`lyscs cs tm`t wh d`ggnt snlvh ` drcscs ay

`kkcgb dnfplhxcty9 cgsth`k, wh smnulk try tn rhsnlvh ct ay ckhgtcjycgb `gk

scfplcjycgb “dn`rsh‖ rulhs `gk hgjnrdcgb tmhsh rcbnrnusly. @s mhkbh jugk

rcsi f`g`bhr Qcdm`rk Annistàhr (1552) pncgthk nut cg mcs dngbrhsscng`l

thstcfngy, “Cj tmh pnthgtc`l jnr systhfcd rcsi sthfs jrnf f`riht dnfplhxcty,

`kkcgb l`yhrs nj rhbul`tcng fcbmt `dtu`lly fìh f`tthrs wnrsh ay cgdrh`s-cgb tmh nvhr`ll dnfplhxcty nj tmh ffg`gdc`l systhf.‖



=5 Jcg`gdc`l Drcscs `gk Blna`l Bnvhrg`gdh? @ Ghtwnri @g`lyscs

Hxthrg`lctchs

[mh Bhghv` rhpnrt ng tmh jugk`fhgt`l prcgdcplhs nj ffg`gdc`l rhbul`tcng

dnrrhdtly ckhgtcffhs tm`t ffg`gdc`l rhbul`tcng cs oustcffhk “wmhrh tmhrh rh suj-

ffdchgt hxthrg`lctchs tm`t tmh sndc`l, gk nvhr`ll, dnsts nj f`riht j`clurh hxdhhk

antm tmh prcv`th dnsts nj j`clurh `gk tmh hxtr` dnsts nj rhbul`tcng‖ (Arug-

ghrfhchr `gk ntmhrs 1553? 1). [mh rhpnrt `rbuhs tm`t tmh twn rcsi-spcllnvhr

hxthrg`lctchs `rh ffrh-s`lh hxthrg`lctchs `gk cgthrdngghdthkghss hxthrg`lctchs.

[mh ffrh-s`lh hxthrg`lcty `rcshs scgdh h`dm cgkcvcku`l ffg`gdc`l cgstctutcng

knhs gnt tìh cgtn `ddnugt tmh cfp`dt tm`t cts nwg ffrh s`lhs wcll m`vh ng

`ssht prcdhs cg pnsscalh juturh lcquckcty drugdm. [mh shdngk ghb`tcvh hxthr-

g`lcty cs tmh j`dt tm`t ffg`gdc`l cgstctutcngs m`vh ahdnfh sn cgthrdngghdthk

tm`t tmhy ahdnfh gnt oust “tnn acb tn j`cl,‖ aut “tnn cgthrdngghdthk tn j`cl,‖

drh`tcgb tmh fnr`l m`z`rk tm`t tmhy wcll ah a`clhk nut cg tcfhs nj drcscs.

[mh rh`lcty cs tm`t tmrnubm cfplcdct khpnsct cgsur`gdh, tmh durrhgt systhf

suasckczhs cgstctutcngs tm`t dùsh ghb`tcvh hxthrg`lctchs jnr ntmhrs. Fcdrn

ahm`vcnr nj hxdhsscvh rcsi tìcgb m`s wckh systhfcd rcsis.Cg `g cfpnrt`gt stuky nj dnfplhx systhfs wctm rhjhrhgdh tn a`gicgb,

kcvhrsh rhsh`rdmhrs jrnf ndh`gnbr`pmy, acnlnby, `gk znnlnby arcgb p`r-

`llhls jrnf tmh hdnlnbcd`l systhf tn tmh stuky nj a`gicgb. F`y, Lhvcg, `gk

Tubcm`r` (155=) nashrvh tm`t “tcppcgb pncgts,‖ “tmrhsmnlks,‖ `gk “arhì-

pncgts‖ khsdrcah tmh ficp nj ` dnfplhx kyg`fcd systhf jrnf ngh shhfcgbly

stàlh st`th tn `g ugstàlh lnwhr-lhvhl st`th. [mhy l`fhgt tmh j`dt tm`t vhry

lcttlh cs sphgt ng stukycgb systhfcd rcsi `s dnfp`rhk wctm wm`t cs sphgt ng

f`g`bcgb dngvhgtcng`l rcsi cg cgkcvcku`l ffrfs, aut tmh dnsts nj ` systhfcd

rcsi hvhgt jnr g`tcng`l nr blna`l hdngnfy rh mubh.

[mhrh `rh tmrhh pnsscalh rh`sngs wmy systhfcd rcsi w`s nvhrlnnihk. [mhffrst cs smhhr cbgnr`gdh. Urcv`th shdtnr p`rtcdcp`gts f`y scfply m`vh m`k

gn ckh` tm`t wm`t tmhy whrh kncgb d`rrchk mubh sndc`l dnsts. [mh shdngk cs

tm`t tmhy dnulk m`vh ahhg `w`rh nj tmh sndc`l dnsts, aut whrh gnt àlh tn

fh`surh sudm hxthrg`lctchs `gk `ssufhk tm`t tmhsh wnulk ah tìhg d`rh nj

ay tmh rhbul`tnrs nr tmh bnvhrgfhgt. [mcs cs dl`sscd fnr`l m`z`rk ahm`vcnr.

[mh tmcrk cs tm`t scgdh ffg`gdc`l rhbul`tnrs `llnwhk tmh ffg`gdc`l cggnv`tcng

nr ffg`gdc`l hgbcghhrcgb tm`t drh`thk tmh f`sscvh lhvhr`bh wctmnut thstcgb nr

vhrcjycgb tmh pnsscalh sndc`l dnsts, tmhy cg`kvhrthgtly phrfctthk tmh fnr`l

m`z`rk tn rh`dm drcscs lhvhls.

Xgjnrtug`thly, tmh cgmhrhgt g`turh nj hxthrg`lctchs cs tm`t ct cs lfnst cfpns-

scalh jnr g cgkcvcku`l ffrf tn d`ldul`th tmh hxthgt nj tmh spcllnvhr hxthrg`lcty

`gk hvhg tmh cgthrdngghdthkghss hxthrg`lctchs. [mcs rhqucrhs cgjnrf`tcng gk

hxphdt`tcngs anut tmh juturh tm`t `rh mcbmly suaohdtcvh gk fnst lcihly tn ah

wrngb. Cgkhhk, tmcs wnulk ah ` mcbmly dngthgtcnus `rh` nj ffg`gdc`l rhbul`-

tcng. Xgtcl kcs`sthr m`pphgs, prcv`th shdtnr p`rtcdcp`gts wnulk `rbuh vhmh-

fhgtly tm`t rhbul`tnry dnsts nr rhstrcdtcngs tn lcfct tmhsh twn hxthrg`lctchs

`rh tnn mcbm cg (`) prhvhgtcgb ffg`gdc`l cggnv`tcng `gk (a) nvhrhstcf`tcgb

tmh dnsts nj j`clurh. Qhbul`tnry ractr`bh gk dnfphtctcng ahtwhhg ffg`gdc`l

dhgthrs wnulk cghvctàly smcjt tmh tr`gs`dtcngs tn `gntmhr “ushr-jrchgkly‖dhgthr ugtcl tmh dnllhdtcvh dtcng ahdnfhs r`dh tn tmh anttnf.



Tmhgb =0

Cgkhhk, ngh khjhgsh jnr wmy ffg`gdc`l rhbul`tnrs `llnwhk sudm ffg`gdc`l

cggnv`tcng wctmnut kht`clhk kuh kclcbhgdh (lcih tmh X.T. Jnnk `gk Krub

@kfcgcstr`tcng cg pprnvcgb ghw krubs) w`s tm`t tmh hxthrg`lctchs whrh nut-

sckh tmhcr hxphrchgdh. Xgtcl tmh durrhgt drcscs, ffg`gdc`l hgbcghhrcgb pph`rhk

tn kcstrcauth rcsis nutsckh tmh a`gicgb systhf, gk rhsphdthk lh`khrs sudm s

@l`g Brhhgsp`g rhph`thkly `jffrfhk tmcs ugthsthk ahlchj.

Cgthrdngghdtcvcty

Cgthrdngghdtcvcty ahtwhhg cgstctutcngs, f`rihts, gk systhfs lchs cg tmh spcll-

nvhr nr hxthrg`lctchs cgmhrhgt cg prnkudts, cgstctutcngs, `gk `dtcvctchs. Ght-

wnri cgthrdngghdtcvcty nddurs gnt scfply tmrnubm futu`lly hxdluscvh

dm`gghls, aut tmrnubm mcbmly dnfplhx cgthrrhl`tcngsmcps tm`t `rh gnt lw`ys

jully ugkhrstnnk nr nashrvàlh.

Hdngnfcd mcstnrc`g Fcdm`hl Anrkn (1550) dnrrhdtly pncgts nut tm`t dng-

t`bcng ahtwhhg twn nr fnrh gnkhs smnulk ah thrfhk tr`gsfcsscng, gnt-

cgb, “Cg tmh bnlkhg `bh, ffg`gdc`l drcshs whrh tr`gsfctthk `drnss tmh wnrlktmrnubm tmh lcgis nj tmh ffxhk hxdm`gbh r`th bnlk st`gk`rk.‖

Mnw cs lnss nr jh`r nj lnss tr`gsfctthk `gk sprh`k tmrnubmnut tmh ght-

wnri> Bhrf`g hdngnfcst Jrchkrcdm Thll (1550) w`s tmh ffrst tn cgthbr`th

gntcngs nj dngt`bcng cg hpckhfcnlnby `gk ffg`gdc`l f`rihts. Mh krhw tmh

p`r`llhl ahtwhhg tmh sprh`k nj g hpckhfcd tn dngt`bcng cg ffg`gdc`l f`rihts

(shh ffburh ;.1). Cg hpckhfcnlnby, kcsh`sh cs tr`gsfctthk wmhg tmh rhprnkud-

tcvh r`th nj ` vcrus rh`dmhs ` drctcd`l f`ss `gk fnrh `gk fnrh muf`gs `rh

cgjhdthk. Mnwhvhr, muf`gs lsn khvhlnp cffugcty ugtcl t snfh st`bh fnst

muf`gs ahdnfh cffugh tn tmh kcsh`sh. [mh p`gkhfcd prndhss cs scfcl`r tn

` khdcscng trhh cg b`fh tmhnry.Lnss d`g d`sd`kh tmrnubmnut tmh (ffg`gdc`l f`riht) ghtwnri lcih ` p`g-

khfcd, ahdùsh tmh j`clurh (nr lnss) cg ngh gnkh dùshs lnsshs cg ntmhr gnkhs

tmrnubm cts lcgis. Lnss-`vnck`gdh ahm`vcnr tmhrhjnrh d`g rhsult cg p`gcd `s

tmh lnsshs sprh`k tmrnubmnut tmh ghtwnri.

bhghr`tcng 0 1 4 ; 8 : 2 =

c g k c v c k u ` l

Jcburh ;.1. Hxp`gscng Urndhss nj g Hpckhfcd

Tnurdh? Thll 1550.



=1 Jcg`gdc`l Drcscs `gk Blna`l Bnvhrg`gdh? @ Ghtwnri @g`lyscs

[mcs d`sd`kcgb cfp`dt nj lnss-`vnck`gdh ahm`vcnr w`s gnthk ay ` 1552

rhsh`rdm stuky cgctc`thk ay tmh G`tcng`l Qhsh`rdm Dnugdcl (G`tcng`l @d`k-

hfy nj Tdchgdhs) `gk tmh Jhkhr`l Qhshrvh A`gi nj Ghw Snri ng systhfcd

rcsi (I`famu, Rhckf`g, `gk Ircsmg`g 1552)? “F`riht-a`shk systhfcd

drcshs `rh njthg dm`r`dthrczhk ay ` dnnrkcg`tcng j`clurh? ` wckh drnss shd-

tcng nj f`riht p`rtcdcp`gts scfult`ghnusly khdckh tn rhkudh rcsi tìcgb gk

hjjhdtcvhly rhjr`cg jrnf ffg`gdc`l `dtcvctchs, sudm `s tr`kcgb stndis, cssucgb

khat `gk hqucty, `gk lhgkcgb.‖

Cgthrdngghdtcvcty fh`gs tm`t tmh rhbul`tnr s whll s tmh ffg`gdc`l cgstctu-

tcng wnulk ghhk tn m`vh r`kcd`lly kcjjhrhgt f`g`bhfhgt cgjnrf`tcng sys-

thfs (FCTs) tm`t d`g khthdt dngghdtcngs `gk rcsis tm`t `rh gnt `pp`rhgt

jrnf durrhgt FCT fnkhls. Jnr hx`fplh, fnst a`gis kn gnt m`vh vhry bnnk

cgjnrf`tcng ng tmh lcgis nj tmhcr dnugthrp`rtchs, hsphdc`lly wmhtmhr kcjjhrhgt

dnugthrp`rtchs `rh hctmhr `jfflc`thk nr cgthrdngghdthk cg kcjjhrhgt f`gghrs.

Cgthr`dtcvcty nj Jhhka`di Lnnps cg Ghtwnris

Cgthr`dtcvcty fh`gs tmh dngtcgunus cgthr`dtcng `gk b`fhs ahcgb pl`yhk

ahtwhhg kcjjhrhgt f`riht p`rtcdcp`gts `gk ahtwhhg tmh prcv`th shdtnr `gk

tmh rhbul`tnrs `gk pnlcdy fìhrs. [mh kyg`fcd b`fcgb lh`ks tn nutdnfhs

tm`t `rh gnt `lw`ys prhkcdtàlh, cg tmh s`fh w`y tm`t `dtcng ay rhbul`tnrs

f`y sujjhr jrnf tmh l`w nj ugcgthgkhk dngshquhgdhs. @ dnffng j`ll`dy

`fngb f`riht p`rtcdcp`gts cs tm`t tmh `dtcng nj ` scgblh f`riht pl`yhr m`s

gn dngshquhgdh jnr tmh f`riht s wmnlh. Cg pr`dtcdh, tmcs cs njthg gnt truh,

`s hvhg vhry sf`ll-v`luh tr`gs`dtcngs cg ` tmcgly tr`khk f`riht dnulk m`vh

kr`f`tcd cgfiuhgdh ng prcdh vnl`tclcty.

Cgthr`dtcvcty, nr tmh b`fcgb cg tmh ghtwnri, lh`ks tn jhhka`di lnnps,wmcdm cg turg hxpl`cg tmh cgmhrhgt prndydlcd`lcty nj ffg`gdc`l f`rihts. Jhhk-

a`di fhdm`gcsfs hxcst ahdùsh nj cgjnrf`tcng syffhtry, lh`ks gk l`bs cg

ahm`vcnr ahtwhhg tr`gs`dtnrs cg ` ghtwnri tr`gs`dtcng, `gk kcjjhrhgdhs cg

tr`gs`dtcng dnsts. [mh prhv`clcgb hjffdchgt-f`riht mypntmhscs `ssufhs tm`t

f`rihts wcll ndd`scng`lly kcvhrbh, aut hvhgtu`lly rhturg tn hquclcarcuf, cg

wm`t hgbcghhrs rhdnbgczh `s ghb`tcvh jhhka`di‛vnl`tclcty rhdhkhs a`di tn

tmh fh`g (Xfplhay 1553).

Hxphrchgdhk jugk f`g`bhr Bhnrbh Tnrns m`s `rbuhk tm`t ffg`gdc`l f`r-

ihts `lsn m`vh pnsctcvh jhhka`di, tmrnubm wm`t mh d`lls rhfihxcvcty (Tnrns

033=). @s f`riht `dtcvcty b`tmhrs fnfhgtuf, cgjnrf`tcng ac`s `gk mhrkahm`vcnr nddur `gk krcvh tmh f`riht cg l`rbhr `gk l`rbhr nsdcll`tcngs, dùs-

cgb ` wrhdicgb a`ll hjjhdt, wctm vnl`tclcty `gk fnvhfhgts ahdnfcgb l`rbhr

`gk l`rbhr ugtcl tmh systhf dr`smhs.

[mh rh`l dngdhrg nj rhbul`tnrs cs gnt wmhtmhr sudm prndydlcd`lcty hxcsts,

aut wmhtmhr tnnls hxcst tn k`fphg nr stnp tmh k`f`bh jrnf sudm prndydlc-

d`lcty `gk wmhg tmh rhbul`tnr smnulk cgthrvhgh.

Mnw tn kh`l wctm prndydlcd`lcty ancls knwg tn tmrhh dmncdhs. [mh ffrst

`gk gngdngtrnvhrsc`l cssuh cs tn rhfnvh prndydlcd`l hlhfhgts wctmcg tmh

hxcstcgb rulhs `gk st`gk`rks, sudm `s f`ri-tn-f`riht `ddnugtcgb, tmhA`shl D`pct`l @ddnrks, `gk kyg`fcd ln`g-prnvcscngcgb rhqucrhfhgts.



Tmhgb =4

[mh rhbul`tnry dnffugcty m`s `brhhk tn tmcs `dtcng `jthr tmh mnrsh m`s

anlthk nut nj tmh stàlh.

[mh shdngk cs tn dngstrudt rulhs tm`t buckh rhbul`tnrs ng wmhg tn `dt

`gtcdydlcd`lly. Jnr hx`fplh, Bnnkm`rt `gk Uhrsùk rhdnffhgk tm`t d`pc-

t`l ah cgdrh`shk `jthr `sshssfhgt nj rcsis uscgb ` jhw scfplh, tr`gsp`rhgt

rulhs (Arugghrfhchr `gk ntmhrs 1553). [mh A`gi nj Tp`cg ushs kyg`fcd

prnvcscngcgb rulhs `s rcsis hsd`l`th. Qhbul`tnrs lcih tn ush sudm rulhs tn

`vnck tìcgb phrsng`l rhspngscaclcty jnr fìcgb oukbfhgts ng wmhg `gk

mnw tn tìh gtcdydlcd`l dtcng. Mhgdh, rulh-a`shk khdcscng fìcgb cs ffgh cj

tmh f`rihts ahm`vh `ddnrkcgb tn tmh rulhs, aut cg tmh dnfplhx, cgthr`dtcvh,

`gk cgthrdngghdthk wnrlk, tmh hvckhgdh tn suppnrt sudm khdcscng-fìcgb

rulhs f`y gnt ah dlh`r dut, `gk rhbul`tnrs `gk pnlcdy fìhrs fust fìh

cgjnrfhk oukbfhgts ng tmh a`l`gdh nj rcsis `gk wmhtmhr nr gnt tn tìh

`gtcdydlcd`l `dtcng.

[mh tmcrk dmncdh cs tn rhdnbgczh tm`t tmh ngly w`y tn arhì nut nj tmh

dl`sscd p`r`lyscs nj dnllhdtcvh `dtcng cs jnr cgkcvcku`l lh`khrs tn ah wcllcgbtn tìh tnubm `dtcng, hvhg tmnubm tmh hvckhgdh f`y gnt ah dnfplhth. Cg

hsshgdh, tn qunth jnrfhr Jhk dm`crf`g Rcllc`f FdDmhsghy F`rtcg, ngh

m`s tn ah wcllcgb tn tìh phrsng`l rhspngscaclcty jnr “tìcgb w`y tmh pugdm

anwl wmhg tmh p`rty bhts cgthrhstcgb.‖

[r`gsp`rhgdy gk Cgjnrf`tcng Nvhrln`k

[r`gsp`rhgdy rhjhrs tn ` prndhss ay wmcdm cgjnrf`tcng ànut hxcstcgb dng-

kctcngs, khdcscngs, `gk `dtcngs cs f`kh `ddhsscalh, vcscalh, `gk ugkhrst`gk-

àlh tn f`riht p`rtcdcp`gts. [mh str`gbh tmcgb ànut tmcs durrhgt drcscs cs

tm`t ct m`pphghk cg jull tr`gsp`rhgdy `gk cg jrngt nj hvhryngh. [mh rhjnrfsf`kh `jthr tmh @sc`g `gk knt-dnf drcshs f`kh fnrh cgjnrf`tcng `ddhsscalh

`gk vcscalh, wctm fònr rhjnrfs cg `ddnugtcgb `gk dnrpnr`th kcsdlnsurh.

Durrhgtly, jull rcsi w`rgcgb `gk cgjnrf`tcng `rh kcsdlnshk ng tmh Rha scths

nj Lhmf`g–s, @CB, tmh Jhkhr`l Qhshrvh, tmh A`gi nj Hgbl`gk, tmh Hurnph`g

Dhgtr`l A`gi, `gk tmh Cgthrg`tcng`l Fnght`ry Jugk, aut tmh drcscs stcll

m`pphghk.

Hvhryngh `lsn `brhhs tm`t tmh rnnts nj tmh drcscs `rh sn dnfplcd`thk tm`t

`lfnst gn ngh ugkhrstnnk wmhrh tn ahbcg tn stnp ct. [mh prnalhf w`s

gnt ` l`di nj cgjnrf`tcng, aut tnn fudm cgjnrf`tcng tm`t w`s gnt ugkhr-

st`gkàlh. [mh ffg`gdc`l khrcv`tcvhs sudm `s dnll`thr`lczhk khat nalcb`tcngs(DKNs), drhkct khjùlt sw`ps (DKTs), `gk dngkucts whrh sn dnfplcd`thk

tm`t cgvhstnrs, tmh nrcbcg`tcgb `gk shllcgb a`gis, `gk tmhcr ffg`gdc`l rhbul`-

tnrs kck gnt ugkhrst`gk tmhcr dnfplhxcty `gk tnxcdcty. Rnulk fnrh rulhs

ng tr`gsp`rhgdy mhlp> C knuat ct.

Cg pr`dtcdh, tr`gsp`rhgdy m`s ahdnfh ` b`fh nj cgjnrf`tcng nvhrln`k

sn tm`t tmh rhdhcvhr cs fcslhk nr knhs gnt w`gt tn `kfct tm`t mh hctmhr

knhs gnt ugkhrst`gk nr knhs gnt ignw wm`t tn kn wctm fnst nj tmh cgjnr-

f`tcng. Rctm tmh lhb`l rhqucrhfhgt tn m`vh jull kcsdlnsurh, tmh systhf

w`s “b`fhk‖ ay dnfp`gchs `gk ffg`gdc`l cgstctutcngs suppnrthk ay tmhcrhxphgscvh l`wyhrs lh`rgcgb mnw tn kcsdlnsh sn fudm cgjnrf`tcng `gk rcsis



=; Jcg`gdc`l Drcscs `gk Blna`l Bnvhrg`gdh? @ Ghtwnri @g`lyscs

tm`t tmhy `rh rhspngscalh jnr gntmcgb wmhg `gytmcgb bnhs wrngb. [mh trutm

cs aurchk cg ffgh prcgt, aut ngly cj ynu ignw mnw tn ffgk ct. [mh l`w w`s

s`tcsffhk ugkhr “lhb`l tr`gsp`rhgdy,‖ aut ultcf`thly sndchty `s ` wmnlh p`ck

tmh prcdh.

[mcs cs wmhrh tmh bnvhrg`gdh strudturh cs drctcd`l. [mh ngus smnulk ah ng

an`rks nj kcrhdtnrs nj ffg`gdc`l cgstctutcngs tn ugkhrst`gk nr khf`gk jrnf

f`g`bhfhgt tmh cgjnrf`tcng ghhkhk tn sshss rcsis, cgdlukcgb systhfcd gk

dngdhgtr`tcng rcsis. Cj tmh an`rk cs f`kh jully `ddnugtàlh jnr tmh ckhgtcffd`-

tcng `gk kcsdlnsurh nj sudm rcsis, tmhg `dtcng wcll ah tìhg tn ugkhrtìh tmh

kuh kclcbhgdh ghhkhk tn ugkhrst`gk wmhrh tmh truh rcsis `rh. Dngshquhgtly,

tmh an`rk fust quhstcng tmnrnubmly? cj prnffts `rh tnn bnnk tn ah truh, tmhg

tmhy `rh tnn bnnk tn ah truh.

Mhgdh, ngh `rh` nj rhjnrf cs tm`t cgsth`k nj fìcgb ` dnfplhx systhf

fnrh dnfplhx, wh smnulk try tn fìh ct fnrh scfplh `gk ugkhrst`gkàlh.

Hvhg 1,855 yh`rs `bn, tmh Dmcghsh lhb`lcst pmclnsnpmhrs `gk aurhùdr`ts

ugkhrstnnk tm`t l`ws smnulk ah f`kh scfplh, h`sy tn ugkhrst`gk, h`sy tnlh`rg, `gk h`sy tn cfplhfhgt `gk hgjnrdh.

Cgdhgtcvhs

[mhrh cs dngshgsus tm`t tmh prcf`ry cgdhgtcvh jnr hxdhsscvh rcsi tìcgb cg

tmh ffg`gdc`l dnffugcty w`s ` f`g`bhfhgt dnfphgs`tcng sdmhfh tm`t

rhw`rkhk smnrt-thrf rcsi tìcgb gk cbgnrhk juturh dnsts nr lnsshs. Qhw`rk-

cgb a`gi f`g`bhfhgt `gk mhkbh jugk f`g`bhrs wctm mhjty angushs `gk

nptcngs a`shk ng smnrt-thrf rcsi tìcgb pusmhk tmh ffg`gdc`l shdtnr tnw`rk

prndhsshs `gk st`gk`rks tm`t trchk tn tìh prnffts upjrngt, wctmnut fh`sur-

cgb tmh cgmhrhgt lngb-thrf rcsis.@ slhw nj f`riht pr`dtcdhs futu`lly rhcgjnrdhk tmh p`tm tn drcshs.

[mh `pplcd`tcng nj j`cr-v`luh `ddnugtcgb `gk ush nj fnkhls tn fh`surh

tmh v`luh nj ffg`gdc`l khrcv`tcvh prnkudts rhsulthk cg juturh prnffts ahcgb

fh`surhk ng kcsdnugthk prhshgt-v`luh thrfs, wmclh cbgnrcgb (kcjffdult-tn-

fh`surh) juturh dnsts `gk kcshxthrg`lctchs. [mh lnwhr tmh lhvhl nj cgthrhst

r`ths kuh tn lnnsh fnght`ry pnlcdy `gk mcbm lcquckcty jrnf tmh blna`l

cfa`l`gdh, tmh mcbmhr tmh prcdh nj tmhsh lhvhr`bhk prnkudts. Tcgdh tmhsh

prnkudts whrh f`rihk hctmhr tn f`riht nr tn fnkhls, ugrh`lczhk d`pct`l

b`cgs whrh tìhg tn prnffts wctmnut dngsckhrcgb tmh sust`cgàclcty nj sudm

mcbm prnffts nr tmh pnsscaclcty nj ` sm`rp rhvhrs`l kuh tn drnwkhk tr`khsnr f`riht cllcquckcty. Ghhklhss tn s`y, tmh mcbmhr tmh rhdnrkhk prnffts, tmh

mcbmhr tmh angushs.

[mus lhvhr`bh w`s auclt cgtn tmh ahm`vcnr nj a`gihrs, wctmnut tmh ffg`g-

dc`l rhbul`tnrs pprhdc`tcgb tm`t tmh brnwcgb khrcv`tcvh tr`kh `gk v`lu`tcng

whrh ` d`stlh auclt ng s`gk.

@ltmnubm ct w`s wckhly `dignwlhkbhk cg tmh `d`khfcd dnffugcty `jthr

tmh @sc`g drcscs tm`t fnr`l m`z`rk cs tmh fnst k`gbhrnus cgdhgtcvh cg ` sys-

thf wmhrh tmh st`th st`gks tn bu`r`gthh (cfplcdctly nr hxplcdctly) tmh ffg`gdc`l

systhf, fnst rhbul`tnrs tnni lcttlh `dtcng `b`cgst fnr`l m`z`rk ugtcl ct sur-j`dhk cg tmh Gnrtmhrg Qndi rugs cg 1552. Rmy w`s tmhrh lcttlh pprhdc`tcng



Tmhgb =8

tm`t tmh mcbmhr tmh cgmhrhgt lhvhr`bh cg tmh ffg`gdc`l systhf, hsphdc`lly cg tmh

ffg`gdc`l khrcv`tcvh auscghss, tmh brh`thr tmh fnr`l m`z`rk>

@ pnsscalh hxpl`g`tcng lchs cg tmh j`clurh nj ffg`gdc`l rhbul`tnrs tn

`pprhdc`th tmh hgnrfnus rcsis cgmhrhgt cg ffg`gdc`l f`rihts cg wm`t d`g

ah d`llhk tmh Tnrns `syffhtry nj rcsis. Tnrns–s cgscbmt, ushk tn hxpl`cg

wmy drhkct khjùlt sw`ps `rh k`gbhrnus `gk smnulk ah a`gghk, d`g ah

bhghr`lczhk jnr tmh `syffhtry nj rcsis cg `ll ffg`gdc`l prnkudts. [mh ffrst

sthp cs tn rhdnbgczh tm`t “tmhrh cs `g `syffhtry ahtwhhg lngb nr smnrt

cg tmh stndi f`riht . . . bncgb lngb m`s uglcfcthk pnthgtc`l ng tmh upsckh,

aut lcfcthk hxpnsurh ng tmh knwgsckh. Ahcgb smnrt cs tmh rhvhrsh. [mh

`syffhtry f`gcjhsts ctshlj cg tmh jnllnwcgb w`y? Lnscgb ng ` lngb pnsc-

tcng rhkudhs ngh–s hxpnsurh, wmclh lnscgb ng ` smnrt pnsctcng cgdrh`shs ct‖

(Tnrns 1553? 0::).

Cg ntmhr wnrks, bcvhg tmh mcbm khbrhh nj lhvhr`bh cg tmh systhf, tmh sys-

thfcd rcsis whrh gnglcgh`r `gk hxpnghgtc`l. Tcgdh tmh ffg`gdc`l rhbul`tnrs

dnulk gnt `brhh ng ` scfplh fh`surh nj nvhr`ll lhvhr`bh `gk `llnwhk a`gistn ush cgthrg`lly r`thk fnkhls tn fh`surh tmhcr nwg rcsis `gk tmhrhjnrh

d`pct`l ghhks, tmh hfahkkhk lhvhr`bh cgdrh`shk sm`rply. [mh tnt`l lhvhr`bh

nj tmh blna`l ffg`gdc`l systhf (uscgb tmh gntcng`l v`luh nj ffg`gdc`l khrcv`-

tcvhs) dnulk ah `s fudm `s 0; tcfhs BKU, dnfp`rhk tn durrhgt upphr lcfcts

nj tr`kctcng`l lhvhr`bh (fh`surhk s a`gicgb ssht, stndi f`riht d`pct`lcz`-

tcng, gk khat f`riht v`luh) nj rnubmly ffvh tcfhs BKU (Tmhgb 1553a? 440).

Cgdlukcgb ahlnw-tmh-lcgh lcàclctchs, tmh j`dt tm`t tmh ffvh X.T. cgvhstfhgt

a`gis `t tmh hgk nj 1552 whrh lhvhr`bhk == tcfhs d`pct`l fh`gt tm`t tmh

fnr`l m`z`rk w`s hxtrhfhly mcbm.

[mh shdngk sthp cs tn rhdnbgczh tm`t “tmh DKT f`riht njjhrs dngvhgchgtw`y nj smnrtcgb angks. Cg tm`t f`riht, tmh rcsi-rhw`rk `syffhtry wnris

cg nppnscth w`ys tn stndis. Bncgb smnrt angks ay auycgb ` DKT dngtr`dt

d`rrchs lcfcthk rcsi aut uglcfcthk prnfft pnthgtc`l9 ay dngtr`st, shllcgb DKTs

njjhrs lcfcthk prnffts aut pr`dtcd`lly uglcfcthk rcsis‖ (Tnrns 1553? 0::).

Thllcgb DKTs tn tmh f`riht ultcf`thly w`s @CB–s j`t`l fcstìh.

Tnrns bnhs ngh jurtmhr. “[mh tmcrk sthp cs tn tìh cgtn `ddnugt rhfihxcv-

cty `gk rhdnbgczh tm`t tmh fcsprcdcgb nj ffg`gdc`l cgstrufhgts d`g `jjhdt tmh

jugk`fhgt`ls tm`t f`riht prcdhs `rh suppnshk tn rhfihdt. . . . [mcs fh`gs tm`t

ah`r r`cks ng ffg`gdc`l cgstctutcngs d`g ah shlj-v`lck`tcgb, wmcdm cs cg kcrhdt

dngtr`kcdtcng tn tmh hjffdchgt f`riht mypntmhscs‖ (Tnrns 1553? 0:2).Cj C cgthrprht Tnrns dnrrhdtly, tmh dnfacg`tcng nj Tnrns `syffhtry nj

rcsis, fnr`l m`z`rk, `gk rhfihxcvcty drh`thk ` shlj-julffllcgb sctu`tcng cg

wmcdm ffg`gdc`l cgstctutcngs ahd`fh fnrh `gk fnrh lhvhr`bhk ugtcl tmhcr

nwg sphdul`tnrs dnll`pshk tmh systhf tmrnubm ah`r r`cks.

Kurcgb tmh 0332—3= @sc`g drcscs, shvhr`l dhgtr`l a`gis tm`t m`k cgsuj-

ffdchgt jnrhcbg hxdm`gbh rhshrvhs tn rhsduh tmhcr knfhstcd a`gis nr dnrpn-

r`tcngs tm`t whrh brnssly nvhrhxthgkhk cg jnrhcbg hxdm`gbh `gk f`turcty

fcsf`tdmhs ahd`fh vulghràlh tn ah`r r`cks ng tmhcr durrhgdchs. [mh dnl-

l`psh nj tmh durrhgdchs arnubmt tmh hdngnfchs tn lnw-lhvhl hquclcarcuf sctu-`tcngs tm`t tnni f`gy yh`rs tn rhdnvhr jrnf.



=: Jcg`gdc`l Drcscs `gk Blna`l Bnvhrg`gdh? @ Ghtwnri @g`lyscs

Rh smnulk, tmhrhjnrh, p`y fnrh `tthgtcng tn wmy tmhrh whrh gn cgdhg-

tcvhs jnr rhbul`tnrs `gk pnlcdy fìhrs tn `dt `gtcdydlcd`lly fnrh hjjhdtcvhly

`gk jnrdhjully.

Qhdhgt kha`th cg tmh Xgcthk Icgbknf subbhsts tm`t tmhrh smnulk ah g

cgkhphgkhgt anky (` ffg`gdc`l pnlcdy dnffctthh) rhspngscalh jnr f`drn

prukhgtc`l systhfcd ffg`gdc`l stàclcty, wctm tmh dhgtr`l a`gi ahcgb

rhspngscalh jnr fcdrn prukhgtc`l rhbul`tcng. Urhsufàly, tmh cgkhphg-

khgt anky wnulk strhgbtmhg tmh “trust aut v`lck`th‖ jugdtcng nj hxthrg`l

suphrvcscng, cg dngtr`st tn tmh durrhgt “dnfply `gk hxpl`cg‖ `pprn`dm.

Kcvcscng nj Lànr ahtwhhg Mnfh `gk Mnst Qhbul`tnrs

[mh dngshgsus tm`t tmh sdnph nj rhbul`tcng smnulk dnvhr tmh wmnlh phrcfh-

thr nj systhfcd`lly cfpnrt`gt ffg`gdc`l cgstctutcngs gk `dtcvctchs fh`gs tm`t

wh m`vh tn khffgh wm`t cs systhfcd `gk wmn smnulk kn wm`t. [mh prhshgt

drcscs m`s khfngstr`thk tm`t rcsi dngdhgtr`tcngs d`g r`pckly hfhrbh jrnf

ugrhbul`thk al`di mnlhs nr ugkhrrhbul`thk “sm`knw a`gicgb‖ `rh`s wmhrhf`g`bhrs, rhbul`tnrs, `gk pnlcdy fìhrs m`vh lcttlh nr gn cgjnrf`tcng ng

wm`t cs m`pphgcgb. Mhgdh, tmhrh cs bhghr`l brhhfhgt tm`t rhbul`tcng smnulk

ah f`kh fnrh dngscsthgt `gk tm`t suphrvcsnry nvhrscbmt `gk hgjnrdhfhgt

smnulk dngvhrbh tnw`rk cgthrg`tcng`l st`gk`rks nj ahst pr`dtcdhs. [mcs cs

fnrh h`scly s`ck tm`g kngh.

Jcrst, wm`t cs gnt systhfcd cg ` f`turh f`riht d`g ah mcbmly systhfcd

cg `g hfhrbcgb f`riht. Jnr hx`fplh, ` mhkbh jugk tm`t cs gnt systhfcd`lly

cfpnrt`gt cg ` l`rbh, f`turh mnfh f`riht d`g cgkhhk ah vhry systhfcd cg

`g hfhrbcgb f`riht, hsphdc`lly wmhg ct d`g `dt cg dngdhrt wctm ntmhr mhkbh

jugks cg tmh ugrhbul`thk nvhr-tmh-dnugthr (N[D) f`riht. [mh cssuh cs gnt

oust ànut systhfcd sczh nj tr`kcgb nr hxpnsurh, aut `lsn ànut fcsshllcgb,

f`riht f`gcpul`tcng, cgsckhr kh`lcgb, `gk jrùk.

Thdngk, rhdhgt hxphrchgdh subbhsts tm`t wm`t w`s tmnubmt gnt tn ah sys-

thfcd d`g r`pckly hvnlvh tn ahdnfh mcbmly systhfcd. Cgkhhk, jhw rhbul`tnrs

whrh `w`rh tm`t tmh DKT f`riht m`k sudm systhfcd cfplcd`tcngs jnr tmh

mh`ltm nj tmh a`gicgb systhf gk tmh lcquckcty nj tmh ssht-a`dihk shdurctchs

f`riht. @CB m`k tn ah rhsduhk cg nrkhr tn sthf tmh systhfcd dngt`bcng cj

ct j`clhk.

[mcrk, `s lngb `s ` ffg`gdc`l cgstctutcng nr `dtcvcty cs gnt suphrvcshk cg ctsmnfh thrrctnry, gk cg tmh ashgdh nj tmh dnnphr`tcng gk lhb`l utmnrcty nj

tmh mnfh ùtmnrcty, ct wnulk ah cfpnsscalh jnr tmh mnst ùtmnrcty tn nat`cg

tmh ghdhss`ry cgjnrf`tcng tn `sshss systhfcd cfplcd`tcngs nr tn ugkhrtìh

cgvhstcb`tcng `gk hgjnrdhfhgt, wmhg tr`kcgb `dtcvctchs d`g cgvnlvh shvhr`l

f`rihts `gk `lsn N[D nr ugrhbul`thk f`rihts. Rctmnut hjjhdtcvh cgthrg`-

tcng`l dnnphr`tcng, gn mnst rhbul`tnr d`g prnthdt mnst-dnugtry cgvhstnrs

`gk dnugthrp`rtchs.

Jnurtm, tmh prhshgt fhfnr`gkuf nj ugkhrst`gkcgb ahtwhhg mnfh `gk

mnst rhbul`tnrs knhs gnt m`vh sujffdchgt lhb`l st`gkcgb nr pnwhrs nj fhkc`-

tcng cg tmh hvhgt nj kcs`brhhfhgts ahtwhhg mnfh `gk mnst rhbul`tnrs.



Tmhgb =2

Cgkhhk, tmh quhstcngs r`cshk ay tmh kh L`rnschrh rhpnrt ng cfpnrt`gt

suphrvcsnry j`clurhs wctmcg tmh HX `rh kcrhdtly `pplcdàlh tn tmh cgthrg`-

tcng`l `rhg` (kh L`rnschrh 1553? 43—;0), cgdlukcgb?

• [nn fudm hfpm`scs ng suphrvcscng nj cgkcvcku`l ffrfs `gk tnn lcttlh ng

tmh f`drn prukhgtc`l sckh

• Cghjjhdtcvh h`rly-w`rgcgb fhdm`gcsfs, hsphdc`lly gn fhdm`gcsfs tnhgsurh tm`t `sshssfhgts nj rcsis `rh tr`gsl`thk cgtn `dtcng

• L`di nj dnfphthgdchs9 tmh j`clurh nj nvhrscbmt pncgts tn tmh ghhk jnr

whll-st`jjhk, hxphrchgdhk, `gk whll-tr`cghk suphrvcsnrs cg `ll st`ths

• J`clurh tn dm`llhgbh suphrvcsnry pr`dtcdhs ng drnss-anrkhr a`scs9 tmhrh

cs gn fhdm`gcsf tn hgàlh mnst dnugtrchs tn dm`llhgbh hjjhdtcvhly tmh

khdcscngs nj mnfh rhbul`tnrs wmn j`clhk tn rhdnbgczh rcsis

• L`di nj jr`gighss `gk dnnphr`tcng ahtwhhg suphrvcsnrs9 suphrvcsnrs cg

kcjjhrhgt st`ths whrh gnt prhp`rhk tn kcsduss wctm pprnprc`th jr`gighss

`gk `t `g h`rly st`bh tmh vulghràclctchs nj tmh ffg`gdc`l cgstctutcngs tm`t

tmhy suphrvcshk• L`di nj dngscsthgt suphrvcsnry pnwhrs ahtwhhg fhfahr st`ths9 tmhsh

kcjjhrhgdhs, cgdlukcgb kcjjhrhgdhs cg cgsnlvhgdy l`ws, wnulk rhqucrh

dm`gbhs cg l`w

• Gn fh`gs jnr suphrvcsnrs tn tìh dnffng khdcscngs9 tmcs cgàclcty

f`y ah kuh tn l`di nj lhb`l pnwhrs tn tìh khdcscngs nr cgàclcty tn

rh`dm dnnrkcg`thk rhspngshs wctmcg g`tcngs `gk `lsn wctm drnss-anrkhr

dnugthrp`rtchs.

Dngdluscngs `gk Unlcdy Cfplcd`tcngs

@t tmh K`vns fhhtcgb ng O`gu`ry 12, 1553, Jnruf Dm`crf`g Ilùs Tdmwà

`rbuhk, “Rm`t wh rh durrhgtly hxphrchgdcgb wctm tmh ffg`gdc`l drcscs gk cts

dngshquhgdhs cs tmh acrtm nj ` ghw hr`‛` wìh-up d`ll tn nvhrmùl nur

cgstctutcngs, nur systhfs, gk, anvh ll, nur tmcgicgb.‖ C dngdlukh ay kr`w-

cgb snfh mcbmly thgt`tcvh nashrv`tcngs ng mnw tmh ghtwnri jr`fhwnri d`g

ah ushk tn cfprnvh ffg`gdc`l shdtnr bnvhrg`gdh.

Jcrst, `pprhdc`tcgb tmh kyg`fcds nj f`riht ahm`vcnr subbhsts tm`t tnn

fudm stàclcty nr nvhrrhbul`tcng dnulk arhhk dnfpl`dhgdy nj f`riht p`r-tcdcp`gts gk, mhgdh, l`di nj cffugcty b`cgst f`riht vnl`tclcty. [mcs d`lls

jnr brh`thr tnlhr`gdh nj rcsi `gk wcllcgbghss tn nphg f`rihts br`ku`lly tn

strhsshs ng ` dngtrnllhk a`scs. Br`ku`lcsf shhfs prhjhràlh tn “acb a`gb‖

cg r`cscgb systhf cffugcty. Nphgcgb up, nr rhjnrfcgb cg fnkul`r jnrf nr

“dmugis,‖ shhfs ` shgscalh `gk thsthk w`y jnrw`rk.

Thdngk, rhsclchgdh nj ghtwnris dnfhs jrnf nphgghss tn kcvhrscty `gk

ghw ckh`s `gk thdmgnlnby. [mh rhsclchgdh nj ghtwnris cs mnghk tmrnubm

`dtu`l f`riht strhsshs, sn tm`t p`rtcdcp`gts lh`rg tmrnubm tmhcr fcstìhs.

Cg ntmhr wnrks, cffugcty d`ggnt ah auclt up tmrnubm prnthdtcng. [ìcgb

`g nphg-fcgkhk `pprn`dm tn f`riht rcsi `gk trustcgb f`riht p`rtcdcp`gts



== Jcg`gdc`l Drcscs `gk Blna`l Bnvhrg`gdh? @ Ghtwnri @g`lyscs

tn lh`rg jrnf tmhcr fcstìhs `rh fnrh mhlpjul tm`g fcdrn f`g`bcgb tmh

cgthrfhkc`tcng prndhss. @llnwcgb fnrh dnfphtctcng `gk kcvhrscty nj prnk-

udts, cgstctutcngs, `gk prndhsshs wnulk `vnck “fngndulturh‖ `gk tmhrhjnrh

brh`thr dngdhgtr`tcng `gk jr`bclcty.

[mcrk, ghtwnris nphr`th gnt ngly ng cgthrdngghdtcvcty `gk cgthr`dtcv-

cty, aut `lsn ng cgthrkhphgkhgdh. Unlcdy `gk nutdnfhs cg ghtwnris `rh

gnt tmh rhspngscaclcty nj ngh phrsng nr cgstctutcng, aut tmh dnnphr`tcvh

hjjnrt nj fultcplh stìhmnlkhrs. Dnnphr`tcvh hjjnrts cg ghtwnri f`g`bh-

fhgt `gk bnvhrg`gdh `rh ` bcvhg. Mnw wh dnnphr`th nr kh`l wctm tmh

dngshquhgdhs nj l`di nj dnnphr`tcng wcll sm`ph ghtwnri ahm`vcnr nr nut-

dnfhs. [mh durrhgt nutdnfh cs blna`l tr`bhky nj tmh dnffngs, wmhrhay

l`di nj dnnphr`tcng rhsulthk cg ` r`dh tn tmh anttnf `gk ffg`gdc`l `gk

hdnlnbcd`l kcs`sthrs.

Jnurtm, ghtwnri phrsphdtcvhs subbhst fnrh dùtcng ng rhbul`tnry cgthr-

vhgtcng. [mh shlj-nrb`gczcgb pnwhr nj ghtwnris subbhsts tm`t tmhrh cs `

a`scd cgstcgdt jnr survcv`l gk rhsclchgdh. A`gis hgb`bcgb cg khrcv`tcvh dtcvc-tchs `rh hgb`bcgb cg rcsi kcvhrscffd`tcng. Bnvhrgfhgt cgthrvhgtcng tn rhsduh

a`scd`lly j`clhk cgstctutcngs f`y m`vh fudm l`rbhr ugcgthgkhk dngshquhgdhs

tm`g wh d`g cf`bcgh. [mh kclhff` cs tm`t a`k cgdhgtcvhs, p`rtcdul`rly fnr`l

m`z`rk, `rh ahcgb hgtrhgdmhk, wmcdm hxpl`cgs wmy s`l`rchs cg f`gy rhsduhk

cgstctutcngs m`vh gnt khdlcghk `s fudm `s s`l`rchs cg tmh rh`l shdtnr.

Cj dnfplhx ghtwnris d`ggnt ah kcshgt`gblhk nr rhp`crhk nvhrgcbmt, gnt

hvhg `t tmh g`tcng`l lhvhl, tmhg ct cs qucth rh`lcstcd tn `ssufh tm`t tmh blna`l

ffg`gdc`l rdmcthdturh wcll gnt rhjnrf sn qucdily nr vnlugt`rcly. Ct wcll hvnlvh

jrnf dnfphtctcng wctmcg tmh systhf.

[mh ght dngdluscng cs tm`t tmhrh cs uglcihly tn ah ` “acb a`gb‖ cg ffg`g-dc`l shdtnr rhjnrfs, hvhg `s tmh durrhgt ffg`gdc`l drcscs hvnlvhs, ugtcl tmhrh cs

fudm ahtthr ugkhrst`gkcgb nj tmh dùshs `gk dm`r`dthrcstcds nj tmh dm`gbh

cg tmh hdnlnby nj ffg`gdc`l f`rihts. [mcs subbhsts tm`t ` rhsh`rdm `bhgk`

ng ghtwnri `g`lyscs dnulk ychlk f`gy jructjul cgscbmts ng mnw tn cfprnvh

ffg`gdc`l `gk blna`l bnvhrg`gdh.

Rm`t rh tmh cfplcd`tcngs nj tmcs archj survhy nj tmh ghtwnri jr`fhwnri

jnr tmh durrhgt blna`l ffg`gdc`l `rdmcthdturh `gk tmh kcrhdtcng nj rhbul`tnry

dm`gbh> [n rhd`p, tmh ghtwnri `g`lyscs vchws tmh blna`l ffg`gdc`l strudturh

`s ` dnfplhx, hvnlutcng`ry ghtwnri nj lnd`l ghtwnris, mcbmly dngdhgtr`thk

wctm pnwhr l`w kcstrcautcng nj tr`gs`dtcngs ay v`luh, mcbmly cgthr`dtcvh,`gk durrhgtly prngh tn ffg`gdc`l cgstàclcty kuh tn vnl`tclh d`pct`l finws rcs-

cgb jrnf strudtur`l cfa`l`gdhs `gk pnlcdy hrrnrs. @ltmnubm tmh a`l`gdh nj

hdngnfcd pnwhr cs dm`gbcgb jrnf tmh rcdm tn tmh hfhrbcgb l`rbh dnugtrchs

sudm `s Dmcg` `gk Cgkc`, tmh a`scd rulhs nj tmh b`fh m`vh gnt dm`gbhk.

[mhrh cs stcll dngsckhràlh fnfhgtuf tn f`cgt`cg tmh st`tus qun, sn tm`t

tmh cgmhrhgt pusm ay vhsthk cgthrhsts jnr `ssht auaalhs `gk mcbmhr lhvhr`bh

rhf`cgs cgt`dt.

Rh m`vh tn lcvh wctm tmh rh`lcty tm`t, uglhss tmh sndc`l lnsshs rh trùf`tcd,

tmh st`tus qun wcll ngly dm`gbh cgdrhfhgt`lly, gnt r`kcd`lly. Tcgdh tmh pnwhrdhgthrs, cgdlukcgb l`rbh, dnfplhx ffg`gdc`l cgstctutcngs `gk ntmhr vhsthk



Tmhgb =3

cgthrhsts, rh dngtcgu`lly prnthdtcgb tmhcr cgthrhsts, ct cs uglcihly tm`t tmnsh cg

dngtrnl wcll rhlcgqucsm tmhcr pnwhrs vnlugt`rcly. Cgkhhk, tmh Hurnph`g prhs-

hgdh ng tmh Jcg`gdc`l Ttàclcty An`rk cgdrh`shk jurtmhr wctm tmh `kkctcng nj

Tp`cg `gk tmh Hurnph`g Dnffcsscng, sn tm`t Hurnph`gs gnw `ddnugt jnr

scx nut nj 15 fhfahrs.

Mnw wnulk tmh ghtwnri jr`fhwnri `sscst us cg tmcgicgb ànut rhjnrf-

cgb tmh durrhgt blna`l ffg`gdc`l `rdmcthdturh> Jcrst, tmh ghtwnri tnpnlnby nr

strudturh f`tthrs. Rh ghhk ` systhfwckh vchw wctm ` bnnk ugkhrst`gkcgb

nj tmh whìhst lcgis `gk rcsi dngdhgtr`tcngs. Bcvhg tmh cgmhrhgt hxcsthgdh

nj pnwhr l`ws cg ghtwnris, wh m`vh tn rhdnbgczh tm`t ghtwnris `rh gnt

hqu`l `gk tm`t cgdrh`scgb dngdhgtr`tcng tmrnubm “tnn acb tn j`cl‖ nr “tnn

cgthrdngghdthk tn j`cl‖ rh rh`l rcsis. Rh ghhk tn tmcgi fnrh anut arcgbcgb

fnrh dnfphtctcng `gk kcvhrscty cgtn tmh blna`l ghtwnris, cg nrkhr tn `vnck

nlcbnpnlcstcd ahm`vcnr jrnf prhvhgtcgb cggnv`tcng gk tmh thgkhgdy tnw`rk

“fngndulturh.‖ @vcg`sm Uhrsùk `gk ntmhrs m`vh pncgthk nut mnw tmh ush

nj ugcjnrf ddnugtcgb st`gk`rks (j`cr-v`luh ddnugtcgb) gk scfcl`r fnkhlshgdnur`bhk f`rihts tn fnvh cg ngh kcrhdtcng, tmus kkcgb tn prndydlcd`lcty.

[mcs cs p`rtcdul`rly hvckhgt wmhg scfcl`r tr`kcgb fnkhls, uscgb a`scd`lly

scfcl`r cgjnrf`tcng, drh`th l`rbh mhrkcgb hjjhdts, phrphtu`tcgb fnfhgtuf

tr`kcgb `gk shlj-julffllcgb hxphdt`tcngs.

Thdngk, ffg`gdc`l rhbul`tnrs smnulk `kkrhss tmh cssuh nj dnfplhxcty

uscgb kcjjhrhgt tnnls `gk thdmgcquhs. C fhgtcng ngly twn. @s pcnghhrhk ay

O. Knygh J`rfhr (1550), @gkrhw Ln (Im`gk`gc gk Ln 1552), F`y, Lhvcg,

`gk Tubcm`r` (155=), `gk ntmhrs, rhbul`tnrs smnulk ush fnrh ffg`gdc`l

f`riht fnkhlcgb, lnnicgb `t ffg`gdc`l f`rihts `s kyg`fcd, hvnlvcgb, `k`p-

tcvh hdnsysthfs tm`t hxphrchgdh phrcnks nj cgstàclcty, r`tmhr tm`g `s fh`g-rhvhrtcgb, stàlh systhfs tm`t rhturg tn hquclcarcuf. Tysthfwckh fnkhlcgb

uscgb a`l`gdh smhhts `gk finws wnulk hgàlh rhbul`tnrs `gk tmh f`riht tn

ugkhrst`gk ahtthr tmh strhss lhvhls `gk tnlhràlh lcfcts nj lhvhr`bh.

Qhbul`tnrs smnulk ush fnrh jnrhgscd thdmgcquhs, uscgb drnss-ourcskcdtcng`l

hx`fcg`tcngs nj prnkudt tr`cl ng `g “hgk-tn-hgk‖ a`scs, lnnicgb `t mnw

ffg`gdc`l prnkudts hvnlvh jrnf nrcbcg`tcng, tr`kcgb, dlh`rcgb, `gk shttlhfhgt

tn kcstrcautcng tmrnubmnut tmh systhf. [mh ùkct tr`cl smnulk lnni `t mnw

h`dm cgvhstnr nr cgthrfhkc`ry f`g`bhs cts rcsis. [mcs drnss-shdtcng`l jnrhgscd

stuky wnulk ychlk fudm fnrh cgkustrywckh cgjnrf`tcng `gk ahm`vcnr`l

p`tthrgs tm`g tmh durrhgt hfpm`scs ng cgstctutcng-a`shk strhss thsts `gkhx`fcg`tcngs. Qhbul`tnrs fust `lsn m`vh systhfwckh k`t` ng hfahkkhk

lhvhr`bh, ay cgscstcgb tm`t pnpul`rly tr`khk prnkudts ah dlh`rhk nr rhbcs-

thrhk ng dhgtr`l dlh`rcgb pl`tjnrfs. Jcg`gdc`l rhbul`tnrs m`vh tn `knpt tmh

phrsphdtcvh nj pualcd mh`ltm pnlcdy.

@s ` f`tthr nj rhbul`tnry pmclnsnpmy, rhbul`tnrs fust try tn rhkudh

dnfplhxcty cg tmh systhf, sn tm`t prnkudts, st`gk`rks, `gk rulhs `rh h`scly

ugkhrst`gkàlh ay `ll p`rtchs `lcih. Mnwhvhr kcjffdult tmh t`si, `ll rulhs `gk

prndhsshs smnulk ah rhkudhk tn ihy prcgdcplhs `gk naohdtcvhs, sn tm`t tmh

rulhs d`g ah cgthrprhthk `b`cgst tmhsh jugk`fhgt`l prcgdcplhs. [mcs d`lls jnrfnrh oukbfhgt ay antm rhbul`tnrs `gk rhbul`thk `lcih.




Cg bhghr`l, wm`t rhbul`tnrs smnulk `pprhdc`th cs tm`t f`ss ahm`vcnr cs

cgfiuhgdhk fnrh ay ` jhw dlh`r `gk scfplh rulhs, ffrfly hgjnrdhk, tm`g ay

fultcplh dnfplhx rulhs, lcbmtly nr ugkhrhgjnrdhk.

[mcrk, ng tmh cssuh nj cgthrdngghdtcvcty, ghtwnri hgbcghhrs cg cgjnrf`-

tcng thdmgnlnby ugkhrst`gk tmh cfpnrt`gdh nj wnricgb cg fnkulhs. [hdm-

gnlnbcd`l arhìtmrnubms `rh bhghr`lly `dmchvhk cg fnkul`r jnrf. Ghtwnri

rhjnrfs smnulk kcvckh tmh systhfs cgtn fnkulhs, wctm rhlhv`gt ffrhw`lls gk

rcsi dngtrnls, sn tm`t rhjnrfs d`g ah `dmchvhk ng ` fnkul`r a`scs (Ahcg-

mndihr 1552? 028). Jnr hx`fplh, cgthrdngghdtcvcty gk rhl`thk lhvhr`bh d`g

ah ugkhrstnnk ay auclkcgb ihy shttlhfhgt `gk dlh`rcgb cgjr`strudturh ng `

fnkul`r a`scs, prnkudt-ay-prnkudt, gk ay g`lyzcgb sudm k`t`. Qhbul`tnrs

sphgk tnn jhw rhsnurdhs fcgcgb tmh cgjnrf`tcng `t tmhcr dnff`gk.

Ng tmh quhstcng nj wmhtmhr l`rbh, dnfplhx ffg`gdc`l cgstctutcngs `rh tnn

l`rbh `gk dnfplhx ahdùsh nj tmhcr cgthrdngghdtcvcty, tmh fnkul`r snlutcng

subbhsts tm`t wh smnulk drh`th ffrhw`lls ahtwhhg tmhcr ihy lcghs nj auscghss,

sn tm`t tmh mcbm-rcsi `rh`s `rh shbfhgthk jrnf tmh pualcd utclcty p`rt nja`gicgb auscghss.

Jnurtm, tmh cssuh nj cgthr`dtcvcty nr jhhka`di fhdm`gcsfs smnulk ah

`kkrhsshk ay rhfnvcgb tmh prndydlcd`l ac`s cg durrhgt st`gk`rks `gk rulhs.

[mhrh cs gnw `brhhfhgt ng tmcs fnvh. Mnwhvhr, rhbul`tnrs fust ah `w`rh

tm`t wm`t f`tthrs cs tmh rhfihxcvh `dtcng nj f`riht p`rtcdcp`gts tn tmh phr-

dhcvhk ahm`vcnr nj rhbul`tnrs tmhfshlvhs. Cj rhbul`tnrs tnlhr`th rcsiy ahm`v-

cnr nr kn gnt ffrfly `gk khdcscvhly `dt tn stnp fnr`l m`z`rk ahm`vcnr, tmhg

f`riht p`rtcdcp`gts wcll ahm`vh s cj rhbul`tnrs phrfctthk sudm ahm`vcnr. Cg

` shgsh, rhbul`tnry kcsdcplcgh tmrnubm hgjnrdhfhgt cs tmh tmcg rhk lcgh stnp-

pcgb hxdhsscvh rcsi tìcgb ay f`riht p`rtcdcp`gts.Fy phrsng`l npcgcng cs tm`t tmh `tthfpt tn bn jnr dlh`r-dut, tr`gsp`rhgt

rulhs r`tmhr tm`g kcsdrhtcng m`s bngh tnn j`r. Gn rulh cs `pplcdàlh jnr `ll

tcfh, bcvhg tmh cgthr`dtcvh b`fcgb nj ffg`gdc`l f`rihts. [mh rh`lcty cs tm`t

sudm rulhs rhqucrh cgjnrf`tcng tm`t f`y gnt ah `v`clàlh jnr dlh`r khdcscngs

tn ah f`kh. [mh rcsi nj w`ctcgb jnr khffgctcvh hvckhgdh f`y fh`g tm`t rhbul`-

tnry dtcng cs tnn lcttlh, tnn l`th. Qhbul`tnrs lw`ys m`vh tn fìh oukbfhgts

a`shk ng p`rtc`l nr snfhtcfhs ugrhlcàlh cgjnrf`tcng. [mh dnffugcty `t-

l`rbh fust suppnrt cgkhphgkhgt rhbul`tnrs tn fìh sudm cgjnrfhk oukb-

fhgts `gk `ddhpt tmh j`dt tm`t snfhtcfhs tmnsh oukbfhgts `rh f`kh ng tmh

rcsi-`vhrscng sckh, scgdh tmh dnsts nj ffg`gdc`l drcshs `rh ugprhkcdtàlh.Jcjtm, ng tmh cgdhgtcvh strudturh, tmh X.T. Dngbrhss m`s rhdhgtly p`sshk

lhbcsl`tcng tn hgàlh rhbul`tnrs tn dngtrnl nr a`g dhrt`cg dnfphgs`tcng

`rr`gbhfhgts jnr ffg`gdh hxhdutcvhs wmn `rh phrdhcvhk tn hgdnur`bh hxdhs-

scvh rcsi tìcgb. [mhrh cs strngb rhscst`gdh wctmcg R`ll Ttrhht tn dut angushs

`gk s`l`rchs ng tmh `ssufptcng tm`t ffg`gdc`l siclls `rh sd`rdh `gk tm`t tn

dut s`l`rchs wnulk rhkudh ffg`gdc`l shdtnr phrjnrf`gdh. [mcs `rbufhgt cs

shlj-shrvcgb.

Cg fy vchw, tmh lhvhl nj angushs gk prnffts cs khrcvhk gnt jrnf tmh siclls

nj tmhsh ffg`gdc`l hxhdutcvhs, aut jrnf tmh sd`lh nj lhvhr`bh tmhy hfahk cgtmh systhf. Mhgdh, cj tmh rhbul`tcng lcfcts tmh lhvhl nj lhvhr`bh, tmh angushs



Tmhgb 30

wcll ah d`pphk. [mcs r`cshs ` jugk`fhgt`l quhstcng nj wmhtmhr tmh ffg`gdc`l

cgkustry wcll jnrhvhr brnw j`sthr `gk fnrh prnfftàlh tm`g tmh rh`l shdtnr.

@t tmh mh`rt nj tmh cssuh `rh tmh tnlhràlh lcfcts nj lhvhr`bh cg tmh wmnlh

hdngnfy, `t antm tmh shdtnr`l `gk tmh g`tcng`l lhvhls. [mhrh cs gn ffxhk jnr-

ful` jnr tmh lcfcts nj lhvhr`bh, aut jnr h`dm hdngnfy, gk ng blna`l lhvhl,

tmhrh fust ah lcfcts, wmcdm smnulk ah ckhgtcffhk `gk strcdtly hgjnrdhk.

Cg suf, ct cs mnphk tm`t tmh ghtwnri jr`fhwnri wcll nphg up ghw `vh-

guhs nj rhsh`rdm cgtn tmh dnfplhxctchs nj tmh ffg`gdc`l shdtnr `gk cts lcgis

wctm tmh rh`l hdngnfy.

Acalcnbr`pmy

@llhg, Jr`gilcg, `gk @g` Aàus. 155=. “Ghtwnris cg Jcg`gdh.‖ Rnricgb U`phr

5=-52. Rm`rtng Jcg`gdc`l Cgstctutcngs Dhgthr, Xgcvhrscty nj Uhggsylv`gc`,

Umcl`khlpmc`.A`rààsc, @lahrt-L`szln. 1554. Lcgihk? Mnw Hvhrytmcgb Cs Dngghdthk tn Hvhry-

tmcgb Hlsh `gk Rm`t Ct Fh`gs tn Auscghss, Tdchgdh, `gk Hvhryk`y Lcjh. Ghw

Snri? Ulufh Annis.

A`r`g, Uùl. 03:;. Cgtrnkudtcng tn Kcstrcauthk Dnffugcd`tcngs Ghtwnris.

QF-4;15-UQ. T`gt` Fngcd`, D@? Q`gk Dnrpnr`tcng. www.r`gk.nrb/

pualcd`tcngs/QF/a`r`g.lcst.mtfl.

Ahcgmndihr, Hrcd K. 1552. [mh Nrcbcg nj Rh`ltm? Hvnlutcng, Dnfplhxcty, `gk tmh

Q`kcd`l Qhfìcgb nj Hdngnfcds. D`farckbh, F@? M`rv`rk Auscghss Tdmnnl

Urhss.

Annistàhr, Qcdm`rk. 1552. [hstcfngy suafctthk tn tmh Mnush Jcg`gdc`l Thrvcdhs

Dnffctthh ng Tysthfcd Qcsis? Hx`fcgcgb Qhbul`tnrs– @aclcty tn Qhspngk tn

[mrh`ts tn tmh Jcg`gdc`l Tysthf, R`smcgbtng, KD. Ndtnahr 1.

Anrkn, Fcdm`hl K. 1550. “@g Mcstnrcd`l Uhrsphdtcvh ng tmh H`st @sc`g Drcscs.‖

Cg [mh Unlctcd`l Hdngnfy nj tmh H`st @sc`g Drcscs? [cbhrs cg Kcstrhss, hk.

@rvck Luiùsi`s `gk Jr`gdcsdn Qcvhr`-A`tcz. Dmhlthgm`f, X.I.? Hkw`rk

Hlb`r.

Arugghrfhchr, F`rius, @gkrhw Drndihtt, Dm`rlhs Bnnkm`rt, F`rtcg Mhllwcb,

@vcg`sm Uhrsùk, `gk Myug Tmcg. 1553. “[mh Jugk`fhgt`l Urcgdcplhs nj

Jcg`gdc`l Qhbul`tcng.‖ Bhghv` Qhpnrt ng tmh Rnrlk Hdngnfy 00 (O`gu`ry).

Cgthrg`tcng`l Dhgthr jnr Fnght`ry `gk A`gicgb Ttukchs, Bhghv`9 Dhgtrh jnr

Hdngnfcd Unlcdy Qhsh`rdm, Lngkng.

Dà`llhrn, Qcd`rkn O., `gk @lp Tcfshi. 1553. “Dnfplhxcty `gk Jcg`gdc`l U`gcds.‖

GAHQ Rnricgb U`phr 0;332 (F`y). G`tcng`l Aurhù nj Hdngnfcd Qhsh`rdm,

D`farckbh, F@.

D`sthlls, F`guhl. 033:. [mh Qcsh nj tmh Ghtwnri Tndchty, [mh Cgjnrf`tcng @bh?

Hdngnfy, Tndchty, gk Dulturh. Znl. 0. Nxjnrk? Al`diwhll Uualcsmhrs.

Dnffcsscng nj Hxphrts nj tmh Urhsckhgt nj tmh Bhghr`l @sshfaly. 1553. “Qhdnf-

fhgk`tcngs ng Qhjnrfs nj tmh Cgthrg`tcng`l Fnght`ry `gk Jcg`gdc`l Tysthf.‖

Xgcthk G`tcngs, Ghw Snri. F`rdm 03. www.ug.nrb/b`/prhsckhgt/:4/lhtthrs/ rhdnffhgk`tcngHxphrts155453.pkj.




kh L`rnschrh, O`dquhs. 1553. “[mh Mcbm-Lhvhl Brnup ng Jcg`gdc`l Tuphrvcscng cg

tmh HX.‖ Hurnph`g Dnffcsscng, Arusshls. Jharu`ry 18. mttp?//hd.hurnph

.hu/cgthrg`l^f`riht/ffg`gdhs/knds/kh^l`rnschrh^rhpnrt^hg.pkj.

Hdngnfckhs, Gcdmnl`s. 0334. “Ghtwnri Hdngnfcds wctm @pplcd`tcng tn Jcg`gdh.‖

Jcg`gdc`l F`rihts, Cgstctutcngs, gk Cgstrufhgts 1 (8, Khdhfahr)? =3—32.

J`rfhr, O. Knygh. 1550. “[nw`rk @bhgt-A`shk Fnkhls jnr Cgvhstfhgt.‖ Cg

Ahgdmf`ris gk @ttrcautcng @g`lyscs, :0—25. Dm`rlntthsvcllh, Z@? @ssndc`tcng

jnr Cgvhstfhgt F`g`bhfhgt `gk Qhsh`rdm.

Brnup nj [mcrty. 1553. Qhpnrt ng Jcg`gdc`l Qhjnrf. Ghw Snri? Brnup nj [mcrty

(O`gu`ry). www.brnup45/puas/rhjnrfrhpnrt.pkj.

M`lk`gh, @gkrhw B. 1553. “Qhtmcgicgb tmh Jcg`gdc`l Ghtwnri.‖ Tphhdm khlcvhrhk

`t tmh Jcg`gdc`l Ttukhgt @ssndc`tcng, @fsthrk`f. @prcl.

O`disng, F`ttmhw N. 155=. Tndc`l gk Hdngnfcd Ghtwnris. Urcgdhtng, GO?

Urcgdhtng Xgcvhrscty Urhss.

I`famu, Onmg, Tdntt Rhckf`g, `gk Ghhl Ircsmg`g, hks. 1552. Ghw Kcrhdtcngs

jnr Xgkhrst`gkcgb Tysthfcd Qcsi. @ Qhpnrt ng ` Dngjhrhgdh Dnspngsnrhk aytmh Jhkhr`l Qhshrvh A`gi nj Ghw Snri `gk tmh G`tcng`l @d`khfy nj Tdchgdhs.

R`smcgbtng, KD? G`tcng`l @d`khfchs Urhss.

I`y, Onmg. 1554. [mh [rutm ànut F`rihts. Lngkng? Uhgbucg.

Im`gk`gc, @fcr H., gk @gkrhw R. Ln. 1552. “Rm`t M`pphghk tn tmh Pu`gts

cg @ubust 1552>‖ Onurg`l nj Cgvhstfhgt F`g`bhfhgt 8 (;, jnurtm qu`rthr)?

8—;8.

Icgb, Fhrvyg. 1553. Tphhdm tn Arctcsm A`gihrs– @ssndc`tcng, F`gscng Mnush,

A`gi nj Hgbl`gk, Lngkng. Ough 02.

Ln, @gkrhw. 155;. “[mh @k`ptcvh F`riht Mypntmhscs? F`riht Hjffdchgdy jrnf `g

Hvnlutcng`ry Uhrsphdtcvh.‖ Onurg`l nj Unrtjnlcn F`g`bhfhgt 45 (@ubust 08)?

08—13.

‛‛‛. 1558. “Qhdngdclcgb Hjffdchgt F`rihts wctm Ahm`vcnr`l Jcg`gdh? [mh

@k`ptcvh F`riht Mypntmhscs.‖ F`ss`dmushtts Cgstctuth nj [hdmgnlnby, Tln`g

Tdmnnl9 G`tcng`l Aurhù nj Hdngnfcd Qhsh`rdm, D`farckbh, F@.

F`y, Qnahrt F., Tcfng @. Lhvcg, `gk Bhnrbh Tubcm`r`. 155=. “Hdnlnby jnr

A`gihrs.‖ G`turh ;80 (10, Jharu`ry)? =34—38.

Ghwf`g, F`ri, @lahrt-Làszlô A`rààsc, `gk Kugd`g O. R`tts. 155:. [mh

Ttrudturh gk Kyg`fcds nj Ghtwnris. Urcgdhtng, GO? Urcgdhtng Xgcvhrscty Urhss.

Thll, Jrchkrcdm L. 1550. Dngt`bcng cg Jcg`gdc`l F`rihts. Lngkng? Hkw`rk Hlb`r.Tm`pcrn, D`rl, `gk M`l Q. Z`rc`g. 0333. Cgjnrf`tcng Qulhs? @ Ttr`thbcd Buckh tn

tmh Ghtwnri Hdngnfy. D`farckbh, F@? M`rv`rk Auscghss Tdmnnl Urhss.

Tmhgb, @gkrhw. 1558. “[mh Rhìhst Lcgi? Jcg`gdc`l F`rihts, Dngt`bcng, `gk

Ghtwnris.‖ Rnricgb U`phr (Khdhfahr). A`gi jnr Cgthrg`tcng`l Thttlhfhgts,

A`shl.

‛‛‛. 1553`. “[mh Jcrst Ghtwnri Drcscs nj tmh [whgty Jcrst Dhgtury? @

Qhbul`tnry Unst-Fnrthf.‖ Hdngnfcd gk Unlctcd`l Rhhily, Cgkc` (sphdc`l cssuh

ng blna`l ffg`gdc`l `gk hdngnfcd drcscs, F`rdm)? =0—3=.

‛‛‛. 1553a. Jrnf @sc`g tn Blna`l Jcg`gdc`l Drcscs? @g @sc`g Qhbul`tnr–s

Zchw nj Xgjhtthrhk Jcg`gdh cg tmh 0335s `gk 1555s. Ghw Snri? D`farckbh

Xgcvhrscty Urhss.



Tmhgb 34

‛‛‛. 1553d. “Jrnf @sc`g tn Blna`l Jcg`gdc`l Drcscs? [mcrk L`ll Fhfnrc`l

Lhdturh.‖ Cgkc`g Dnugdcl jnr Qhsh`rdm cg Cgthrg`tcng`l Hdngnfcd Qhl`tcngs,

Ghw Khlmc. Jharu`ry. www.cdrchr.rhs.

Tnrns, Bhnrbh. 033=. [mh Drcscs nj Blna`l D`pct`lcsf? Nphg Tndchty Hgk`gbhrhk.

Ghw Snri? Uualcd @jj`crs.

‛‛‛. 1553. [mh Dr`sm nj 155= `gk Rm`t Ct Fh`gs? [mh Ghw U`r`kcbf jnr

Jcg`gdc`l F`rihts. Ghw Snri? Uualcd @jj`crs.

[urghr, Lnrk @k`cr. 1553. [mh [urghr Qhvchw? @ Qhbul`tnry Qhspngsh tn

tmh Blna`l A`gicgb Drcscs. Lngkng? Jcg`gdc`l Thrvcdhs @utmnrcty (F`rdm).

www.js`.bnv.ui/puas/ntmhr/turghr^rhvchw.pkj.

Xfplhay, Ttu`rt. 1553. “Jrnf Dnfplhxcty tn Qhfihxcvcty? [mh Ghxt Tthp cg

tmh Tysthfs Tdchgdhs.‖ UnwhrUncgt slckhs, Bhnrbh R`smcgbtng Xgcvhrscty,

R`smcgbtng, KD. www.bwu.hku~ufplhay.

Xgkhrmcll, Bhnjjrhy Q. K. 1552. “Blna`l Jcg`gdc`l @rdmcthdturh, Lhbctcf`dy, `gk

Qhprhshgt`tcng? Zncdh jnr Hfhrbcgb F`rihts.‖ B`rght Unlcdy Archj (O`gu`ry).

Xgcvhrscty nj @fsthrk`f.Rcllc`fs, Bhnrbh F., Or. 155=. [mh F`drnprukhgtc`l Qhbul`tnr? Fnkhlcgb tmh

Jcg`gdc`l Ghtwnri. Qhsh`rdm rhpnrt jnr @lhrt, Khwhy, & LhAnhuj LLU

(Thpthfahr 00).

Rnrlk Hdngnfcd Jnruf. 1553. “[mh Blna`l @bhgk` 1553.‖ Rnrlk Hdngnfcd

Jnruf, Bhghv`.

]`j`, Fcr`gk`. 1552. “Blna`l Cfa`l`gdhs `gk Jcg`gdc`l Tt`aclcty.‖ CFJ Rnricgb

U`phr RU/52/000 (F`y). Cgthrg`tcng`l Fnght`ry Jugk, R`smcgbtng, KD.



Dnnphr 38

DM@U[HQ 8Xgkhrst`gkcgb Blna`l Cfa`l`gdhsQcdm`rk G. Dnnphr

[mcs dm`pthr kr`ws ng Dnnphr (1552, 155=).

Cg tmcs dm`pthr, C w`gt tn d`st knuat ng twn rhl`thk prnpnsctcngs tm`t `rh

wckhly `ddhpthk `s trutms? @fhrcd`gs s`vh tnn lcttlh, `gk tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths

rugs durrhgt ddnugt khffdct‛$2== acllcng cg 155:‛tm`t cs ugsust`cgàlh

`gk rcsis prhdcpct`tcgb ` kcsnrkhrly `koustfhgt tm`t wnulk k`f`bh tmh

wnrlk hdngnfy cg tmh rhl`tcvhly gh`r (usu`lly ugsphdcffhk) juturh. Fy knuats

smnulk gnt ah dngsckhrhk s ghw trutms, aut s plùscalh lthrg`tcvh mypntm-

hshs anut mnw tmh wnrlk wnris tmhsh k`ys `gk mnw wh rh`dmhk sudm l`rbh

blna`l cfa`l`gdhs.C ahbcg wctm X.T. s`vcgbs ahdùsh ct rhl`ths tn tmh arn`khr tnpcd nj blna`l

cfa`l`gdhs tmrnubm tmh g`tcng`l `ddnugts ckhgtcty, wmcdm lcgis tmh durrhgt

`ddnugt khffdct tn tmh kcjjhrhgdh ahtwhhg knfhstcd cgvhstfhgt `gk g`tcng`l

s`vcgbs. @ durrhgt `ddnugt khffdct d`ggnt ah rhkudhk wctmnut rhkudcgb tmh

hxdhss nj cgvhstfhgt nvhr s`vcgbs. Jhw `rbuh tm`t tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths smnulk

cgvhst lhss (hxdhpt phrm`ps cg mnuscgb kurcgb tmh mnuscgb annf), wmcdm

cfplchs tm`t cj tmh X.T. durrhgt `ddnugt khffdct, gh`rly : phrdhgt nj brnss

knfhstcd prnkudt (BKU) cg rhdhgt yh`rs, cs tn ah rhkudhk, g`tcng`l s`vcgbs‛

tmh suf nj prcv`th gk pualcd s`vcgb‛fust ah cgdrh`shk. Cj, s snfh g`lysts



3: Xgkhrst`gkcgb Blna`l Cfa`l`gdhs

(jnr hx`fplh, Dlcgh 1558) subbhst, tmh khffdct smnulk gnt hxdhhk 4 phrdhgt nj

BKU gk cj cgvhstfhgt cs tn ah prnthdthk, s`vcgbs fust cgdrh`sh ay 4 phrdhgt

nj BKU‛tm`t cs, jrnf 04 phrdhgt nj BKU tn 0: phrdhgt cg thrfs nj 155:

sm`rhs. (C ush brnss s`vcgbs `gk cgvhstfhgt tmrnubmnut, `s cs `pprnprc`th cg

` wnrlk nj r`pck thdmgnlnbcd`l dm`gbh. “Qhpl`dhfhgt‖ cgvhstfhgt cs typc-

d`lly thdmgnlnbcd`lly suphrcnr tn cts prhkhdhssnr, `gk cg `gy d`sh ` whll-rug

ffrf wcll hv`lu`th `ll l`rbh cgvhstfhgts `jrhsm, fnvcgb khprhdc`tcng `llnw-

`gdhs cgtn ghw `dtcvctchs cj tm`t cs hdngnfcd`lly `pprnprc`th.)

T`vcgbs `gk cgvhstfhgt cg tmh g`tcng`l `ddnugts, wmcdm whrh khscbghk

fnrh tm`g :5 yh`rs `bn `t tmh mhcbmt nj tmh cgkustrc`l `bh, `rh khffghk

l`rbhly cg thrfs nj strudturhs `gk hqucpfhgt (`ltmnubm dnfputhr snjtw`rh

w`s rhdhgtly `kkhk). [mcs cs m`rkly `pprnprc`th jnr ` sn-d`llhk ignwlhkbh

hdngnfy. Hdngnfcsts dngdhcvh nj s`vcgbs `s dngsufptcng tm`t cs khjhrrhk

tnk`y jnr tmh sìh nj brh`thr dngsufptcng `t snfh tcfh cg tmh juturh, phr-

m`ps ay nghshlj, phrm`ps ay juturh bhghr`tcngs. Xscgb tmcs khffgctcng nj s`v-

cgbs, shvhr`l cthfs smnulk ah `kkhk tn tmh “s`vcgb‖ `s durrhgtly rhdnrkhkcg tmh g`tcng`l `ddnugts. @g navcnus lcst wnulk cgdlukh hkud`tcng`l hxphg-

kcturhs, hxphgkcturhs ng rhsh`rdm `gk khvhlnpfhgt, purdm`shs nj dngsufhr

kuràlhs, `gk “cgt`gbcalh‖ cgvhstfhgt ay auscghsshs cg rhsh`rdm, tr`cgcgb,

`gk ar`gkcgb (jnllnwcgb D`rr`kn, Multhg, `gk Tcdmhl 155:). @kkcgb tmhsh

cthfs tn s`vcgbs `gk cgvhstfhgt jnr 1558 r`cshs tmnsh qu`gtctchs jrnf 04.8

`gk 15.0 phrdhgt nj BKU `s khffghk cg tmh g`tcng`l `ddnugts tn 43 `gk

;; phrdhgt nj ùbfhgthk BKU (ùbfhgthk ay 08 phrdhgt tn `llnw jnr tmh

hxp`gkhk dngdhpt nj cgvhstfhgt). [mhsh ffburhs kn gnt subbhst tm`t @fhrc-

d`gs `rh smnrt-dm`gbcgb tmh juturh, p`rtcdul`rly wmhg `llnw`gdh cs f`kh

jnr tmh mcbm rhturgs tn hkud`tcng `gk tn rhsh`rdm `gk khvhlnpfhgt. Qhdhgtpnll rhsults gntwctmst`gkcgb, ct cs hxtrhfhly cfprnaàlh tm`t juturh @fhrc-

d`gs wcll ah f`thrc`lly wnrsh njj tm`g tmh durrhgt bhghr`tcng. Tn j`r `s C

d`g thll, tmh pcphlcgh nj prnsphdtcvh cggnv`tcngs cs jull9 wh wnulk m`vh tn

m`vh ` shvhrh d`t`strnpmh jnr tmhsh, `gk tmh `ssndc`thk cgvhstfhgt, gnt tn

f`turh cgtn mcbmhr phr d`pct` cgdnfh, `s tmhy m`vh sth`kcly kngh kurcgb

tmh p`st m`lj dhgtury. Nur acbbhst lhb`dy tn tmh ghxt bhghr`tcng cs nur sud-

dhssjul `pp`r`tus‛antm cgstctutcngs `gk cgdhgtcvhs‛jnr cggnv`tcng `gk

thdmgnlnbcd`l dm`gbh.

Jrnf tmh phrsphdtcvh nj tmh mnushmnlk, `llnw`gdh smnulk `lsn ah f`kh

jnr d`pct`l b`cgs ng rh`l `gk ffg`gdc`l `sshts, wmcdm `rh cgdrh`scgbly fnaclcz-àlh tmrnubm cggnv`tcngs cg ffg`gdc`l f`rihts sudm `s mnfh hqucty ln`gs `gk

rhvhrsh fnrtb`bhs, `gk jnr hxphdthk lhb`dchs. Xglcih ghw cgvhstfhgt, tmhsh

kn gnt kk tn sndc`l rhturgs cg tmh juturh (`ltmnubm snfh p`rt nj d`pct`l b`cgs

ng hquctchs f`y rhfihdt tmh cgt`gbcalh cgvhstfhgts f`kh ay dnrpnr`tcngs),

aut tmhy `rh lhbctcf`thly “s`vcgbs‖ jrnf tmh mnushmnlk–s phrsphdtcvh. Mnush-

mnlk ght wnrtm rnsh ay :.8 phrdhgt ` yh`r nvhr tmh phrcnk 0335—1558 `gk

ay = phrdhgt cg 1558 `lngh‛` yh`r, rhd`ll, tm`t rhdnrkhk mh`klcgh-bràacgb

ghws rhb`rkcgb ghb`tcvh phrsng`l s`vcgbs cg tmh g`tcng`l `ddnugts.

Nj dnursh, tmhsh `rh `bbrhb`th ffburhs9 tmhy kn gnt `kkrhss tmh cssuh njkcstrcautcng. [mhrh `rh knuatlhss f`gy j`fclchs wmn wnulk ah whll `kvcshk



Dnnphr 32

tn s`vh fnrh cg tmhcr nwg cgthrhsts. Fnrhnvhr, mnushmnlk ght wnrtm jhll cg

155=, wctm tmh khdlcgh cg tmh prcdh nj mnushs `gk f`gy ffg`gdc`l `sshts. Aut

tm`t cs prhsufàly ` tr`gsctnry pmhgnfhgng.

Rm`t ànut blna`l cfa`l`gdhs> [mh rhvcshk d`ldul`tcngs nj s`vcgbs `gk

cgvhstfhgt kn gnt `jjhdt tmh kcsdrhp`gdy ahtwhhg tmhf, scgdh s`vcgbs `gk

cgvhstfhgt `rh r`cshk ay tmh s`fh `fnugt. [mhy `rh fh`gt tn subbhst,

r`tmhr, tm`t ct wcll ah kcjffdult, cj gnt cfpnsscalh, tn r`csh X.T. g`tcng`l s`v-

cgbs jurtmhr, hxdhpt tmrnubm tmh jhkhr`l aukbht. Urcv`th s`vcgb f`y rcsh nj

cts nwg `ddnrk `s mnush prcdhs khdlcgh nr hvhg stàclczh jnr `gy lhgbtm nj

tcfh, aut mnushmnlks `rh gnt lcihly tn ah rhdhptcvh tn scbgcffd`gt rhkudtcngs

cg tmhcr dngsufptcng nvhr tmh lngb thrf.

D`g ` durrhgt `ddnugt a`l`gdh cg hxdhss nj $255 acllcng ` yh`r, fnrh

tm`g 8 phrdhgt nj BKU, ah sust`cghk> [mh gswhr jrnf thdmgcd`l hdngnfcd

pncgt nj vchw (`s kcstcgbucsmhk jrnf psydmnlnbcd`l nr pnlctcd`l phrsphdtcvhs,

wmcdm `rh gnt `kkrhsshk mhrh) cs `g ug`facbunus `jffrf`tcvh. Tnfh `rbuh

tm`t ct cs l`rbh wctmnut prhdhkhgt `gk cgtn tmh “k`gbhr r`gbh‖ nj khvhlnp-cgb dnugtrchs tm`t m`vh cg tmh p`st rug cgtn p`yfhgts drcshs. Tnfh `rbuh

tm`t ct d`ggnt ah sust`cghk hctmhr ahdùsh jnrhcbghrs wcll dh`sh tn ah wcllcgb

tn cgvhst hgnubm cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths nr ahdùsh tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths wcll rug

nut nj `sshts `ttr`dtcvh tn jnrhcbghrs nr antm. Tnfh dngdhkh tm`t ct fcbmt ah

sust`cgàlh t cts durrhgt mcbm lhvhl, aut tm`t tmh brnwtm trhgk d`ggnt ah sus-

t`cghk. Tnfh oukbh ct tn ah ugkhscràlh, gnt lh`st ng brnugks tm`t ct phrfcts

mcbmhr durrhgt dngsufptcng aut ahquh`tms mcbmhr lcàclctchs tn juturh bhg-

hr`tcngs. Rmhtmhr ct cs khscràlh nr gnt khphgks, nj dnursh, ng tmh jh`scalh

`lthrg`tcvhs, gnt ng astr`dt dngsckhr`tcngs.

Cg tmcs shdtcng C `kkrhss qu`gtct`tcvhly twn cssuhs? wmhtmhr jnrhcbg s`v-cgbs wcll ah `khqu`th tn ffg`gdh ` dngtcgucgb `gk hvhg rcscgb X.T. khffdct

`gk wmhtmhr X.T. ffg`gdc`l dl`cfs wcll ah sujffdchgt tn s`tcsjy pnthgtc`l jnr-

hcbg khf`gk jnr tmhf. C `lsn `kkrhss jnrhcbg fntcv`tcng tn cgvhst cg tmh

Xgcthk Tt`ths.

@ X.T. durrhgt ddnugt khffdct (wmcdm hqu`ls ght jnrhcbg cgvhstfhgt cg tmh

Xgcthk Tt`ths) nj $2== acllcng cg 155: cs dhrt`cgly ugprhdhkhgthkly l`rbh.

Aut ct cs sf`llhr tm`g tmh khffdct tm`t wnulk m`vh rhsulthk cj wnrlk ffg`gdc`l

f`rihts m`k ahhg jully blna`lczhk. Ay jull blna`lcz`tcng nj ffg`gdc`l f`rihts

wh fh`g tm`t s`vhrs `rnugk tmh wnrlk `llnd`th tmhcr s`vcgbs `ddnrkcgb tn

tmh rhl`tcvh sczh nj g`tcng`l hdngnfchs, wctmnut `gy ac`s tnw`rk knfhstcdcgvhstfhgts. Tudm ` “br`vcty fnkhl‖ jnr wnrlk ffg`gdc`l finws cs, nj dnursh,

` v`st scfplcffd`tcng, aut ct cs ` ushjul st`rtcgb pncgt.

[mh X.T. sm`rh nj tmh wnrlk hdngnfy (d`ldul`thk `t f`riht hxdm`gbh

r`ths) w`s 45 phrdhgt cg 1555, rcscgb slcbmtly cg 1550—51 gk tmhg khdlcgcgb

tn 12.8 phrdhgt cg 155:. Rctm gn mnfh ac`s, tmh rhst nj tmh wnrlk wnulk

m`vh cgvhsthk tmhsh sm`rhs nj tmhcr s`vcgbs cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths. @fhrcd`gs,

ay tmh s`fh tnihg, wnulk m`vh cgvhsthk 25 phrdhgt nj tmhcr s`vcgbs cg tmh

rhst nj tmh wnrlk cg 1555, rcscgb tn 21.8 phrdhgt cg 155:. @pplycgb tmhsh

phrdhgt`bhs tn s`vcgbs (jrnf tmh g`tcng`l `ddnugts) cg tmh rhst nj tmh wnrlk`gk tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths, rhsphdtcvhly, wnulk m`vh rhsulthk cg ght jnrhcbg



3= Xgkhrst`gkcgb Blna`l Cfa`l`gdhs

cgvhstfhgt nj $;=5 acllcng cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths cg 1555, dnfp`rhk wctm `g

`dtu`l finw nj $;02 acllcng, rcscgb tn $0.1 trcllcng cg 155:, dnfp`rhk wctm

`g `dtu`l finw nj $2== acllcng. [mcs gufahr d`g ah hxphdthk tn rcsh nvhr

tcfh, ugtcl tmh slnw khdlcgh cg X.T. sm`rh jully njjshts tmh rcsh cg jnrhcbg s`v-

cgb nr ugtcl X.T. s`vcgb rcshs sujffdchgtly sm`rply tn nvhrdnfh tmh `ggu`l

cgdrh`shs cg jnrhcbg s`vcgb.

[mcs d`ldul`tcng tìhs brnss s`vcgbs `s bcvhg `gk cbgnrhs `dtu`l cgvhst-

fhgt nppnrtugctchs, cgdlukcgb ychlk, rcsi, `gk lcquckcty. Cg tmcs rhsphdt, ct cs

scfcl`r tn tmh br`vcty fnkhls nj tr`kh, wmcdm jndus ng hdngnfcd sczh `gk

kcst`gdh `gk cbgnrh tmh strudturh nj dnfp`r`tcvh dnsts, mhgdh tmh cgdhgtcvhs

tn tr`kh. C gnw turg tn cgdhgtcvhs.

Khfnbr`pmy `gk tmh T`vcgbs-Cgvhstfhgt A`l`gdh

Durrhgt ddnugt surplushs cfply g hxdhss nj g`tcng`l s`vcgbs nvhr knfhs-tcd cgvhstfhgt. Rmy kn tmhsh nddur, hsphdc`lly cg vchw nj tmh aukbht khff-

dcts rug ay f`gy dnugtrchs tm`t asnra fudm nj tmh hxdhss prcv`th s`vcgb>

@ scbgcffd`gt rcsh cg ncl prcdhs scgdh 1551 cgdrh`shk bnvhrgfhgt rhvhguh nj

ncl-hxpnrtcgb dnugtrchs cg tmh ffrst cgst`gdh, prnkudcgb aukbht`ry sur-

plushs. Fudm nj tmcs s`vcgb wcll ah tr`gsctnry s rhvhguhs hgthr tmh cgdnfh

strh`f, r`cscgb prcv`th cgdnfhs `gk cfpnrt khf`gk, nr `s ncl prcdhs j`ll.

Mnwhvhr, snfh ncl-hxpnrtcgb dnugtrchs m`vh gnw hful`thk Iuw`ct `gk

Gnrw`y cg shttcgb `sckh ` pnrtcng nj tmhcr l`rbh ncl h`rgcgbs `gk cgvhstcgb

tmhf cg tmh rhst nj tmh wnrlk jnr tmh sìh nj juturh bhghr`tcngs, sn scbgcff-

d`gt s`vcgbs jrnf tmhsh dnugtrchs f`y hgkurh jnr f`gy yh`rs.[mhrh `rh f`gy rh`sngs jnr mcbm s`vcgb, rhl`thk cgthr `lc` tn ugdhrt`cgty

`gk hvhg cgshdurcty ànut tmh juturh, cfphrjhdt `rr`gbhfhgts jnr dngsufhr

drhkct jnr l`rbh purdm`shs, f`g`bhfhgt cgdhgtcvhs jnr rht`cgcgb r`tmhr tm`g

kcstrcautcgb dnrpnr`th h`rgcgbs, fhfnrchs nj p`st phrcnks nj `kvhrscty, `gk

sn ng. Aut ngh j`dtnr tm`t m`s rhdhcvhk tnn lcttlh `tthgtcng, nr cgkhhk hvhg

fcslh`kcgb `tthgtcng, cs tmh kr`f`tcd khfnbr`pmcd tr`gsjnrf`tcng tm`t f`gy

dnugtrchs `rh hxphrchgdcgb. Fudm m`s ahhg wrctthg ànut tmh `bcgb nj sndcht-

chs, wctm `pprnprc`th jndus ng ugjugkhk phgscng `gk fhkcd`l d`rh dnffct-

fhgts ay bnvhrgfhgts. @bcgb, mnwhvhr, cs nddurrcgb jnr twn qucth kcjjhrhgt

`gk fnstly ugrhl`thk rh`sngs? cgdrh`scgb lngbhvcty, wmcdm m`s rcshg, ng `vhr-`bh, =.1 yh`rs cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths nvhr tmh p`st m`lj dhgtury `gk `g hxtr`nr-

kcg`ry 45 yh`rs cg O`p`g, `gk khdlcgcgb g`t`lcty.

[mh cgdrh`scgb lngbhvcty, wctmnut ` dnrrhspngkcgb cgdrh`sh cg wnricgb

`bh, f`y ah hxphdthk tn cgdrh`sh mnushmnlk s`vcgbs jnr rhtcrhfhgt, aut `lsn

prhdùtcng`ry s`vcgbs, scgdh lcvhs `rh gnt ngly lngbhr, aut `lsn ugdhrt`cg

cg tmhcr lhgbtm. [mh st`gk`rk fnkhl nj lcjh-dydlh s`vcgb ahm`vcnr, cg wmcdm

kcss`vcgb nddurs cg nlkhr yh`rs, typcd`lly `ssufhs ` ignwg nr ` ignwg

hxphdthk tcfh nj kh`tm. Cg rh`lcty, tmhrh cs fudm ugdhrt`cgty `gk, tm`gis tn

sth`kcly kv`gdcgb fhkcd`l thdmgnlnby, phrm`ps hvhg cgdrh`scgb ugdhrt`cgtyànut tmh tcfh nj kh`tm. Dhthrcs p`rcaus, tmcs smnulk cgdrh`sh s`vcgb, hvhg



Dnnphr 33

ahyngk rhtcrhfhgt, hsphdc`lly cg dngthxt nj brnwcgb ugdhrt`cgty anut tmh

ffg`gdc`l vcàclcty nj f`gy pualcd phgscng sdmhfhs. @fhrcd`gs m`vh ahhg

f`kh `w`rh nj tmh juturh prnalhfs nj X.T. Tndc`l Thdurcty, aut pualcd phg-

scng sdmhfhs cg f`gy ntmhr dnugtrchs `rh cg fudm wnrsh sm`ph.

@bcgb nj sndchty tmrnubm lnwhr g`t`lcty m`s phrm`ps `g hvhg brh`thr

cgfiuhgdh ng tmh g`tcng`l s`vcgb-cgvhstfhgt a`l`gdh, mnwhvhr, ay rhkudcgb

cgvhstfhgt. Lnw g`t`lcty cfplchs, nvhr tcfh, khdlcgcgb gufahrs nj ynugb

`kults, mhgdh jhwhr ghw mnushmnlks, mhgdh lnwhr khf`gk jnr sdmnnls `gk

mnuscgb `gk `ll tmh `ppurthg`gdhs `ssndc`thk wctm mnuscgb, sudm `s `pplc-

`gdhs gk jurgcturh. Lhss ghw d`pct`l cs lsn rhqucrhk tn hqucp ghw fhfahrs

nj tmh lànr jnrdh wctm tmh `vhr`bh stndi nj prnkudtcvh d`pct`l. Cg `kkctcng,

ynugb `kults tmhsh k`ys `rh, ng `vhr`bh, tmh fnst mcbmly hkud`thk `gk tmh

fnst fihxcalh fhfahrs nj tmh lànr jnrdh, bhnbr`pmcd`lly `gk nddup`tcng-

`lly. @ khdlcgh cg tmhcr gufahrs wcll tmus m`vh ` ghb`tcvh cfp`dt, dhthrcs

p`rcaus, ng prnkudtcvcty brnwtm cg `g hr` nj dngtcgunus `kv`gdhs cg thdm-

gnlnby `gk dm`gbhs cg tmh dnfpnsctcng nj khf`gk.T`vcgb r`ths m`vh krnpphk cg O`p`g, `ltmnubm lhss tm`g lcjh-dydlh khvn-

thhs hxphdthk, aut cgvhstfhgt m`s krnpphk hvhg fnrh. Urcv`th s`vcgb cg

Bhrf`gy m`s rcshg, fnstly àsnrahk ay ` ; phrdhgt`bh pncgt cgdrh`sh

cg tmh pualcd khffdct ahtwhhg 1555 `gk 1558, aut cgvhstfhgt m`s j`llhg

sm`rply. @ rnubmly scfcl`r p`tthrg m`s nddurrhk cg tmh ghwly rcdm @sc`g

hdngnfchs. Cg dngtr`st, cgvhstfhgt m`s rcshg cg khvhlnpcgb @sc`, hxdhhk-

cgb 42 phrdhgt nj BKU ay 1558, aut s`vcgb m`s rcshg hvhg fnrh cg tmhsh

r`pckly brnwcgb hdngnfchs.

[mh prnohdtcngs jnr pnpul`tcng cg tmhsh dnugtrchs, `gk ntmhrs, `rh strci-

cgb. Fnst rcdm dnugtrchs, `lngb wctm Dmcg`, gnw m`vh ` ght rhprnkudtcngr`tcn ahlnw ugcty‛tm`t cs, pnpul`tcngs rh gnt rhprnkudcgb tmhfshlvhs. [mh

`vhr`bh gufahr nj dmclkrhg phr wnf`g nj dmclk-ah`rcgb `bh cs 0.; cg Bhr-

f`gy gk O`p`g9 0.5 cg Mngb Ingb, Dmcg`9 gk 0.5 cg Tcgb`pnrh (` r`tcn nj

1.0 dmclkrhg cs rhqucrhk tn sust`cg ` pnpul`tcng cg tmh lngb rug). [mh tnt`l

pnpul`tcngs nj Bhrf`gy gk O`p`g m`vh lrh`ky phìhk, khspcth cgdrh`scgb

lngbhvcty. [mh gufahr nj ynugb `kults m`s ahhg khdlcgcgb jnr snfh tcfh,

`gk tmcs trhgk wcll dngtcguh.

@fngb tmh rcdm dnugtrchs, tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths st`gks nut `s strngb hxdhp-

tcng? wmclh acrtm r`ths m`vh khdlcghk, tmhy rhf`cg ànvh 1, `gk tmh X.T.

pnpul`tcng cs ubfhgthk ay fnrh tm`g fcllcng cffcbr`gts yh`r, wmn cgbhghr`l `rh ynugb `gk whll cgthbr`thk nvhr tcfh cgtn tmh X.T. lànr jnrdh.

[mh X.T. Dhgsus Aurhù fìhs prnohdtcngs jnr tmh gufahr nj ynugb `kults

(`bhs 08—13) cg tmh wnrlk–s l`rbhst hdngnfchs plus jnur ghwly rcdm @sc`g

hdngnfchs? tnbhtmhr, cg 155: tmhcr durrhgt `ddnugt surplushs (wmhg Bhr-

f`gy cs ùbfhgthk ay cts twn dlnsh hdngnfcd ghcbmanrs, tmh Ghtmhrl`gks

`gk Twctzhrl`gk) hqu`lhk 35 phrdhgt nj tmh X.T. khffdct. ([mh surplushs nj

ncl hxpnrthrs hqu`lhk `g `kkctcng`l ;: phrdhgt nj tmh X.T. khffdct. [mh X.T.

khffdct, cg turg, hqu`lhk 25 phrdhgt nj tnt`l wnrlk khffdcts.) Snugb `kults

khdlcgh ay rnubmly 0 phrdhgt yh`r cg Dmcg`, Bhrf`gy, O`p`g, gk tmh jnurghwly rcdm @sc`g hdngnfchs. Cg sm`rp dngtr`st, tmh gufahr nj ynugb kults



055 Xgkhrst`gkcgb Blna`l Cfa`l`gdhs

cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths cs hxphdthk tn rcsh 2 phrdhgt nvhr tmh ghxt twn khd`khs,

`gk tmh `dtu`l cgdrh`sh wcll prnaàly ah hvhg brh`thr ahdùsh nj dngshrv`-

tcvh `ssufptcngs rhb`rkcgb cffcbr`tcng.

Dmcg`, nj dnursh, cs cg kcjjhrhgt dcrdufst`gdhs jrnf Bhrf`gy, O`p`g,

`gk ntmhr rcdm dnugtrchs. [mh rur`l pnpul`tcng, wmclh knwg 15 phrdhgt-

`bh pncgts nj tnt`l pnpul`tcng nvhr tmh p`st twn khd`khs, rhf`cgs l`rbh, sn

fudm fnrh rur`l-ura`g fcbr`tcng d`g ah hxphdthk. [mh r`pck brnwtm nj tmh

ura`g lànr jnrdh d`g ah hxphdthk tn dngtcguh, `gk `lngb wctm ct khf`gk

jnr mnuscgb, sdmnnls, `gk prnkudtcvh d`pct`l stndi. Fnrhnvhr, tmh cgdnfhs

nj Dmcghsh m`vh brnwg r`pckly `gk d`g ah hxphdthk tn dngtcguh rcscgb,

wctm ` rhl`thk mnuscgb annf, `s phnplh gnt ngly dm`gbh lnd`tcng aut `lsn

upbr`kh tmh `fnugt `gk qu`lcty nj tmhcr lcvcgb sp`dh. Dmcg`–s cgvhstfhgt

r`ths `rh mcbm. Aut wctm phr d`pct` cgdnfhs brnwcgb `t fnrh tm`g 2 phrdhgt

` yh`r, cg tmh prhshgdh nj khscrhs jnr lufpy hxphgkcturhs `gk ` pnnr d`pct`l

f`riht, Dmcghsh s`vcgb r`ths m`vh cgdrh`shk, hvhg wmclh dngsufptcng m`s

brnwg r`pckly. Fnrhnvhr, f`gy Dmcghsh st`th-nwghk hgthrprcshs m`vh ahhgfnkhrgczhk `gk knwgsczhk, cfprnvcgb tmhcr h`rgcgbs, wmclh ntmhrs hgony

qu`sc-fngnpnly prnffts. Xgtcl 155= st`th-nwghk hgthrprcshs cg Dmcg` kck

gnt m`vh tn p`y kcvckhgks tn tmhcr bnvhrgfhgt nwghrs, sn `s h`rgcgbs m`vh

cgdrh`shk, sn m`vh rhdnrkhk dnrpnr`th s`vcgbs.

Rmy Cgvhst cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths>

Bcvhg tm`t snfh nj tmh l`rbhst `gk rcdmhst dnugtrchs m`vh hxdhss s`vcgbs, `s

kn snfh pnnr dnugtrchs sudm `s Dmcg`, wmy kn hxdhss s`vcgbs bn mh`vcly tntmh Xgcthk Tt`ths> @jthr `ll, ugkhr scfplh ghndl`sscd`l hdngnfcd `ssufp-

tcngs, hxdhss g`tcng`l s`vcgbs smnulk finw tn rhbcngs nj tmh wnrlk wmhrh

rhturg tn d`pct`l cs mcbmhst, gk tmnsh cg turg rh ssufhk tn ah rhbcngs wctm

` lnw r`tcn nj d`pct`l tn ntmhr j`dtnrs nj prnkudtcng, fnst gntàly lànr aut

`lsn `ràlh l`gk `gk sphdcffd g`tur`l rhsnurdhs.

[mcs wckhly ddhpthk prnpnsctcng cs t ` mcbm lhvhl nj bhghr`lcz`tcng. Kcs-

dhrgcgb cgvhstnrs kn gnt cgvhst ng tmh a`scs nj tmh mcbm lhvhls nj bhghr`lcz`-

tcng tm`t hdngnfcsts rh dnfjnrtàlh wctm gk cgkhhk shhf tn prhjhr. Kht`cls

`rh `ll cfpnrt`gt, `gk snfh kht`cls `rh cgdrh`scgbly ahcgb rhdnbgczhk. Ct cs

fnrh `gk fnrh dnffng tn shh rhjhrhgdhs tn “rcsi-`kousthk‖ ychlk kcjjhrhg-tc`ls r`tmhr tm`g fhrhly tn ychlk kcjjhrhgtc`ls, g ll-cfpnrt`gt qu`lcffd`tcng.

Thdurcty nj cgvhstfhgt cs cfpnrt`gt, njthg trufpcgb mcbm ychlks jnr f`gy

cgvhstnrs, hsphdc`lly tmnsh cgvhstcgb jnr rhtcrhfhgt. Qhdhgt hxphrchgdh cg

@rbhgtcg`, Anlcvc`, Qussc`g Jhkhr`tcng, `gk Qhpÿalcd` Anlcv`rc`g` kh Zhg-

hzuhl` m`s rhfcgkhk hvhryngh tm`t prcv`th cgvhstfhgt cs gnt `lw`ys shdurh,

hsphdc`lly cj ct cs jnrhcbg prcv`th cgvhstfhgt. @lsn, cg tmh fnst d`pct`l-pnnr

dnugtrchs, ychlk cs njthg lnw, kuh tn strngb dnfplhfhgt`rctchs ahtwhhg

cgvhsthk d`pct`l `gk tmh cgstctutcng`l shttcgb, cgthrprhthk arn`kly `s cgdluk-

cgb, aut gnt lcfcthk tn, pualcd cgjr`strudturh `gk `g hkud`thk, nr `t lh`st `kcsdcplcghk `gk jugdtcng`lly lcthr`th, lànr jnrdh.



Dnnphr 050

Khspcth tmhsh qu`lcffd`tcngs, fudm prcv`th jnrhcbg d`pct`l m`s hgthrhk

khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs cg rhdhgt yh`rs, nvhr $855 acllcng (ght) cg 1558, fnstly

H`st @sc` `gk Dhgtr`l Hurnph, nvhr $255 acllcng cg 155:, `gk nvhr $355

acllcng cg 1552. Aut tmcs dnfp`rhs wctm $0 trcllcng cg jnrhcbg prcv`th jugks

cgvhsthk cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths cg 1558, gh`rly $0.: trcllcng cg 155:, `gk

gh`rly $0.: trcllcng cg 1552.

[mhrh rh shvhr`l rh`sngs jnr jnrhcbg jugks tn shhi tmh d`pct`l-rcdm Xgcthk

Tt`ths s lndus jnr cgvhstfhgt. Jcrst cs scfply tmh sczh nj tmh X.T. hdngnfy.

Urnphrty rcbmts rh shdurh cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths, gk kcsputh shttlhfhgt cs rhl-

`tcvhly sphhky `gk cfp`rtc`l. [mh Xgcthk Tt`ths dngtcguhs tn ah ` kyg`fcd

hdngnfy, khspcth cts wh`ltm, p`rtly ahdùsh ct m`s j`vnràlh khfnbr`pmcd

trhgks, aut `lsn ahdùsh ct cs mcbmly cggnv`tcvh `gk rhl`tcvhly fnrh fihxcalh

tm`g ntmhr f`turh hdngnfchs (`gk f`gy cff`turh nghs). Cts ffg`gdc`l f`r-

ihts `rh hvhg l`rbhr rhl`tcvh tn tmh rhst nj tmh wnrlk tm`g cts BKU, `ddnugt-

cgb jnr fnrh tm`g ;5 phrdhgt nj tmh wnrlk–s shdurctchs (stndis `gk angks)

`gk prnaàly fnrh tm`g m`lj nj f`rihtàlh shdurctchs cj `llnw`gdh cs f`khjnr tmh gng`v`clàclcty nj f`gy sm`rhs nj dnfp`gchs cg ntmhr dnugtrchs (jnr

hx`fplh, ahdùsh tmhy `rh cg bnvhrgfhgt m`gks).

Ahdùsh nj cts sczh `gk cgstctutcng`l `rr`gbhfhgts, f`gy f`rihtàlh

shdurctchs `rh fudm fnrh lcquck cg tmh X.T. f`riht tm`g cg ntmhr ffg`gdc`l

f`rihts, cgdrh`scgb tmhcr ttr`dtcvhghss tn p`sscvh cgvhstnrs, gk tmh f`riht

njjhrs ` wckh kcvhrscty nj ffg`gdc`l `sshts cg thrfs nj tmhcr rcsi dm`r`dthr-

cstcds. Jcg`lly, cg rhdhgt tcfhs, ychlks ng X.T. khat cgstrufhgts m`vh ahhg

mcbmhr tm`g tmnsh cg f`gy ntmhr rcdm dnugtrchs, gntàly O`p`g `gk dngtc-

ghgt`l Hurnph. (Schlks m`vh ahhg hvhg mcbmhr cg tmh Xgcthk Icgbknf `gk

@ustr`lc`, wmcdm sm`rh snfh nj tmh dm`r`dthrcstcds nj tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths. Ctcs phrm`ps gnt ` dncgdckhgdh tm`t ght jnrhcbg cgvhstfhgt cg tmnsh dnugtrchs

m`s `lsn ahhg mcbm9 tm`t cs, tmhy m`vh rug suast`gtc`l durrhgt `ddnugt khff-

dcts rhl`tcvh tn BKU. D`g`k`, wmcdm fcbmt ah tmnubmt tn ah cg ` scfcl`r

sctu`tcng, m`s rug durrhgt `ddnugt surplushs9 phrm`ps cts tr`kh cs sn mh`v-

cly dngdhgtr`thk ng tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths tm`t ruggcgb ` tr`kh khffdct wnulk

ah vhry khf`gkcgb, `gk ychlks ng D`g`kc`g angks, ugusu`lly, m`vh ahhg

lnwhr tm`g tmnsh ng X.T. angks.)

Jnrhcbg cgvhstfhgt cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths cs nvhrwmhlfcgbly khgnfcg`thk

cg X.T. knll`rs9 cgkhhk, ct scfply rhprhshgts purdm`shs nj X.T. knfhstcd

cgstrufhgts ay phnplh nr cgstctutcngs wmn m`pphg tn rhsckh àrn`k. Fnstnj tmhf tmhrhjnrh rug `g hxdm`gbh rcsi fh`surhk cg tmhcr mnfh durrhgdy.

Knhs tmcs rcsi nvhrwmhlf tmh ychlk kcjjhrhgtc`ls> @pp`rhgtly gnt. Ngh pns-

scalh rh`sng cs tm`t jnrhcbg cgvhstnrs f`y gnt ah dngsdcnus nj tmh hxdm`gbh

rcsi tmhy `rh ruggcgb. [mcs shhfs hxtrhfhly uglcihly, bcvhg tm`t fnst nj

tmh cgvhstnrs `rh snpmcstcd`thk ffg`gdc`l cgstctutcngs, `gk snfh hdngnfcsts

m`vh ahhg ugsp`rcgb cg pncgtcgb nut tmh hxdm`gbh rcsis, wctm fnrh tm`g

`khqu`th pualcdcty.

Jnrhcbg cgvhstnrs fust ffgk tmh dm`r`dthrcstcds nj tmhcr cgvhstfhgts suj-

ffdchgtly `ttr`dtcvh tn nvhrdnfh tmh hxdm`gbh rcsis. Nr tmhy f`y kcsdnugttmh hxdm`gbh rcsi. Ngh pnsscalh rh`sng cs tm`t tmhy ahlchvh tmhrh cs lcttlh



051 Xgkhrst`gkcgb Blna`l Cfa`l`gdhs

rh`sng tn hxphdt fnvhfhgts cg hxdm`gbh r`ths tn ah l`rbh hgnubm tn nvhr-

dnfh tmh ychlk kcjjhrhgtc`ls, ahdùsh tmhy cfplcdctly `ddhpt tmh strudtur`l

rh`sngs khvhlnphk mhrh jnr ahlchvcgb tm`t l`rbh durrhgt `ddnugt khffdcts `rh,

cg j`dt, sust`cgàlh nr snfh ntmhr sht nj hxpl`g`tcngs. Nr tmhy f`y ahlchvh

tm`t l`rbh durrhgdy `pprhdc`tcngs wnulk ah sujffdchgtly k`f`bcgb tn ntmhr

hdngnfchs tn hlcdct dnugthrv`clcgb `dtcngs ay fnght`ry ùtmnrctchs, sn tm`t

hxdm`gbh r`th fnvhfhgts fngb fònr durrhgdchs wcll ah lcfcthk ay juturh

dhgtr`l a`gi `dtcng.

Fudm m`s ahhg f`kh nj tmh j`dt tm`t snfh nj tmh ffg`gdcgb nj tmh X.T.

khffdct m`s dnfh jrnf dhgtr`l a`gi purdm`shs nj knll`r-khgnfcg`thk

`sshts. Cg snfh nj tmhsh d`shs, dhgtr`l a`gis `rh scfply `dtcgb `s ffg`gdc`l

cgthrfhkc`rchs ng ahm`lj nj tmhcr `bcgb pualcds, wmn hctmhr dmnnsh gnt

tn nr `rh gnt phrfctthk tn cgvhst kcrhdtly àrn`k. Tujffdh ct tn s`y mhrh

tm`t tmh cgfinw nj jugks tn tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths cs nvhrwmhlfcgbly prcv`th cg

nrcbcg (cj gnt `lw`ys cg ahghffdc`l nwghrsmcp), `gk w`s jnur-ffjtms nj tmh

tnt`ls jnr 1558 tmrnubm 1552.

Mnw Lngb D`g tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths Urnvckh @sshtsjnr Uurdm`sh>

Rm`t ànut cgvhstfhgt pnsscaclctchs cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths> Rcll jnrhcbghrs

snng `dqucrh sn f`gy X.T. `sshts tm`t tmhcr `v`clàclcty wcll ah hxmùsthk>

Gnt `gytcfh snng. Ct cs ushjul ffrst tn hx`fcgh snfh scfplh khat kyg`fcds

`gk tmhg tn lnni `t tmh rhl`tcngsmcp nj X.T. hxthrg`l cgkhathkghss tn tmh

`v`clàclcty nj X.T. `sshts.[mh `dduful`tcng nj durrhgt `ddnugt khffdcts `jjhdts ` dnugtry–s ght

cgthrg`tcng`l cgvhstfhgt pnsctcng (GCCU). Cj wh lht K rhprhshgt GCCU,

S 6 BKU, r 6 ght rhturg ng K, `gk A 6 tmh khffdct cg tr`kh cg bnnks `gk

shrvcdhs (hxdlukcgb cgvhstfhgt cgdnfh) `gk ugcl`thr`l tr`gsjhrs, tmhg

kK 6 A + rK. Ttàclczcgb K rhl`tcvh tn BKU cfplchs tm`t kK / K hqu`ls tmh

brnwtm cg gnfcg`l BKU. Cj wh suppnsh tm`t tmh brnwtm cg gnfcg`l X.T.

BKU cg tmh dnfcgb yh`rs wcll ah 8 phrdhgt, tmhg stàlh K/S wnulk rhqucrh

tm`t A/K + r 6 5.58.

@t tmh hgk nj 1558, tmh GCCU nj tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths w`s ghb`tcvh $1.4 trcl-

lcng, 02 phrdhgt nj X.T. BKU kurcgb 155:. [mh durrhgt `ddnugt khffdct w`s`rnugk : phrdhgt nj BKU. Rm`t cfplcd`tcngs d`g wh kr`w jrnf tmcs st`rt-

cgb pncgt jnr tmh juturh nj tmh X.T. cgthrg`tcng`l pnsctcng>

Thvhr`l pncgts ghhk tn ah f`kh ànut tmh cfprhdcsh fft ahtwhhg tmh scf-

plh khat kyg`fcd `gk X.T. dcrdufst`gdhs. Jcrst, tmh X.T. GCCU rhfihdts tmh

kcjjhrhgdh ahtwhhg fudm l`rbhr jnrhcbg dl`cfs ng tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths gk X.T.

dl`cfs ng tmh rhst nj tmh wnrlk. [mh vhr`bh ychlk ng X.T. dl`cfs scbgcffd`gtly

hxdhhks tmh vhr`bh ychlk ng jnrhcbg dl`cfs. Rmclh tmh GCCU turghk ghb`tcvh

cg 03=2, X.T. ght h`rgcgbs ng jnrhcbg cgvhstfhgt whrh stcll pnsctcvh cg 1552,

15 yh`rs l`thr. [mus r cg tmh hqu`tcng ànvh `s `pplchk tn tmh Xgcthk Tt`thsm`s ahhg ghb`tcvh jnr f`gy yh`rs, rhdhgtly ahtwhhg 0 `gk 1 phrdhgt.



Dnnphr 054

Thdngk, tn fnvh jrnf `dduful`thk durrhgt `ddnugt pnsctcngs tn tmh ght

cgthrg`tcng`l cgvhstfhgt pnsctcng rhqucrhs `koustfhgt jnr dm`gbhs cg gng-

tr`gs`dtcng`l v`lu`tcngs antm jnr jnrhcbg dl`cfs ng tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths `gk jnr

X.T. dl`cfs ng tmh rhst nj tmh wnrlk. [mhsh m`vh strngbly j`vnrhk tmh Xgcthk

Tt`ths. [mus nvhr tmh phrcnk 0335—1558, tmh duful`tcvh X.T. durrhgt ddnugt

khffdct w`s $;.;5 trcllcng, wmclh tmh cgdrh`sh cg tmh ght khatnr pnsctcng nj tmh

Xgcthk Tt`ths w`s $1.5; trcllcng, lhss tm`g m`lj. [mh f`cg rh`sng jnr tmcs

kcjjhrhgdh cs tmh rcsh cg f`riht v`luh nj hxcstcgb dl`cfs. Cg ntmhr wnrks, tmh

“tnt`l rhturg‖ ng X.T. cgvhstfhgts àrn`k, `gk ng jnrhcbg cgvhstfhgts cg tmh

Xgcthk Tt`ths, hxdhhks tmh h`rgcgbs ng tmnsh cgvhstfhgts rhdnrkhk cg tmh a`l-

`gdh nj p`yfhgts. @vhr`bh `ggu`l tnt`l rhturg ng X.T. nvhrsh`s cgvhstfhgts

scgdh 0335 (cgdlukcgb hxdm`gbh r`th hjjhdts, kcsdusshk ahlnw) w`s 05.5 phr-

dhgt, dnfp`rhk wctm ` tnt`l rhturg nj :.1 phrdhgt ng jnrhcbg cgvhstfhgts cg

tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths. [mus cj tnt`l rhturgs rh dnugthk, tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths ng vhr-

`bh rugs `g hvhg l`rbhr surplus ng cgvhstfhgt h`rgcgbs tm`g tm`t rhpnrthk

cg tmh a`l`gdh nj p`yfhgts `ddnugts, khspcth ` scbgcffd`gtly ghb`tcvh GCCU.[mh f`cg rh`sng jnr tmcs cs tm`t hqucty cgvhstfhgt, antm kcrhdt cgvhstfhgt

`gk pnrtjnlcn hqucty, fìhs up ` suast`gtc`lly l`rbhr sm`rh nj X.T. dl`cfs ng

tmh rhst nj tmh wnrlk (:0 phrdhgt) tm`g cs truh jnr jnrhcbg cgvhstfhgts cg tmh

Xgcthk Tt`ths (48 phrdhgt). @fhrcd`gs `dt `s rcsi-tìcgb cgthrfhkc`rchs cg

tmh wnrlk hdngnfy, shllcgb ffxhk-cgthrhst dl`cfs `gk cgvhstcgb cg hqucty9 tmhy

tmus h`rg `g hqucty prhfcuf cg tmh wnrlk hdngnfy.

Cg `kkctcng, dm`gbhs cg hxdm`gbh r`ths `jjhdt v`lu`tcngs wmhg dngvhrthk

cgtn X.T. knll`rs, cg wmcdm tmh X.T. GCCU cs rhdinghk. Fnst X.T. sshts arn`k

`rh khgnfcg`thk cg ntmhr durrhgdchs, wmhrh`s fnst jnrhcbg dl`cfs ng tmh

Xgcthk Tt`ths rh khgnfcg`thk cg knll`rs. Rmhg tmh knll`r khprhdc`ths b`cgstntmhr durrhgdchs, tmh v`luh nj X.T. dl`cfs rcshs rhl`tcvh tn jnrhcbg dl`cfs, `gk

tmh rhvhrsh nddurs wmhg tmh knll`r `pprhdc`ths. [mhsh dnfacghk v`lu`tcng

hjjhdts d`g ah suast`gtc`l. [mus cg 1558 tmh X.T. durrhgt `ddnugt khffdct w`s

$213 acllcng, aut tmh GCCU `dtu`lly cgdrh`shk ay $155 acllcng, ` rhvhrs`l tm`t

`lsn nddurrhk cg 0333. Qhf`riàly, tmh r`tcn nj GCCU tn BKU khdlcghk jrnf

fnrh tm`g 14 phrdhgt cg 1550 tn lhss tm`g 02 phrdhgt cg 155:, khspcth l`rbh

`gk brnwcgb durrhgt `ddnugt khffdcts kurcgb tmcs phrcnk.

[mcrk, tmh r`tcn nj GCCU tn BKU cs j`r ahlnw wmhrh ct wnulk ah cg ` “gn

mnfh ac`s‖ wnrlk, wmhrh jnrhcbghrs wnulk mnlk gh`rly 45 phrdhgt nj tmhcr

`sshts cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths, twn `gk ` m`lj tcfhs tmh r`tcn tmhy durrhgtlymnlk. Ng tmhsh brnugks, ct dnulk stcll rcsh scbgcffd`gtly.

Mnw fudm nj tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths kn jnrhcbghrs nwg> Mhrh ct cs ghdhss`ry

tn lnni `t brnss jnrhcbg cgvhstfhgt cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths, ahjnrh ghttcgb ct

`b`cgst @fhrcd`g cgvhstfhgt àrn`k. [nt`l jnrhcbg dl`cfs (ght dl`cfs jnr

a`gis) ng tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths `t tmh hgk nj 1558 whrh $00.0 trcllcng, =3 phr-

dhgt nj BKU kurcgb tm`t yh`r gk rnubmly tmh s`fh phrdhgt`bh nj tmh prcv`th

gngrhsckhgtc`l stndi nj ffxhk d`pct`l. [mh sm`rh nj jnrhcbg nwghrsmcp m`s

cgdrh`shk sth`kcly jnr tmh p`st twn khd`khs. Aut jnrhcbghrs kn gnt bhghr`lly

auy tmh d`pct`l stndi, `gk tmhcr sm`rh cs gnt rcscgb gh`rly `s r`pckly `s nghfcbmt suppnsh a`shk ng tmh knll`r v`luhs `lngh. rhf`riàlh jh`turh nj tmh



05; Xgkhrst`gkcgb Blna`l Cfa`l`gdhs

X.T. hdngnfy cs tm`t tmh tnt`l v`luh nj ffg`gdc`l sshts m`s rcshg scbgcffd`gtly

fnrh r`pckly tm`g tmh ugkhrlycgb hdngnfy. [mh Jhkhr`l Qhshrvh hstcf`ths

tnt`l ffg`gdc`l `sshts cg tmh X.T. hdngnfy `t tmh hgk nj 155: tn m`vh ahhg

$013 trcllcng (tmcs ffburh cs, nj dnursh, shgsctcvh tn tmh systhf nj dl`sscffd`tcng

ushk cg tmh finw nj jugks `ddnugts `gk knhs gnt cgdlukh khrcv`tcvhs), 3.2

tcfhs 155: BKU. [nt`l ffg`gdc`l `sshts whrh ngly ;.= tcfhs BKU ;5 yh`rs

h`rlchr, cg 03:8. Uut `gntmhr w`y, wmclh gnfcg`l BKU brhw 2.; phrdhgt `

yh`r cg 03:8—155:, tnt`l ffg`gdc`l sshts brhw 3.1 phrdhgt yh`r.

[mcs pmhgnfhgng rhfihdts, fngb ntmhr tmcgbs, cggnv`tcngs ay tmh ffg`g-

dc`l shdtnr, khvcscgb ffg`gdc`l cgstrufhgts tn `pph`l tn ` wckhr v`rchty nj

dcrdufst`gdhs `gk t`sths. [mcs `rtcdul`tcng nj ffg`gdc`l `sshts‛gnt `ll nj

wmcdm prnvh tn ah nj mcbm qu`lcty, `s tmh suaprcfh fnrtb`bh kha`dlh khf-

ngstr`thk‛`pph`ls tn f`gy jnrhcbghrs s whll s @fhrcd`gs, gk jnrhcbghrs

cgvhst cg wckh rr`y nj ffg`gdc`l cgstrufhgts. Tn wmclh brnss jnrhcbg cgvhst-

fhgt cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths hqu`lhk BKU cg f`bgctukh, ct `fnugthk tn ngly

00 phrdhgt nj tnt`l ffg`gdc`l `sshts cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths. [mh sm`rh m`s rcshgjrnf 4 phrdhgt cg tmh fck-03=5s, aut tmh rcsh m`s ahhg slnw.

[nt`l ffg`gdc`l `sshts cgdlukh dl`cfs ay ngh shdtnr ng `gntmhr. Rh d`g

s`y tm`t jugk`fhgt`lly tmh X.T. hdngnfy cs “nwghk‖ ay mnushmnlks cg tmh

Xgcthk Tt`ths plus gngprnfft nrb`gcz`tcngs (dmurdmhs, jnugk`tcngs, ugcvhr-

sctchs, `gk sn jnrtm) plus jnrhcbghrs. [mh sm`rh nj jnrhcbg nwghrsmcp brhw

jrnf 2 phrdhgt cg 03=5, tn 02 phrdhgt cg 1555, gk tn 14 phrdhgt cg 155:.

[mcs nwghrsmcp rhprhshgts dl`cfs ng juturh nutput nj tmh X.T. hdngnfy.

Ct rhf`cgs whll ahlnw tmh lhvhl nj jnrhcbg nwghrsmcp tm`t wnulk nat`cg cg

` “gn mnfh ac`s‖ wnrlk. Ct `lsn rhf`cgs whll ahlnw tmh lhvhls nj jnrhcbg

nwghrsmcp (rhl`tcvh tn BKU) tm`t m`vh ahhg rh`dmhk cg f`gy ntmhr dnug-trchs, cgdlukcgb @ustr`lc`, Jr`gdh, Bhrf`gy, Ct`ly, Tp`cg, `gk tmh Xgcthk

Icgbknf. Tn wmclh tmh jnrhcbg-nwghk sm`rh nj X.T. ffg`gdc`l `sshts d`g-

gnt brnw wctmnut lcfct, ct d`g brnw jnr f`gy yh`rs ahjnrh str`cgcgb tmh

@fhrcd`g d`p`dcty tn prnvckh ffg`gdc`l `sshts.

Hv`lu`tcng

Zchwhk cg tmh dngthxt nj blna`lcz`tcng `gk khfnbr`pmcd dm`gbh cg ntmhr

rcdm dnugtrchs, tmh l`rbh X.T. durrhgt `ddnugt khffdct cs antm dnfprhmhgscalh`gk whlj`rh hgm`gdcgb jrnf ` blna`l pncgt nj vchw, sn lngb `s @fhrcd`gs

cgvhst tmh jugks prnkudtcvhly. Urnsphdtcvh rhtcrhhs `rnugk tmh wnrlk `rh

f`icgb cgvhstfhgts tm`t tmhy ahlchvh `rh prnfft`alh `gk shdurh. Cj tmcs cs sn,

strngb bnvhrgfhgt hjjnrts tn rhkudh tmh khffdct scbgcffd`gtly f`y ah khhply

fcsbuckhk `t ahst `gk rug ` shrcnus rcsi nj prhdcpct`tcgb ` ffg`gdc`l drcscs

`gk hdngnfcd rhdhsscng tm`t cts prnpnghgts mnph tn jnrhst`ll, `s ffsd`l dng-

tr`dtcng cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths j`cls tn ah f`tdmhk ay ffsd`l hxp`gscng hlsh-

wmhrh `gk `s sphdul`tcvh d`pct`l fnvhs mh`vcly cgtn durrhgdchs hxphdthk tn

ah rhv`luhk `b`cgst tmh X.T. knll`r.



Dnnphr 058

Gnt sn lngb `bn ct w`s `rbuhk tm`t `s ` rcdm dnugtry, tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths

smnulk ah ruggcgb ` durrhgt `ddnugt surplus, gnt ` khffdct. Fnrh rhdhgtly,

ct m`s ahhg subbhsthk tm`t jnr sust`cgàclcty tmh khffdct ghhks tn ah rhkudhk

tn gn fnrh tm`g `rnugk 4 phrdhgt nj BKU. [mcs rhkudtcng wnulk rhqucrh

tm`t X.T. hxphgkcturh krnp, rhl`tcvh tn nutput, ay 4 phrdhgt`bh pncgts nj

X.T. BKU, rnubmly 0 phrdhgt nj BKU cg tmh rhst nj tmh wnrlk. Jnrhcbg sur-

plushs, tìhg tnbhtmhr, wnulk m`vh tn khdlcgh ay 4 phrdhgt nj X.T. BKU,

cfplycgb ` rcsh cg khf`gk rhl`tcvh tn nutput hlshwmhrh cg tmh wnrlk.

Ct cs njthg s`ck tm`t tn arcgb ànut tmh rhqucrhk suastctutcngs cg prnkudt

khf`gk, tmh X.T. knll`r fust khprhdc`th, prnaàly scbgcffd`gtly, phrm`ps

ay 45 phrdhgt ng ` tr`kh-whcbmthk a`scs. Tn tmh `kkctcng`l khf`gk cg tmh

rhst nj tmh wnrlk fust ah knfhstcd khf`gk. Jnr hxpnrt-nrchgthk hdngnfchs

sudm `s Dmcg`, Bhrf`gy, `gk O`p`g, durrhgdy `pprhdc`tcng cs lcihly tn kcs-

dnur`bh, gnt hgdnur`bh, prnkudtcvh cgvhstfhgt. Tn tmh `kkctcng`l khf`gk

fust dnfh jrnf knfhstcd dngsufhrs nr bnvhrgfhgts. F`gy bnvhrgfhgts

m`vh ahhg dngdhrghk ànut hxdhsscvh bnvhrgfhgt khffdcts cg rhdhgt yh`rs`gk `rh hgb`bhk cg “ffsd`l dngsnlck`tcng,‖ tm`t cs, rhkudcgb tmhcr khffdcts.

[mcs cs hsphdc`lly truh jnr Bhrf`gy gk O`p`g, twn dnugtrchs wctm l`rbh dur-

rhgt `ddnugt surplushs. Rm`t wcll cgkudh `bcgb dngsufhrs tn sphgk fnrh>

H`schr fnght`ry pnlcdy, wmcdm cg Hurnl`gk cs nutsckh tmh dngtrnl nj g`tcng`l

bnvhrgfhgts, wnulk cg ` wnrlk nj mcbm d`pct`l fnaclcty thgk tn whìhg

durrhgdchs, gnt strhgbtmhg tmhf. [mh prhsdrcptcng fust cgdlukh fnrh stcf-

ul`tcvh ffsd`l pnlcdy dnfacghk wctm tcbmthr fnght`ry pnlcdy `gk durrhgdy

`pprhdc`tcng. Hurnph–s fckthrf pnlcdy, rhfihdthk cg tmh Lcsang `bhgk` nj

1555, m`s jndushk ng ffsd`l dngsnlck`tcng plus fh`surhs tn cfprnvh prn-

kudtcvcty gk nutput, rhsultcgb (`s hxplcdctly khscrhk) cg brh`thr cgthrg`tcng`ldnfphtctcvhghss, gnt brh`thr knfhstcd khf`gk.

Dmcg`, wmcdm dngtrnls cts hxdm`gbh r`th, dnulk khdckh tn rhv`luh cts dur-

rhgdy, `s f`gy m`vh urbhk. Aut hvhg cj Dmcg` whrh tn hlcfcg`th cts durrhgt

`ddnugt surplus, ngly ` jr`dtcng wnulk `ddruh tn tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths, `s X.T.

cfpnrts jrnf Dmcg` wnulk swctdm tn ntmhr lnw-cgdnfh dnugtrchs. [m`t

wnulk stcll lh`vh ` durrhgt `ddnugt khffdct cg hxdhss nj tmh t`rbhthk lhvhl.

Fnrhnvhr, wm`t wnulk `g `pprhdc`tcng l`rbh hgnubm tn hlcfcg`th Dmcg`–s

surplus kn tn Dmcg`–s hdngnfy, wmhrh hxpnrts m`vh lhk Dmcg`–s brnwtm>

Hxpnrts m`vh gnt ahhg Dmcg`–s ngly snurdh nj brnwtm cg khf`gk. Uualcd

`gk prcv`th dngstrudtcng m`s annfhk, gk Dmcghsh dngsufptcng m`s brnwgcg hxdhss nj = phrdhgt ` yh`r kurcgb 03=3—1558, tmh mcbmhst brnwtm cg tmh

wnrlk. Aut hxpnrts m`vh ahhg tmh krcvcgb shdtnr.

[mh rbufhgt khvhlnphk mhrh subbhsts tm`t tmh X.T. khffdct d`g dngtcguh

jnr snfh yh`rs `gk hvhg rcsh ànvh cts durrhgt lhvhl. Nj dnursh, ` scbgcff-

d`gt khprhdc`tcng nj tmh knll`r fcbmt ghvhrtmhlhss nddur. Jcg`gdc`l f`r-

ihts rh krcvhg ay psydmnlnbcd`l s whll s ay hdngnfcd j`dtnrs. Cj hgnubm

phnplh khdckh tn shll knll`rs, tmh knll`r wcll khprhdc`th. Cj jnrhcbghrs dnl-

lhdtcvhly khdckh tn cgvhst lhss cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths tm`g tmh durrhgt ddnugt

khffdct (plus X.T. d`pct`l nutfinw), tmhg tmh knll`r wcll khprhdc`th.



05: Xgkhrst`gkcgb Blna`l Cfa`l`gdhs

@ l`rbh krnp cg tmh knll`r wnulk m`vh br`vh hdngnfcd dngshquhgdhs,

rhkudcgb hxpnrts `gk khprhsscgb cgvhstfhgt cg ntmhr rcdm dnugtrchs. Jnr

tmcs rh`sng, tmhcr fnght`ry ùtmnrctchs `rh lcihly `t snfh pncgt tn cgthrvhgh

cg jnrhcbg hxdm`gbh f`rihts tn lcfct tmh rhsultcgb hdngnfcd knwgturg, cg

hjjhdt suastctutcgb njffdc`l jnr prcv`th d`pct`l cgvhstfhgt cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths

`gk tmhrhay puttcgb hjjhdtcvh lcfcts ng `gy khprhdc`tcng nj tmh knll`r.

Nj dnursh, tmh durrhgt `ddnugt khffdct d`ggnt rcsh cgkhffgcthly rhl`tcvh tn

BKU9 ghctmhr d`g jnrhcbg-nwghk `sshts rcsh cgkhffgcthly `s ` sm`rh nj tnt`l

X.T. `sshts. Tnnghr nr l`thr tmh prndhss nj ffg`gdc`l blna`lcz`tcng wcll slnw,

`gk hvhgtu`lly stnp, prnaàly whll ahjnrh tmh mypntmhtcd`l st`th nj “gn

mnfh ac`s‖ cs rh`dmhk. Fnrhnvhr, `bcgb sndchtchs wcll hvhgtu`lly rh`dm tmh

pncgt `t wmcdm tmhy dh`sh `dqucrcgb ghw jnrhcbg `sshts `gk ahbcg tn lcquc-

k`th tmhcr nutst`gkcgb dl`cfs. [mhg tmh X.T. khffdct fust khdlcgh, phrm`ps

scbgcffd`gtly. [mh tr`kh khffdct wcll ghhk tn khdlcgh hvhg h`rlchr, s jnrhcbghrs

ahbcg tn dngsufh tmh h`rgcgbs ng tmhcr X.T. cgvhstfhgts. Aut tm`t pncgt

f`y gnt ah rh`dmhk jnr f`gy yh`rs, hsphdc`lly cj phnplh wnri lngbhr `gkdngtcguh tn s`vh p`st dngvhgtcng`l rhtcrhfhgt `bh, `s f`gy kn.

@s @sc`gs `gk Hurnph`gs ahbcg tn dngsufh tmhcr nvhrsh`s h`rgcgbs `gk

tmhcr `sshts, tnt`l hxphgkcturhs cg tmhcr dnugtrchs wcll rcsh rhl`tcvh tn nutput,

`gk surplushs wcll khdlcgh `gk hvhgtu`lly kcs`pph`r. [mcs prndhss `lngh wcll

mhlp tn rhkudh tmh X.T. khffdct, wctmnut gy khprhdc`tcng nj tmh knll`r b`cgst

tmhcr durrhgdchs. [n wm`t hxthgt tmh knll`r ghhks tn khprhdc`th wcll khphgk

ng tmh hfhrbcgb dngsufptcng p`tthrgs cg tmh `bcgb sndchtchs, cg p`rtcdul`r

ng tmh fcx ahtwhhg tr`kàlh `gk gngtr`kàlh bnnks `gk shrvcdhs, ihhpcgb

cg fcgk tm`t tmhsh d`thbnrchs `rh tmhfshlvhs dngst`gtly dm`gbcgb, `s fnrh

gngtr`kàlhs oncg tmh d`thbnry nj tr`kàlhs, wctm cgdrh`shk pnsscaclctchs jnrnjjsmnrcgb. Hvhg gngtr`kàlhs d`g hgthr tmh cgthrg`tcng`l `ddnugts cgsnj`r

`s tmhy `rh prnvckhk ay thfpnr`ry fcbr`gt wnrihrs wmn rhfct h`rgcgbs

tn tmhcr mnfh dnugtrchs. Hlkhr d`rh cs lcihly tn cgvnlvh antm prndhsshs‛

kc`bgnshs nj fh`surhk syfptnfs jrnf rhfnth lnd`tcngs gk cg sctu mhlp ay

fcbr`gt wnrihrs, s tmh dmclkrhg gk br`gkdmclkrhg gk brh`t-br`gkdmclkrhg

nj tmh hlkhrly dmnnsh tn st`y cg tmh lànr jnrdh.

@gntmhr pnsscaclcty cgvnlvhs rhtcrhfhgt nj @sc`gs `gk Hurnph`gs cg tmh

Xgcthk Tt`ths, oust `s snfh D`g`kc`gs kn gnw. [mhcr `sshts wnulk tmhg

dh`sh tn ah jnrhcbg dl`cfs ng tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths.

[mh `koustfhgt prndhss cgvnlvhs tmh dl`sscd tr`gsjhr prnalhf cg ` fnrhdnfplhx shttcgb. Mnw fudm, cj t ll, tmh knll`r ghhks hvhgtu`lly tn khprhdc-

`th wcll khphgk ng ll nj tmhsh j`dtnrs gk dhrt`cgly d`ggnt ah jnrhtnlk yh`rs

cg `kv`gdh nj tmh rhqucrhk `koustfhgt.

[mh Xgcthk Tt`ths m`s ` vcar`gt, cggnv`tcvh hdngnfy. Cts khfnbr`pmcds

kcjjhr f`rihkly jrnf tmnsh nj ntmhr rcdm dnugtrchs, cg tm`t acrtm r`ths m`vh

gnt j`llhg gh`rly sn j`r `gk cffcbr`tcng, dngdhgtr`thk cg ynugb `kults, d`g

ah hxphdthk tn dngtcguh ng ` scbgcffd`gt sd`lh. Cg tmhsh rhsphdts, tmh Xgcthk

Tt`ths, `ltmnubm rcdm `gk pnlctcd`lly f`turh, d`g ah s`ck tn ah ` ynugb `gk

hvhg ` khvhlnpcgb dnugtry. Ct m`s `g hsphdc`lly cggnv`tcvh ffg`gdc`l shd-tnr, wmcdm dngtcgu`lly prnkudhs ghw prnkudts tn d`thr tn kcvhrsh pnrtjnlcn



Dnnphr 052

t`sths. [mh Xgcthk Tt`ths m`s dnfp`r`tcvh kv`gt`bh, cg blna`lczhk f`r-

iht, cg prnkudcgb f`rihtàlh shdurctchs `gk hxdm`gbcgb lnw-rcsi khat jnr

mcbmhr-rcsi hqucty. Ct cs gnt surprcscgb tm`t s`vhrs `rnugk tmh wnrlk w`gt tn

put brnwcgb pnrtcng nj tmhcr s`vcgbs cgtn tmh X.T. hdngnfy. [mh X.T. dur-

rhgt ddnugt khffdct gk tmh dnrrhspngkcgb surplushs hlshwmhrh, khsdrcahk s

cfa`l`gdhs, cgvnlvh cgthrthfpnr`l tr`kh `gk kn gnt ghdhss`rcly scbg`l hdn-

gnfcd kcshquclcarc` cg ` blna`lczhk wnrlk hdngnfy. [mhy f`y whll rhf`cg

l`rbh jnr yh`rs tn dnfh.

Unstsdrcpt

[mcs p`phr w`s ffrst prhshgthk cg Thpthfahr 1552, upk`thk wctm rhvcshk

k`t` tmrnubm 1552. Ct kck gnt `gtcdcp`th ` jrhhzcgb up nj p`rts nj tmh ffg`g-

dc`l systhf, hsphdc`lly ahbcggcgb cg Thpthfahr 155=, antm cgkudhk ay `gk

dngtrcautcgb tn j`ll cg X.T. mnuscgb prcdhs gk tmh prcdhs nj f`gy ffg`gdc`l`sshts. @ltmnubm tmh ffg`gdc`l drcscs nrcbcg`thk cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths, ct qucdily

ahd`fh blna`l cg sdnph, lahct wctm ughqu`l cgdckhgdh. Ct lhk tn ` khhp rhdhs-

scng `s a`gis `gk ntmhr ffg`gdc`l cgstctutcngs ahd`fh hxtrhfhly rcsi `vhrsh

`gk khlhvhr`bhk tmhcr a`l`gdh smhhts, fìcgb drhkct hvhrywmhrh kcjffdult tn

bht, khspcth kr`f`tcd fnvhs ay dhgtr`l a`gis tn lnwhr smnrt-thrf cgthrhst

r`ths `gk tn cgdrh`sh lcquckcty cg ffg`gdc`l f`rihts.

F`gy drnss-anrkhr dl`cfs‛`sshts gk lcàclctchs, khat s whll s hqucty‛

wcll ah rhkudhk ay tmh hgk nj 155=, `gk tmh cfp`dt ng tmh ght cgthrg`tcng`l

cgvhstfhgt pnsctcng nj tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths cs ugdhrt`cg `t tmcs tcfh. [mh X.T.

durrhgt `ddnugt khffdct krnpphk tn $255 acllcng cg 155= kuh tn tmh slnw-knwg nj tmh X.T. hdngnfy `gk f`y hvhg krnp tn $;55 acllcng cg 1553 kuh

tn tmh X.T. rhdhsscng `gk tn ` krnp cg tmh prcdh nj cfpnrthk ncl.

[mhsh rh kr`f`tcd khvhlnpfhgts. Aut C shh gn rh`sng tn lthr tmh a`scd

rh`sngcgb nj tmh p`phr, wmcdm w`s lngb thrf cg cts hfpm`scs ng blna`l-

cz`tcng nj ffg`gdc`l f`rihts `gk ng kcjjhrhgtc`l khfnbr`pmcd dm`gbh cg

f`gy dnugtrchs.

@l`rfhk ay tmh l`rbh blna`l cfa`l`gdhs, snfh g`lysts prhkcdthk ` ffg`g-

dc`l drcscs. @ ffg`gdc`l drcscs `rrcvhk. Aut ct w`s gnt kuh, `s jnrhd`st, tn `

ficbmt jrnf tmh knll`r jnllnwhk ay ` sm`rp rcsh cg X.T. cgthrhst r`ths. Crngc-

d`lly, wmclh f`gy X.T. shdurctchs (hsphdc`lly fnrtb`bh-a`dihk shdurctchs gktmh dnll`thr`lczhk khat nalcb`tcngs a`shk ng tmhf) d`fh tn ah smugghk `gk

cllcquck, tmh kr`f`tcd cgdrh`sh cg rcsi vhrscng gk tmh ficbmt tn s`jhty gk tn

lcquckcty hgm`gdhk tmh `ttr`dtcvhghss nj X.T. trh`surchs `gk lhk tn ` scbgcff-

d`gt khdlcgh cg tmhcr cgthrhst r`ths, `s whll `s tn `g `pprhdc`tcng nj tmh X.T.

knll`r cg tmh shdngk m`lj nj 155=.

Jcg`gdc`l drcshs d`g m`vh f`gy nrcbcgs. L`rbh blna`l cfa`l`gdhs whrh

gnt `fngb tmh nrcbcgs nj tmh drcscs nj 155=, hxdhpt cgsnj`r `s @fhrcd`g

`ddhss tn hxdhss jnrhcbg s`vcgbs dngtrcauthk tn lnw fnrtb`bh r`ths cg tmh

Xgcthk Tt`ths `gk tmus j`dclct`thk ` annf cg rhsckhgtc`l dngstrudtcng `gkcg fnrtb`bh lhgkcgb, ` khvhlnpfhgt tm`t `lsn nddurrhk cg shvhr`l ntmhr



05= Xgkhrst`gkcgb Blna`l Cfa`l`gdhs

dnugtrchs. Aut lnw lngb-thrf cgthrhst r`ths whrh ` j`dclct`tcgb j`dtnr, gnt

tmh f`cg dùsh nj tmh drcscs. Q`tmhr, ct rhsckhk cg ` fnnk nj hupmnrc` cg

ffg`gdc`l f`rihts, dnfacghk wctm `gk rhcgjnrdhk ay ffg`gdc`l cgdhgtcvhs jnr

p`rtcdcp`gts a`shk l`rbhly ng smnrt-thrf phrjnrf`gdh `gk cgsujffdchgtly ng

lngbhr-thrf rcsis.

Qhjhrhgdhs

D`rr`kn, D`rnl, Dm`rlhs Q. Multhg, `gk K`gchl H. Tcdmhl. 155:. “Cgt`gbcalh

D`pct`l `gk Hdngnfcd Brnwtm.‖ GAHQ Rnricgb U`phr 003;= (O`gu`ry).

G`tcng`l Aurhù nj Hdngnfcd Qhsh`rdm, D`farckbh, F@.

Dlcgh, Rcllc`f Q. 1558. “[mh Xgcthk Tt`ths `s ` Khatnr G`tcng.‖ Uhthrsng

Cgstctuth jnr Cgthrg`tcng`l Hdngnfcds, R`smcgbtng, KD.

Dnnphr, Qcdm`rk G. 1552. “Lcvcgb wctm Blna`l Cfa`l`gdhs.‖ Arnnicgbs U`phrs

ng Hdngnfcd @dtcvcty 1? 30—052.‛‛‛. 155=. “Blna`l Cfa`l`gdhs? Blna`lcz`tcng, Khfnbr`pmy, `gk Tust`cgàcl-

cty.‖ Onurg`l nj Hdngnfcd Uhrsphdtcvhs 11 (4)? 34—001.



I`gaur 053

DM@U[HQ :F`drn Drcshs `gk [`rbhtcgb[r`gsjhrs tn tmh UnnrQ`vc I`gaur

[mh kcsdnursh ng tmh durrhgt blna`l f`drn drcscs, `s m`pphgs kurcgb `ll

sudm drcshs, m`s mcbmlcbmthk tmh plcbmt nj tmh pnnr cg dnpcgb wctm tmh dngsh-

quhgdhs.0 Nj p`rtcdul`r scbgcffd`gdh cs tmh ush nj hxcstcgb pnlcdy cgstrufhgts,

`gk pnsscaly tmh khscbg `gk cfplhfhgt`tcng nj ghw nghs, tn prnthdt tmh

pnnr kurcgb tmh drcscs `gk tn f`cgt`cg tmhcr d`p`dcty tn ahghfft jrnf tmh

rhanugk wmhg ct dnfhs. [mhrh cs, nj dnursh, ` l`rbh lcthr`turh ng rhkcstrcau-

tcng tn `gk t`rbhtcgb tmh pnnr. [mh naohdtcvh nj tmcs dm`pthr cs tn rhl`th tmcs

bhghr`l lcthr`turh tn cssuhs tm`t rcsh kurcgb f`drn drcshs gk tn si wmhtmhrtmh s`fh prcgdcplhs d`g ah ushk tn cllufcg`th tmh tr`khnjjs j`dhk ay pnlcdy

f`ihrs `s tmhy `kkrhss tmh dngshquhgdhs nj tmh drcscs ng tmh pnnr. Cg p`r-

tcdul`r, tmh dhgtr`l cssuh dngsckhrhk cs wmhtmhr tcbmthr t`rbhtcgb nj tr`gsjhr

prnbr`fs tnw`rk tmh pnnr cs w`rr`gthk kurcgb ` drcscs.

F`drn drcshs dnfh cg f`gy v`rchtchs. @ dnffng jh`turh cs tm`t kur-

cgb tmh drcscs `vhr`bh purdm`scgb pnwhr j`lls kr`f`tcd`lly (ntmhrwcsh tmhy

[mcs dm`pthr w`s wrctthg jnr tmh Dnffcsscng ng Brnwtm `gk Khvhlnpfhgt. Ct w`s ffrst pualcsmhk cg

tmh Onurg`l nj Blna lcz`tcng `gk Khvhlnpfhgt (vnl. 0, cssuh 0, O`gu`ry 1505). © 1505 [mh Ahrihlhy

Hlhdtrngcd Urhss. Qhprcgthk wctm phrfcsscng.

0 Jnr `g hxdhllhgt nvhrvchw nj tmh kcsdnursh, wmcdm `lsn tnudmhs ng snfh nj tmh pncgts dnvhrhk cg

tmcs dm`pthr, shh Q`v`llcng (155=).



005 F`drn Drcshs `gk [ rbhtcgb [r`gsjhrs tn tmh Unnr

wnulk gnt ah f`drn drcshs). [mh kcstrcautcng `rnugk tmh `vhr`bh, mnw-

hvhr, dnulk fnvh cg kcjjhrhgt w`ys, `gk cgkcvcku`l fnvhfhgts `rnugk tmh

kcstrcautcng dnulk m`vh f`gy kcjjhrhgt p`tthrgs. H`dm nj tmhsh j`dtnrs wcll

`jjhdt tmh khscbg nj pnvhrty-t`rbhthk prnbr`fs, `gk tmcs dm`pthr ushs tmh

lcthr`turh ng t`rbhtcgb `s ` a`sh jrnf wmcdm tn `g`lyzh prn-pnnr prnbr`fs

kurcgb f`drn drcshs.

Hvhg cg “gnrf`l tcfhs,‖ tmh tr`khnjjs cgmhrhgt cg a`l`gdcgb hjffdchgdy

`gk kcstrcautcng `rh cgvnlvhk `gk cgtrcd`th. [mh lcthr`turh m`s dngsckhrhk

tmcs a`l`gdh prcf`rcly cg tmh dngthxt wmhrh rhkcstrcautcng m`s hjffdchgdy

dnsts cg shdngk-ahst wnrlk wctm lcfcthk pnlcdy cgstrufhgts. @ fnrh rhdhgt

lcthr`turh m`s, qucth rcbmtly, mcbmlcbmthk tmh hjffdchgdy b`cgs jrnf rhkcstrcau-

tcvh pnlcdchs cg tmcs vhry s`fh shdngk-ahst wnrlk.1 Mnwhvhr, tn tmh hxthgt

tm`t tmhsh `rh ght b`cgs‛tmh kcjjhrhgdh ahtwhhg brnss hjffdchgdy b`cgs `gk

brnss dnsts nj rhkcstrcautcng‛tmh khscbg nj pnlcdy tn fcgcfczh tmh hjffdchgdy

dnsts nj rhkcstrcautcng stcll m`s rhlhv`gdh.

@ p`rtcdul`r dl`ss nj pnlcdy cgstrufhgts wmhrh tmhsh cssuhs dnfh tn tmhjnrh `rh prnbr`fs `gk cgthrvhgtcngs tm`t hxplcdctly t`rbht tmh pnnr `s `g

naohdtcvh (`t lh`st p`rtc`lly). [mhsh cgdlukh suasckchs ng ` r`gbh nj dnf-

fnkctchs cgdlukcgb jnnk, juhl, hghrby, `gk w`thr. [mh suasckchs d`g ah bhg-

hr`lczhk cg g`turh, pplycgb tn rcdm gk pnnr lcih, wctm tmh t`rbhtcgb rhlycgb

ng dngsufptcng kcjjhrhgdhs ahtwhhg rcdm gk pnnr drnss dnffnkctchs. Nr

tmhy d`g ah t`rbhthk ngly tn tmnsh wmn s`tcsjy drcthrc` tm`t ckhgtcjy pnv-

hrty. @gntmhr dl`ss nj prnbr`fs, wmcdm m`s ahhg prhshgt jnr ` lngb tcfh

cg snfh khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs, aut wmnsh ush m`s hxplnkhk cg tmh l`st twn

khd`khs, dngscsts nj dngkctcng`l d`sm tr`gsjhrs.4 [mhsh prnvckh d`sm ahghffts

cg rhspngsh tn snfh `dtcng jrnf tmh ahghffdc`ry‛lcih wnricgb ng ` pualcdwnris scth jnr hfplnyfhgt sdmhfhs, ihhpcgb dmclkrhg cg sdmnnl, nr `tthgk-

cgb mh`ltm dlcgcds. Tnfhtcfhs, dnfacg`tcngs nj dngkctcngs `rh ushk. [mhsh

prnbr`fs d`g ah jurtmhr rhstrcdthk tn tmnsh wmn s`tcsjy ` pnvhrty drcthrcng.

[mh bhghr`l hkud`tcng `gk mh`ltm systhf d`g `lsn ah vchwhk `s ` rhkcs-

trcautcvh fhdm`gcsf. Cg j`dt, ct m`s njthg ahhg rbuhk tm`t tmhsh hxphgkcturhs

ay tmh st`th `rh pnnrly t`rbhthk tn tmh pnnr. Mnwhvhr, rhjnrf nj tmhsh sys-

thfs cs `g cssuh jnr tmh lngb thrf. [mh bhghr`l t`x systhf d`g `lsn ah vchwhk

`s ` rhkcstrcautcvh cgstrufhgt. Hvhg cj ct cs vchwhk ngly `s ` snurdh nj rhvhguh

jnr tmh t`rbhthk prnbr`fs khsdrcahk `anvh, tmh t`rbhtcgb nj tmh t`x systhf

ctshlj‛cts prnbrhsscvcty‛wcll `jjhdt tmh t`rbhtcgb nj bnvhrgfhgt ffg`gdc`l

tr`gsjhrs `s ` wmnlh. Aut `b`cg, tmhsh rhjnrfs `rh nj ` lngb-thrf g`turh.

[mcs dm`pthr knhs gnt jndus ng hkud`tcng `gk mh`ltm pnlcdy nr ng bhghr`l

t`x pnlcdy. [mh jndus, r`tmhr, cs ng cgstrufhgts jnr bhttcgb purdm`scgb pnwhr

cgtn tmh m`gks nj tmh pnnr jrnf tmh hxphgkcturh sckh nj bnvhrgfhgt pnlcdy.

[mh dm`pthr prndhhks `s jnllnws. Jcrst, ct rhvchws tmh tmhnry nj t`rbht-

cgb, mcbmlcbmtcgb tmh tr`khnjjs ahtwhhg ffgh t`rbhtcgb nj prnbr`fs tnw`rk

tmh pnnr vhrsus arn`khr dnvhr`bh. Thdngk, ct trh`ts tmh f`drn smndi `s

phrf`ghgt `gk hx`fcghs mnw tmh g`turh nj tmh tr`khnjj dm`gbhs, khrcvcgb

1 [mcs lcthr`turh m`s ahhg rhvchwhk cg Rnrlk A`gi (1558).

4 Jnr ` rhdhgt rhvchw, shh Jcszahcg `gk Tdm`ky (1553).



I`gaur 000

buckhlcghs jnr tmh ush nj `lthrg`tcvh pnlcdy cgstrufhgts `gk khscbg nj ghw

nghs. [mcrk, ct hxthgks tmh cgscbmts tn tmh d`sh wmhrh tmh smndi cs thfpn-

r`ry? mnw smnulk tmcs dm`gbh tmh khplnyfhgt nj hxcstcgb cgstrufhgts kurcgb

` drcscs `gk tmh khscbg nj ghw cgstrufhgts jnr ` wnrlk nj thfpnr`ry, aut

sm`rp, knwgturgs> @ ffg`l shdtcng dngdlukhs.

[r`khnjjs cg [`rbhtcgb

[mh fnkhrg lcthr`turh ng t`rbhtcgb bnhs a`di `t lh`st `s j`r `s @ihrlnj–s

(032=) jnrf`lcz`tcng nj tmh ush nj ` lcfcthk gufahr nj pnlcdy cgstrufhgts

tn pursuh pnvhrty fcgcfcz`tcng str`thby, t`icgb cgtn ddnugt cgjnrf`tcng

`gk cgdhgtcvh dngstr`cgts, arn`khgcgb `gk hgrcdmcgb tmh Fcrrlhhs (0320)

`gk Kc`fngk gk Fcrrlhhs (0320) nptcf`l t`x`tcng jr`fhwnri. Ahslhy gk

I`gaur (03==, 0334) prnvckh g ddnugt nj tmh ihy dngdhptu`l hlhfhgts cg

tmh tmhnry nj t`rbhtcgb cg tmh dngthxt nj khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs. [mcs shdtcng

l`ys tmh brnugkwnri jnr tmh kcsdusscng nj t`rbhtcgb kurcgb drcshs ay hx`f-

cgcgb tmh a`scd prcgdcplhs nj t`rbhtcgb `gk ckhgtcjycgb snfh nj tmh ihy

tr`khnjjs cgvnlvhk.;

Dngsckhr ` bnvhrgfhgt tm`t m`s ` bcvhg aukbht jnr pnvhrty rhkudtcng,

pnvhrty ahcgb ckhgtcffhk `s tmh smnrtj`ll nj dngsufptcng jrnf `g `brhhk

pnvhrty lcgh. Tuppnsh cgctc`lly tm`t tmhrh `rh gn cgjnrf`tcng`l nr `kfcg-

cstr`tcvh prnalhfs9 tmh bnvhrgfhgt d`g dnstlhssly ckhgtcjy h`dm phrsng–s

dngsufptcng rhl`tcvh tn tmh pnvhrty lcgh. Tuppnsh jurtmhr tm`t tmhrh `rh gn

ahm`vcnr`l rhspngshs `gk mhgdh gn cgdhgtcvh hjjhdts nj `lthrg`tcvh bnvhrg-

fhgt cgthrvhgtcngs. Cg sudm ` sctu`tcng, mnw ahst smnulk tmh bnvhrgfhgtush cts aukbht tn `llhvc`th pnvhrty>

[mh `gswhr khphgks ng tmh prhdcsh g`turh nj tmh bnvhrgfhgt–s pnv-

hrty naohdtcvh (Anurbucbgng `gk Jchlks 0335). Cj, ng tmh ngh m`gk, tmh

naohdtcvh cs tn fcgcfczh tmh “mh`kdnugt r`tcn‖‛tmh jr`dtcng nj ugcts

ahlnw tmh pnvhrty lcgh‛tmhg tmh `gswhr cs tn st`rt wctm ugcts dlnshst

tn tmh pnvhrty lcgh `gk tn bn knwg jrnf tmhrh, lcjtcgb ugcts tn tmh pnv-

hrty lcgh ugtcl tmh aukbht rugs nut. Cj, ng tmh ntmhr m`gk, tmh naohdtcvh

cs tn fcgcfczh tmh `bbrhb`th pnvhrty b`p‛tmh suf nj `ll tmh smnrtj`lls

nj dngsufptcng jrnf tmh pnvhrty lcgh‛tmhg `t tmh f`rbcg, ct knhs gnt

f`tthr wmn `fngb tmh pnnr cs bcvhg tmh tr`gsjhr, scgdh tmh `bbrhb`thpnvhrty b`p wnulk ah rhkudhk ay tmh s`fh `fnugt. Jcg`lly, dngsckhr

` pnvhrty naohdtcvh wmhrh brh`thr whcbmt cs bcvhg tn tmh pnnrhst nj tmh

pnnr, `s cg tmh `bbrhb`th squ`rhk pnvhrty b`p. Gnw tmh str`thby cs tmh

jnllnwcgb. Tt`rt wctm tmh pnnrhst ugct. Bcvh tmcs ugct tr`gsjhrs ugtcl ct

rh`dmhs tmh lhvhl nj tmh ghxt pnnrhst ugct. [mhg bcvh tmhsh ugcts tr`gsjhrs

ugtcl tmhy `rh r`cshk tn tmh lhvhl nj tmh ghxt ugct. @gk sn ng ugtcl tmh

aukbht cs hxm`usthk. [mcs wnulk ah tmh str`thby tn jnllnw jnr ll pnvhrty

fh`surhs cg tmh Jnsthr, Brhhr, `gk [mnrahdih (03=;) j`fcly nj pnvhrty

fh`surhs, wmhrh tmh khbrhh nj pnvhrty `vhrscng (tmh “JB[ `lpm`‖) cs

; Jnr ` dnfprhmhgscvh rhvchw nj prcgdcplhs `gk hxphrchgdh, shh Brnsm gk ntmhrs (155=).




brh`thr tm`g ngh (jnr tmh squ`rhk pnvhrty b`p fh`surh, tmh khbrhh nj

pnvhrty `vhrscng cs twn).

[mcs `g`lyscs cs ushjul `s ` ahgdmf`ri nj “phrjhdt t`rbhtcgb,‖ wmcdm

fh`gs bcvcgb tmh pnnr oust hgnubm tn arcgb tmhf up tn tmh pnvhrty lcgh `gk

`vnckcgb lhì`bhs tn tmh gngpnnr. [mh tnt`l rhsnurdh rhqucrhk jnr tmcs cs

scfply tmh suf nj `ll tmh pnvhrty b`ps. Cj tmcs `fnugt cs gnt `v`clàlh, pnv-

hrty d`ggnt ah hlcfcg`thk ay rhkcstrcautcng. Aut hvhg cj tmcs `fnugt whrh

`v`clàlh, ct cs mcbmly uglcihly tm`t pnvhrty dnulk ah hlcfcg`thk, ahdùsh phr-

jhdt t`rbhtcgb cs, nj dnursh, `g ckh`l tm`t cs uglcihly tn ah fht cg pr`dtcdh. @s

Ahslhy `gk I`gaur (0334) `rbuh, tmrhh dhgtr`l cssuhs `rcsh? cgjnrf`tcng,

cgdhgtcvhs, `gk pnlctcd`l hdngnfy.

[mh cgjnrf`tcng`l prnalhf cs qucth scfply tm`t ct cs gnt dnstlhss tn ckhg-

tcjy wmn cs pnnr `gk wmn cs gnt `gk tn fh`surh tmh prhdcsh pnvhrty b`p jnr

h`dm pnnr phrsng. Uut `gntmhr w`y, tmh pnlcdy cgstrufhgts `v`clàlh `rh

j`r dn`rshr tm`g phrjhdt t`rbhtcgb rhqucrhs. @t tmh ntmhr hxtrhfh, ct f`y gnt

ah pnsscalh tn kcstcgbucsm cgkcvcku`ls jrnf h`dm ntmhr `t `ll, jnrdcgb us tnfìh tmh s`fh tr`gsjhr tn `ll. [mcs “khfn-br`gt‖ cgstrufhgt cs gnt vhry

whll t`rbhthk, aut ct cs lh`st dnstly cg thrfs nj cgjnrf`tcng`l rhqucrhfhgts.

Cg pr`dtcdh twn typhs nj cgstrufhgts rh `v`clàlh tn pnlcdy fìhrs tm`t d`g

arckbh tmh b`p ahtwhhg phrjhdt t`rbhtcgb `gk “phrjhdtly cfphrjhdt‖ t`rbht-

cgb? cgkcd`tnr t`rbhtcgb `gk shlj-t`rbhtcgb.

Cgkcd`tnr t`rbhtcgb ushs (fnrh) h`scly nashrvàlh dm`r`dthrcstcds nj

cgkcvcku`ls tn dngkctcng tr`gsjhrs, rhlycgb ng tmh dnrrhl`tcng ahtwhhg tmh

(rhl`tcvhly fnrh h`scly) nashrvàlh ttrcauths gk (fnrh kcjffdult tn nashrvh,

vhrcjy, `gk fngctnr) cgdnfh-dngsufptcng-purdm`scgb pnwhr. H`dm cgkc-

vcku`l wctm tmh s`fh v`luh nj tmh cgkcd`tnr v`rcàlh (jnr hx`fplh, `rh`nj rhsckhgdh, dnlnr nj sicg, bhgkhr, `bh) cs trh`thk ckhgtcd`lly, sn tmhrh wcll

ah snfh “lhì`bh‖ scgdh snfh cgkcvcku`ls cg tmh d`thbnry wcll ah ànvh tmh

pnvhrty lcgh. Aut cj tmh pnlcdy fìhr ignws tmh st`tcstcd`l prnphrtchs nj tmh

acv`rc`th kcstrcautcng ahtwhhg tmh cgkcd`tnr v`rcàlh gk dngsufptcng, s`y,

tmrnubm ` rhprhshgt`tcvh mnushmnlk survhy, jnr hx`fplh, tr`gsjhrs tn kcj-

jhrhgt v`luhs nj tmh cgkcd`tnr v`rcàlh d`g ah fnkul`thk tn `dmchvh brh`thr

pnvhrty rhkudtcng tm`g dnulk ah `dmchvhk wctm `g hqu`l tr`gsjhr tn hvhry-

anky. [mh tmhnry nj sudm tr`gsjhrs, cgspcrhk ay @ihrlnj (032=), cs wnrihk

nut cg I`gaur (03=2) `gk Ahslhy `gk I`gaur (03==). Hsshgtc`lly, tmh kcj-

jhrhgtc`l cg tr`gsjhrs tn kcjjhrhgt v`luhs nj tmh cgkcd`tnr v`rcàlh smnulk

cgdrh`sh `s tmh pnvhrty kcjjhrhgtc`l ahtwhhg tmhf cgdrh`shs.

Thlj-t`rbhtcgb, cg dngtr`st, ushs kcjjhrhgdhs ahtwhhg tmh ahm`vcnr nj

rcdmhr `gk pnnrhr cgkcvcku`ls‛cgkudhk, cg turg, ay kcjjhrhgdhs cg prhj-

hrhgdhs nr cg nppnrtugcty dnsts nj tcfh, jnr hx`fplh. Xscgb ` pnvhrty

`llhvc`tcng aukbht tn suasckczh tmh dngsufptcng nj dnffnkctchs kcjjhrhg-

tc`lly rhlchs ng kcjjhrhgdhs cg dngsufptcng p`tthrgs. @s smnwg ay Ahslhy

`gk I`gaur (03==), tmh ihy t`rbhtcgb cgkcd`tnr cs tmh jr`dtcng nj tnt`l

dngsufptcng nj ` dnffnkcty tm`t cs `ddnugthk jnr ay tmnsh ahlnw tmh

pnvhrty lcgh. Kcjjhrhgdhs cg tmcs v`luh ahtwhhg twn dnffnkctchs bnvhrgtmh kcjjhrhgtc`l r`th nj suascky ahtwhhg tmhf. [mh nppnrtugcty dnst nj



I`gaur 004

tcfh d`g ah ushk tn shlj-t`rbht cj tmh tr`gsjhr cs prnpnrtcng`l, s`y, tn tcfh

hxphgkhk cg bhttcgb tmh tr`gsjhr. [mh fnst navcnus hx`fplh nj tmcs cs `

pualcd wnris sdmhfh wctm ` bcvhg w`bh. Dlh`rly, ngly tmnsh jnr wmnf

tmh nppnrtugcty dnst nj tcfh (h`rgcgbs cg `lthrg`tcvh `dtcvcty) cs lhss tm`g

tmh w`bh wcll turg up tn wnri ng tmh scth. Cj tmcs cs, cg turg, ghb`tcvhly

`ssndc`thk wctm pnvhrty st`tus, lnwhrcgb tmh w`bh wcll tcbmthg tmh pnvhrty

t`rbhtcgb nj tmh tr`gsjhr hjjhdthk tmrnubm tmh pualcd wnris sdmhfh.8

@ll nj tmh anvh suppnshs gn cgdhgtcvh hjjhdts nj tmh tr`gsjhr sdmhfh ctshlj.

[n shh tmh dngshquhgdhs nj tmhsh hjjhdts, tìh tmh d`sh wmhrh tmhrh `rh gn

cgjnrf`tcng`l dngstr`cgts `gk dngsckhr tmh phrjhdt t`rbhtcgb sdmhfh wmhrh

hvhry pnnr phrsng cs bcvhg oust tmh tr`gsjhr tn bht tmhf up tn tmh pnvhrty

lcgh `gk gn fnrh. Rm`t tmcs fh`gs cs tm`t `s tmh gngprnbr`f rhsnurdhs nj

` pnnr phrsng cgdrh`sh, prnbr`f tr`gsjhrs rh rhkudhk ngh jnr ngh. Cg ntmhr

wnrks, tmh hjjhdtcvh f`rbcg`l t`x r`th cs 055 phrdhgt. [mcs rhfnvhs ll cgdhg-

tcvhs jnr tmh pnnr tn cgdrh`sh tmhcr rhsnurdhs (cgdnfhs, s`y) tmrnubm tmhcr

nwg hjjnrts. Cgkhhk, ct rhfnvhs cgdhgtcvhs hvhg tn f`cgt`cg tmhcr cgdnfhs`t tmh lhvhls tmhy whrh ahjnrh tmh prnbr`f. Cg tmh hxtrhfh, gn ngh cg pnv-

hrty wnulk h`rg `gy cgdnfh, `gk tmh dnsts nj pnvhrty hlcfcg`tcng wnulk

cgdrh`sh, phrm`ps kr`f`tcd`lly.

Uhrjhdt t`rbhtcgb cfplchs `gk rhqucrhs 055 phrdhgt hjjhdtcvh f`rbcg`l t`x

r`ths. [mcs lh`ks tn tr`khnjj wctm cgdhgtcvhs tn h`rg cgdnfh (bhghr`th gng-

prnbr`f rhsnurdhs). @t tmh ntmhr hxtrhfh, tmh khfn-br`gt m`s ` 5 phrdhgt

hjjhdtcvh f`rbcg`l t`x r`th, aut ct cs vhry pnnrly t`rbhthk. I`gaur, Ihhg, gk

[unf`l` (033;) smnw tm`t cj tmh naohdtcvh cs tn fcgcfczh pnvhrty, tmhg ghc-

tmhr hxtrhfh cs `pprnprc`th9 cg j`dt, tmh nptcf`l tr`gsjhr wctmkr`w`l r`ths

ng tmh pnnr‛cg ntmhr wnrks, tmh hjjhdtcvh f`rbcg`l t`x r`ths‛`rh ng tmhnrkhr nj :5—25 phrdhgt. [mcs smnulk bcvh ` qu`gtct`tcvh jhhl jnr mnw j`r

cgdhgtcvh hjjhdts d`g pull us jrnf tmh phrjhdt t`rbhtcgb ahgdmf`ri.

[mh tmcrk cssuh wctm phrjhdt t`rbhtcgb nj ` bcvhg aukbht jnr pnvhrty

rhkudtcng `rcshs wmhg dngsckhrcgb tmh snurdh nj tmh aukbht. [n tmh hxthgt

tm`t tmcs aukbht dnfhs jrnf tmh nphr`tcng nj pnlctcd`l hdngnfy jnrdhs

wctmcg tmh dnugtry cg quhstcng, tmh j`dt tm`t tmnsh ànvh tmh pnvhrty

lcgh bht gntmcgb `t `ll jrnf phrjhdt t`rbhtcgb (cgkhhk tmcs “zhrn lhì`bh‖

cs p`rt nj tmh khffgctcng nj phrjhdt t`rbhtcgb) f`y khthrfcgh mnw fudm

aukbht ahdnfhs `v`clàlh jnr tmcs prnbr`f. @s prnpnshk ay Ahslhy `gk

I`gaur (0334) `gk jnrf`lczhk ay Bhla`dm `gk Urctdmhtt (1555), ngh

nj tmh dnsts nj ffgh t`rbhtcgb f`y ah tm`t tmh tnt`l aukbht jnr pnvhrty

rhkudtcng f`y ahdnfh sf`llhr.: Dn`rshr t`rbhtcgb cgvnlvhs lhì`bhs tn

tmh gngpnnr, aut prhdcshly jnr tmcs rh`sng ct f`y mhlp tn auclk ` pnlctcd`l

dn`lctcng ahtwhhg tmh pnnr `gk tmh gh`r-pnnr tn cgdrh`sh tmh aukbht jnr

tmh prnbr`f. Mhgdh, cg Bhla`dm `gk Urctdmhtt–s thllcgb pmr`sh, “lhìchr

d`g ah ahtthr‖ jnr pnvhrty rhkudtcng. [mhsh `rbufhgts `rh, nj dnursh,

8 [mh t`rbhtcgb prnphrtchs nj pualcd wnris sdmhfhs m`vh ahhg `g`lyzhk hxthgscvhly ay Q`v`llcng

(0333, 155:).

: @g`gk `gk I`gaur (0330) `rbuh tm`t tmhsh jnrdhs whrh prhshgt cg tmh `jthrf`tm nj t`rbhtcgb njbhghr`lczhk rcdh suasckchs cg Trc L`gi` kurcgb tmh drcscs nj tmh l`th 0325s.



00; F`drn Drcshs `gk [ rbhtcgb [r`gsjhrs tn tmh Unnr

whll rhmh`rshk cg tmh kha`ths ng “ugcvhrs`lcsf‖ vhrsus “fh`gs thstcgb‖

jnr whlj`rh st`ths cg rcdm dnugtrchs. Aut tmhy m`vh p`rtcdul`r rhsng`gdh jnr

t`rbhtcgb tmh pnnr cg pnnr dnugtrchs.

[mh ànvh shts tmh jr`fh jnr mnw tmh l`rbh lcthr`turh ng t`rbhtcgb, ngly

tnudmhk ng mhrh, pprn`dmhs tmh tr`khnjjs cg hgsurcgb tm`t tr`gsjhrs cgthgkhk

jnr pnvhrty rhkudtcng rh`dm tmh pnnr. Mnw rh tmhsh tr`khnjjs lthrhk wmhg

tmh hdngnfy ugkhrbnhs ` f`sscvh ghb`tcvh smndi tm`t rhkudhs `vhr`bh

cgdnfhs `gk purdm`scgb pnwhr `gk pnsscaly `lthrs tmh cgdnfh kcstrcautcng

cg scbgcffd`gt w`ys> [mh ghxt shdtcng tìhs up tmh d`sh wmhrh tmh smndi cs

phrf`ghgt.

[r`khnjjs `jthr ` Uhrf`ghgt Tmndi

[mcs shdtcng dngsckhrs tmh d`sh wmhrh tmh f`drn drcscs phrf`ghgtly `lthrs

tmh kcstrcautcng nj cgdnfh. @s gnthk h`rlchr, tmh fh`g nj tmh kcstrcautcngfust j`ll, `gk kr`f`tcd`lly sn, jnr `gy drcscs wnrtm tm`t làhl. [mcs ay ctshlj

wcll cgdrh`sh pnvhrty cj tmh sm`ph nj tmh kcstrcautcng rhf`cgs ugdm`gbhk.

Aut wm`t m`pphgs tn tmh sm`ph nj tmh kcstrcautcng> [mcs d`g ah qucth dnf-

plhx `gk khphgks ng tmh kht`cl nj tmh g`turh nj tmh drcscs `gk tmh strudturh

nj tmh hdngnfy. @ ffg`gdc`l drcscs f`y whll jjhdt upphr cgdnfhs fnrh kr`s-

tcd`lly, tmhrhay rhkudcgb nvhr`ll cghqu`lcty. Mnwhvhr, cj, jnr hx`fplh, tmh

kcrhdt hjjhdt (tmrnubm hxpnrt dngtr`dtcng) cs ng hfplnyfhgt, cghqu`lcty

f`y whll cgdrh`sh. [mus ct cs ghdhss`ry tn dngsckhr antm d`shs‛wmhrh tmh

drcscs, `ltmnubm rhkudcgb tmh fh`g jnr surh, hctmhr khdrh`shs nr cgdrh`shs

nvhr`ll cghqu`lcty.Ahyngk tmh facbucty cg tmh dm`gbh cg nvhr`ll cghqu`lcty, tmh dnfpnsctcng

nj tmh kcstrcautcng d`g `lsn dm`gbh cg cgtrcd`th w`ys, wctm dhrt`cg nddup`-

tcngs, rhbcngs, `gk sndcnhdngnfcd brnupcgbs lnscgb fnrh tm`g ntmhrs‛

phrm`ps snfh hvhg wcggcgb s ntmhrs lnsh mh`vcly. Cj tmhsh rh tmh brnupcgbs

tm`t `rh ahcgb ushk tn t`rbht, tmhg tmh f`drn smndi, tmrnubm cts cfp`dt ng

tmh kht`clhk dnfpnsctcng nj tmh kcstrcautcng, dnulk jjhdt t`rbhtcgb tr`khnjjs

`s whll. Aut tmh dm`gbhs cg tmh kcstrcautcng wcll `jjhdt t`rbhtcgb tr`khnjjs cg

ntmhr w`ys `s whll. Fnrhnvhr, ct cs hxphdthk tm`t tmh drcscs wcll, cg tmh ffrst

cgst`gdh, rhkudh tmh rhsnurdhs `v`clàlh jnr pnvhrty rhkudtcng, `gk tmcs wcll

`lsn jjhdt tmh tr`khnjjs. Tphdcffd`lly, wcll tmh smndi smcjt tmh a`l`gdh cg j`vnr

nj ffghr t`rbhtcgb nr `w`y jrnf ct> [mcs cs ` dhgtr`l pnlcdy quhstcng, scgdh

`rbufhgts `rh mh`rk cg antm kcrhdtcngs, `gk cgtuctcng `gk cgstcgdt pull us

ffrst ngh w`y `gk tmhg tmh ntmhr.

Lht us dngsckhr cg turg tmh tmrhh cssuhs mcbmlcbmthk cg tmh prhvcnus

shdtcng‛cgjnrf`tcng, cgdhgtcvhs, `gk pnlctcd`l hdngnfy. Tt`rtcgb wctm

tmh cgjnrf`tcng`l dngstr`cgts tn phrjhdt t`rbhtcgb, ct d`g ah `rbuhk tm`t

ct cs gnw wnrtm sphgkcgb fnrh rhsnurdhs tn ckhgtcjy tmh pnnr `gk mnw

pnnr tmhy `rh, sn `s tn ahtthr khplny tmh rhkudhk rhsnurdhs tnw`rk tmh

bn`l nj pnvhrty rhkudtcng. [mhrh cs cgkhhk ` lcthr`turh ng tmh `kfcgcs-tr`tcvh dnsts nj t`rbhtcgb, wmcdm smnws tm`t ffgh t`rbhtcgb knhs gnt dnfh



I`gaur 008

dmh`p. [mh tr`khnjj cs gnw ahtwhhg uscgb snfh fnrh nj tmh kcfcg-

csmhk rhsnurdhs tn rhkudh “lhì`bh‖ tn tmh gngpnnr `gk lh`vcgb lhss jnr

tmh `dtu`l tr`gsjhr. [mh ffg`l `gswhr cs `facbunus, khphgkcgb ng tmh

prhdcsh g`turh nj mnw t`rbhtcgb cfprnvhs wctm brh`thr `kfcgcstr`tcvh

nutl`ys `gk mnw fudm tmh ghhks nj tmh pnnr jnr tr`gsjhrs cgdrh`sh wctm

tmh drcscs.

[urgcgb tn tmh ush nj cgkcd`tnr t`rbhtcgb `s ` rhspngsh tn cgjnrf`tcng`l

dngstr`cgts, dngsckhr tmh prnpnsctcng tm`t kcjjhrhgtc`l phr d`pct` tr`gsjhrs

tn kcjjhrhgt brnups smnulk jnllnw tmh kcjjhrhgtc`l cg pnvhrty ahtwhhg tmnsh

brnups. @ rhkudtcng cg tmh nvhr`ll aukbht jnr pnvhrty rhkudtcng wnulk gnt

dm`gbh tmcs dngdluscng. Cj `gytmcgb, ct wnulk strhgbtmhg ct, cg tmh shgsh tm`t

wmhg rhsnurdhs `rh tcbmt, khvc`tcng jrnf tmh rulh wnulk lh`k tn hvhg acbbhr

lnsshs cg tmh naohdtcvh nj fcgcfczcgb pnvhrty. Rm`t ànut dm`gbhs cg tmh

ugkhrlycgb cgdnfh kcstrcautcng> [mh `gswhr wnulk khphgk vhry fudm ng

mnw pnvhrty cgdckhgdh w`s dm`gbhk `drnss tmh pnlcdy-rhlhv`gt brnups. Cj

tmh cgdrh`sh cg pnvhrty w`s ugcjnrf, tmhg tmh `llnd`tcng, `t lh`st cts kcrhd-tcng, wnulk gnt ah `jjhdthk. Mnwhvhr, cj `t tmh ntmhr hxtrhfh tmh rhl`tcvh

pnvhrty r`gicgb nj tmh twn brnups rhvhrshk `s ` rhsult nj tmh drcscs (hvhg

`s pnvhrty whgt up cg antm brnups), tmh llnd`tcng rulh wnulk kcdt`th smcjt

cg prcnrctchs. Kht`cl f`tthrs, tmhrhjnrh, `gk tmus cgjnrf`tcng ng tmh cfp`dt

nj tmh drcscs ng pnvhrty ay s`lchgt sndcnhdngnfcd brnups cs drudc`l cg khthr-

fcgcgb `g nptcf`l rhspngsh.

Jnr shlj-t`rbhtcgb tmrnubm kcjjhrhgtc`l suascky nj dnffnkcty brnups, tmh

ihy r`tcn cs tnt`l dngsufptcng nj ` dnffnkcty ay tmh pnnr kcvckhk ay tnt`l

dngsufptcng nj tmh dnffnkcty cg tmh hdngnfy `s ` wmnlh. @ bhghr`lczhk

rhkudtcng cg cgdnfhs f`y dm`gbh tmcs r`tcn khphgkcgb ng tmh prhdcsh g`turhnj tmh Hgblh durvh jnr h`dm dnffnkcty, aut ct cs uglcihly tn rhvhrsh r`gicgbs

`drnss dnffnkctchs. Mnwhvhr, scgdh pnvhrty wcll m`vh cgdrh`shk, pnvhrty

fcgcfcz`tcng wcll rhqucrh tm`t fnrh nj tmh `v`clàlh rhsnurdhs bn tn sua-

sckczh dnffnkctchs wmhrh tmh ihy r`tcn cs mcbmhst. [mh s`fh wcll mnlk truh

cj tnt`l rhsnurdhs `v`clàlh jnr tr`gsjhr `rh rhkudhk. Cg tmcs shgsh, tmhrhjnrh,

tmh drcscs wcll rhqucrh ` tcbmthgcgb nj t`rbhtcgb tn tmh pnnr. Thlj-t`rbhtcgb

tmrnubm dmncdh nj w`bhs cg pualcd wnris sdmhfhs wcll rhqucrh lnwhr w`bhs

`s tmh tnt`l rhsnurdhs v`clàlh j`ll, hsphdc`lly cj tmh drcscs lsn lnwhrs rhturgs

tn ntmhr `dtcvctchs `gk mhgdh tmh nppnrtugcty dnst nj wnricgb `t tmh pualcd

wnris scth. Cg tmcs shgsh, `b`cg, tmh drcscs rhqucrhs ` tcbmthgcgb nj tmh t`rbht-

cgb rhbcfh.

Lht us turg gnw tn tmh tr`khnjjs `rnugk tmh cgdhgtcvh hjjhdts jrnf ffgh

t`rbhtcgb. @s gnthk cg tmh prhvcnus shdtcng, I`gaur, Ihhg, `gk [unf`l`

(033;) `rbuh tm`t tmh nptcf`l, pnvhrty-fcgcfczcgb, cgdnfh t`x sdmhkulh

cfplchs hjjhdtcvh f`rbcg`l t`x r`ths ng tmh pnnr ng tmh nrkhr nj :5—25

phrdhgt. [mcs cs kngh cg tmh Fcrrlhhs (0320) nptcf`l cgdnfh t`x`tcng

jr`fhwnri. Ct cs `lsn smnwg tm`t `s tmh fh`g nj tmh cgdnfh kcstrcautcng

j`lls, tmh nptcf`l f`rbcg`l t`x r`th ng tmh pnnr cgdrh`shs. [mh cgtuctcng

ahmcgk tmcs cs tm`t scgdh tmh pnnr `rh gnw pnnrhr, tmhrh cs ` brh`thr pulltn prnvckh suppnrt tn tmh pnnrhst nj tmh pnnr. [mh aukbht dngstr`cgt,



00: F`drn Drcshs `gk [ rbhtcgb [r`gsjhrs tn tmh Unnr

mnwhvhr, rhqucrhs tm`t tmcs ah “dl`whk a`di‖ j`sthr s cgdnfhs cgdrh`sh‛

mhgdh tmh mcbmhr f`rbcg`l t`x r`ths hvhg ng tmh pnnr tmhfshlvhs. @ scfc-

l`r cgtuctcng mnlks jnr tmh d`sh wmhrh, mnlkcgb fh`g dngst`gt, nvhr`ll

cghqu`lcty nj tmh ugkhrlycgb cgdnfh kcstrcautcng cgdrh`shs.2 [mh pnnr rh

gnw pnnrhr `gk rhqucrh brh`thr suppnrt, ghdhssct`tcgb mcbmhr f`rbcg`l

t`x r`ths tn fhht tmh aukbht dngstr`cgts. [mhsh mcbmhr f`rbcg`l t`x r`ths

wcll, nj dnursh, m`vh cgdhgtcvh hjjhdts ng tmh pnnr, aut tmcs cs tr`khk njj

`b`cgst tmh ghhk jnr ffghr t`rbhtcgb tn suppnrt tmh vhry pnnrhst, scgdh

tmh drcscs m`s f`kh tmhf hvhg pnnrhr. [mh `rbufhgt rugs cg rhvhrsh

cj cghqu`lcty j`lls kurcgb tmh drcscs. Mnwhvhr, jnr ` drcscs tm`t cgdrh`shs

cghqu`lcty s whll s lnwhrs tmh fh`g, tmh tmhnry nj t`rbhtcgb wctm cgdhg-

tcvh hjjhdts `lsn subbhsts ` tcbmthgcgb nj tmh t`rbhtcgb tnw`rk tmh pnnrhst

nj tmh pnnr.

Dngsckhr gnw tmh pnlctcd`l hdngnfy kcfhgscngs nj t`rbhtcgb. @s

gnthk h`rlchr, ffgh t`rbhtcgb, wmcdm ay khffgctcng hxdlukhs tmh gh`r pnnr

`gk tmh gngpnnr, fìhs tmh ahst ush nj `v`clàlh rhsnurdhs jnr pnvhrtyfcgcfcz`tcng, aut rhkudhs pnlctcd`l suppnrt jnr tmh tr`gsjhr prnbr`f `gk

mhgdh tmh tnt`l rhsnurdhs `v`clàlh jnr tmh prnbr`f. [mh cgjnrf`tcng`l

`rbufhgts tclt tmh a`l`gdh cg j`vnr nj ffgh t`rbhtcgb cg ` drcscs, `gk ct

d`g `lsn ah smnwg tm`t cgdhgtcvh hjjhdts nj ffgh t`rbhtcgb kn gnt nvhr-

turg tmcs dngdluscng. Aut ffgh t`rbhtcgb thgks tn rhkudh tmh tnt`l `v`clàlh

rhsnurdhs jnr tmh tr`gsjhr prnbr`f, hx`dtly `t tmh tcfh tm`t rhsnurdhs

m`vh ahhg rhkudhk `s ` rhsult nj tmh drcscs. Cgkhhk, ng tmcs rh`sngcgb,

tmhrh cs tmh k`gbhr nj ` knwgw`rk spcr`l `s jhwhr rhsnurdhs lh`k tn ffghr

t`rbhtcgb, lh`kcgb tn jhwhr rhsnurdhs, jurtmhr tcbmthgcgb nj t`rbhtcgb, `gk

sn ng. Rmhg nvhr`ll rhsnurdhs j`ll, `gk ghhks cgdrh`sh `s tmh rhsult nj `tcbmthgcgb, tmh pnlctcd`l hdngnfy `rbufhgts tmus j`vnr ` lnnshgcgb, gnt

` tcbmthgcgb, nj t`rbhtcgb cj tmh naohdtcvh cs tn f`xcfczh tr`gsjhrs tn tmh

pnnrhst cg ` tcfh nj mhcbmthghk dngstr`cgts. [mhsh `rbufhgts tmus `lcbg

wctm pnpul`r d`lls tm`t tmh whll njj smnulk sm`rh tmh aurkhg nj tmh drcscs

`gk tm`t “wh `rh `ll cg tmcs tnbhtmhr.‖

Rm`t, tmhg, knhs tmh tmhnry nj t`rbhtcgb m`vh tn s`y ànut t`rbhtcgb

tr`gsjhrs tn tmh pnnr `t ` tcfh nj f`drn drcscs> [mh `gswhr khphgks vhry

fudm ng wmhtmhr tmh t`rbhtcgb rhbcfh nr tmh rhsnurdhs `rh hxnbhgnus.

Cj tmh rhsnurdhs `rh cgkhphgkhgt nj tmh t`rbhtcgb rhbcfh, tmh d`sh jnr

ffghr t`rbhtcgb cs strngb (`ltmnubm gnt ughqucvnd`l), hvhg wmhg cgdhg-

tcvh hjjhdts `rh tìhg cgtn `ddnugt. Mnwhvhr, cj tmh t`rbhtcgb rhbcfh d`g

ah pcdihk ay tmh thdmgndr`ts, s`y, `gk tmh rhsnurdhs `rh tmhg khdckhk

ay tmh knfhstcd pnlctcd`l hdngnfy, ffghr t`rbhtcgb cs gnt ghdhss`rcly tmh

`gswhr‛cg j`dt, ` d`sh f`y ah f`kh jnr lnnshr t`rbhtcgb. Cg hctmhr d`sh,

tmh `rbufhgt jnr `kkctcng`l hxthrg`l rhsnurdhs cs strngb, gnt ngly tn

rhplhgcsm rhkudhk knfhstcd rhsnurdhs jnr pnvhrty rhkudtcng, aut `lsn tn

prhvhgt ` knwgw`rk spcr`l nj ffghr `gk ffghr t`rbhtcgb wctm jhwhr `gk

jhwhr rhsnurdhs.

2 @ jnrf`l `g`lyscs cs prnvckhk cg I`gaur `gk [unf`l` (0338).



I`gaur 002

[hfpnr`ry Tmndis

[mh prhvcnus kcsdusscng trh`ts tmh f`drn smndi `s phrf`ghgt, sn tm`t tmh

hxcstcgb tmhnry nj t`rbhtcgb “cg dnfp`r`tcvh st`tcd f`gghr‖ cs scfply pplchk

tn tmh ghw sctu`tcng wctm ` kcjjhrhgt kcstrcautcng nj cgdnfh `gk rhkudhk

rhsnurdhs jnr pnvhrty rhkudtcng. Aut wm`t cj tmh f`drn smndi cs, `s ngh

wnulk mnph, thfpnr`ry> [mcs lh`ks tn shvhr`l dngsckhr`tcngs tm`t `rh gnt

prhshgt cg tmh phrf`ghgt smndi sdhg`rcn.

[mh lcthr`turh ng pnvhrty m`s mcbmlcbmthk tmh rcsi `gk vulghràclcty

`ssndc`thk wctm pnvhrty, tmh dnsts nj tmcs jnr tmh pnnr, `gk tmh dhgtr`l rnlh

nj s`jhty ghts cg `kkrhsscgb tmhsh prnalhfs. [mh jndus nj tmcs l`rbh lcthr`-

turh cs ng ckcnsygdr`tcd smndis, `gk rcsi sm`rcgb (nr l`di tmhrhnj) `fngb

tmh pnnr.= F`drn drcshs, mnwhvhr, `rh gnt ckcnsygdr`tcd9 tmhy `rh systhfcd

smndis tm`t `jjhdt hvhryanky. [mhrh f`y ah snfh sdnph jnr rcsi sm`rcgb cj

tmh cfp`dt nj tmh drcscs cs tn ahghfft snfh pnnr, wmclh murtcgb ntmhrs, aut

tmcs cs gnt tmh sdhg`rcn upphrfnst cg pnlcdy fìhrs– fcgks wmhg tmhy tmcginj f`drn smndis. Cg tmh prhshgt dngthxt, tmh smndis dngsckhrhk mhrh `rh

systhfcd, gnt ckcnsygdr`tcd, nghs.

Cj tmh f`drn smndi whrh truly thfpnr`ry, cg tmh shgsh tm`t `g hqu`l

`gk nppnscth smndi (cg tmh `pprnprc`th shgsh) wcll hvhgtu`lly rhstnrh tmh

hdngnfy tn ` lngb-rug `vhr`bh p`tm, tmhg tmhrh cs, cg prcgdcplh, gn ghhk tn

dm`gbh tr`gsjhrs pnlcdy `t `ll. [mh s`fh `fnugt nj rhsnurdhs, `gk tmh s`fh

t`rbhtcgb rhbcfh, tm`t `pplchs tn tmh lngb-rug `vhr`bh st`th nj tmh hdngnfy

dnulk `pply cg bnnk tcfhs `gk cg a`k tcfhs, uscgb `pprnprc`th s`vcgb `gk

anrrnwcgb ay tmh bnvhrgfhgt jnr sfnntmcgb.

Aut tmhrh `rh (`t lh`st) twn `rbufhgts cg tmh lcthr`turh quhstcngcgbwmhtmhr ` thfpnr`ry smndi cs cg j`dt `ll tm`t thfpnr`ry. Jcrst, thfpnr`ry

smnrtj`lls cg dngsufptcng jnr tmh pnnr tr`gsl`th cgtn lngb-rug dngshquhgdhs

jnr hdngnfcd `gk muf`g khvhlnpfhgt, sn lngb-rug hdngnfcd `gk sndc`l

whll-ahcgb nj tmh pnnr tr`dis tmh ghb`tcvh smndi9 ct cs gnt dnugthr`dthk tn g

hqu`l gk nppnscth hxthgt ay g hqu`l gk nppnscth pnsctcvh smndi. Thdngk,

bnvhrgfhgt `dtcngs tn `kkrhss tmh thfpnr`ry smndi d`ggnt ah rhvhrshk

wmhg tmh smndi cs rhvhrshk, lh`vcgb g cg`pprnprc`th rhkcstrcautcvh strudturh

cg pl`dh jnr tmh lngb rug. [mh ffrst subbhsts fnvcgb `bbrhsscvhly tn `kkrhss

tmh thfpnr`ry smndi‛hsshgtc`lly s tmnubm ct whrh phrf`ghgt smndi. [mh

shdngk subbhsts dùtcng gk fnvcgb ngly ng rhvhrscalh pnlcdy dm`gbhs, hvhg

cj tmcs fh`gs snfh nj tmh thfpnr`ry smndi cs gnt `kkrhsshk `gk m`s lngb-

thrf dngshquhgdhs.

Rctm tmcs a`dibrnugk, lht us tmcgi tmrnubm tmh d`sh jnr ffghr t`rbhtcgb

wctm ` thfpnr`ry (aut shvhrh) ghb`tcvh f`drn smndi. [mh ànvh strudturh

nj rbufhgt llnws us tn sshss dnffng pchdh nj kvcdh tn pnlcdy fìhrs?

“Cg ` f`drn drcscs kn gnt hxp`gk prnbr`fs, lcih bhghr`lczhk suasckchs, tm`t

`rh gnt whll t`rbhthk tn tmh pnnr. [mhsh `rh gnt `g hjffdchgt w`y nj rh`dm-

cgb tmh pnnr, `gk wmhg tmh drcscs p`sshs ynu wcll ah studi wctm ` t`rbhtcgb

= Jnr ` rhprhshgt`tcvh shlhdtcng nj p`phrs cg tmcs lcthr`turh, shh Khrdng (155;).



00= F`drn Drcshs `gk [ rbhtcgb [r`gsjhrs tn tmh Unnr

rhbcfh tm`t wcll ah cghjffdchgt cg thrfs nj pnvhrty `llhvc`tcng.‖ Ct smnulk ah

dlh`r tm`t tmh v`lckcty nj tmcs `kvcdh khphgks ng tmh kht`clhk sphdcffd`tcng

nj `gk cgthr`dtcng ahtwhhg tmh purhly thdmgcd`l `sphdts nj t`rbhtcgb `gk cts

pnlctcd`l hdngnfy kcfhgscngs.

Rctm tmh smndi (thfpnr`ry aut wctm lngb-thrf dngshquhgdhs jnr tmh

pnnr), suppnsh ffghr t`rbhtcgb cs cgkhhk subbhsthk ay tmh gng—pnlctcd`l hdng-

nfy `g`lyscs, `s kcsdusshk cg tmh prhvcnus shdtcng? wctm rhkudhk rhsnurdhs

`gk brh`thr ghhks, brh`thr suppnrt jnr tmh pnnrhst cg kcjffdult tcfhs rhqucrhs

tmh suppnrt tn ah dl`whk a`di r`pckly. Cg tmcs vchw tmhrh cs dhrt`cgly gnt `

d`sh jnr lnnshgcgb tmh t`rbhtcgb. @gk, ct cs jurtmhr `rbuhk, lnnshgcgb nj tmh

t`rbhtcgb wcll ah kcjffdult tn rhvhrsh wmhg tmh hdngnfy rhturgs tn cts lngb-

thrf p`tm ahdùsh nj pnlctcd`l hdngnfy prhssurhs. Aut tmcs shdngk p`rt nj tmh

`rbufhgt rhvh`ls ` dngdhptu`l prnalhf cg tmh wmnlh shquhgdh, ahdùsh tmh

pnlctcd`l hdngnfy kcfhgscng m`s lnbcd nj cts nwg, cgtn wmcdm crrhvhrscaclcty

pl`ys cg gu`gdhk w`y.

Cj dm`gbhs cg tmh t`rbhtcgb rhbcfh `rh cgkhhk crrhvhrscalh (nr `t lh`st kcj-ffdult tn rhvhrsh), `gk tmh pnlctcd`l hdngnfy nj rhsnurdh fnaclcz`tcng jnr

pnvhrty `llhvc`tcng tr`gsjhrs pl`ys nut dngkctcng`l ng tmh t`rbhtcgb rhbcfh,

tmhg tmh “lhìchr cs ahtthr‖ `g`lyscs subbhsts tm`t pnvhrty rhkudtcng m`s

gntmcgb tn jh`r jrnf fnvh tnw`rk lnnshr t`rbhtcgb cg tmh wìh nj ` drcscs.

Lnnshr t`rbhtcgb smnulk mhlp tn cgdrh`sh rhsnurdhs jnr pnvhrty llhvc`tcng. Cj

`gytmcgb, fnvcgb tnw`rk ffghr t`rbhtcgb cs prnalhf`tcd. Jcghr t`rbhtcgb, cj

crrhvhrscalh, wcll lh`k tn lnwhr nvhr`ll rhsnurdhs jnr `gtcpnvhrty tr`gsjhrs cg

tmh juturh `gk phrm`ps hvhg cg tmh gh`r thrf. Lhss ffgh t`rbhtcgb wctm ffxhk

rhsnurdhs wcll ah lhss hjffdchgt jnr pnvhrty rhkudtcng, aut, cj crrhvhrscalh, ct

wcll lh`k tn fnrh rhsnurdhs ushk jnr tmh `gtcpnvhrty tr`gsjhrs cg tmh juturh`gk phrm`ps hvhg cffhkc`thly. [mus tmh pnlcdy `kvcdh tn fnvh tn ffghr t`r-

bhtcgb tn wh`tmhr thfpnr`ry aut shvhrh ghb`tcvh smndis cs gnt ghdhss`rcly

v`lck cj tmh pnlctcd`l hdngnfy kcfhgscngs nj crrhvhrscaclcty nj tmh t`rbhtcgb

rhbcfh `rh tìhg cgtn `ddnugt.

Mnwhvhr, ngh typh nj pnlcdy fnvh d`g ah ughqucvnd`lly suppnrthk cg tmh

j`dh nj thfpnr`ry smndis? tmcs cs tn cgvhst cg rhfnvcgb tmh crrhvhrscaclctchs

tm`t lhk tn tmh kclhff`s cg tmh ffrst pl`dh. [mus cfprnvcgb cgdnfh gk dng-

sufptcng-sfnntmcgb cgstrufhgts jnr tmh pnnr, sn tm`t ghb`tcvh smndis kn

gnt m`vh lngb-thrf hjjhdts ng tmhf, cs `g navcnus `gswhr. [mhrh cs ` l`rbh

lcthr`turh ng tmcs, `gk ct cs gnt kcsdusshk jurtmhr mhrh (shh Khrdng 155;).

Q`tmhr, tmh jndus cs ng cfprnvcgb fihxcaclcty tmrnubm tmh nphr`tcng nj v`rc-

nus cgdnfh tr`gsjhr prnbr`fs. [mhrh `rh antm thdmgndr`tcd `gk pnlctcd`l

hdngnfy kcfhgscngs tn tmcs.

[n cllustr`th tmh cssuhs cgvnlvhk, dngsckhr typh nj prnbr`f njthg ushk tn

mhlp tmh pnnr cg drcshs? pualcd wnris sdmhfhs. Tphdcffd`lly, dngsckhr Cgkc`–s

G`tcng`l Qur`l Hfplnyfhgt Bu`r`gthh @dt, wmcdm `cfs tn bu`r`gthh

055 k`ys nj hfplnyfhgt ` yh`r tn rur`l mnushmnlks (`t tmh lnd`l fcgcfuf

w`bh).3 Rmhg rur`l hfplnyfhgt j`lls, tmcs prnbr`f cs fh`gt tn icdi cg tn

3 @g cgtrnkudtcng tn tmcs cs prnvckhk cg A`su, Dmù, gk I gaur (1552).



I`gaur 003

smnrh up cgdnfhs. Ct cs fihxcalh cg khscbg cg tmh shgsh tm`t hfplnyfhgt cs

njjhrhk `t tmh w`bh tn `ll tmnsh wmn smnw up9 tmus tmh prnbr`f d`g ah

sd`lhk up nr sd`lhk knwg `s hfplnyfhgt dngkctcngs cfprnvh. Aut tmhrh

`rh twn ihy quhstcngs. Jcrst, wm`t cs ahcgb kngh wctm tmh lànr hfplnyhk>

Thdngk, wmhrh wcll tmh rhsnurdhs dnfh jrnf tn ffg`gdh `g hxp`gscng nj tmh

prnbr`f>

@sshssfhgts nj pualcd wnris sdmhfhs smnw tm`t tmh v`luh nj `sshts drh-

`thk cs ihy dnfpnghgt nj tmh ahghfft nj tmhsh sdmhfhs‛cgkhhk ct cs rbuhk

tm`t, cg f`gy d`shs, ct cs tmcs v`luh tm`t tcps tmh dnst-ahghfft cgtn suppnrtcgb

tmh prnbr`f `s pualcd hxphgkcturh.05 Ct cs `lsn rhdnbgczhk tm`t ` dhgtr`l

khscbg jh`turh khthrfcgcgb wmhtmhr v`luàlh `sshts `rh drh`thk cs tmh prhs-

hgdh nr ntmhrwcsh nj ` “smhlj nj prnohdts‖ rh`ky tn bn wmhg khf`gk jnr

hfplnyfhgt cgdrh`shs `s tmh rhsult nj ` drcscs. Rctmnut tmhsh, tmh wnrihrs

`rh cgkhhk “kcbbcgb mnlhs tn ffll tmhf up b`cg.‖ Rmclh stcll ushjul s jnrf

nj t`rbhtcgb nj tr`gsjhrs (rhd`ll tmh nppnrtugcty dnst `rbufhgts f`kh cg

tmh prhvcnus shdtcng), dlh`rly fudm fnrh dnulk ah dmchvhk. Aut tmcs rhqucrhspl`ggcgb ahjnrh tmh drcscs `gk hxphgkcgb rhsnurdhs tn prhp`rh `gk upk`th

prnohdts, wmcdm wcll ngly ah dtcv`thk s ghdhss`ry. [mcs cgvhstfhgt cg fihxc-

aclcty cs whll wnrtm fìcgb, aut ct cs ngh tm`t st`gk`rk sshssfhgt systhfs‛

jnr hx`fplh, tmnsh nj kngnrs‛kn gnt shhf tn `pprhdc`th `gk ffg`gdh. [n

hxphgk rhsnurdhs tn prhp`rh prnohdts tm`t f`y gnt ah cfplhfhgthk cffh-

kc`thly cs gnt snfhtmcgb tm`t kngnr systhfs `rh khscbghk tn cgdnrpnr`th.

[mcs cs `lsn ` prnalhf jnr dnffugcty-krcvhg p`rtcdcp`tnry prnohdt khscbg.

Ct cs gnt h`sy tn hxpl`cg tn lnd`l dnffugctchs wmy tmh prnohdts tm`t tmhy

m`vh sphgt sn fudm tcfh mhlpcgb tn khscbg, `gk jnr wmcdm tmhrh cs cffhkc-

`th ghhk, `rh tn ah mhlk njj ugtcl tmhrh cs `g hfplnyfhgt drcscs. Aut tmhsh`rh murklhs, `t tmh lnd`l, g`tcng`l, `gk cgthrg`tcng`l lhvhls, tm`t wcll m`vh

tn ah nvhrdnfh tn cgdrh`sh fihxcaclcty nj pualcd wnris sdmhfhs `gk tmus tn

cfprnvh tmhcr rnlh cg t`rbhtcgb tr`gsjhrs kurcgb drcshs.

[mh anvh suppnshs tm`t tmh rhsnurdhs v`clàlh (w`bh dnsts nj cgdrh`shk

hfplnyfhgt `gk dnfplhfhgt`ry gnglànr dnsts nj tmh prnohdts) wcll

cgdrh`sh `s tmh hfplnyfhgt ghhks cgdrh`sh cg tmh wìh nj ` drcscs. Cj tmh

rhsnurdhs kn gnt cgdrh`sh, hfplnyfhgt wcll ah r`tcnghk, wctm gn cfprnvh-

fhgt cg pnvhrty `gk phrm`ps hvhg ` wnrshgcgb cj r`tcnghk hfplnyfhgt cs

`llnd`thk tn j`vnr tmh ahtthr njj. Aut mnw d`g `g cgdrh`sh cg rhsnurdhs ah

`ssurhk> Cg tmh Cgkc`g d`sh, tmh khvcdh ushk cs tm`t nj oustcdcàlh bu`r`gthh.

Cg hjjhdt, tmh pnlcty fìhs tmh dhgtr`l bnvhrgfhgt `gk tmh st`th bnvhrg-

fhgts lcàlh cg l`w tn prnvckh tmh hfplnyfhgt. Cj tmhy kn gnt, tmhy d`g ah

tìhg tn dnurt. Ct cs mnphk tm`t tmh dnsts tn bnvhrgfhgt nj tmcs `dtcng ay

pualcd cgthrhst lctcb`tcng wcll ah sujffdchgtly mcbm tn hgsurh tm`t bnvhrgfhgt

fìhs sujffdchgt rhsnurdhs `v`clàlh. Cg ntmhr wnrks, tmh pnlctcd`l hdngnfy

cs buckhk tnw`rk prnvckcgb tmh rhsnurdhs ay r`cscgb tmh dnsts tn ihy `dtnrs

nj gnt kncgb sn.

05 Q`v`llcng (0333). Furb`c `gk Q`v`llcng (1558) `rbuh tm`t tmh pnvhrty cfp`dt nj tmh G`tcng`l

Qur`l Hfplnyfhgt Bu`r`gthh @dt khphgks drudc`lly ng tmh v`luh nj `sshts drh`thk.




@t lh`st twn quhstcngs d`g ah r`cshk rhb`rkcgb tmcs fhtmnk nj `dmchv-

cgb fihxcaclcty `gk hgsurcgb tm`t rhsnurdhs kn finw tn tmh pnnr cg ` drcscs.

Jcrst, ct cs kcjffdult tn fngctnr tmh bu`r`gthh. Brnugk-lhvhl njffdc`ls m`vh

fyrc`k w`ys nj kcsdnur`bcgb hfplnyfhgt pplcd`gts (jnr hx`fplh, ay mnlk-

cgb tmh pualcd wnris prnohdts j`r jrnf vcll`bhs.). Rmclh snfh nj tmhsh d`g

ah `ddnugthk jnr cg l`w (jnr hx`fplh, rhqucrcgb tm`t tmh pualcd wnris ah

gn j`rtmhr tm`g ` dhrt`cg kcst`gdh jrnf tmh vcll`bh nj tmh `pplcd`gt), tmhrh

cs rhscku`l kcsdrhtcng tm`t scfply d`ggnt ah `kkrhsshk.00 Thdngk, ct rhlchs ng

tmh j`dt tm`t ahcgb tìhg tn dnurt cs dnstly jnr njffdc`ls gk tm`t tmhy gk tmh

pualcd wcll ackh ay dnurt oukbfhgts. Cgdrh`shk gk dngtcguhk ush nj dnurts

cg tmcs w`y f`y whll rhkudh tmh hjjhdtcvhghss nj tmcs khvcdh nvhr tcfh.

@ scfcl`r hxhrdcsh d`g ah dngkudthk jnr h`dm tr`gsjhr prnbr`f, `sicgb

mnw cts thdmgcd`l khscbg d`g ah f`kh fnrh fihxcalh sn tm`t, wctm ` bcvhg

khbrhh nj t`rbhtcgb, ct d`g ah hxp`gkhk nr dngtr`dthk h`scly, tmh fihxcaclcty

ahcgb antm ` thdmgcd`l cssuh `gk ngh nj pnlctcd`l hdngnfy. Rctm tmcs a`di-

brnugk jnr cgkcvcku`l prnbr`fs, tmh nvhr`ll sht nj prnbr`fs `s ` wmnlh d`gah shhg s tmh cgstrufhgt jnr mhlpcgb tmh pnnr kurcgb drcscs, wctm rh`llnd`-

tcng nj rhsnurdhs drnss prnbr`fs s whll `s dm`gbhs cg cgkcvcku`l prnbr`fs

`s tmh ghhks nj tmh drcscs ahdnfh `pp`rhgt.01

Jcg`lly, `s m`s ahhg gnthk `t shvhr`l pncgts cg tmcs `gk tmh prhvcnus shd-

tcngs, hxthrg`l rhsnurdhs d`g mhlp tn h`sh tmh f`gy p`cgjul tr`khnjjs tm`t

pnlcdy fìhrs j`dh kurcgb drcshs. Nvhr tmh lngb thrf, tmhy d`g mhlp cg puttcgb

cg pl`dh fnrh fihxcalh tr`gsjhr prnbr`fs tm`t d`g fnvh qucdily tn `koust `s

drcshs hrupt. Cg tmh smnrt thrf, tmhy d`g rhkudh tmh ghhk jnr lnnshr t`rbhtcgb,

nr tmh ush nj dnurt-a`dihk bu`r`gthhs, tn bhghr`th brh`thr rhsnurdhs knfhs-

tcd`lly. [mh lnnshr t`rbhtcgb f`kh pnsscalh ay brh`thr hxthrg`l rhsnurdhs d`gmhlp tn rhkudh tmh cgjnrf`tcng`l `gk cgdhgtcvh dnsts nj ffgh t`rbhtcgb.04

Dngdluscngs

@ dhgtr`l quhstcng jnr pnlcdy fìhrs dngdhrghk tn mhlp tmh pnnr tmrnubm `

f`drn drcscs cs mnw tn t`rbht sd`rdhr rhsnurdhs `t ` tcfh nj brh`thr ghhk.

[hdmgcd`l `rbufhgts subbhst tm`t ffghr t`rbhtcgb, tmrnubm tcbmthgcgb cgkc-

vcku`l prnbr`fs nr rh`llnd`tcgb rhsnurdhs tnw`rk fnrh tcbmtly t`rbhthk

prnbr`fs, ushs rhsnurdhs fnrh hjffdchgtly jnr pnvhrty rhkudtcng. [mhsh

`rbufhgts survcvh hvhg wmhg tmh brh`thr cgjnrf`tcng`l dnsts gk tmh cgdhg-

tcvh hjjhdts nj ffghr t`rbhtcgb `rh tìhg cgtn `ddnugt. Aut pnlctcd`l hdngnfy

`rbufhgts subbhst tm`t ffghr t`rbhtcgb wcll hgk up wctm jhwhr rhsnurdhs

`llnd`thk tn tm`t prnbr`f gk tm`t lnnshr t`rbhtcgb, ahdùsh ct igcts tnbhtmhr

tmh cgthrhsts nj tmh pnnr `gk tmh gh`r-pnnr, f`y bhghr`th brh`thr rhsnurdhs

00 A`su, Dmù, `gk I`gaur (1553) prhshgt ` tmhnry nj hfplnyfhgt bu`r`gthhs wmhrh drhkcaclcty nj

tmh bu`r`gthh cs dhgthr st`bh.

01 [mh `rbufhgt jnr trh`tcgb tmh dnllhdtcvcty nj tr`gsjhr prnbr`fs `s ` systhf cs f`kh cg I`gaur(1553).

04 Cfplcd`tcngs jnr kngnrs lcih tmh Rnrlk A`gi rh khvhlnphk jurtmhr cg I`gaur (1553).



I`gaur 010

`gk mhgdh ah fnrh hjjhdtcvh jnr pnvhrty rhkudtcng khspcth ahcgb “lhìchr.‖

Nvhr`ll, tmh pnlcdy `kvcdh tn `vnck fnrh lnnshly t`rbhthk prnbr`fs kurcgb

drcshs ghhks tn ah bcvhg wctm dngsckhràlh dùtcng. Mnwhvhr, tmh `kvcdh tn

khscbg tr`gsjhr systhfs wctm brh`thr fihxcaclcty, cg tmh thdmgcd`l `gk tmh

pnlctcd`l hdngnfy shgshs, cs strhgbtmhghk ay tmh `rbufhgts prhshgthk mhrh.

[mh d`sh jnr hxthrg`l sscst`gdh‛tn khscbg fihxcalh tr`gsjhr systhfs hx gth

`gk tn rhlchvh tmh p`cgjul tr`khnjjs cg t`rbhtcgb kurcgb ` drcscs‛cs `lsn

smnwg tn ah strngb.

Qhjhrhgdhs

@ihrlnj, Bhnrbh. 032=. “[mh Hdngnfcds nj ”[`bbcgb– `s @pplchk tn tmh Nptcf`l

Cgdnfh [`x, Rhlj`rh Urnbr`fs, `gk F`gpnwhr Ul`ggcgb.‖ @fhrcd`g

Hdngnfcd Qhvchw := (0)? =—03.

@g`gk, Tukmcr, `gk Q`vc I`gaur. 0330. “Uualcd Unlcdy `gk A`scd Ghhks Urnvcscngcg Trc L`gi`.‖ Cg [mh Unlctcd`l Hdngnfy nj Mugbhr. Znl. 4? Hgkhfcd Mugbhr,

hk. Oh`g Krízh `gk @f`rty` Thg, 83—31. Nxjnrk? Dl`rhgkng Urhss.

A`su, @rgà, G`gdy Dmù, `gk Q`vc I`gaur. 1552. “[mh G`tcng`l Qur`l

Hfplnyfhgt Bu`r`gthh @dt nj Cgkc`, 1558.‖ Cg [mh Nxjnrk Dnfp`gcng tn

Hdngnfcds cg Cgkc`, hk. Iùsmci A`su. Ghw Snri? Nxjnrk Xgcvhrscty Urhss.

‛‛‛. 1553. “@ [mhnry nj Hfplnyfhgt Bu`r`gthhs? Dngthstàclcty, Drhkcaclcty,

`gk Kcstrcautcng`l Dngdhrgs.‖ Onurg`l nj Uualcd Hdngnfcds 34 (4-;, @prcl)?

;=1—32.

Ahslhy, [cfntmy, `gk Q`vc I`gaur. 03==. “Jnnk Tuasckchs `gk Unvhrty @llhvc`-

tcng.‖ Hdngnfcd Onurg`l 3= (431, Thpthfahr)? 250—03.

‛‛‛. 0334. “[mh Urcgdcplhs nj [`rbhtcgb.‖ Cg Cgdlukcgb tmh Unnr, hk. Fcdm`hl

Lcptng `gk O`dquhs v`g khr B``b, :2—35. R`smcgbtng, KD? Rnrlk A`gi.

Anurbucbgng, Jr`gâncs, `gk B`ry Jchlks. 0335. “Unvhrty Fh`surhs `gk

@gtc-Unvhrty Unlcdy.‖ Qhdmhrdmhs Hdngnfcquh kh Lnuv`cg 8: (4-;)?

;53—1=.

Khrdng, Tthj`g, hk. 155;. Cgsur`gdh b`cgst Unvhrty. Ghw Snri? Nxjnrk

Xgcvhrscty Urhss.

Kc`fngk, Uhthr, `gk O`fhs Fcrrlhhs. 0320. “Nptcf`l [`x`tcng `gk Uualcd

Urnkudtcng CC? [`x Qulhs.‖ @fhrcd`g Hdngnfcd Qhvchw :0 (4, pt. 0, Ough)?1:0—2=.

Jcszahcg, @rchl, `gk Gnrahrt Tdm`ky. 1553. Dngkctcng`l D`sm [r`gsjhrs jnr

@tt`dicgb Urhshgt gk Juturh Unvhrty. Unlcdy Qhsh`rdm Qhpnrt. R`smcgbtng,

KD? Rnrlk A`gi, Khvhlnpfhgt Qhsh`rdm Brnup.

Jnsthr, O`fhs, Onhl Brhhr, `gk Hrci [mnrahdih. 03=;. “@ Dl`ss nj Khdnfpnsàlh

Unvhrty Fh`surhs.‖ Hdngnfhtrcd` 81 (4, F`y)? 2:0—::.

Bhla`dm, Ong`m, `gk L`gt Urctdmhtt. 1555. “Cgkcd`tnr [`rbhtcgb cg ` Unlctcd`l

Hdngnfy? Lhìchr D`g Ah Ahtthr.‖ Onurg`l nj Unlcdy Qhjnrf ; (1)? 004—;8.

Brnsm, F`rb`rht, D`rln khl Gcggn, Hfcl [hslcud, `gk @zhkcgh Nuhrbmc. 155=. Jnr

Urnthdtcng `gk Urnfntcng? [mh Khscbg `gk Cfplhfhgt`tcng nj Hjjhdtcvh T`jhty

Ghts. R`smcgbtng, KD? Rnrlk A`gi.




I`gaur, Q`vc. 03=2. “Fh`surhfhgt `gk @llhvc`tcng nj Unvhrty? Rctm `g @pplcd`-

tcng tn tmh Cfp`dt nj F`drnhdngnfcd @koustfhgt.‖ CFJ Tt`jj U`phrs 4;

(F`rdm)? :5—=8.

‛‛‛. 1553. “Tysthfcd Drcshs `gk tmh Tndc`l Urnthdtcng Tysthf? [mrhh Urnpns`ls

jnr Rnrlk A`gi @dtcng.‖ Rnricgb U`phr 148. Dnrghll Jnnk `gk Gutrctcng

Urnbr`f, Dnrghll Xgcvhrscty, Ctm`d`, GS. www.i`gaur.`hf.dnrghll.hku/p`phrs/

TysthfcdDrcshs@gk[mhTndc`lUrnthdtcngTysthf.pkj.

I`gaur, Q`vc, Fcdm`hl Ihhg, `gk F`ttc [unf`l`. 033;. “L`anr Tupply `gk

[`rbhtcgb cg Unvhrty @llhvc`tcng Urnbr`fs.‖ Rnrlk A`gi Hdngnfcd Qhvchw

= (1)? 030—100.

I`gaur, Q`vc, `gk F`ttc [unf`l`. 0338. “Cgmhrhgt Cghqu`lcty `gk tmh

Nptcf`l Br`ku`tcng nj F`rbcg`l [`x Q`ths.‖ Td`gkcg`vc`g Onurg`l nj

Hdngnfcds 3: (1)? 128—=1.

Fcrrlhhs, O`fhs @. 0320. “@g Hxplnr`tcng cg tmh [mhnry nj Nptcfuf Cgdnfh

[`x`tcng.‖ Qhvchw nj Hdngnfcd Ttukchs 4= (00;)? 028—15=.

Furb`c, Qcgiu, `gk F`rtcg Q`v`llcng. 1558. “Hfplnyfhgt Bu`r`gthh cg Qur`lCgkc`? Rm`t Rnulk Ct Dnst `gk Mnw Fudm Rnulk Ct Qhkudh Unvhrty>‖

Hdngnfcd gk Unlctcd`l Rhhily, Ouly 45, pp. 4;85—88.

Q`v`llcng, F`rtcg. 0333. “@ppr`cscgb Rnrij`rh.‖ Rnrlk A`gi Qhsh`rdm

Nashrvhr 0; (0)? 40—;=.

‛‛‛. 155:. “[r`gsjhrs `gk T`jhty Ghts cg Unnr Dnugtrchs? Qhvcsctcgb tmh

[r`khnjjs `gk Unlcdy Nptcngs.‖ Cg Xgkhrst`gkcgb Unvhrty, hk. @amcoct A`ghrohh,

Qnl`gk Ahg`anu, `gk Kclcp Fnnihrohh. Nxjnrk? Nxjnrk Xgcvhrscty Urhss.

‛‛‛. 155=. “A`clcgb nut tmh Rnrlk–s Unnrhst.‖ Unlcdy Qhsh`rdm Rnricgb U`phr

;2:4. Rnrlk A`gi, R`smcgbtng, KD.

Rnrlk A`gi. 1558. Rnrlk Khvhlnpfhgt Qhpnrt 155:? Hqucty `gk Khvhlnpfhgt .Ghw Snri? Nxjnrk Xgcvhrscty Urhss.



U@Q[ 1Mnw tn Jnsthr Qh`l Brnwtm



Qnkrci 018

DM@U[HQ 2Brnwtm `jthr tmh Drcscs

K`gc Qnkrci

[mh ùtmnr tm`gis Qnahrtn _`bm` jnr phrsu`kcgb mcf tn wrcth tmcs dm`pthr `gk F`rcn Alhohr, Qnahrt

L`wrhgdh, `gk @rvcgk Tuar`f`gc`g jnr dnffhgts.

[mh l`st 85 yh`rs whrh rhf`riàlh phrcnk cg wnrlk hdngnfcd mcstnry. Gnt

ngly kck wh hxphrchgdh ugprhdhkhgthk r`ths nj thdmgnlnbcd`l `kv`gdh `gk

hdngnfcd brnwtm, aut `g cgdrh`scgb gufahr nj mctmhrtn pnnr dnugtrchs‛

tmnsh cg tmh phrcpmhry nj tmh Gnrtm @tl`gtcd hdngnfcd dnrh‛whrh àlh tn

p`rtcdcp`th cg tmcs prnbrhss. [mh durrhgt drcscs prhs`bhs ` ghw hr`, ngh tm`t

f`y ah scbgcffd`gtly lhss mnspctàlh tn tmh brnwtm nj pnnr dnugtrchs. Ct cs tnn

h`rly tn ignw mnw lngb ct wcll tìh jnr ffg`gdc`l stàclcty tn ah rhstnrhk cg

tmh `kv`gdhk dnugtrchs `gk rhdnvhry tn sht cg. Aut hvhg wctm tmh wnrst njtmh drcscs nvhr, ct cs lcihly tm`t wh wcll hgthr ` phrcnk cg wmcdm wnrlk tr`kh

wcll brnw t slnwhr p`dh, tmhrh wcll ah lhss hxthrg`l ffg`gdh, gk tmh pph-

tcth nj tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths `gk ntmhr rcdm g`tcngs tn rug l`rbh durrhgt `ddnugt

a`l`gdhs wcll ah scbgcffd`gtly kcfcgcsmhk.

[mcs dm`pthr jndushs ng tmh cfplcd`tcngs nj tmcs sdhg`rcn jnr tmh brnwtm

prnsphdts nj khvhlnpcgb g`tcngs. Cg p`rtcdul`r, ct `sis wmhtmhr wh d`g rhd-

ngdclh twn `pp`rhgtly dngficdtcgb khf`gks ng tmh wnrlk hdngnfcd systhf.

Ng tmh ngh m`gk, blna`l f`drnhdngnfcd stàclcty rhqucrhs tm`t wh `vnck



01: Brnwtm `jthr tmh Drcscs

l`rbh durrhgt `ddnugt cfa`l`gdhs nj tmh typh tm`t tmh wnrlk hdngnfy hxph-

rchgdhk cg tmh rug-up tn tmh drcscs. Hpctnfczhk ay tmh X.T.-Dmcg` acl`thr`l

tr`kh rhl`tcngsmcp, tmhsh cfa`l`gdhs pl`yhk `t tmh vhry lh`st `g cfpnrt`gt

suppnrtcgb rnlh cg arcgbcgb ng tmh ffg`gdc`l drcscs. Cg tmh ghxt st`bh nj tmh

wnrlk hdngnfy, tmhrh wcll ah fudm brh`thr prhssurh ng dnugtrchs wctm l`rbh

khffdcts nr surplushs tn rhkudh tmhsh cfa`l`gdhs tmrnubm koustfhgts cg tmhcr

durrhgdy `gk f`drnhdngnfcd pnlcdchs.

Ng tmh ntmhr m`gk, ` rhturg tn mcbm brnwtm cg tmh khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs

rhqucrhs tm`t tmhsh dnugtrchs rhsufh tmhcr pusm cgtn tr`kàlh bnnks gk shr-

vcdhs. @s C `rbuh ahlnw, dnugtrchs tm`t brhw r`pckly cg tmh pnstw`r phrcnk

whrh tmnsh tm`t whrh àlh tn d`pturh ` brnwcgb sm`rh nj tmh wnrlk f`r-

iht jnr f`guj`dturhs `gk ntmhr gngprcf`ry prnkudts. Urcnr tn tmh drcscs nj

155=, tmcs pusm w`s `ddnffnk`thk ay tmh wcllcgbghss nj tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths

`gk jhw ntmhr khvhlnphk g`tcngs tn rug l`rbh tr`kh khffdcts. [mcs cs gn lng-

bhr ` jh`scalh str`thby jnr l`rbh nr fckklh-cgdnfh khvhlnpcgb g`tcngs.

@rh tmh rhqucrhfhgts nj blna`l f`drn stàclcty `gk hdngnfcd dngvhr-bhgdh `t nkks wctm h`dm ntmhr> Rcll tmh khvhlnpcgb g`tcngs– ghhk tn bhg-

hr`th l`rbh cgdrh`shs cg tmh supply nj tr`kàlhs cghvctàly dl`sm wctm tmh

wnrlk–s cgtnlhr`gdh nj tr`kh cfa`l`gdhs>

Gnt ghdhss`rcly. [mhrh cs, cg j`dt, gn cgmhrhgt dngficdt, ngdh wh ugkhr-

st`gk tm`t wm`t f`tthrs jnr brnwtm cg khvhlnpcgb g`tcngs cs gnt tmh sczh nj

tmhcr tr`kh surplus nr hvhg tmh vnlufh nj tmhcr hxpnrts. @s C smnw cg tmcs

dm`pthr, wm`t f`tthrs jnr brnwtm cs tmhcr nutput nj gngtr`kctcng`l tr`k-

àlhs, wmcdm d`g hxp`gk wctmnut lcfct s lngb s knfhstcd khf`gk hxp`gks

`t tmh s`fh tcfh. F`cgt`cgcgb `g ugkhrv`luhk durrhgdy m`s tmh upsckh tm`t

ct suasckczhs tmh prnkudtcng nj tr`kàlhs, aut ct `lsn m`s tmh knwgsckh tm`tct t`xhs tmh knfhstcd dngsufptcng nj tr`kàlhs, wmcdm cs wmy ct bhghr`ths

` tr`kh surplus. Ct cs pnsscalh tn m`vh tmh upsckh wctmnut tmh knwgsckh, ay

kcrhdtly hgdnur`bcgb tmh prnkudtcng nj tr`kàlhs. @ l`rbh p`rt nj tmcs dm`pthr

cs khvnthk tn fìcgb tmcs r`tmhr scfplh, cfpnrt`gt, `gk nvhrlnnihk pncgt.

[mhrh `rh f`gy w`ys cg wmcdm tmh prnfftàclcty nj tr`kàlhs d`g ah

hgm`gdhk, cgdlukcgb rhkudcgb tmh dnst nj gngtr`khk cgputs `gk shrvcdhs

tmrnubm `pprnprc`thly t`rbhthk cgvhstfhgts cg cgjr`strudturh. Aut ct cs rh`-

sngàlh tn hxphdt tm`t cgkustrc`l pnlcdchs wcll ah p`rt nj tmh `rshg`l. Tn tmh

hxthrg`l pnlcdy hgvcrngfhgt wcll m`vh tn ah fnrh tnlhr`gt nj sudm pnlc-

dchs, cgdlukcgb hxplcdct suasckchs ng tr`kàlhs (`s lngb `s tmh hjjhdts ng tmh

tr`kh a`l`gdh `rh ghutr`lczhk tmrnubm `pprnprc`th `koustfhgts cg tmh rh`l

hxdm`gbh r`th). Uhrfcsscvhghss ng cgkustrc`l pnlcdchs cs tmh “prcdh‖ tn ah

p`ck jnr brh`thr kcsdcplcgh ng rh`l hxdm`gbh r`ths `gk hxthrg`l cfa`l`gdhs.

[mh anttnf lcgh cs tm`t tmh brnwtm pnthgtc`l nj khvhlnpcgb g`tcngs

ghhk gnt ah shvhrhly jjhdthk s lngb s tmh cfplcd`tcngs nj tmcs ghw wnrlk

jnr knfhstcd `gk cgthrg`tcng`l pnlcdchs `rh whll ugkhrstnnk.

[n tr`dh tmh lcihly hjjhdt nj tmh drcscs ng brnwtm, wh ghhk tn m`vh ` bnnk

ffx ng tmh krcvhrs nj brnwtm. Tn C ahbcg tmh dm`pthr ay prnvckcgb g cgthrprh-

t`tcng nj brnwtm phrjnrf`gdh cg tmh wnrlk hdngnfy scgdh tmh hgk nj tmh Thd-ngk Rnrlk R`r. C rbuh tm`t tmh hgbcgh nj brnwtm m`s ahhg r`pck strudtur`l



Qnkrci 012

dm`gbh cg tmh khvhlnpcgb g`tcngs‛jrnf tr`kctcng`l, prcf`ry prnkudts tn

gngtr`kctcng`l, fnstly cgkustrc`l prnkudts. [mcs strudtur`l tr`gsjnrf`tcng

w`s j`dclct`thk ay wm`t C d`ll prnkudtcvcst pnlcdchs cg suddhssjul dnugtrchs.

C tmhg `si mnw tmh dngtnurs nj tmh wnrlk hdngnfy pnst-drcscs `rh lcihly

tn `jjhdt tmcs prndhss. Tlnw brnwtm cg tmh khvhlnphk wnrlk `gk rhkudhk

`pphtcth jnr cgthrg`tcng`l lhgkcgb kn gnt kcrhdtly tmrh`thg brnwtm prnsphdts

cg khvhlnpcgb g`tcngs. [mh tmrh`t cs tm`t lnwhr khf`gk jnr (nr `ddhpt`gdh

nj) cfpnrts jrnf khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs wcll fìh ct m`rkhr jnr tmhsh dnug-

trchs tn hgb`bh cg r`pck strudtur`l dm`gbh. [mcs tmrh`t d`g ah `vhrthk ay

khvhlnpcgb g`tcngs hfplnycgb fnrh a`l`gdhk brnwtm str`thbchs tm`t `llnw

tmh dngsufptcng nj tr`kàlhs tn hxp`gk `lngbsckh prnkudtcng. C prhshgt

tmh scfplh `g`lytcds nj suasckchs ng tr`kàlhs tn smnw mnw ct cs pnsscalh tn

hgbcghhr strudtur`l dm`gbh cg tmh kcrhdtcng nj tr`kàlhs wctmnut bhghr`tcgb

tr`kh surplushs `lngb tmh w`y. C `lsn prnvckh snfh cllustr`tcngs nj tmh icgk

nj pnlcdchs tm`t d`g ah ushk.

[mh Fcr`dlh Sh`rs

[mh phrcnk scgdh 0385 m`s ahhg ugcquh cg thrfs nj hdngnfcd brnwtm. @s

ffburh 2.0 rhvh`ls, wm`t cs truly rhf`riàlh ànut tmcs hr` cs gnt tm`t tmh

nvhr`ll r`th nj hdngnfcd brnwtm m`s ahhg mcbm ay mcstnrcd`l st`gk`rks. [ìhg

`s ` wmnlh, tmh pnst-0385 phrcnk kck gnt brh`tly nutphrjnrf tmh bnlk st`g-

k`rk hr` nj 0=25—0304. Rm`t st`gks nut `jthr 0385 `rh tmh stuphgknusly

mcbm r`ths nj brnwtm `dmchvhk ay tmh ahst-phrjnrfcgb dnugtrchs. O`p`g, tmh

Qhpualcd nj Inrh`, gk Dmcg` whrh tmh brnwtm dm`fpcngs kurcgb tmh tmrhhsuaphrcnks 0385—24, 0324—35, `gk 0335—1558, rhsphdtcvhly, wctm `ggu`l

phr d`pct` brnwtm r`ths ahtwhhg : `gk = phrdhgt. [mhsh r`ths rh mcstnrcd`lly

ugprhdhkhgthk gk brh`tly hxdhhk tmnsh hxphrchgdhk ay tmh brnwtm dm`fpc-

ngs nj h`rlchr hr`s. Jnr hx`fplh, tmh fnst r`pckly brnwcgb dnugtry ugkhr tmh

dl`sscd`l bnlk st`gk`rk, Gnrw`y, rhbcsthrhk phr d`pct` ggu`l brnwtm r`th

a`rhly anvh 1 phrdhgt.

Tn snfhtmcgb m`pphghk cg tmh wnrlk hdngnfy `jthr ànut 0385 tm`t

`llnwhk ct tn suppnrt fudm fnrh r`pck hdngnfcd dngvhrbhgdh cg tmh lnwhr-

cgdnfh dnugtrchs. Rm`t w`s tmcs dm`gbh> Dnffnkcty prcdh—lhk annfs gk

d`pct`l-cgfinw dydlhs d`g hxpl`cg smnrt-thrf dm`gbhs cg hdngnfcd phrjnr-

f`gdh, `gk tmhsh dlh`rly m`k snfhtmcgb tn kn wctm tmh mcbm brnwtm tm`t

nddurrhk tmrnubmnut tmh khvhlnpcgb wnrlk cg tmh khd`kh prcnr tn tmh dr`sm

nj 155=. Aut tmh lngbhr-thrf g`turh nj tmh hxp`gscng nj tmh brnwtm jrng-

tchr subbhsts tm`t snfhtmcgb fnrh jugk`fhgt`l, `gk fudm fnrh shdul`r cg

g`turh, dm`gbhk `s whll.

Dngvhgtcng`l `ddnugts, mh`vcly cgfiuhgdhk ay tmh Dmcghsh fcr`dlh nj tmh

l`st qu`rthr dhgtury, hfpm`sczh tmh hgàlcgb rnlh nj blna`lcz`tcng. [mcs tnn

prnvckhs ` pnnr hxpl`g`tcng. [mh cgthrg`tcng`l cgthbr`tcng nj f`rihts cg

bnnks gk sshts b`tmhrhk sphhk slnwly gk rh`dmhk cts `pnbhh ngly jthr tmh0335s, wmhrh`s hdngnfcd dngvhrbhgdh ng tmh p`rt nj suddhssjul dnugtrchs



01= Brnwtm `jthr tmh Drcscs

w`s s r`pck cg tmh dnuplh nj khd`khs jthr 0385 s ct m`s ahhg fnrh rhdhgtly.

Dmcg` w`s prhdhkhk ay Inrh`, wmcdm w`s, cg turg, prhdhkhk ay O`p`g. Cj

`gytmcgb, ` brh`thr gufahr nj khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs cg @sc`, L`tcg @fhrcd`,

`gk @jrcd` hxphrchgdhk r`pck dngvhrbhgdh cg tmh cgctc`l khd`khs `jthr tmh

Thdngk Rnrlk R`r tm`g cg fnrh rhdhgt khd`khs (Qnkrci 1552a? dm. 0).

Rm`t cs dnffng ànut O`p`g, Inrh`, `gk Dmcg` cs tm`t tmhy a`shk

tmhcr brnwtm str`thbchs ng khvhlnpcgb cgkustrc`l d`pàclctchs, r`tmhr tm`g ng

sphdc`lczcgb `ddnrkcgb tn tmhcr (st`tcd) dnfp`r`tcvh `kv`gt`bhs. [mhy h`dmahd`fh f`guj`dturcgb suphrpnwhrs cg smnrt nrkhr‛`gk fudm fnrh r`p-

ckly tm`g ngh wnulk m`vh hxphdthk a`shk ng tmhcr rhsnurdh hgknwfhgts.

Dmcg`–s hxpnrt augklh w`s auclt up uscgb str`thbcd cgkustrc`l pnlcdchs tm`t

jnrdhk jnrhcbg dnfp`gchs tn tr`gsjhr thdmgnlnby `gk, `s ` rhsult, rhshfalhs

ngh jnr ` dnugtry tm`t cs tmrhh nr jnur tcfhs `s rcdm (Qnkrci 155:). Inrh`

st`rthk nut wctm vhry lcttlh f`guj`dturcgb d`pàclcty `gk qucdily fnvhk

jrnf scfplh f`guj`dturhs (cg tmh 03:5s) tn fnrh dnfplhx prnkudts (cg tmh

0325s). O`p`g, uglcih tmh ntmhr twn dnugtrchs, m`k khvhlnphk `g cgkustrc`l

a`sh (prcnr tn tmh Thdngk Rnrlk R`r), aut tmcs a`sh w`s tnt`lly khstrnyhk

cg tmh w`r `gk w`s rhstnrhk tm`gis tn tr`kh `gk cgkustrc`l pnlcdchs tm`tprnthdthk knfhstcd prnkudhrs.

b r n w

t m r ` t h n j B K U p h r d ` p c t ` ( ` g g u `

l ` v h r ` b h % )

5

0

1

4

;

8

:

2

=

3

0555—0855RhsthrgHurnph

0855—0=15XgcthkTt`ths

0=15—25ntmhr

whsthrgnjjsmnnts

0=25—0304Fhxcdn

0304—85Gnrw`y

0385—24O`p`g

0324—35Inrh`,Qhp. nj

0335—1558Dmcg`

BKU phr d`pct` brnwtm r`th nj j`sthst-brnwcgb dnugtry nr rhbcng wnrlk (`ggu`l `vhr`bh %)

wnrlk BKU phr d`pct` brnwtm r`th (`ggu`l `vhr`bh %)

Jcburh 2.0. Brnwtm nj BKU phr D`pct` cg Thlhdt Qhbcngs `gk [cfh Uhrcnks

Tnurdh? F`kkcsng 15509 Rnrlk A`gi, v`rcnus yh`rs.



Qnkrci 013

[mh bhghr`l lhssng tn ah kr`wg jrnf tmh hxphrchgdh nj tmhsh pnstw`r

brnwtm dm`fpcngs cs tmcs? mcbm-brnwtm dnugtrchs `rh tmnsh tm`t ugkhrtìh

r`pck strudtur`l tr`gsjnrf`tcng jrnf lnw-prnkudtcvcty (“tr`kctcng`l‖) tn

mcbm-prnkudtcvcty (“fnkhrg‖) dtcvctchs. [mhsh fnkhrg dtcvctchs rh l`rbhly

tr`kàlh prnkudts, `gk, wctmcg tr`kàlhs, tmhy `rh fnstly cgkustrc`l nghs

(`ltmnubm tr`kàlh shrvcdhs `rh dlh`rly ahdnfcgb cfpnrt`gt `s whll).0 Cg

ntmhr wnrks, pnnr dnugtrchs ahdnfh rcdm ay prnkudcgb wm`t rcdm dnug-

trchs prnkudh.

[mcs hxphrchgdh cs qucth kcjjhrhgt jrnf tmh gcghthhgtm-dhgtury p`tthrg

nj brnwtm, wmhrh suddhss cg tmh phrcpmhry w`s a`shk ng sphdc`lcz`tcng

cg dnffnkctchs `gk prcf`ry prnkudts. Ct hxpl`cgs wmy mcbm phrjnrfhrs

cg tmh pnstw`r phrcnk m`vh ahhg àlh tn brnw sn fudm j`sthr tm`g tmh

brnwtm dm`fpcngs nj h`rlchr hr`s (jnr hx`fplh, Fhxcdn cg 0=25—0304 nr

Gnrw`y cg 0304—859 ffburh 2.0).

[mh dlnsh `ssndc`tcng ahtwhhg fnvhfhgt cgtn cgkustry `gk mcbm brnwtm

cs hvckhgt cg tmh pnstw`r k`t`. [mcs cs smnwg cg ffburhs 2.1 gk 2.4 jnr twnfh`surhs nj cgkustrc`l dtcvcty, tmh sm`rh nj cgkustrc`l v`luh kkhk cg brnss

knfhstcd prnkudt (BKU) `gk tmh sm`rh nj cgkustrc`l hfplnyfhgt cg tnt`l

hfplnyfhgt, rhsphdtcvhly. C m`vh rhbrhsshk ffvh-yh`r `vhr`bhs jnr hdngnfcd

brnwtm ng dnrrhspngkcgb `vhr`bhs jnr cgkustrc`l `dtcvcty, dngtrnllcgb jnr

cgctc`l cgdnfh lhvhls `s whll `s ffxhk hjjhdts jnr dnugtrchs `gk tcfh phrc-

nks. [mh hdngnfcd`lly rhlhv`gt kcstcgdtcng mhrh cs ahtwhhg fnkhrg `gk

tr`kctcng`l, gnt ahtwhhg cgkustry `gk tmh rhst nj tmh hdngnfy. [mhrh `rh

fnkhrg, tr`kàlh `dtcvctchs cg `brcdulturh (jnr hx`fplh, mnrtcdulturh) `gk

shrvcdhs (jnr hx`fplh, d`ll dhgthrs) `s whll. Aut cg tmh àshgdh nj k`t` jnr

` l`rbh hgnubm s`fplh nj dnugtrchs, C ush “cgkustry‖ `s fy prnxy jnr gng-tr`kctcng`l dtcvctchs.

[mh sd`tthr plnts smnw wm`t m`pphgs tn brnwtm wmhg tmh sm`rhs nj

cgkustrc`l nutput nr hfplnyfhgt dm`gbh nvhr tcfh wctmcg dnugtry. (Gnth

tm`t dnugtry ffxhk hjjhdts asnra tcfh-cgv`rc`gt j`dtnrs sphdcffd tn cgkcvck-

u`l hdngnfchs.) Cg h`dm d`sh, tmh fhss`bh cs lnuk `gk dlh`r. @g hxp`gscng

nj cgkustrc`l `dtcvcty cs dlnshly `ssndc`thk wctm j`sthr hdngnfcd brnwtm.

Fnrhnvhr, uglcih wm`t ` scfplh dnfp`r`tcvh `kv`gt`bh stnry wnulk sub-

bhst, tmcs rhl`tcngsmcp cs gnt `gy whìhr cg lnwhr-cgdnfh dnugtrchs. [mh

slnph dnhjffdchgt dm`gbhs vhry lcttlh nvhr kcjjhrhgt cgdnfh r`gbhs.

Rmy cs tr`gsctcng cgtn fnkhrg cgkustrc`l `dtcvctchs `g hgbcgh nj hdn-

gnfcd brnwtm> @s C kcsduss cg Qnkrci (155=) gk cg lcgh wctm lngb tr`kc-

tcng nj ku`l-hdngnfy fnkhls, tmh gswhr shhfs tn ah tm`t scbgcffd`gt b`ps

hxcst ahtwhhg tmh sndc`l f`rbcg`l prnkudtcvctchs cg tr`kctcng`l gk fnkhrg

p`rts nj khvhlnpcgb hdngnfchs. Hvhg vhry pnnr hdngnfchs m`vh hdngnfcd

`dtcvctchs‛mnrtcdulturh cg Htmcnpc`, ùtn `sshfaly cg Cgkc`, dngsufhr

hlhdtrngcds cg Dmcg`‛wmhrh prnkudtcvcty lhvhls `rh gnt tnn j`r njj jrnf

0 Thh Jhlcph `gk ntmhrs (1552) jnr ` rhdhgt g`lyscs nj tmh p`tthrgs nj strudtur`l dm`gbh cg @sc`,wmcdm hfpm`sczhs tm`t f`gy shrvcdhs m`vh ahdnfh cfpnrt`gt dngtrcautnrs tn hdngnfywckh tnt`l

j`dtnr prnkudtcvcty brnwtm `lngbsckh cgkustry.



045 Brnwtm `jthr tmh Drcscs

—5.0

5.5

5.0

5.1

5.4

d n f p n g h g t p l u s r h s c k u

` l

5 5.1 5.; 5.: 5.= 0

cgkustrc`l sm`rh cg BKU (fh`g %)

Jcburh 2.1. Qhl`tcngsmcp ahtwhhg Cgkustrc`l Tm`rh cg BKU gk HdngnfcdBrnwtm

Tnurdh? @utmnr–s d`ldul`tcngs uscgb k`t` jrnf Rnrlk A`gi, v`rcnus yh`rs9 Dhgthr jnr Cgthrg`tcng`l

Dnfp`rcsngs, v`rcnus yh`rs.

—5.58

5.55

5.58

5.05

d n f p n g h g t p l u s r h s c k u ` l

5 5.0 5.1 5.4 5.; 5.8

sm`rh nj cgkustrc`l hfplnyfhgt cg BKU (fh`g)

Jcburh 2.4. Qhl`tcngsmcp ahtwhhg Tm`rh nj Cgkustrc`l Hfplnyfhgt cg [nt`lHfplnyfhgt gk Hdngnfcd Brnwtm

Tnurdh? @utmnr–s d`ldul`tcngs uscgb k`t` jrnf Rnrlk A`gi, v`rcnus yh`rs9 Dhgthr jnr Cgthrg`tcng`l

Dnfp`rcsngs, v`rcnus yh`rs.

Gnth? H`dm pncgt cg tmh ffburh dnrrhspngks tn ` ffvh-yh`r suaphrcnk kurcgb 03:5—155; jnr ` sphdcffd

dnugtry. [mh brnwtm r`ths dngtrnl jnr cgctc`l cgdnfh lhvhls `gk dnugtry `gk phrcnk ffxhk hjjhdts.



Qnkrci 040

wm`t wh nashrvh cg tmh `kv`gdhk hdngnfchs.1 @s rhsnurdhs fnvh jrnf

tr`kctcng`l `dtcvctchs tnw`rk fnkhrg `dtcvctchs, hdngnfywckh prnkudtcvcty

cgdrh`shs. [mhsh b`ps d`g ah kuh tn ` wckh r`gbh nj jh`turhs tm`t `rh sph-

dcffd tn ugkhrkhvhlnpfhgt. C kcsduss twn arn`k d`thbnrchs cg Qnkrci (155=).

Ngh m`s tn kn wctm cgstctutcng`l whìghsshs, sudm `s pnnr prnthdtcng nj

prnphrty rcbmts `gk whì dngtr`dt hgjnrdhfhgt, wmcdm fìh tmhfshlvhs

jhlt fnrh cgthgscvhly cg tr`kàlh `dtcvctchs. [mh shdngk `rh v`rcnus f`riht

j`clurhs `gk hxthrg`lctchs‛jnr hx`fplh, lh`rgcgb spcllnvhrs `gk dnnrkcg`-

tcng j`clurhs‛`ssndc`thk wctm fnkhrg `dtcvctchs. Cg antm d`shs, cgkustrc`l

`dtcvcty gk cgvhstfhgt rh ugkhrprnvckhk cg f`riht hquclcarcuf. @gytmcgb

tm`t sphhks up strudtur`l tr`gsjnrf`tcng cg tmh rhqucscth kcrhdtcng wcll sphhk

up tmh r`th nj hdngnfcd brnwtm.

Rm`t cs tmh shdrht jnr `dmchvcgb tmcs strudtur`l tr`gsjnrf`tcng> Hvhg

tmnubm dtu`l pnlcdchs m`vh kcjjhrhk scbgcffd`gtly drnss suddhssjul dnug-

trchs, ngh d`g stcll ckhgtcjy snfh cfpnrt`gt dnffng hlhfhgts. Jcrst, ct

cs dlh`r tm`t snugk “jugk`fhgt`ls‖ m`vh pl`yhk ` rnlh, `s lngb `s whcgthrprht tmh thrf qucth arn`kly `gk kn gnt `ssndc`th ct wctm `gy sph-

dcffd lùgkry lcst nj pnlcdchs (sudm `s tmh R`smcgbtng Dngshgsus nr tmh

bnvhrg`gdh rhjnrfs tm`t `rh durrhgtly cg j`smcng). [mus `ll suddhssjul

dnugtrchs m`vh m`k bnvhrgfhgts tm`t m`vh prcnrctczhk hdngnfcd brnwtm,

jnllnwhk f`riht-jrchgkly pnlcdchs, `gk f`cgt`cghk f`drnhdngnfcd st`-

aclcty. [mhsh `pph`r tn ah tmh scgh qu` gng nj hdngnfcd brnwtm. Aut tmh

w`ys cg wmcdm tmhsh prcgdcplhs d`g ah put cgtn pr`dtcdh `rh sn gufhrnus

`gk dngthxt sphdcffd tm`t hgugdc`tcgb tmhf m`rkly prnvckhs ` buckh tn

`dtcng (Qnkrci 1552a).

Thdngk, ll suddhssjul dnugtrchs m`vh jnllnwhk wm`t ngh fcbmt d`ll prn-kudtcvcst pnlcdchs. [mhsh `rh `dtcvcst pnlcdchs `cfhk `t hgm`gdcgb tmh prnj-

ctàclcty nj fnkhrg cgkustrc`l `dtcvctchs `gk `ddhlhr`tcgb tmh fnvhfhgt

nj rhsnurdhs tnw`rk fnkhrg cgkustrc`l `dtcvctchs. [mhy bn dngsckhràly

ahyngk tmh dngvhgtcng`l rhdnffhgk`tcng tn rhkudh rhk t`ph, dnrruptcng,

`gk tmh dnst nj kncgb auscghss. Cg `kkctcng (nr snfhtcfhs cgsth`k), tmhy

hgt`cl tmh jnllnwcgb?

• Hxplcdct cgkustrc`l pnlcdchs cg suppnrt nj ghw hdngnfcd `dtcvctchs (tr`kh

prnthdtcng, suasckchs, t`x `gk drhkct cgdhgtcvhs, sphdc`l bnvhrgfhgt

`tthgtcng)• Xgkhrv`luhk durrhgdchs tn prnfnth tr`kàlhs

• @ dhrt`cg khbrhh nj rhprhsscng nj ffg`gdh, tn hgàlh suasckczhk drhkct,

khvhlnpfhgt a`gicgb, `gk durrhgdy ugkhrv`lu`tcng.

1 Rm`t cs lsn strcicgb cs tm`t scbgcffd`gt mhthrnbhghcty hxcsts cg prnkudtcvcty wctmcg fnkhrg `dtcvc-

tchs `s whll. [mcs cs kndufhgthk cg kht`clhk FdIcgshy prnkudtcvcty stukchs (FdIcgshy Blna`l

Cgstctuth 1550, 1554) `s whll `s rhdhgt `d`khfcd wnri (A`rthlsf`g, M`ltcw`gbhr, `gk Td`rphtt`

155:9 Mschm `gk Ilhgnw 1552). Ngh w`y tn cgthrprht tmhsh ffgkcgbs cs tn rhdnbgczh tm`t shbfhgts

nj wm`t wh gnrf`lly tmcgi nj `s fnkhrg `rh rh`lly fnrh ìcg tn tr`kctcng`l `dtcvctchs. [mh strud-

tur`l tr`gsjnrf`tcng tm`t cs d`llhk jnr cs `lsn wctmcg tmhsh shdtnrs.




Ct cs truh tm`t cgkustrc`l pnlcdchs m`vh njthg j`clhk. Aut ct cs lsn truh tm`t ct

cs vcrtu`lly cfpnsscalh tn ckhgtcjy dnugtrchs, wmhtmhr cg @sc` (Inrh`9 [`cw`g,

Dmcg`) nr cg L`tcg @fhrcd` (Dmclh), tm`t m`vh kngh whll wctmnut tmhf. Oust

`s ct cs tmh d`sh wctm ffsd`l pnlcdy, s`y, nr hkud`tcng pnlcdy, wm`t kcstcgbucsmhs

bnnk phrjnrfhrs jrnf a`k phrjnrfhrs cs gnt tmh prhshgdh nr àshgdh nj tmh

pnlcdy, aut tmh sicll wctm wmcdm ct cs cfplhfhgthk.

[mh rh`sng tm`t ugkhrv`lu`tcng nj tmh durrhgdy wnris s pnwhrjul jnrdh

jnr hdngnfcd brnwtm cs tm`t ct `dts `s ` icgk nj cgkustrc`l pnlcdy. Ay r`cs-

cgb tmh knfhstcd rhl`tcvh prcdh nj tr`kàlh hdngnfcd `dtcvctchs, ct cgdrh`shs

tmh prnfftàclcty nj sudm `dtcvctchs `gk spurs d`p`dcty `gk hfplnyfhgt bhg-

hr`tcng cg tmh fnkhrg cgkustrc`l shdtnrs tm`t `rh ihy tn brnwtm. [àlh 2.0,

`k`pthk jrnf Qnkrci (155=), smnws tmh fhdm`gcsf `t wnri. Dnlufgs 0

`gk 1 `rh ffxhk-hjjhdts p`ghl rhbrhsscngs, wmcdm hstàlcsm tm`t mcbm lhvhls nj

tmh rh`l hxdm`gbh r`ths (ugkhrv`luhk durrhgdchs) `rh `ssndc`thk wctm l`rbhr

cgkustrc`l shdtnrs, fh`surhk ay hctmhr nutput nr hfplnyfhgt. Dnlufgs 4

`gk ; `rh tmh shdngk st`bh nj twn-st`bh lh`st squ`rhs ([TLT) rhbrhsscngs,wmcdm smnw tm`t ugkhrv`luhk durrhgdchs rhsult cg mcbmhr brnwtm tmrnubm

tmhcr hjjhdts ng tmh sczh nj cgkustry. @s kcsdusshk cg kht`cl cg Qnkrci (155=),

tmcs ssndc`tcng ahtwhhg ugkhrv`luhk durrhgdchs gk mcbm brnwtm cs rnaust

jh`turh nj tmh pnstw`r k`t`, p`rtcdul`rly jnr lnwhr-cgdnfh dnugtrchs.

Xgkhrv`lu`tcng m`s tmh pr`dtcd`l `kv`gt`bh, dnfp`rhk tn hxplcdct cgkus-

trc`l pnlcdchs, nj ahcgb g drnss-tmh-an`rk pnlcdy gnt rhqucrcgb shlhdtcvcty gk

tmhrhjnrh hgt`clcgb jhwhr bhgdy prnalhfs (rhgt shhicgb gk dnrruptcng). Uhr-

m`ps tmcs `ddnugts jnr cts wckhsprh`k suddhss cg prnfntcgb khvhlnpfhgt, `s

oust kndufhgthk. Aut ct `lsn m`s shvhr`l kcs`kv`gt`bhs. Jcrst, ct rhqucrhs tm`t

tmh f`drnhdngnfcd pnlcdy jr`fhwnri ah sujffdchgtly fihxcalh `gk `k`ptàlhtn tmh ghhks nj ugkhrv`lu`tcng? ` rh`l hxdm`gbh r`th khprhdc`tcng cs pnsscalh

ngly cj tmh hdngnfy d`g bhghr`th `g cgdrh`sh cg s`vcgb rhl`tcvh tn cgvhst-

fhgt, wmcdm m`s navcnus cfplcd`tcngs jnr ffsd`l `gk ntmhr pnlcdchs (Qnkrci

155=). Thdngk, ugkhrv`lu`tcng knhs `g cfphrjhdt ona nj t`rbhtcgb fnkhrg

hdngnfcd `dtcvctchs? tr`kctcng`l prcf`ry prnkudts rhdhcvh ` annst cg prnffts

`lngbsckh ghw cgkustrc`l `dtcvctchs. @gk tmcrk, ugkhrv`lu`tcng cs gnt oust `

suascky ng tmh prnkudtcng nj tr`kàlhs9 ct lsn dts s ` knfhstcd t`x ng tmhcr

dngsufptcng (ct r`cshs tmh rhl`tcvh prcdh nj cfpnrthk bnnks). [m`t cs wmy ct

prnkudhs g hxdhss supply nj tr`kàlhs‛` tr`kh surplus. [mh l`st pncgt cs nj

sphdc`l rhlhv`gdh tn tmh suaohdt nj tmcs dm`pthr, gk C rhturg tn ct ahlnw.

Jcg`lly, `g cfpnrt`gt hxthrg`l hlhfhgt hgàlhk tmh pnstw`r brnwtm

fcr`dlhs tn tìh pl`dh. [mh `kv`gdhk g`tcngs nj tmh wnrlk, `gk tmh Xgcthk

Tt`ths cg p`rtcdul`r, hsshgtc`lly m`k `g `ttctukh nj ahgcbg ghblhdt tnw`rk

tmh pnlcdchs cg tmh khvhlnpcgb wnrlk tm`t f`kh tmh cgkustrc`l tr`gsjnrf`-

tcng pnsscalh. [mh Bhghr`l @brhhfhgt ng [`rcjjs gk [r`kh (B@[[) systhf

pl`dhk vhry jhw rhstrcdtcngs ng khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs. [mh kcsdcplcghs whrh

jhw `gk j`r ahtwhhg ng tr`kh pnlcdchs `gk gnghxcsthgt ng suasckchs `gk

ntmhr cgkustrc`l pnlcdchs. [mh Cgthrg`tcng`l Fnght`ry Jugk (CFJ) dnulk ah

tnubm wmhg ct d`fh tn dngkctcng`lcty ng fnght`ry `gk ffsd`l pnlcdchs, autngly cg cgst`gdhs wmhrh dnugtrchs j`dhk hxthrg`l khffdcts (`gk m`k nvhrv`luhk



Qnkrci 044

durrhgdchs). [mhrh w`s gn prhsufptcng cg j`vnr nj ffg`gdc`l lcahr`lcz`tcng nr

d`pct`l-`ddnugt nphgcgb, scgdh f`gy nj tmh kv`gdhk hdngnfchs tmhfshlvhs

rht`cghk ffg`gdc`l dngtrnls whll cgtn tmh 0325s. Dngsufhrs cg tmh Xgcthk

Tt`ths whrh m`ppy tn àsnra tmh hxdhss supply nj tr`kàlhs ng tmh wnrlk

f`riht, hvhg `t tmh dnst nj rcscgb anrrnwcgb jrnf àrn`k.[mh blna`l hgvcrngfhgt ahd`fh lhss phrfcsscvh nvhr tcfh. Xglcih cts prh-

khdhssnr, tmh Rnrlk [r`kh Nrb`gcz`tcng (R[N) pl`dhk shvhrh rhstrcdtcngs

ng tmh dngkudt nj cgkustrc`l pnlcdchs cg fckklh-cgdnfh khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs.

Jcg`gdc`l lcahr`lcz`tcng `gk d`pct`l fnaclcty ahd`fh tmh gnrf, wctm khvhl-

npcgb dnugtrchs hxphdthk tn dngvhrbh tnw`rk “ahst pr`dtcdh‖ cg tmhsh `rh`s

(`ltmnubm ct ahd`fh rhdnbgczhk, cg tmh `jthrf`tm nj tmh @sc`g ffg`gdc`l drc-

scs, tm`t tnn r`pck lcahr`lcz`tcng f`y ah ugkhscràlh). Jcg`lly, tmh X.T. tr`kh

khffdct wctm Dmcg` `gk tmh ugkhrv`lu`tcng nj tmh rhgfcgac ahd`fh shrc-

nus cssuhs, wctm tmh CFJ dm`rbhk tn d`rry nut survhcll`gdh nvhr “durrhgdy

f`gcpul`tcng‖ (`ltmnubm cg pr`dtcdh tmh hjjnrt lhk gnwmhrh).Khspcth tmhsh dm`gbhs, ugtcl tmh prhshgt drcscs tmh blna`l dngthxt rhf`cghk

l`rbhly ahgcbg wctm rhsphdt tn khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs– ghhk tn kcvhrscjy cgtn

cgkustrc`l prnkudts cg nrkhr tn `ddhlhr`th tmhcr brnwtm. Ct cs fudm lhss dlh`r

tm`t wh wcll ah àlh tn s`y tmh s`fh ànut tmh hgvcrngfhgt bncgb jnrw`rk.

Rm`t Rcll Ah Kcjjhrhgt `jthr tmh Drcscs>

Ct cs s`jh aht tm`t ffg`gdc`l stàclcty cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths gk ntmhr kv`gdhk

dnugtrchs wcll hvhgtu`lly ah rhstnrhk cg ngh w`y nr `gntmhr. Bcvhg tmh

[àlh 2.0. Cfp`dt nj Xgkhrv`lu`tcng ng Cgkustrc`l @dtcvcty? U`ghl nj Jcvh-Sh`r

Tuaphrcnks, 03:5—155;

Cgkhphgkhgt v`rcàlh

Cgkustry sm`rh cg BKU Brnwtm ([TLT)

(0) (1) (4) (;)

lg durrhgt cgdnfh 5.523**

(3.33)

5.518

(0.80)

lg cgctc`l cgdnfh ∑5.04;**(∑=.44)

∑5.520**(∑;.43)

lg ugkhrv`lu`tcng 5.51;**

(4.:1)

5.5;1**

(;.=2)

Tm`rh nj cgkustry cg BKU 0.20:**

(2.83)

Tm`rh nj cgkustry cg

hfplnyfhgt

0.52:**

(:.08)

[cfh kuffchs Shs Shs Shs Shs

Dnugtry kuffchs Shs Shs Shs Shs

Gufahr nj nashrv`tcngs 3=8 ;:3 34= ;83

Tnurdh? @utmnr–s d`ldul`tcngs.

Gnth? Cgkustry `gk `brcdulturh sm`rhs cg BKU `rh cg dngst`gt lnd`l-durrhgdy ugcts. Cg dnlufgs 4 `gk ;,

cgkustry sm`rhs `rh rhbrhsshk ng ugkhrv`lu`tcng, cgdnfh, `gk l`bbhk cgdnfh cg tmh ffrst st`bh.

** Tcbgcffd`gt `t tmh 0 phrdhgt lhvhl.



04; Brnwtm `jthr tmh Drcscs

f`bgctukh nj tmh drcscs, mnwhvhr, cts rhsckuh cs lcihly tn lcgbhr jnr qucth `

wmclh. Cg p`rtcdul`r, khvhlnphk dnugtrchs f`y gnt rhdnvhr qucdily, `gk

tmhcr brnwtm f`y rhf`cg lnw nr gnghxcsthgt jnr snfh yh`rs tn dnfh.

O`p`g–s st`bg`tcng jnllnwcgb cts drcscs cg tmh h`rly 0335s‛`jthr phrcnk nj

vhry mcbm brnwtm‛prnvckhs ngh wnrrcsnfh `gthdhkhgt. Ct cs kcjffdult tn

ignw wmhtmhr tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths `gk Hurnph wcll rhplcd`th tmcs hxphrchgdh,

aut ct cs dhrt`cgly cfpnsscalh tn rulh nut tmh pnsscaclcty.

Rmclh slnwhr brnwtm cg tmh `kv`gdhk dnugtrchs wnulk ah a`k ghws,

cts cfplcd`tcngs jnr tmh khvhlnpcgb wnrlk wnulk ah l`rbhly cgkcrhdt. Rmhg

rcdm g`tcngs brnw fnrh slnwly (nr gnt `t `ll), tmh stndi nj ignwlhkbh `gk

thdmgnlnby tm`t cs `v`clàlh tn ffrfs cg pnnr dnugtrchs cs gnt rhkudhk. [mh

pnthgtc`l jnr prnkudtcvcty hgm`gdhfhgt gk d`tdm-up rhf`cgs jully cg pl`dh.

Jrnf `g hdngnfcd st`gkpncgt, tmh r`th nj brnwtm nj khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs

khphgks gnt ng tmh sphhk `t wmcdm rcdm dnugtrchs brnw, aut ng tmh kcjjhr-

hgdh ahtwhhg tmhcr gk rcdm g`tcngs– cgdnfh lhvhls‛tm`t cs, tmh dngvhrbhgdh

b`p. [mh jnrfhr knhs `jjhdt tmh l`tthr, aut ngly slnwly `gk nvhr tcfh.[mh cgkcrhdt hjjhdts nphr`th tmrnubm tmh dm`gghls nj cgthrg`tcng`l tr`kh

`gk ffg`gdh. [mrhh lcihly khvhlnpfhgts rh nj pnthgtc`l dngdhrg? (`) rhkudhk

`pphtcth jnr drnss-anrkhr lhgkcgb, (a) slnwhr brnwtm cg wnrlk tr`kh, `gk

(d) lhss tnlhr`gdh jnr l`rbh hxthrg`l tr`kh cfa`l`gdhs. C kcsduss h`dm cg turg.

Qhkudtcng cg Drnss-Anrkhr Lhgkcgb

Rhìghsshs cg tmh ffg`gdc`l f`rihts nj khvhlnpcgb g`tcngs m`k lcttlh tn kn

wctm tmh hfhrbhgdh nj tmh ffg`gdc`l drcscs nj 155=. Ghvhrtmhlhss, scgdh ct wcll

tìh snfh tcfh jnr tmh trhgk tnw`rk khlhvhr`bcgb `gk ficbmt tn s`jhty tn

rhvhrsh ctshlj, ct cs rh`sngàlh tn hxphdt tm`t tmhrh wcll ah snfh prhkcdtàlh,ghb`tcvh hjjhdts ng d`pct`l finws tn khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs.

Rmhtmhr ngh tmcgis tm`t tmcs cs ` acb kh`l nr gnt khphgks ng ngh–s vchws

ànut tmh brnwtm prndhss cg khvhlnpcgb g`tcngs. Cj wh ahlchvh tm`t tmh acgk-

cgb dngstr`cgt tn brnwtm lchs ng tmh s`vcgb sckh, tmhg wh wnulk dngdlukh

tm`t rhkudtcng cg ght cgfinws dnfhs wctm scbgcffd`gt brnwtm phg`lty. [mcs

wnulk ah tmh dngvhgtcng`l cgjhrhgdh kr`wg jrnf tmh ghndl`sscd`l brnwtm

fnkhl `gk tmh prhsufptcng tm`t prcv`th rhturgs tn cgvhstfhgt `rh mcbmhr cg

pnnr g`tcngs tm`g cg rcdm g`tcngs. Aut tmh hxphrchgdh nj tmh l`st jhw khd`khs

bcvhs us `fplh rh`sng tn tìh tmcs vchw wctm ` mh`vy br`cg nj s`lt. [mh prh-

sufptcng tm`t tmh s`vcgb dngstr`cgt acgks cg fnst pnnr g`tcngs cs dngtr`-

kcdthk ay ngh cfpnrt`gt stylczhk j`dt? mcbm brnwtm `gk ght d`pct`l cgfinws

`rh ghb`tcvhly (r`tmhr tm`g pnsctcvhly) dnrrhl`thk `drnss khvhlnpcgb dnug-

trchs. [mcs w`s khfngstr`thk cg `g cfpnrt`gt p`phr ay Ur`s`k, Qò`g, `gk

Tuar`f`gc`g (1552), wmnsh dhgtr`l ffgkcgb cs smnwg cg ffburh 2.;. Dmcg`,

nj dnursh, cs tmh ahst-ignwg d`sh nj ` mcbm-brnwtm dnugtry wctm tr`kh sur-

plus, aut s tmh hvckhgdh nj Ur`s`k, Qò`g, gk Tuar`f`gc`g smnws, Dmcg`–s

hxphrchgdh cs gnt g gnf`ly. Q`pckly brnwcgb dnugtrchs rh fnrh lcihly tn

ah ght hxpnrthrs nj d`pct`l tm`g ght cfpnrthrs (`gk tmcs cs truh hvhg wmhg

`ck finws, wmcdm thgk tn bn kcsprnpnrtcng`thly tn tmh wnrsh-njj dnugtrchs,`rh tìhg nut).



Qnkrci 048

[mcs smnulk gnt ah ` surprcsh cg lcbmt nj tmh brnwtm stnry l`ck nut cg

tmh prhvcnus shdtcng. [mh acgkcgb dngstr`cgt cg tm`t cgthrprht`tcng cs gnt

tmh supply nj ln`gàlh jugks, aut cgvhstfhgt khf`gk cg tr`kàlhs. Rm`t

lcfcts brnwtm cs gnt ddhss tn ffg`gdh, aut tmh lnw (prcv`th) prnfftàclcty njfnkhrg tr`kàlhs. @ddnrkcgbly, tmh ihy tn brnwtm cs gnt fnrh ffg`gdh, aut

hgm`gdhk prcv`th prnfftàclcty cg tr`kàlhs. Fnrhnvhr, cg typcd`l shdngk-

ahst j`smcng, fnrh ffg`gdh d`g rhsult cg lnwhr brnwtm cj ct `bbr`v`ths tmh

fnrh scbgcffd`gt dngstr`cgt. Mnw> [mrnubm tmh hjjhdt nj d`pct`l cgfinws

ng tmh rh`l hxdm`gbh r`th. @s smnwg cg Ur`s`k, Qò`g, `gk Tuar`f`gc`g

(1552) `gk Qnkrci (155=), dnugtrchs wctm l`rbhr ght d`pct`l cgfinws `gk

fnrh nphg d`pct`l `ddnugts thgk tn m`vh fnrh nvhrv`luhk durrhgdchs.

[mcs fhdm`gcsf bnhs ` lngb w`y tn hxpl`cg wmy ffg`gdc`l blna`lcz`tcng

m`s prnvhk sn kcs`ppncgtcgb jnr tmh v`st fònrcty nj khvhlnpcgb g`tcngs

(Qnkrci `gk Tuar`f`gc`g 1553).

Gn knuat tmhrh `rh snfh dnugtrchs jnr wmcdm lnw knfhstcd s`vcgb cs

cgkhhk ` acgkcgb dngstr`cgt. [mcs dngstr`cgt d`g ah rhl`xhk, cg prcgdcplh

`t lh`st, tmrnubm `ddhss tn jnrhcbg ffg`gdh. Ar`zcl, jnr hx`fplh, m`s auclt `

kcvhrscffhk brcdultur`l gk cgkustrc`l a`sh (tm`gis cg l`rbh p`rt tn cgkustrc`l

pnlcdchs cg h`rlchr khd`khs), aut `ll cgkcd`tcngs `rh tm`t cgvhstfhgt lhvhls cg

fnkhrg hdngnfcd `dtcvctchs `rh dngstr`cghk prcf`rcly ay tmh mcbm dnst nj

d`pct`l krcvhg ay lnw knfhstcd s`vcgb (Mùsf`gg 155=). [urihy rhprhshgts

` scfcl`r d`sh. Brnwtm `gk cgvhstfhgt cg Ar`zcl `gk [urihy bn up `gk

knwg wctm ght d`pct`l cgfinws. Mnwhvhr, scgdh d`pct`l finws rh mcbmly vnl`-tclh `gk suaohdt tn “sukkhg stnps,‖ ghctmhr Ar`zcl gnr [urihy m`s ahhg àlh

—1

—08 —05

FN_ _FA

[_@

BXS FRC

FLC

DQC

CTQ

U@I

AQ@

HBSCGK

[XQ

DNL

K_@

@QB

HDN

DMLLI@

[XG

DSU

KNFM[C

[M@

FXT FST

DMG

INQTBU

THG

MGK

ANLO@F

H[M TLZ

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CQG

DCZ

FKB

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ZHGTLH

—8

`vhr`bh durrhgt `ddnugt `s % nj BKU

5 8

5

1

;

:

` v h r ` b h p h r d ` p c t ` B K U b r n w t m

Jcburh 2.;. Ght D`pct`l Nutfinws gk Brnwtm cg Z`rcnus Dnugtrchs,Urh-0335 `gk Unst-0335

Tnurdh? Ur`s`k, Qò`g, `gk Tuar`f`gc`g 1552.

Gnth? H`dm pncgt cg tmh ffburh dnrrhspngks tn ` ffvh-yh`r suaphrcnk kurcgb 03:5—155; jnr ` sphdcffd

dnugtry. [mh brnwtm r`ths dngtrnl jnr cgctc`l cgdnfh lhvhls `gk dnugtry `gk phrcnk ffxhk hjjhdts.



04: Brnwtm `jthr tmh Drcscs

tn bhghr`th dngscsthgtly mcbm brnwtm scgdh tmh hgk nj tmh 03=5s. Tn hvhg cg

s`vcgb-dngstr`cghk d`shs sudm `s tmhsh, tmh `pprnprc`th rhfhky lchs gnt cg

rhsusdct`tcgb ffg`gdc`l blna`lcz`tcng, aut cg jnduscgb ng knfhstcd pnlcdchs

(sudm `s, cg tmcs cgst`gdh, rhkudtcngs cg ffsd`l khffdcts `gk hgdnur`bhfhgt nj

prcv`th s`vcgb).

Ghctmhr cs tmhrh fudm dùsh tn ah dngdhrghk ànut ` rhkudtcng cg

blna`l rcsi sm`rcgb. Cg prcgdcplh, mcbmhr lhvhls nj brnss (twn-w`y) finws

`llnw dnugtrchs tn cgsurh tmhfshlvhs `b`cgst ckcnsygdr`tcd rcsis. Aut mhrh,

tnn, tmh hvckhgdh duts tmh ntmhr w`y. Insh, Ur`s`k, `gk [hrrnghs (1552)

ffgk tm`t dngsufptcng rcsi sm`rcgb m`s `dtu`lly khdlcghk cg tmh khvhlnpcgb

wnrlk scgdh tmh 0335s (wmclh ct m`s cfprnvhk cg tmh rcdm dnugtrchs). Ngh

rh`sng, nj dnursh, cs tmh brh`thr prhv`lhgdh nj ffg`gdc`l drcshs cg ffg`gdc`lly

blna`lczhk wnrlk.

[mh anttnf lcgh cs tm`t khvhlnpcgb g`tcngs smnulk gnt smhk tnn f`gy

th`rs cj tmh wnrlk hdngnfy hxphrchgdhs snfh ffg`gdc`l khblna`lcz`tcng.

Dnugtrchs tm`t m`vh ahhg rhdcpchgts nj l`rbh d`pct`l cgfinws f`y hvhg hgkup shhcgb tmhcr brnwtm prnsphdts cfprnvhk, scgdh tmhy wcll gnw hxphrchgdh

lhss prhssurh jnr rh`l hxdm`gbh r`th `pprhdc`tcng. @gk hxphrchgdcgb jhwhr

ffg`gdc`l drcshs cs gntmcgb tn bht upsht ànut.

Lhss Auny`gt Rnrlk [r`kh

Lnwhr brnwtm cg tmh kv`gdhk dnugtrchs lsn cfplchs lnwhr r`th nj hxp`g-

scng nj tmhcr khf`gk jnr cfpnrts, wmcdm m`s cfplcd`tcngs jnr antm prcdhs

`gk qu`gtctchs cg wnrlk tr`kh.

Ng tmh prcdh sckh, twn rhl`tcvh prcdhs f`tthr tn khvhlnpcgb g`tcngs‛tmh

thrfs nj tr`kh gk tmh rhl`tcvh prcdh nj cgkustrc`l bnnks‛`gk tmhy rh lcihly

tn fnvh cg nppnscth kcrhdtcngs. Dngsckhr ffrst tmh thrfs nj tr`kh. [mh khvhl-

nphk `gk khvhlnpcgb wnrlks sm`rh tmh s`fh thrfs nj tr`kh, wmcdm `rh tmh

cgvhrsh nj h`dm ntmhr. @s lngb `s knfhstcd khf`gk cs slnwhr tn pcdi up

cg tmh khvhlnphk wnrlk tm`g cg tmh khvhlnpcgb wnrlk, wmcdm cs fy a`shlcgh

`ssufptcng mhrh, tmh thrfs nj tr`kh `rh lcihly tn fnvh cg tmh rcdm dnugtrchs–

j`vnr. [mcs wcll dngstctuth ` ght lnss nj rh`l cgdnfh tn tmh khvhlnpcgb dnug-

trchs, aut ct cs uglcihly tn m`vh fudm nj ` phrdhptcalh hjjhdt ng tmhcr brnwtm

r`ths. [n tmh hxthgt tm`t khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs `rh àlh tn dngtcguh tn kcvhr-

scjy cgtn ghw prnkudts (nj tmh typh prnkudhk cg tmh rcdm dnugtrchs), tmhy d`g`vnck l`rbh thrfs-nj-tr`kh khdlcghs, `s r`pckly brnwcgb dnugtrchs m`vh, tn

k`th, f`g`bhk tn kn.

[mh shdngk rhl`tcvh prcdh nj dngshquhgdh cs tmh prcdh nj cgkustrc`l bnnks

rhl`tcvh tn prcf`ry bnnks ng wnrlk f`rihts. [mcs cs nj cgkhphgkhgt cgthrhst

tn tmh khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs, ahdùsh ct `jjhdts tmh rhl`tcvh prnfftàclcty nj

tmhcr fnkhrg tr`kàlh shdtnrs `gk mhgdh tmh sphhk wctm wmcdm strudtur`l

dm`gbh `gk hdngnfcd brnwtm tìh pl`dh tmrnubm tmh fhdm`gcsfs C m`vh

`lrh`ky kcsdusshk. [mcs rhl`tcvh prcdh cs gnt hx`dtly tmh cgvhrsh nj tmh rcdm

dnugtrchs– thrfs nj tr`kh, aut ct cs lcihly tn ah ghb`tcvhly dnrrhl`thk wctm ct

(scgdh khvhlnphk dnugtrchs `rh ght cgkustrc`l hxpnrthrs `gk ght dnffnk-cty cfpnrthrs). Dngshquhgtly, tmcs p`rtcdul`r dm`gghl prhshgts snfh bnnk



Qnkrci 042

ghws jnr tmh brnwtm prnsphdts nj khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs. Tlnwhr brnwtm cg

tmh Gnrtm rhkudhs tmh prnsphdts nj ` Kutdm kcsh`sh cg tmh Tnutm.

Rm`t ànut tmh qu`gtcty hjjhdts> Rh gnrf`lly `ssndc`th ` slnwhr p`dh

cg hxpnrt vnlufhs wctm lnwhr hdngnfcd brnwtm, aut ng dlnshr lnni tmh

dùs`l hjjhdt jrnf tmh jnrfhr tn tmh l`tthr cs gnt `t `ll dlh`r. Cg tmh vhry

smnrt rug, tmhrh f`y ah pnsctcvh Ihyghsc`g hjjhdts jrnf hxpnrt khf`gk.

Aut ct cs m`rk tn ahlchvh tm`t hxpnrts d`g `dt `s `g hgbcgh nj brnwtm jnr

Ihyghsc`g, hxdhss-d`p`dcty rh`sngs nvhr tmh fhkcuf tn lngbhr rug. @gk cj

tmhy dnulk, khvhlnpcgb g`tcngs dnulk scfply suastctuth ffsd`l stcfulus `gk

bht brnwtm tm`t w`y!

Jnr hxpnrt qu`gtctchs tn f`tthr jnr hdngnfcd brnwtm nvhr tmh lngbhr rug,

ngh fust ahlchvh hctmhr cg lh`rgcgb nr ntmhr spcllnvhrs jrnf hxpnrts, wmcdm

m`vh ahhg m`rk tn kndufhgt, nr cg tmh stnry C l`ck nut ànvh, cg wmcdm

tr`kàlhs `rh sphdc`l ahdùsh tm`t cs wmhrh tmh mcbmhr-prnkudtcvcty `dtcvc-

tchs `rh. [mh twn `ddnugts kcjjhr ng tmh cfpnrt`gdh tmhy `tt`dm tn tmh `dt

nj hxpnrtcgb phr sh. [mh “spcllnvhrs-jrnf-hxpnrtcgb‖ stnry rhlchs ng tmhthdmgnlnbcd`l nr f`rihtcgb hxthrg`lctchs tm`t `rh drh`thk wmhg ` tr`kàlh

bnnk drnsshs `g cgthrg`tcng`l anugk`ry. [mh “tr`kàlhs-`rh-sphdc`l‖ stnry

cs cgkcjjhrhgt tn wmhtmhr cgthrg`tcng`l tr`kh `dtu`lly tìhs pl`dh nr gnt.

Cg tàlh 2.1, C rhpnrt tmh rhsults nj rhbrhsscngs wmhrh tmh twn mypntmhshs

`rh `llnwhk tn dnfphth `b`cgst h`dm ntmhr. H`dm dnlufg cs ` rhbrhsscng

hstcf`thk wctm ffxhk hjjhdts jnr dnugtrchs `gk tcfh phrcnks, uscgb ` p`ghl

nj ffvh-yh`r suaphrcnks. [mh rhbrhssnrs, cg `kkctcng tn tmh ffxhk hjjhdts, `rh

l`bbhk cgdnfh (tn `ddnugt jnr dngvhrbhgdh), tmh sm`rh nj cgkustrc`l v`luh

`kkhk cg BKU, gk tmh sm`rh nj hxpnrts cg BKU. Cg nrkhr tn llnw dnfp`rc-

sng nj tmh hstcf`thk dnhjffdchgts ng tmh cgkustry `gk hxpnrt sm`rhs, C m`vhst`gk`rkczhk tmhsh cgkcd`tnrs. Tn tmh dnhjffdchgt thlls us tmh hstcf`thk hjjhdt

nj ` scgblh st`gk`rk-khvc`tcng dm`gbh cg tmh rhlhv`gt v`rcàlh.

[àlh 2.1. Hxpnrts `gk Cgkustrc`l Nutput `s Khthrfcg`gts nj Brnwtm cg BKU phr D`pct`? U`ghl nj

Jcvh-Sh`r Tuaphrcnks, 03:5—155;


Jull s`fplh

(0)

Unst-0335

s`fplh

(1)

Unst-0335 s`fplh,

hxpnrt nutlchrs rhfnvhk

(4)

Khvhlnpcgb-dnugtry

s`fplh

(;)

lg cgctc`l cgdnfh ∑5.5;4**(∑2.3=)

∑5.018**(∑=.8:)

∑5.018**(∑=.41)

∑5.5;8**(∑8.82)

Tm`rh nj cgkustry cg BKU 5.50:**

(;.8;)

5.51=**

(4.82)

5.51=**

(4.84)

5.510**

(;.5:)

Tm`rh nj hxpnrts cg BKU 5.552**

(1.:2)

5.55:

(0.:3)

5.55:

(0.;3)

∑5.550

(∑5.4;)



Gufahr nj nashrv`tcngs =85 ;02 ;05 812


Gnth? Cgkustry `gk hxpnrt sm`rhs `rh st`gk`rkczhk v`rcàlhs. Dnlufg 4 hxdlukhs nashrv`tcngs wmhrh hxpnrt sm`rhs hxdhhk

055 phrdhgt. Dnlufg ; hxdlukhs nashrv`tcngs wmhrh phr d`pct` BKU cs brh`thr tm`g $:,555.

** Tcbgcffd`gt `t 0 phrdhgt lhvhl.



04= Brnwtm `jthr tmh Drcscs

[mh ffrst dnlufg rugs tmh rhbrhsscng ng tmh hgtcrh pnst-03:5 s`fplh

jnr wmcdm tmhrh `rh k`t`. Cgkustry `gk hxpnrt sm`rhs `rh antm st`tcstcd`lly

scbgcffd`gt, aut tmh hstcf`thk cfp`dt nj cgkustrc`l `dtcvcty cs fnrh tm`g

twcdh `s pnwhrjul? ` ngh-st`gk`rk-khvc`tcng cgdrh`sh cg cgkustrc`l sm`rhs

cs hstcf`thk tn cgdrh`sh brnwtm ay 0.: phrdhgt`bh pncgts, wmclh tmh dnr-

rhspngkcgb cgdrh`sh cg hxpnrt sm`rhs annsts brnwtm ngly ay 5.2 phrdhgt`bh

pncgt. Fnrhnvhr, tmh rhsult wctm hxpnrt sm`rhs cs gnt rnaust. Rmhg tmh

s`fplh cs rhstrcdthk tn pnst-0335 k`t` (dnlufg 1), tmh hstcf`thk dnhjffdchgt

ng hxpnrts ahdnfhs cgscbgcffd`gt. @gk tmh kcjjhrhgdh cg tmh f`bgctukh nj

tmh hjjhdts rcshs tn ` j`dtnr nj ahtwhhg ; `gk 8 (5.51= vhrsus 5.55:). Rmhg

` jhw nashrv`tcngs dnrrhspngkcgb tn dnugtrchs wctm vhry mcbm hxpnrt sm`rhs

(jnr hx`fplh, Luxhfaurb gk Mngb Ingb, Dmcg`) rh hxdlukhk, tmh scbgcj-

cd`gdh nj tmh hxpnrt v`rcàlh cs rhkudhk jurtmhr (dnlufg 4). Uhrm`ps fnst

cfpnrt`gt, wmhg wh rhstrcdt tmh s`fplh tn khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs, tmh dnhj-

ffdchgt ng tmh hxpnrt sm`rh turgs slcbmtly ghb`tcvh (`gk cs st`tcstcd`lly cgscb-

gcffd`gt), wmclh tmh dnhjffdchgt ng tmh cgkustry sm`rh rcshs (tn 5.510) `gkrhf`cgs strngbly scbgcffd`gt (dnlufg ;). [mh mnrsh r`dh ahtwhhg cgkustrc`l

`dtcvcty `gk hxpnrt nrchgt`tcng m`s ` dlh`r wcgghr.

@s lngb `s wm`t f`tthrs cs cgkustrc`l (`gk ntmhr gngtr`kctcng`l) nut-

put, `g cgdrh`sh cg wnrlk tr`kh d`g hvhg ah ` fcxhk alhsscgb jnr f`gy

khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs. Lh`vcgb `sckh tmh prhshgdh nj l`rbh tr`kh cfa`l`gdhs,

tn wmcdm C turg cg tmh ghxt shdtcng, brnwtm cg hxpnrts cfplchs brnwtm cg

cfpnrts. Cj tmh jnrfhr `kk tn khf`gk jnr knfhstcd`lly prnkudhk tr`k-

àlhs, tmh l`tthr suatr`dt jrnf ct. @ a`l`gdhk cgdrh`sh cg cgthrg`tcng`l tr`kh

drh`ths gn `kkctcng`l ght khf`gk jnr knfhstcd tr`kàlhs. Cj cfpnrts `rh

knfcg`thk ay cgkustrc`l prnkudts, s cs tmh d`sh cg f`gy khvhlnpcgb g`tcngs,` l`rbh hxp`gscng nj tr`kh d`g hvhg ah a`k jnr knfhstcd cgkustrc`l nutput.

[mh hxphrchgdhs nj v`rcnus brnups nj khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs m`vh kcj-

jhrhk cg tmcs rhsphdt. Jnr dnugtrchs lcih Dmcg` `gk f`gy ntmhr lnw-dnst

supplchrs nj f`guj`dturhs, wmcdm whrh r`pckly kcvhrscjycgb cgtn cgkus-

trc`l prnkudts `gk ahd`fh l`rbh cfpnrthrs nj prcf`ry dnffnkctchs, tmh

hxp`gscng nj blna`l tr`kh w`s `g ug`facbunus ahghfft jnr tmhcr cgkustrc`l

shdtnr. Aut f`gy ntmhr dnugtrchs jnugk tmhcr cgkustrc`l shdtnrs dnfcgb

ugkhr shvhrh dnfphtctcng jrnf prhdcshly tmhsh lnw-dnst snurdhs. Dnugtrchs

r`gbcgb jrnf Htmcnpc` tn Fhxcdn jnugk tmhcr f`guj`dturcgb ffrfs bhttcgb

squhhzhk ay cfpnrts.

Rmhtmhr tmh khprhsshk rhturgs tn cfpnrt suastctutcng whrh fnrh tm`g

njjsht ay tmh mcbmhr rhturgs tn hxpnrtcgb (`gk tmus wmhtmhr tmh ght hjjhdt nj

tr`kh ng cgkustrc`l dtcvcty w`s pnsctcvh) khphgkhk vhry fudm ng tmh g`turh

nj ntmhr hdngnfcd pnlcdchs cg pl`dh. [mh hvckhgdh shhfs tn cgkcd`th tm`t

tmh l`rbh-sd`lh hgtry nj Dmcg` `gk ntmhr lnw-dnst prnkudhrs cg wnrlk f`r-

ihts `jjhdthk fckklh-cgdnfh dnugtrchs p`rtcdul`rly `kvhrshly. [mcs cs smnwg

cg ffburh 2.8, wmcdm kcspl`ys tmh rhl`tcngsmcp ahtwhhg cgdnfh lhvhls `gk

cgkustrc`l `dtcvcty cg tmh phrcnks ahjnrh `gk `jthr 0335. [mcs rhl`tcngsmcp

cs qucth (lnb)lcgh`r cg tmh h`rlchr phrcnk, aut ahdnfhs vcscaly dngd`vh `jthr0335. Rm`t tmh pcdturh fìhs dlh`r cs tm`t dnugtrchs `t lnw cgdnfh lhvhls



Qnkrci 043

whrh àlh tn suppnrt fudm mcbmhr lhvhls nj cgkustrc`l `dtcvcty `jthr 0335

dnfp`rhk tn h`rlchr phrcnks, wmclh tmh nppnscth w`s truh jnr dnugtrchs `t

fhkcuf- `gk mcbmhr-lhvhl cgdnfhs. Rm`t w`s `g hgàlcgb hgvcrngfhgt jnr

Dmcg` `gk Cgkc` w`s gnt gh`rly `s mnspctàlh jnr Fhxcdn nr Ar`zcl.[mh anttnf lcgh cs tm`t rhkudhk auny`gdy cg wnrlk tr`kh cs nj sf`llhr

dngshquhgdh jnr tmh brnwtm nj khvhlnpcgb g`tcngs tm`g cs usu`lly cf`b-

cghk. Rm`t f`tthrs jnr brnwtm cs tmh àclcty tn hxp`gk cgkustrc`l hdngnfcd

`dtcvctchs, gnt tr`kh phr sh. Cgkustrc`l `dtcvcty d`g cgdrh`sh wctmnut cgdrh`s-

cgb tr`kh, cj knfhstcd khf`gk rcshs `lngbsckh. [mh icgk nj pnlcdy dm`gbhs

ghhkhk tn `dmchvh tmcs nutdnfh `rh kcsdusshk ahlnw.

Tf`llhr Durrhgt @ddnugt Cfa`l`gdhs

Jcg`lly, cgkustrc`l g`tcngs `rh lcihly tn tnlhr`th sf`llhr durrhgt `ddnugt

cfa`l`gdhs, antm `s ` dngshquhgdh nj lnwhr brnwtm `gk ahdùsh nj tmh

lhssng jrnf tmh dr`sm nj 155= tm`t cgkcd`th l`rbh cfa`l`gdhs pnrthgk trnu-

alh knwg tmh rn`k. Tn dnugtrchs wctm l`rbh tr`kh surplushs‛`gytmcgb dlnsh

tn nr mcbmhr tm`g 8 phrdhgt nj BKU‛`rh lcihly tn dnfh ugkhr prhssurh tn

`koust tmhcr durrhgdy `gk f`drnhdngnfcd pnlcdchs, hsphdc`lly cj tmhsh dnug-

trchs `rh l`rbh `gk systhfcd`lly cfpnrt`gt.

@s f`tthr nj ddnugtcgb, tr`kh surplus cs ` snurdh nj ght khf`gk jnr

` dnugtry–s tr`kàlhs. Tn wh kn hxphdt tr`kh surplushs `gk brnwtm tn bn

tnbhtmhr, hsphdc`lly cg dnugtrchs tm`t `rh kcvhrscjycgb cgtn “fnkhrg‖ tr`k-

àlhs sudm `s cgkustrc`l prnkudts. [mcs cs `g cfpnrt`gt rh`sng ahmcgk tmhghb`tcvh, r`tmhr tm`g tmh pnsctcvh, `ssndc`tcng ahtwhhg ght d`pct`l cgfinws

5.05

5.08

5.15

5.18

5.45

5.48

5.;5

: :.8 2 2.8 = =.8 3 3.8 05

lnb cgdnfh phr d`pct`

s m ` r h n j c g k u s t r y c g B

K U ( % )

Dmcg` Ar`zcl Inrh`, Qhp. njCgkc`Htmcnpc`

Fhxcdn

prh-0335 pnst-0335

Jcburh 2.8. Cgdnfh Br`kchgt nj Cgkustrc`l Tm`rhs cg BKU


Gnth? Qhl`tcngsmcp cs a`shk ng ` qu`kr`tcd fft.



0;5 Brnwtm `jthr tmh Drcscs

(durrhgt ddnugt khffdcts) gk brnwtm, gnthk anvh. Fcbmt tmh lnwhr tnlhr-

`gdh nj durrhgt `ddnugt surplushs jrnf l`rbhr khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs `dt `s

` shrcnus dngstr`cgt ng tmhcr brnwtm pnthgtc`l cg yh`rs `mh`k>

Ngdh b`cg, wh ghhk tn rhfhfahr tm`t tmh ihy tn brnwtm cs tmh knfhstcd

nutput nj fnkhrg tr`kàlhs, gnt tmh hxdhss supply tmhrhnj. Tysthf`tcd hvc-

khgdh ng tmcs cs prnvckhk cg tàlh 2.4, wmcdm prhshgts tmh rhsults nj `gntmhr

mnrsh r`dh, tmcs tcfh ahtwhhg cgkustry sm`rhs gk tr`kh surplushs. [mh f`cg

rhsult cs tm`t ngdh cgkustry sm`rhs cg BKU `rh dngtrnllhk jnr, tr`kh sur-

plushs hxhrt gn `kkctcng`l pnsctcvh hjjhdt ng hdngnfcd brnwtm. [mcs cs truh

jnr tmh jull s`fplh (dnlufg 0), jnr pnst-0335 k`t` (dnlufg 1), jnr s`fplhs

cg wmcdm l`rbh tr`kh khffdcts nr surplushs m`vh ahhg rhfnvhk (dnlufg 4),

`gk jnr s`fplhs rhstrcdthk tn khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs (dnlufg ;). Cg h`dm ngh

nj tmhsh rugs, tmh cgkustry v`rcàlh cs mcbmly scbgcffd`gt, wmclh tmh tr`kh

surplus cs gnt.

[mh cfplcd`tcng jnr khvhlnpcgb g`tcngs tm`t m`vh bntthg mnnihk ng

tr`kh surplushs `s tmhcr “hgbcgh nj brnwtm‖ smnulk ah dlh`r? tmhrh cs gnghhk tn s`drcffdh brnwtm s lngb s knfhstcd khf`gk jnr tr`kàlhs cgdrh`shs

`lngbsckh knfhstcd supply. Xgkhrv`lu`tcng nj tmh durrhgdy f`y ah nut.

Aut tmhrh rh ntmhr pnlcdy nptcngs, s C kcsduss cg tmh ghxt shdtcng, tm`t d`g

spur antm tmh dngsufptcng `gk tmh prnkudtcng nj tr`kàlhs.

Urnfntcgb Cgkustrc`lcz`tcng wctmnut [r`kh Turplushs

Lht us rhturg tn tmh cgthrprht`tcng ugkhrlycgb tmh brnwtm kyg`fcds sihtdmhk

nut ànvh. Cg tmcs fnkhl, pnnr dnugtrchs `rh pnnr ahdùsh tnn jhw nj tmhcrrhsnurdhs `rh cg fnkhrg, mcbm-prnkudtcvcty `dtcvctchs. J`st brnwtm m`pphgs

wmhg tmhrh cs r`pck strudtur`l tr`gsjnrf`tcng jrnf lnw-prnkudtcvcty tr`kc-

tcng`l shdtnrs tn mcbm-prnkudtcvcty fnkhrg `dtcvctchs. [mh rh`sng tm`t tmcs

[àlh 2.4. [r`kh Turplushs `gk Cgkustrc`l Nutput `s Khthrfcg`gts nj Brnwtm cg BKU phr D`pct`? U`ghl nj

Jcvh-Sh`r Tuaphrcnks, 03:5—155;


Jull s`fplh

(0)

Unst-0335

s`fplh

(1)

Unst-0335 s`fplh, tr`kh

surplus nutlchrs rhfnvhk

(4)

Khvhlnpcgb-dnugtry

s`fplh

(;)

lg cgctc`l cgdnfh ∑5.5;0**(∑2.=3)

∑5.01:**(∑=.35)

∑5.011**(∑=.41)

∑5.5;8**(∑8.8=)

Tm`rh nj cgkustry cg BKU 5.50=**

(;.23)

5.513**

(4.28)

5.5;0**

(;.43)

5.510**

(4.32)

[r kh surplus s phrdhgt nj BKU ∑5.551

(∑0.18)

5.554

(0.51)

∑5.552

(∑0.03)

∑5.551

(∑0.02)



Gufahr nj nashrv`tcngs =85 ;02 483 812


Gnth? Cgkustry sm`rh `gk tr`kh surplus `rh st`gk`rkczhk v`rcàlhs. Dnlufg 4 hxdlukhs nashrv`tcngs wmhrh tmh àsnluth v`luh njtmh tr`kh surplus hxdhhks 15 phrdhgt nj BKU. Dnlufg ; hxdlukhs nashrv`tcngs wmhrh phr d`pct` BKU cs brh`thr tm`g $:,555.

** Tcbgcffd`gt `t 0 phrdhgt lhvhl.



Qnkrci 0;0

tr`gsjnrf`tcng cs gnt `g ùtnf`tcd, f`riht-lhk prndhss cs tm`t tmhrh `rh

shvhrh f`riht nr cgstctutcng`l j`clurhs wmnsh dnsts rh anrgh kcsprnpnrtcng-

`thly ay tmh fnkhrg shdtnrs. Tnfhtcfhs tr`gsjnrf`tcng cs alndihk ahdùsh

nj lnw knfhstcd s`vcgb gk mcbm dnst nj d`pct`l, wmcdm ihhp cgvhstfhgt gk

strudtur`l dm`gbh slubbcsm. Aut fnrh typcd`lly tmh prnalhf cs ` l`rbh whkbh

ahtwhhg prcv`th `gk sndc`l rhturgs cg fnkhrg shdtnrs. [mhsh shdtnrs `rh

suaohdt antm tn lh`rgcgb spcllnvhrs `gk dnnrkcg`tcng j`clurhs `gk tn mcbm

dnsts cfpnshk ay whìghsshs cg lhb`l `gk rhbul`tnry cgstctutcngs. [mhsh

whìghsshs `rh m`rk tn rhfnvh cg smnrt nrkhr, `gk tmh hxphrchgdh nj

`kv`gdhk hdngnfchs cs tm`t tmhy rh kkrhsshk ngly tmrnubm tmh lngb dnursh

nj khd`khs, cj gnt dhgturchs.4

Tn wmclh ct wnulk ah khscràlh tn `kkrhss tmhsh smnrtdnfcgbs kcrhdtly,

ay rhfnvcgb f`riht j`clurhs `gk ffxcgb cgstctutcngs, `s ` pr`dtcd`l f`tthr

sudm `g `bhgk` cs tnn arn`k `gk `factcnus `gk mhgdh tnn ugrh`lcstcd. @s

gnthk prhvcnusly, suddhssjul dnugtrchs m`vh pursuhk brnwtm str`thbchs tm`t

`llhvc`th tmhsh dngstr`cgts cgkcrhdtly, ay r`cscgb tmh rhl`tcvh prnfftàclcty njfnkhrg `dtcvctchs tmrnubm ntmhr fh`gs. Rm`t `ll nj tmhsh str`thbchs m`vh cg

dnffng cs tm`t tmhy `dt `s suasckchs ng tr`kàlhs.

Ngdh wh strcp tmhsh str`thbchs tn tmhcr hsshgdh, ct ahdnfhs h`schr tn ugkhr-

st`gk wm`t cs dhgtr`l `gk wm`t cs cgdckhgt`l tn tmhcr wnricgb. Cg p`rtcdul`r,

wh d`g shh tm`t ` str`thby nj suasckczcgb tr`kàlhs ghhk gnt ah `ssndc`thk

wctm ugkhrv`luhk hxdm`gbh r`ths `gk tr`kh surplushs.

[mh pncgt d`g ah f`kh wctm tmh mhlp nj ffburh 2.:, wmcdm smnws tmh

hquclcarcuf cg tmh f`riht jnr tr`kàlhs. [mh supply nj tr`kàlhs cs cgdrh`s-

cgb cg tmh rhl`tcvh prcdh nj tr`kàlhs (Q, tmh rh`l hxdm`gbh r`th), wmclh tmh

khf`gk cs khdrh`scgb. Tt`rt jrnf `g cgctc`l hquclcarcuf (Q5, P5) wmhrhtmhrh cs gn hxdhss supply nj tr`kàlhs `gk tmhrhjnrh tmh tr`kh a`l`gdh cs

zhrn (p`ghl @). Gnw suppnsh tmh bnvhrgfhgt cfpnshs ` prnkudtcng sua-

scky ng tr`kàlhs. [mcs smcjts tmh supply sdmhkulh jnr tr`kàlhs nut, scgdh,

jnr `gy lhvhl nj Q, prnkudhrs nj tr`kàlhs `rh gnw wcllcgb tn supply `

l`rbhr fnugt (p`ghl A). Rmhrh wcll tmh ghw hquclcarcuf ah> Cj wh ssufh

tm`t tmh rh`l hxdm`gbh r`th rhf`cgs `t Q5, tmh suascky wnulk prnkudh gnt

ngly `g cgdrh`sh cg tmh nutput nj tr`kàlhs, aut `lsn ` tr`kh surplus (`g

hxdhss supply nj tr`kàlhs).

Aut `s cs smnwg cg p`ghl D nj ffburh 2.:, tmcs cs gnt ghdhss`rcly tmh ffg`l

hquclcarcuf. Xglhss tmh bnvhrgfhgt `knpts `kkctcng`l f`drhndngnfcd

pnlcdchs tn f`cgt`cg tmh rh`l hxdm`gbh r`th ugdm`gbhk, tmhrh wcll ah `g

hgknbhgnus `pprhdc`tcng nj tmh rh`l hxdm`gbh r`th tn Q1, wmcdm spurs

knfhstcd dngsufptcng nj tr`kàlhs `gk arcgbs tmh tr`kh a`l`gdh a`di

tn zhrn. Cg tmcs ffg`l hquclcarcuf, tmh nutput nj tr`kàlhs cs stcll mcbmhr,

hvhg tmnubm tmh rh`l hxdm`gbh r`th m`s `pprhdc`thk `gk tmh tr`kh a`l`gdh

m`s ahhg rhhstàlcsmhk. [m`t cs ahdùsh tmh rh`l hxdm`gbh r`th `pprhdc`-

tcng ghhkhk tn arcgb tmh tr`kh a`l`gdh a`di tn zhrn cs (prnpnrtcng`thly)

lhss tm`g tmh f`bgctukh nj tmh cgctc`l suascky, scgdh, uglcih tmh suascky,

4 [mcs ghhk gnt `lw`ys ah tmh d`sh, nj dnursh. Tnfh bnvhrgfhgt-cfpnshk dngstr`cgts (jnr hx`fplh,

rhk t`ph) `rh h`schr tn ffx tm`g ntmhrs (jnr hx`fplh, cghjffdchgt dnurts).



0;1 Brnwtm `jthr tmh Drcscs

`. Cgctc`l hquclcarcuf

U [ /U

G

P [ , D

[

D [

P [

P [ 5

P [ 5, D

[ 5

P [

5, D [

5 P [

1, D [

1

Q 5

U [ /U

G

U [ /U

G

Q 5

Q 5

Q 1

a. Cgthrfhkc`th hjjhdts nj tmh cfpnsctcng nj `

prnkudtcng suascky ng tr`k`alhs

P [ , D

[

D [

P [

P [ (wctm suascky)

P [ 0

surplus

d. Jcg`l hquclcarcuf

P [

, D [

D [

P [

P [ (wctm suascky)

Jcburh 2.:. Hquclcarcuf cg tmh F`riht jnr [r`k`alhs

Tnurdh? @utmnr.



Qnkrci 0;4

ct `jjhdts antm tmh dngsufptcng `gk prnkudtcng f`rbcgs. [mhrhjnrh, ct

knhs gnt jully ugkn tmh hjjhdt nj tmh suascky ng tmh supply sckh. [mh jull

kht`cls `rh wnrihk nut cg `g hxplcdctly bhghr`l-hquclcarcuf jr`fhwnri cg

tmh pphgkcx tn tmcs dm`pthr.

@s tmcs g`lyscs khfngstr`ths, ct cs pnsscalh tn hgm`gdh prnkudtcng cgdhg-

tcvhs jnr tr`kàlhs, gk tn kn sn ay s wckh f`rbcg s cs ghdhss`ry, wctmnut

drh`tcgb spcllnvhrs tn tmh rhst nj tmh wnrlk cg thrfs nj tr`kh cfa`l`gdhs.

Xglcih durrhgdy ugkhrv`lu`tcng (wmcdm t`xhs knfhstcd dngsufptcng nj

tr`kàlhs), ` pnlcdy nj hxplcdctly suasckczcgb tr`kàlhs (dnfacghk wctm f`d-

rnhdngnfcd pnlcdchs tm`t f`cgt`cg hxthrg`l a`l`gdh) annsts tmh knfhstcd

dngsufptcng nj tr`kàlhs.

Rm`t jnrf smnulk tmcs suascky tìh cg pr`dtcdh> Cg tmh rhst nj tmcs shd-

tcng, C kcsduss tmrhh `pprn`dmhs jnr cgdrh`scgb tmh hjjhdtcvh prnkudhr prcdh

nj tr`kàlhs? (`) cgkustrc`l pnlcdchs, (a) lnwhr cgput dnsts jnr tr`kàlhs, `gk

(d) cgdnfhs pnlcdchs. @ll nj tmhsh pnsh pr`dtcd`l pnlcdchs cg cfplhfhgt`tcng,

sn tmh `pprnprc`th fcx wcll khphgk ng tmh dcrdufst`gdhs nj h`dm dnugtry.

Cgkustrc`l Unlcdy

Cg prcgdcplh, cgkustrc`l pnlcdy cs ckh`lly sucthk tn tmh prnalhf t m`gk. Rm`t

ghhks tn ah kngh cs tn hgm`gdh tmh rhl`tcvh prnfftàclcty nj gngtr`kctcng`l

prnkudts tm`t j`dh l`rbh cgjnrf`tcng hxthrg`lctchs nr dnnrkcg`tcng j`clurhs

nr tm`t sujjhr p`rtcdul`rly strngbly jrnf tmh pnnr cgstctutcng`l hgvcrng-

fhgt. [m`t cs wm`t bnnk cgkustrc`l pnlcdy `tthfpts tn kn. [`x hxhfp-

tcngs, kcrhdthk drhkct, p`yrnll suasckchs, cgvhstfhgt suasckchs, `gk

hxpnrt-prndhsscgb znghs `rh snfh nj tmh jnrfs cg wmcdm cgkustrc`l pnlcdy

bhts cfplhfhgthk. Rm`t cs kcstcgdtcvh ànut tmhsh pnlcdchs cs tm`t tmhyt`rbht sphdcffd ffrfs nr shdtnrs `gk tmhrhjnrh prcvclhbh snfh `t tmh hxphgsh

nj ntmhrs. [m`t cs wm`t fìhs cgkustrc`l pnlcdy dngtrnvhrsc`l, nj dnursh.

Aut s lngb s tmh t`rbhtcgb cs kngh arn`kly gk whll‛`s lngb `s ct jndushs

ng ghw `dtcvctchs `t tmh nuthr f`rbcgs nj ` dnugtry–s ugkhrlycgb dnfph-

thgdh‛tmh pnthgtc`l upsckh cs l`rbh. [mh `kv`gt`bh nj cgkustrc`l pnlcdy

rhl`tcvh tn durrhgdy ugkhrv`lu`tcng cs prhdcshly tm`t ct `llnws brh`thr ffgh-

tugcgb `gk kcsdrcfcg`tcng? tr`kctcng`l tr`kàlhs (sudm `s prcf`ry prnk-

udts `gk cgkustrc`l prnkudts cg wmcdm ` dnugtry m`s `lrh`ky hstàlcsmhk

ctshlj) ghhk gnt ah suasckczhk, `gk tmh dngsufptcng nj tr`kàlhs ghhk gntah t`xhk (`s hxpl`cghk prhvcnusly).

[mhrh cs stcll ` shgsh cg wmcdm suasckchs ng fnkhrg tr`kàlhs d`g spcll

`drnss anrkhrs. Hvhg cj tmh ght supply nj tr`kàlhs knhs gnt cgdrh`sh cg

`bbrhb`th, tmh ght supply nj tmnsh tm`t `rh t`rbhthk jnr prnfntcng wcll.

Ntmhr khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs wcll ah ng tmh rhdhcvcgb hgk nj tmcs, gk cj tmhy

rhf`cg p`sscvh, tmhcr nwg cgkustrc`lcz`tcng cgdhgtcvhs wcll ah alugthk.

Aut tmh rcbmt w`y nj hxprhsscgb tmcs prnalhf cs tn s`y tm`t tmh ush nj

“nptcf`l‖ cgkustrc`l pnlcdchs cg snfh dnugtrchs cgdrh`shs tmh dnsts nj gnt

uscgb sudm pnlcdchs cg ntmhrs. @s snfh dnugtrchs `llhvc`th tmhcr f`riht

cfphrjhdtcngs, tmh dnsts nj gnt kh`lcgb wctm tmhsh cfphrjhdtcngs bht hx`d-hra`thk hlshwmhrh. Tn `s lngb `s `ll dnugtrchs jnllnw cgkustrc`l pnlcdchs



0;; Brnwtm `jthr tmh Drcscs

tm`t `rh nptcf`l jrnf tmhcr phrsphdtcvh, tmhrh `rh gn spcllnvhrs tn dngthgk

wctm. [mh spcllnvhrs cg quhstcng d`g ah hjjhdtcvhly ghutr`lczhk `s lngb `s

ntmhr khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs `rh jnllnwcgb `pprnprc`th cgkustrc`l pnlcdchs

`s whll.

[mh twn dmchj `rbufhgts `b`cgst cgkustrc`l pnlcdy `rh tm`t bnvhrgfhgts

d`g ghvhr kn tmh rhqucscth t`rbhtcgb prnphrly scgdh tmhy l`di sujffdchgt cgjnr-

f`tcng `gk tm`t hvhg cj tmhy dnulk, tmh prndhss wnulk ahdnfh rcjh wctm

rhgt shhicgb `gk dnrruptcng. [mhrh `rh bnnk dnugthr`rbufhgts tn antm

naohdtcngs (Qnkrci 1552`9 1552a? dm. ;). Jcrst, ct fìhs lcttlh shgsh tn mnlk

tmh dngkudt nj cgkustrc`l pnlcdy tn tmh ugrh`lcstcd st`gk`rk tm`t bnvhrg-

fhgts fust `lw`ys ah àlh tn pcdi tmh wcgghrs. Cg vchw nj tmh ugdhrt`cgtchs

cgvnlvhk, fcstìhs rh gnt ngly ug`vnckàlh, aut p`rt gk p`rdhl nj nptcf`l

prnbr`f khscbg? cj tmh bnvhrgfhgt ghvhr fìhs `gy fcstìhs, ct cs prna-

àly gnt ahcgb factcnus hgnubm. [mh fudm fnrh fh`gcgbjul gk khscràlh

rhqucrhfhgt cs tm`t bnvhrgfhgts ah àlh tn rhdnbgczh tmhcr fcstìhs `gk

dm`gbh dnursh wmhg ghhkhk. [m`t cs navcnusly fudm whìhr khsckhr`tuftm`g nfgcsdchgdh. @gk ct d`g ah `dmchvhk tmrnubm `pprnprc`th cgstctutcng`l

khscbg (shh Qnkrci 1552a? dm. ;).

Rctm rhsphdt tn dnrruptcng, tm`t cs rh`l k`gbhr, nj dnursh. Aut cgkustrc`l

pnlcdy cs m`rkly tmh ngly `rh` nj bnvhrgfhgt pnlcdy tm`t cs susdhptcalh tn

dnrruptcng. Hkud`tcng pnlcdy `gk t`x pnlcdy, tn g`fh oust ` dnuplh nj ntmhr

`rh`s, rh hqu`lly t rcsi. Sht wh ghvhr kvcsh bnvhrgfhgts tm`t tmhy smnulk

bcvh up ng dnllhdtcgb t`xhs nr tm`t tmhy smnulk gnt ffg`gdh hkud`tcng `gk

auclk sdmnnls. Cgsth`k, wh try tn tmcgi nj w`ys cg wmcdm tmhsh systhfs d`g

ah rhgkhrhk lhss susdhptcalh tn dnrruptcng gk rhgt shhicgb. [mhrh cs gn rh`-

sng wmy cgkustrc`l pnlcdy smnulk ah `gy kcjjhrhgt. Ngdh `b`cg, `pprnprc`thcgstctutcng`l khscbg mnlks tmh ihy tn ahtthr cfplhfhgt`tcng.

[mh f`cg hxthrg`l nast`dlh tn tmh wckhr ush nj cgkustrc`l pnlcdchs ay

tmh l`rbhr khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs cs tmh R[N–s @brhhfhgt ng Tuasckchs.

[mcs `brhhfhgt prnmcacts tmh ush nj suasckchs tm`t tìh tmh jnrf nj ffsd`l

hxphgkcturhs dngkctcnghk ng hxpnrt phrjnrf`gdh. Fnrh shrcnusly, ct `lsn

rhgkhrs “`dtcngàlh‖ tmh ush nj suasckchs tm`t m`vh tmh hjjhdt nj cgdrh`s-

cgb hxpnrts, hvhg cj tmhy `rh gnt kcrhdtly dngkctcnghk ng hxpnrts. (Lh`st

khvhlnphk dnugtrchs `rh hxhfpt jrnf tmhsh rulhs.) @ lcthr`l `pplcd`tcng nj

tmcs st`gk`rk wnulk rulh f`gy icgks nj cgkustrc`l pnlcdchs, tmh naohdtcvh

nj wmcdm cs prhdcshly tn cgdrh`sh tmh knfhstcd supply nj tr`kàlhs. Ngly

suasckchs tm`t hgdnur`bh cfpnrt suastctutcng wnulk rhf`cg hxhfpt.

Cg pr`dtcdh, nj dnursh, tmhrh `rh f`gy lnnpmnlhs, `gk ngh d`g kha`th

tmh hxthgt tn wmcdm tmcs `gk ntmhr R[N `brhhfhgts `dtu`lly rhstrcdt

tmh sp`dh jnr cgkustrc`l pnlcdchs (Qnkrci 1552a? dm.;). Aut ct cs `lsn tmh

d`sh tm`t tmh rhstrcdtcvhghss nj tmh @brhhfhgt ng Tuasckchs m`s gnt ahhg

put tn ` rh`l thst. @s lngb `s dnugtrchs whrh jrhh tn ush durrhgdy pnlcdchs

tn hgdnur`bh cgkustrc`lcz`tcng, tmh R[N dngstr`cgt kck gnt acgk `ll tm`t

fudm. Tn Dmcg` dnulk mubhly suasckczh cts tr`kàlhs tmrnubm `g ugkhr-

v`luhk rhfgcgac, wmclh àckcgb (a`rhly) ay R[N rulhs ng suasckchs nrlnd`l dngthgt.



Qnkrci 0;8

Cg ` wnrlk wmhrh hdngnfcd brnwtm rhqucrhs tmh hgdnur`bhfhgt nj

fnkhrg hdngnfcd dtcvctchs cg khvhlnpcgb g`tcngs, tmh @brhhfhgt ng Tua-

sckchs fìhs lcttlh hdngnfcd shgsh.; Ct rulhs nut ` khscràlh shdngk-ahst

pnlcdy jnr prnfntcgb hdngnfcd kcvhrscffd`tcng `gk strudtur`l dm`gbh. Ct

m`s tmh ugcgthgkhk dngshquhgdh nj cgkudcgb bnvhrgfhgts tn j`vnr `g

cgjhrcnr pnlcdy (cg vchw nj cts spcllnvhrs cgtn tr`kh cfa`l`gdhs), g`fhly

ugkhrv`luhk durrhgdchs. Rnrsh stcll, ct f`y hgdnur`bh tr`kh prnthdtcng `s

` khjhgscvh fh`surh `b`cgst cgkustrc`l cfpnrts. Cj wh w`gt brh`thr cgthr-

g`tcng`l nvhrscbmt ng durrhgdy pr`dtcdhs, `s C tmcgi wh smnulk, wh ghhk tn

suast`gtc`lly rhl`x kcsdcplcgh nvhr cgkustrc`l suasckchs.8

Qhkudcgb Cgput Dnsts jnr [r`kàlhs

@ shdngk typh nj bnvhrgfhgt pnlcdy tm`t d`g smcjt rhl`tcvh cgdhgtcvhs cg

j`vnr nj tr`kàlhs cs tn rhkudh tmh dnsts nj cgputs tm`t `rh ushk cgthgscvhly

ay fnkhrg hdngnfcd `dtcvctchs. Dhrt`cg typhs nj sphdc`lczhk cgkustrc`l nr

prnjhsscng`l siclls (sudm `s f`dmcgcsts nr d`ll dhgthr nphr`tnrs) fft tmh acllwhll. Bnvhrgfhgt cgvhstfhgt cg tr`cgcgb cg sudm `rh`s wcll m`vh tmh hjjhdt

nj cgdhgtcvczcgb fnkhrg tr`kàlhs (`gk kn sn cg fnst d`shs wctmnut tmrh`t-

hgcgb dngficdt wctm tmh R[N). Rmclh str`cbmtjnrw`rk cg tmhnry, mnwhvhr,

tmcs pprn`dm lsn j`dhs snfh pr`dtcd`l nast`dlhs. [mh kcjffdulty cs tm`t f`gy

nj tmh fnst navcnus str`thbchs prnkudh `syffhtrcd hjjhdts `drnss kcjjhrhgt

brnups nj tr`kàlhs.

Dngsckhr, jnr hx`fplh, wm`t cs phrm`ps tmh fnst cffhkc`th pnlcdy tm`t

dnfhs tn fcgk? rhkudcgb tr`kh dnsts cg tmh jnrf nj tr`gspnrt `gk lnbcstcds

dnsts. Tudm dnsts d`g ah ` scbgcffd`gt khthrrhgt tn tr`kh, wmcdm cs wmy f`gy

bnvhrgfhgts rh sn ihhg tn cgvhst cg tr`kh cgjr`strudturh (fnkhrgcz`tcng njpnrts `gk cfprnvhfhgt nj tr`gspnrt). Aut tmh hjjhdts nj tmcs ng cgkustrc`l

cgdhgtcvhs rh facbunus, jnr tmh s`fh rh`sng tm`t tr`kh lcahr`lcz`tcng ychlks

ugdhrt`cg kyg`fcd b`cgs. @ rhkudtcng cg tr`kh dnsts mhlps hxpnrt `dtcvctchs,

aut ct `lsn murts cfpnrt suastctutcng `dtcvctchs, ahdùsh ct tìhs snfh “g`tu-

r`l prnthdtcng‖ `w`y jrnf tmhf. [mh ght rhsult khphgks ng wmhtmhr fnrh

ghw, kyg`fcd `dtcvctchs `rh drnwkhk cg tm`g `rh drnwkhk nut. Ct d`ggnt ah

khthrfcghk ` prcnrc wctmnut snfh d`rhjul prnsphdtcvh `g`lyscs.

Nr dngsckhr rhkudcgb t`rcjjs ng cgthrfhkc`th cgputs. [mcs cs bnnk jnr `ll

ffg`l bnnks prnkudhrs, aut gnt sn bnnk jnr dnfphtcgb cgthrfhkc`th-bnnks

prnkudhrs `t mnfh. [mh ght hjjhdt cs ngdh `b`cg cgkhthrfcg`th.

; [mhrh cs ` bnnk d`sh tn ah f`kh tm`t tmh prnmcactcng ng suasckchs m`s lcttlh hdngnfcd r`tcng`lh,

cgkhphgkhgt jrnf tmh khvhlnpfhgt`l `rbufhgt C `f fìcgb mhrh. @jthr `ll, suasckchs `rh tr`kh

drh`tcgb (uglcih cfpnrt a`rrchrs), `gk ` dnugtry tm`t suasckczhs cts tr`kàlhs bcvhs tmh rhst nj tmh

wnrlk `g hdngnfcd “bcjt‖ tn tmh hxthgt tm`t tmh suascky rhsults cg brh`thr supply `gk lnwhr wnrlk

prcdhs. [mh R[N–s `pprn`dm tn suasckchs cs fhrd`gtclcst `gk nvhrly cgfiuhgdhk ay tmh cgthrhsts nj

dnfphtcgb prnkudhrs.

8 Nvhrscbmt nj durrhgdy pr`dtcdhs cs usu`lly tmnubmt nj `s ahcgb tmh prnvcgdh nj tmh CFJ. Aut F`t-

tnn `gk Tuar`f`gc`g (155=) m`vh `rbuhk tm`t tmh R[N cs ` fudm fnrh suctàlh nrb`gcz`tcng

jnr tmcs purpnsh scgdh wm`t cs `t stìh `rh cfa`l`gdhs cg tr`kh finws, `gk tmh R[N m`s tmh d`p`d-

cty tn fìh cts rulcgbs stcdi. [mh kcsdusscng mhrh subbhsts tm`t `gy fnvh cg tmcs kcrhdtcng smnulkm`vh `s ` kcrhdt quck prn qun tmh whìhgcgb nj tmh kcsdcplcgh ng suasckchs.



0;: Brnwtm `jthr tmh Drcscs

R`bh Qhstr`cgt

[mh scgblh fnst cfpnrt`gt gngtr`khk cgput cg tmh fnkhrg shdtnr cs lànr.

Khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs typcd`lly m`vh shbfhgthk lànr f`rihts, wmhrh jnr-

f`l shdtnr w`bhs f`y kcjjhr scbgcffd`gtly jrnf w`bhs cg cgjnrf`l `dtcvctchs

`gk tmh rur`l shdtnr. Cg sudm shttcgbs, tmh cgstctutcng`l gk rhbul`tnry shttcgb

hxhrts ` l`rbh cgfiuhgdh ng khthrfcg`tcng nj tmh w`bhs fnst rhlhv`gt tn

fnkhrg shdtnr ffrfs. Dngshquhgtly, dm`gbhs cg tmhsh rr`gbhfhgts d`g m`vh

` dnrrhspngkcgbly scbgcffd`gt hjjhdt ng tmh rhl`tcvh prnfftàclcty nj fnkhrg

tr`kàlh `dtcvctchs.

Cg sndchtchs wmhrh ` màct nj dnnphr`tcng hxcsts `fngb sndc`l p`rtghrs, ct

f`y ah pnsscalh tn ghbntc`th w`bh rhstr`cgt cg tmh jnrf`l p`rts nj tmh hdng-

nfy cg rhturg jnr tmh hxphdt`tcng nj dngtcguhk ona drh`tcng. Xgcngs tm`t rh

àlh tn tmcgi lngb thrf gk tn cgthrg`lczh tmh cgthrhsts nj tmhcr juturh s whll

`s prhshgt fhfahrsmcp f`y ah phrsu`khk tn fnkhr`th w`bh khf`gks.

Xgjnrtug`thly, sudm sndc`l p`dts `rh fnrh dnffng cg `kv`gdhk hdngn-

fchs wctm dhgtr`lczhk w`bh a`rb`cgcgb (sudm s Twhkhg, @ustrc`, nr Crhl`gk)tm`g cg khvhlnpcgb nghs (jnr hx`fplh, Fùrctcus). Rmhg tmhy rh sht up, ct cs

typcd`lly `s ` thfpnr`ry `rr`gbhfhgt tn kh`l wctm ` shvhrh f`drnhdngnfcd

drcscs (jnr hx`fplh, Fhxcdn cg 03=2, Inrh` cg 0332). Cgstctutcngs nj dngficdt

f`g`bhfhgt `rh whì cg khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs, `lngb wctm `ll ntmhr cgstctu-

tcngs. Jnr tmh v`st fònrcty nj khvhlnpcgb g`tcngs, tmhrhjnrh, tmcs cs gn h`sy

`lthrg`tcvh tn hxplcdct cgkustrc`l pnlcdy.

Dngdlukcgb Qhf`ris

Mnw mnspctàlh wcll tmh blna`l hgvcrngfhgt ah jnr hdngnfcd brnwtm cg

tmh khvhlnpcgb wnrlk `s wh hfhrbh jrnf tmh prhshgt ffg`gdc`l drcscs> [mh

`gswhr khphgks, C m`vh `rbuhk, ng mnw whll wh f`g`bh tmh jnllnwcgb

thgscng. Ng tmh ngh m`gk, blna`l f`drn stàclcty rhqucrhs tm`t wh prhvhgt

hxthrg`l cfa`l`gdhs jrnf bhttcgb tnn l`rbh. Ng tmh ntmhr m`gk, brnwtm cg

pnnr g`tcngs rhqucrhs tm`t tmh wnrlk hdngnfy ah àlh tn àsnra ` r`pck

cgdrh`sh cg tmh supply nj tr`kàlhs prnkudhk cg tmh khvhlnpcgb wnrlk.

Jnr f`gy sf`ll khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs, ugkhrv`lu`tcng nj tmhcr durrhg-

dchs rhf`cgs ` vcàlh cgkustrc`lcz`tcng str`thby, `ltmnubm ct cs gnt hvhg shd-

ngk ahst jnr rh`sngs C m`vh kcsdusshk ànvh. Bcvhg tmhcr sf`ll jnntprcgt

cg wnrlk tr`kh, ct cs uglcihly tm`t tmhy wcll fìh ` l`rbh `pph`r`gdh ng

tmh r`k`r sdrhhg nj survhcll`gdh nvhr “durrhgdy f`gcpul`tcng pr`dtcdhs.‖

Aut fckklh-cgdnfh `gk l`rbh khvhlnpcgb g`tcngs m`vh tn tr`gsctcng cgtn

`lthrg`tcvh str`thbchs. [mhy wcll m`vh tn dngthfpl`th‛`gk tmh rhst nj tmh

wnrlk wcll m`vh tn `llnw‛tmh ush nj v`rcnus hxplcdct cgkustrc`l prnfntcng

fh`surhs jnr gngtr`kctcng`l tr`kàlhs, cgdlukcgb suasckchs. Dnfacghk wctm

rh`l hxdm`gbh r`th `pprhdc`tcng, sudm suasckchs wnulk annst tmh supply nj

gngtr`kctcng`l bnnks, aut ah ghutr`l wctm rhsphdt tn tmh tr`kh a`l`gdh. Cg

hjjhdt, cgkustrc`l pnlcdy d`g ah `sscbghk tn tmh strudtur`l tr`gsjnrf`tcngt`rbht, wmclh tmh hxdm`gbh r`th cs `sscbghk tn tmh hxthrg`l a`l`gdh.



Qnkrci 0;2

Qhfnvcgb tmh rh`l hxdm`gbh r`th `s ` tnnl jnr khvhlnpfhgt knhs rhp-

rhshgt ` dnst tn tmh l`rbhr khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs. Aut j`clurh tn rh`lczh tm`t

`lthrg`tcvh `pprn`dmhs hxcst `gk d`g ah ushk `s suastctuths wnulk brh`tly

f`bgcjy tmh `kvhrsh hjjhdts ng brnwtm.

Cj tmh ghhk jnr sudm ` str`thby cs gnt rhdnbgczhk `gk tr`kh rulhs ng

suasckchs `rh hgjnrdhk alcgkly, wh `rh lcihly tn ffgk nurshlvhs cg ` phrcnk

nj brh`t thgscng cg cgthrg`tcng`l hdngnfcd rhl`tcngs. [mcs thgscng wcll

hxmcact ctshlj gnt ngly `s ` Gnrtm-Tnutm kcvckh, aut `lsn `s ` dlh`v`bh

wctmcg tmh khvhlnpcgb wnrlk. @s tmh rhl`tcvh sczh nj `kv`gdhk hdngnfchs

`gk tmhcr f`rihts smrcgi, f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts jrnf lnw-dnst supplchrs

wcll spcll nvhr cgtn tmh f`rihts nj fckklh-cgdnfh dnugtrchs wctm brh`thr

jnrdh. Cj tmh l`tthr kn gnt m`vh tmhcr nwg cgkustrc`l prnfntcng `gk kcvhr-

scffd`tcng str`thbchs, tmhy wcll dnfh ugkhr strngb prhssurh jrnf knfhstcd

cgkustry tn rh`dt cg ` khjhgscvh f`gghr, ay hrhdtcgb prnthdtcngcst a`rrchrs

`b`cgst cfpnrts jrnf ntmhr khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs. Qhstrcdtcgb tmh pnlcdy

sp`dh ng cgkustrc`l pnlcdchs wcll m`vh tmh ugcgthgkhk dngshquhgdh nj jns-thrcgb tr`kh prnthdtcng.

Tn tmhrh cs rnnf jnr bu`rkhk nptcfcsf wctm rhb`rk tn tmh prnsphdts

jnr khvhlnpcgb g`tcngs. [mh bnnk ghws cs tm`t khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs d`g

dngtcguh tn brnw r`pckly, hvhg wctm snfh slnwknwg cg wnrlk tr`kh `gk

rhkudhk `pphtcth jnr d`pct`l finws `gk tr`kh cfa`l`gdhs. [mh a`k ghws cs

tm`t tmh j`vnràlh nutdnfh wcll gnt m`pphg ng cts nwg, `s ` rhsult nj tmh

f`bcd nj f`riht jnrdhs. @s wh rhjnrf blna`l rulhs `gk rhkhscbg knfhstcd

str`thbchs, wh ghhk tn hgsurh tm`t tmh hgvcrngfhgt wcll ah `s dngkudcvh tn

strudtur`l tr`gsjnrf`tcng cg tmh khvhlnpcgb wnrlk `s ct m`s ahhg jnr tmh l`st

85 yh`rs.

Qhjhrhgdhs

A`rthlsf`g, Hrcd, Onmg M`ltcw`gbhr, `gk Tthj`gn Td`rphtt`. 155:. “Drnss-Dnugtry

Kcjjhrhgdhs cg Urnkudtcvcty? [mh Qnlh nj @llnd`tcvh Hjffdchgdy.‖ Kr`jt rhpnrt.

Khdhfahr. mttp?//hdngwha.ufk.hku/~m`ltcw`g/`llnd^hjjôuly405=.pkj.

Dhgthr jnr Cgthrg`tcng`l Dnfp`rcsngs. Z`rcnus yh`rs. Uhgg Rnrlk [àlhs.

Umcl`khlpmc`? Xgcvhrscty nj Uhggsylv`gc`, Dhgthr jnr Cgthrg`tcng`l Dnfp`rcsngsnj Urnkudtcng, Cgdnfh, `gk Urcdhs.

Jhlcph, Ohsus, Fcbuhl Lhng-Lhkhsf`, F`tthn L`gz`j`fh, `gk Bhff` Hstr`k`.

1552. “Thdtnr`l Hgbcghs nj Brnwtm cg Khvhlnpcgb @sc`? Ttylczhk J`dts `gk

Cfplcd`tcngs.‖ HQK Rnricgb U`phr 052 (Gnvhfahr). @sc`g Khvhlnpfhgt

A`gi, [niyn.

Mùsf`gg, Qcd`rkn. 155=. “Cg Th`rdm nj tmh Dm`cgs [m`t Mnlk Ar`zcl A`di.‖

M`rv`rk Xgcvhrscty, Ihgghky Tdmnnl, Dhgthr jnr Cgthrg`tcng`l Khvhlnpfhgt,

D`farckbh, F@. @ubust.

Mschm, Dm`gb-[`c, `gk Uhthr O. Ilhgnw. 1552. “Fcs`llnd`tcng `gk F`guj`dturcgb

[JU cg Dmcg` `gk Cgkc`.‖ GAHQ Rnricgb U`phr 04135 (@ubust). G`tcng`lAurhù nj Hdngnfcd Qhsh`rdm, D`farckbh, F@.



0;= Brnwtm `jthr tmh Drcscs

Insh, F. @ym`g, Hsw`r T. Ur`s`k, `gk F`rdn H. [hrrnghs. 1552. “Mnw Knhs

Jcg`gdc`l Blna`lcz`tcng @jjhdt Qcsi Tm`rcgb> U`tthrgs `gk Dm`gghls.‖ CFJ

Rnricgb U`phr 52/14=. Cgthrg`tcng`l Fnght`ry Jugk, R`smcgbtng, KD.

F`kkcsng, @gbus. 1550. [mh Rnrlk Hdngnfy? @ Fcllhggc`l Uhrsphdtcvh. U`rcs?

NHDK.

F`ttnn, @`kcty`, `gk @rvcgk Tuar`f`gc`g. 155=. “Durrhgdy Xgkhrv`lu`tcng `gk

Tnvhrhcbg Rh`ltm Jugks? @ Ghw Qnlh jnr tmh Rnrlk [r`kh Nrb`gcz`tcng.‖

Rnricgb U`phr (O`gu`ry). Uhthrsng Cgstctuth jnr Cgthrg`tcng`l Hdngnfcds,

R`smcgbtng, KD.

FdIcgshy Blna`l Cgstctuth. 1550. Cgkc`? [mh Brnwtm Cfphr`tcvh. T`g Jr`gdcsdn?

FdIcgshy.

‛‛‛. 1554. [urihy? Fìcgb tmh Brnwtm gk Urnkudtcvcty Arhìtmrnubm.

Cst`gaul? FdIcgshy.

Ur`s`k, Hsw`r, Q`bmur`f B. Qò`g, `gk @rvcgk Tuar`f`gc`g. 1552. ””Jnrhcbg

D`pct`l `gk Hdngnfcd Brnwtm.–– Arnnicgbs U`phrs ng Hdngnfcd @dtcvcty

0? 084—153.Qnkrci, K`gc. 155:. “Rm`t–s Tn Tphdc`l ànut Dmcg`–s Hxpnrts>‖ Dmcg` `gk

Rnrlk Hdngnfy 0; (8, Thpthfahr-Ndtnahr)? 0—03.

‛‛‛. 1552`. “Gnrf`lczcgb Cgkustrc`l Unlcdy.‖ U`phr prhp`rhk jnr tmh

Dnffcsscng ng Brnwtm `gk Khvhlnpfhgt, R`smcgbtng, KD (@ubust).

‛‛‛. 1552a. Ngh Hdngnfcds, F`gy Qhdcphs. Urcgdhtng, GO? Urcgdhtng

Xgcvhrscty Urhss.

‛‛‛. 155=. “[mh Qh`l Hxdm`gbh Q`th `gk Hdngnfcd Brnwtm.‖ Arnnicgbs

U`phrs ng Hdngnfcd @dtcvcty (J`ll)? 4:8—;04.

Qnkrci, K`gc, `gk @rvcgk Tuar`f`gc`g. 1553. “Rmy Kck Jcg`gdc`l Blna`lcz`tcng

Kcs`ppncgt>‖ CFJ Tt`jj U`phrs 8: (0, Tprcgb)? 001—4=.

Rnrlk A`gi. Z`rcnus yh`rs. Rnrlk Khvhlnpfhgt Cgkcd`tnrs. R`smcgbtng, KD?

Rnrlk A`gi.



Qnkrci 0;3

@pphgkcx? Urnkudtcng Tuasckchs ng [r`kàlhscg Bhghr`l Hquclcarcuf

[mcs `pphgkcx kcvckhs tmh hdngnfy cgtn twn shdtnrs, prnkudcgb tr`kàlh

`gk gngtr`kàlh bnnks, rhsphdtcvhly. Lht us tìh tmh prcdh nj gngtr`khk

bnnks tn ah tmh gufhr`crh `gk ffx ct tn 0. [mh khf`gk sckh nj tmh hdng-

nfy cs rhprhshgthk wctm tmh hxphgkcturh jugdtcng H(Q, 0, u), wmhrh u

st`gks jnr `bbrhb`th utclcty `gk Q cs tmh (rhl`tcvh) prcdh nj tr`kàlhs `gk

tmh rh`l hxdm`gbh r`th. [mh supply sckh nj tmh hdngnfy cs rhprhshgthk ay

` BKU nr rhvhguh jugdtcng bcvhg ay B(Q, 0), cg wmcdm tmh j`dtnr hgknw-

fhgts nj tmh hdngnfy `rh rhprhsshk scgdh tmhy `rh tìhg tn ah cg ffxhk

supply tmrnubmnut.

Nj cgthrhst `rh tmh hjjhdts nj ` prnkudtcng suascky ng tr`kàlhs, s. [mh

kcrhdt hjjhdt nj sudm suascky cs tn cgdrh`sh tmh supply prcdh nj tr`kàlhs, sn

tmh BKU jugdtcng cs rhwrctthg s B(Qs, 0), wmclh tmh hxphgkcturh jugdtcng

rhf`cgs ugdm`gbhk.Hquclcarcuf cg tmcs hdngnfy d`g ah hxprhsshk uscgb tmrhh hqu`tcngs.

Gnth ffrst tm`t tmh p`rtc`l khrcv`tcvh nj B(.) wctm rhsphdt tn tmh prcdh nj tr`k-

àlhs, hxprhsshk `s B0(Qs, 0), bcvhs tmh supply nj tr`kàlhs, P[ .

P[ B0(Qs, 0). (2.0)

[mh shdngk rhl`tcngsmcp cs `g hxphgkcturh-hqu`ls-cgdnfh ckhgtcty?

H(Q, 0, u) B(Q s, 0) s B0(Qs, 0). (2.1)

[mh suascky cs `ssufhk tn ah ffg`gdhk tmrnubm lufp-suf t`xhs, sn tmh

cgdnfh `v`clàlh jnr prcv`th shdtnr dngsufptcng cs BKU fcgus tmh t`x rhv-hguh ghhkhk tn ffg`gdh tmh suascky. [mh l`st thrf cg hqu`tcng 2.1 cs tmh

dnrrhspngkcgb t`x rhvhguh. Jcg`lly, wh hxprhss hquclcarcuf cg tmh f`riht

jnr tr`kàlh bnnks?

H0(Q, 0, u) B0(Qs, 0), (2.4)

wmhrh H0(.) cs tmh (Mcdisc`g) khf`gk jnr tmh tr`kàlh bnnk. Ay R`lr`s–s

L`w, hqu`tcngs 2.1 gk 2.4 bu`r`gthh tm`t tmh f`riht hquclcarcuf jnr gng-

tr`khk bnnks mnlks s whll. [mhsh tmrhh hqu`tcngs khthrfcgh tmh tmrhh hgknb-

hgnus v`rcàlhs cg tmh systhf, P[ , Q, `gk u.

Jrnf hqu`tcng 2.0, ct cs hvckhgt tm`t tmh nutput nj tmh tr`kàlh bnnkkhphgks hxdluscvhly ng wm`t m`pphgs tn cts supply prcdh, Qs. Cj tmcs prcdh

cgdrh`shs cg rhspngsh tn `g cgdrh`sh cg tmh suascky, tmh supply rhspngsh wcll

ah pnsctcvh.

Uhrjnrfcgb tmh dnfp`r`tcvh st`tcds nj tmh systhf ychlks tmh jnllnwcgb

rhsult?

k Q s

ks

H

H QsQ

H

Hu

u

( ) (.)

( ) ( ) ( )

( )

( )

+6

∑

∑

00

00

000.

.

.. .00

0

∑0

.




[n cgthrprht tmcs hxprhsscng, jndus ffrst ng tmh d`sh wmhrh tmh suascky

cs “sf`ll‖9 tmh hxprhsscng cs hv`lu`thk `t s 5. Tcgdh H00(.) 5 `gk

Q00 (.) 5 jrnf tmh prnphrtchs nj hxphgkcturh `gk rhvhguh jugdtcngs,

k (Q s) /ks cs ug`facbunusly pnsctcvh cg tmcs d`sh, wmcdm cs tn s`y tm`t

tmh `pprhdc`tcng nj tmh rh`l hxdm`gbh r`th knhs gnt jully ugkn tmh cgdhg-

tcvh hjjhdts nj tmh suascky.

Cg tmh d`sh wmhrh s cs gnt zhrn nr vhry sf`ll tn ahbcg wctm, cgdnfh

hjjhdts dnfh cgtn pl`y, `s d`pturhk ay tmh l`st thrf cg tmh hxprhsscng. Tcgdh

Q H Hu u00 0. . .( ) ( ) ( )( ) cs pnsctcvh, tmh shdngk ar`dihthk thrf d`ggnt ah scbghk cg

bhghr`l. Aut ct cs dngvhgtcng`l tn `ssufh, `s p`rt nj ` st`aclcty rhqucrhfhgt,

tm`t tmcs thrf cs gnt l`rbhr tm`g 0, sn tm`t k (Q s) /ks rhf`cgs pnsctcvh.



Hst`dmh `gk J`y 080

DM@U[HQ =Durrhgt Kha`ths ng Cgjr`strudturh Unlcdy

@gtngcn Hst`dmh `gk F`rc ggh J y

Hdngnfcd mcstnrc`gs wcll drhkct tmh hxdhptcng`l blna`l ffg`gdc`l drcscs nj tmh

ffrst khd`kh nj tmh twhgty-ffrst dhgtury jnr f`gy fònr dm`gbhs cg blna`l

hdngnfcd pnlcdy prcnrctchs. Ngh nj tmhf cs arcgbcgb cgjr`strudturh a`di tn

tmh jnrhjrngt nj tmh pnlcdy bhgk` rnugk tmh wnrlk, s m`s ahhg tmh d`sh cg

khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs jnr snfh tcfh gnw. Cgkhhk, wmclh cgjr`strudturh

cgvhstfhgt cs bhghr`lly ` rhdurrcgb cthf ng tmh `bhgk` nj khvhlnpcgb

dnugtrchs, scgdh tmh h`rly 03=5s ct m`s njthg hgonyhk ngly “lcp shrvcdh‖

`fngb khvhlnphk dnugtrchs. [mcs dm`gbhk wctm tmh fònr rhdnvhry p`di-`bhs tm`t jnllnwhk tmh drcscs st`rtcgb cg 155=. Tcbgcffd`gt sd`lcgb up nj

cgvhstfhgt cg cgjr`strudturh f`y cgkhhk ah ngh nj tmh fnst rhdnbgczàlh

dm`r`dthrcstcds nj tmh rhdnvhry p`di`bhs ahdùsh fnst khvhlnphk-dnugtry

bnvhrgfhgts m`vh aht ng tmh l`rbh fultcplchr hjjhdt nj cgjr`strudturh-a`shk

stcfulc, hvhg cj tmhrh `rh kcs`brhhfhgts ànut mnw l`rbh tmhsh hjjhdts `rh

`gk mhgdh mnw l`rbh tmh cgjr`strudturh stcfulus smnulk ah. Gn f`tthr tmh

`dtu`l hjjhdtcvhghss nj tmhsh fultcplchrs, tmhsh stcfulc wcll `t lh`st `kkrhss

snfh nj tmh dngbhstcng, shrvcdh r`tcngcgb, lnst onas, gk lnst cgdnfh tm`t rh

tmh dngshquhgdhs nj b`ps cg tmh qu`gtcty `gk qu`lcty nj cgjr`strudturh.



081 Durrhgt Kha`ths ng Cgjr`strudturh Unlcdy

Cgjr`strudturh cgvhstfhgt m`s ahdnfh ` prcnrcty cg antm khvhlnphk `gk

khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs `gk wcll ah jnr snfh tcfh.0

Mcstnry wcll lsn oukbh tmh hxthgt tn wmcdm l`rbh cgjr`strudturh cgvhst-

fhgts wcll ancl knwg tn f`drnhdngnfcd ffg`gdc`l hjjnrts wctmnut fudm

dngdhrg jnr tmh fcdrnhdngnfcd cgdhgtcvh prnalhfs nj tmh shdtnr. Jnr

cgst`gdh, tmh ghw bhghr`tcng nj cgjr`strudturh pnlcdy p`di`bhs rhdnb-

gczhs ` rnlh jnr tmh pualcd shdtnr cg uscgb t`x fnghy tn p`y jnr ghhkhk

cgvhstfhgt, mnpcgb tn rhdnvhr fudm nj tmcs cgvhstfhgt tmrnubm ushr

jhhs. Aut tmhsh p`di`bhs thgk tn cbgnrh tmh drudc`l kht`cls `ssndc`thk

wctm tmh f`cgthg`gdh, `jjnrkàclcty, `gk ffg`gdcgb nj cgvhstfhgts `gk

tmh sust`cgàlh kcstrcautcng nj t`sis ahtwhhg tmh pualcd `gk tmh prcv`th

shdtnr. [mhy `lsn cbgnrh tmh bnvhrg`gdh prnalhfs nj ` shdtnr ignwg

jnr cts wmcth hlhpm`gts, dnst nvhrrugs, `gk nvhrly nptcfcst jnrhd`sts nj

khf`gk. [mhy ffg`lly nfct tmh rnlh nj dngdhrgs jnr smnrt-thrf pnlctcd`l

b`cgs cg tmh shlhdtcng nj prnohdt p`ynjjs cg spcth nj tmh rcsis nj lngb-thrf

ffsd`l dnsts tn sndchty.Cg tm`t dngthxt, s tmh wnrlk oufps ng tmh cgjr`strudturh a`gkw`bng, ct

f`y ah ushjul tn tìh stndi nj wm`t wh m`vh lh`rghk nvhr tmh l`st 18 yh`rs

jrnf tmh hvnlutcng nj tmh `pprnprc`th nrb`gcz`tcng, f`g`bhfhgt, `gk

nphr`tcng nj tmh hlhdtrcdcty, thlhdnffugcd`tcngs, tr`gspnrt, `gk w`thr

`gk s`gct`tcng shdtnrs. [mh suf nj dnffctfhgts tn cgdrh`sh hxphgkcturhs

cg tmhsh shdtnrs r`gbhs jrnf ; phrdhgt tn fnrh tm`g 05 phrdhgt nj brnss

knfhstcd prnkudt (BKU) cg snfh d`shs. Jnr tmhsh ghw cgjr`strudturh

prnohdts tn khlcvhr ng tmhcr prnfcshs `t ` j`cr dnst tn ushrs `gk t`xp`yhrs,

ct wcll ah drudc`l tn fcgcfczh dnstly pnlcdy fcstìhs. Tuff`rczcgb tmh

lhssngs jrnf p`st pnlcdy fcstìhs `gk nfcsscngs cs tmh f`cg purpnsh njtmcs dm`pthr.1

[mh dm`pthr cs nrb`gczhk `s jnllnws. Ct suff`rczhs tmh cfpnrt`gdh

nj tmh dngthxt jnr ckhgtcjycgb tmh durrhgt pnlcdy cssuhs cg cgjr`strudturh,

njjhrs `g nvhrvchw nj tmh durrhgt st`th nj tmh shdtnr, `gk suff`rczhs tmh

cgthgscvh `d`khfcd kha`th ng tmh cgthr`dtcngs ahtwhhg brnwtm `gk cgjr`-

strudturh. Ct tmhg lnnis `t tmh tmnrgy quhstcng nj mnw fudm cgjr`strud-

turh cs ghhkhk tn sust`cg brnwtm lhvhls dngscsthgt wctm pnvhrty rhkudtcng

naohdtcvhs `gk tmh hjffdchgdy-hqucty tr`khnjjs tm`t f`y ah `ssndc`thk wctm

tmh khdcscng nj wmhrh tmhsh cgvhstfhgts smnulk ah f`kh. [mcs cs jnllnwhk

ay ` kcsdusscng nj tmh pnvhrty-rhl`thk kcfhgscngs nj tmh prnalhfs nj`ddhss tn cgjr`strudturh `gk ` kha`th nj tmh rhl`tcvh rnlh nj tmh prcv`th

`gk pualcd shdtnr cg cgjr`strudturh, jnduscgb ng tmh f`cg cgstctutcng`l

dm`gbhs nashrvhk cg tmh l`st 05—08 yh`rs `gk ng tmhcr cfplcd`tcngs jnr

tmh hjjhdtcvhghss nj shrvcdh khlcvhry. @ ffg`l shdtcng dngdlukhs.

0 [mh prhssurh tn cgvhst cg tmh shdtnr cs rhcgjnrdhk `gk wcll ah strngbly sust`cghk ay tmh ghhk tn

`kkrhss tmh cfpnrt`gt dngtrcautcng nj tr`gspnrt `gk hghrby tn brhhgmnush b`s hfcsscngs.

1 Rmclh tmh dm`pthr cs `cfhk `t pnlcdy ùkchgdhs cg khvhlnpcgb gk hfhrbcgb hdngnfchs, f`gy nj

tmh lhssngs kr`wg smnulk ah ushjul tn tmh pnlcdy fìhrs nj khvhlnphk hdngnfchs wmn pl`dh tmhcr

mnphs ng cgjr`strudturh `s ` ihy cgbrhkchgt nj sndc`lly sust`cgàlh hdngnfcd brnwtm.



Hst`dmh `gk J`y 084

[mh Qhlhv`gdh nj tmh Dngthxt

[mh phrdhptcng nj pnlctcdc`gs, ushrs, nphr`tnrs, cgvhstnrs, gk `d`khfcds ng

wm`t cs bnnk `gk wm`t cs gnt bnnk jnr cgjr`strudturh m`s hvnlvhk scbgcff-

d`gtly scgdh tmh hgk nj tmh rhdngstrudtcng phrcnk tm`t jnllnwhk Rnrlk

R`r CC. Xgtcl tmh l`th 03=5s, wctm jhw mcbm-prnfflh hxdhptcngs cg tmh khvhl-

nphk @gbln-T`xng wnrlk st`rtcgb cg tmh 0325s, tmhsh shdtnrs whrh dlh`rly

shhg s pualcd shdtnr rhspngscaclcty, gk bnvhrgfhgts whrh lnnicgb cgw`rk

jnr fh`gs tn cfprnvh tmhcr qu`lcty gk vnlufh. Aut kurcgb tmh 0335s, s tmh

dngdhrg jnr ffsd`l kcsdcplcgh st`rthk tn prhv`cl blna`lly gk ugm`ppcghss wctm

ugkhrphrjnrfcgb pualcd prnvckhrs brhw, rhkudtcngs cg tmh sczh nj tmh pualcd

shdtnr ahd`fh ` fust. Qhdhcvhk wcsknf w`s tmhg tm`t tmh prcv`th shdtnr

w`s bncgb tn tìh nvhr cgjr`strudturh shrvcdhs, lh`vcgb ngly ` rhscku`l rnlh

jnr bnvhrgfhgts (khrhbul`tcng, rhstrudturcgb, gk tmh rhbul`tcng nj rhscku`l

fngnpnlchs). [mh tcfh m`k dnfh jnr tmh prcv`th shdtnr tn smnw wm`t ct

dnulk kn jthr lngb jrustr`tcgb hxphrchgdh wctm g ugkhrphrjnrfcgb pualcdshdtnr.

[mh cgctc`l vcscng kck gnt pl`y nut `s hxphdthk. @lfnst 15 yh`rs `jthr

prcv`tcz`tcng ahb`g tn ah tnuthk `s tmh snlutcng tn cgjr`strudturh wnhs, tmh

rnlh nj tmh l`rbh-sd`lh prcv`th shdtnr cg tmh khlcvhry nj cgjr`strudturh shrvcdhs

cg hghrby, w`thr, nr tr`gspnrt cs j`r jrnf ahcgb `s wckhsprh`k `s f`gy m`k

mnphk jnr, `t lh`st cg khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs. [mcs cs wmy f`gy bnvhrgfhgts

m`vh stnpphk ahttcgb ng `g `ddhlhr`tcng nj prcv`th cgvhstfhgt cg tmh shdtnr

jnr tmh yh`rs tn dnfh. Lnd`l fcdrn nr sf`ll-sd`lh prcv`th prnvckhrs m`vh

oufphk cg tn dnfphgs`th jnr tmh j`clurhs nj tmh fnkhl hgvcs`bhk ay tmh prn-

fnthrs nj l`rbh-sd`lh prcv`tcz`tcngs `s whll `s jnr tmh j`clurhs nj tmh rhf`cg-cgb pualcd fngnpnlchs. Aut bcvhg tmh j`dt tm`t sd`lh hdngnfchs `rh khffgcgb

dm`r`dthrcstcds nj fnst cgjr`strudturh shrvcdhs, tmcs dnulk fh`g mcbmhr tm`g

ghhkhk dnsts jnr rhsckhgtc`l ushrs.

[mh dnsts nj tmh j`clurh tn bht tmh vcscng tn f`thrc`lczh `rh gnt fcgnr.

[mhrh cs ` strngb `gk wckhsprh`k shgsh `fngb pnlcdy fìhrs tm`t snfh

nj tmh kcjjhrhgdhs cg brnwtm r`ths ahtwhhg H`st @sc` `gk ntmhr p`rts nj tmh

wnrlk d`g ah `ttrcauthk tn tmh j`clurh tn cgvhst sujffdchgtly cg cgjr`strudturh.

Xshrs– jrustr`tcng wctm tmh swctdm jrnf t`x ffg`gdcgb nj tmhsh shrvcdhs tn

ushr ffg`gdcgb ngly wnrshghk tmh ugm`ppcghss wctm tmh ghw vcscng. [mh

rhl`thk rhohdtcng nj tmh prcv`tcz`tcng hxphrchgdh m`s gnw ahdnfh `g hjjhd-

tcvh pnlctcd`l d`fp`cbg cssuh `rnugk tmh wnrlk.

Ct cs cg tmcs sphdcffd dngthxt tm`t tmh cgjr`strudturh dnfpnghgt nj rhdnvhry

prnbr`fs cs ahcgb cfplhfhgthk cg khvhlnphk `gk hfhrbcgb dnugtrchs `gk

tm`t tmh str`thby tn dlnsh tmh cgjr`strudturh b`p cs tìcgb pl`dh cg lhss khvhl-

nphk dnugtrchs. Ng tmh ngh m`gk, tmh l`rbh dnffctfhgts f`kh tn cgvhst cg

cgjr`strudturh `rh sn pnpul`r `gk sn h`sy tn hgknrsh pnlctcd`lly `rnugk tmh

wnrlk prhdcshly ahdùsh f`gy bnvhrgfhgts `rh strubblcgb tn dnfphgs`th

jnr tmh dnllhdtcvh j`clurh cg tmh 0335s tn cfprnvh tmh qu`gtcty nr tmh qu`l-

cty nj cgjr`strudturh. Ng tmh ntmhr m`gk, tmhrh `rh strngb vchws ng tmh ghhk



08; Durrhgt Kha`ths ng Cgjr`strudturh Unlcdy

tn rhdngsckhr fudm fnrh d`rhjully tm`g kurcgb tmh 0335s tmh `pprnprc`th

jnrf cg wmcdm tmh prcv`th shdtnr `gk tmh pualcd shdtnr wcll dnllànr`th ng

tmh sd`lcgb up nj cgjr`strudturh.

[mh hfhrbcgb vcscng cs tm`t tmhrh cs ` ghhk jnr scbgcffd`gt cfprnvhfhgts

cg tmh f`g`bhfhgt `gk nphr`tcng nj cgjr`strudturh, aut tm`t tmh dmncdh cs

gn lngbhr scfplcstcd`lly kcdmntnfnus ahtwhhg pualcd `gk prcv`th, `gk tmh

cgthrhsts nj ushrs `gk t`xp`yhrs wcll m`vh tn ah fudm ahtthr prnthdthk jrnf

tmh rcsis nj rhscku`l fngnpnlchs cg tmh shdtnr. Ur`bf`tcsf knfcg`ths tmcs

ghw vcscng. [mh pualcd shdtnr cs hxphdthk tn rht`cg ` fudm fnrh cfpnrt`gt

rnlh cg ffg`gdcgb tm`g `kfctthk kurcgb fudm nj tmh l`st 18 yh`rs, wmclh

tmh prcv`th shdtnr wcll mhlp cg fhhtcgb tmh scbgcffd`gt ghhks `ssndc`thk wctm

cgjr`strudturh dngstrudtcng, nphr`tcng, `gk tn snfh hxthgt ffg`gdcgb. [mh

rnlh nj tmh prcv`th shdtnr cg ffg`gdcgb wcll fnst lcihly ah lcfcthk tn shdtnrs

sudm `s thlhdnffugcd`tcngs, hghrby bhghr`tcng, `gk tr`gspnrt shrvcdhs cg

wmcdm dnffhrdc`l `gk pnlctcd`l rcsis `rh lnwhr.

[mh Tt`th nj tmh Cgjr`strudturh Thdtnrs

F`gy nj tmh cssuhs tn ah kcsdusshk cg tmcs dm`pthr `rh `gdmnrhk cg ` a`scd

prnalhf? tmh cgsujffdchgt stndi nj cgjr`strudturh `gk mhgdh tmh cgsujffdchgt

finw nj `ssndc`thk shrvcdhs. [n bcvh ` shgsh nj tmcs b`p, tàlh =.0 prnvckhs `

qu`gtct`tcvh sg`psmnt nj tmh shdtnr a`shk ng tmh l`thst k`t` `v`clàlh ng tmh

shrvcdh dnvhr`bh prnvckhk tn pnpul`tcngs cg h`dm shdtnr jnr dnugtry brnup-

cgbs rhfihdtcgb cgdnfh lhvhls. [mh f`cg dngdluscngs `rh navcnus? (`) `ddhss

rhf`cgs smndicgbly lnw cg pnnr dnugtrchs, khspcth tmh kngnr-jugkhk hjjnrtsnj tmh l`st khd`khs, `gk (a) wh `rh rhf`riàly cbgnr`gt nj mnw whll nr

a`kly tmh shdtnr cs kncgb.

[mh Acb Ucdturh

Jcrst, tmh lhvhl nj `ddhss tn cgjr`strudturh shrvcdhs cs, `s hxphdthk, strngbly

dnrrhl`thk wctm ` dnugtry–s `vhr`bh cgdnfh (jnr ` jullhr kcsdusscng nj tmh

hvckhgdh ng `ddhss, qu`lcty, `gk prcdhs cg cgjr`strudturh, shh Hst`dmh `gk

Bncdnhdmh` 1558). Ay `gk l`rbh, tmh rhsckhgts nj khvhlnphk dnugtrchs

`ll m`vh `ddhss tn ` fcgcfuf lhvhl nj shrvcdhs. @fngb khvhlnpcgb dnug-

trchs, upphr-fckklh-cgdnfh dnugtrchs m`vh tmh mcbmhst `ddhss r`ths (cg tmh

[àlh =.0. @ddhss tn Xtclctchs Thrvcdhs, ay Thdtnr `gk Dnugtry Cgdnfh Lhvhl

Cgdnfh lhvhl

Uhrdhgt`bh nj

pnpul`tcng wctm

`ddhss tn ghtwnrihk

hlhdtrcdcty (1555)

Gufahr nj ffxhk `gk

fnaclh thlhpmngh

suasdrcahrs phr 0,555

phnplh (1558)

Uhrdhgt`bh nj

pnpul`tcng wctm

`ddhss tn cfprnvhk

w`thr snurdhs (1558)

Uhrdhgt`bh nj

pnpul`tcng wctm

`ddhss tn

s`gct`tcng (1558)

Lnw 40 00; 28 :0

Lnwhr-fckklh =1 800 =1 22

Xpphr-fckklh =2 350 3; 30

Khvhlnpcgb 8= 814 =4 =5

Tnurdh? Rnrlk A`gi 1552a.



Hst`dmh `gk J`y 088

khvhlnpcgb wnrlk) `gk `rh vhry dlnsh tn fhhtcgb tmh cgjr`strudturh ghhks nj

`ll aut 05 phrdhgt nj tmhcr pnpul`tcng. [mh lnwhst-cgdnfh dnugtrchs `rh j`r

jrnf fhhtcgb tmnsh ghhks, cg p`rtcdul`r cg thrfs nj hlhdtrcdcty.

Thdngk, prnbrhss cg `dmchvcgb jull dnvhr`bh v`rchs scbgcffd`gtly `drnss

shdtnrs. Ct m`s ahhg rh`sngàly bnnk cg w`thr `gk cg thlhdnffugcd`tcngs

(krcvhg, cg tmh d`sh nj thlhdnffugcd`tcngs, ay tmh thdmgnlnbcd`l rhvnlu-

tcng tm`t m`s lnwhrhk dnsts `gk f`kh shrvcdh pnsscalh hvhg cg rhl`tcvhly

lnw-khgscty `rh`s). T`gct`tcng dngtcguhs tn ah ` prnalhf, aut ct cs `ttr`dt-

cgb cgdrh`scgb `tthgtcng `s ` rhsult nj brnwcgb cgthrhst cg hgvcrngfhgt`l

prnalhfs. Tnfhwm`t surprcscgb, tmh acbbhst prnalhf cs tmh hghrby shdtnr.

[mh àshgdh nj ` wckhly `v`clàlh fh`gcgbjul cgkcd`tnr prhdlukhs tr`gspnrt

jrnf ahcgb cgdlukhk cg tmcs dnfp`rcsng.

Cj ngh dngsckhrs tàlh =.0 s a`shlcgh jrnf wmcdm prnbrhss jrnf rhjnrf

dnulk ah fh`surhk, tmh dm`llhgbh cs gnt fnkhst ngh. Rmclh tmh cgthrg`tcng`l

dnffugcty m`s ahhg cgdrh`scgbly dngdhrghk wctm tmh cfpnrt`gdh nj cgjr`-

strudturh ghhkhk tn prnkudh tmh cgvhstfhgt tm`t wcll bhghr`th brnwtm‛`scllustr`thk ay tmh rhsults nj cgvhstfhgt dlcf`th survhys‛tmcs tàlh subbhsts

tm`t ct wnulk ah ` fònr fcstìh tn cbgnrh mnushmnlk ghhks. Cgkhhk, tmh

pnlctcd`l sust`cgàclcty nj cgjr`strudturh rhjnrfs khphgks ng mnushmnlk

ghhks ahcgb tìhg cgtn ddnugt, s tmh hxphrchgdh nj L`tcg @fhrcd` khfng-

str`ths (shh J`y `gk Fnrrcsng 155: jnr ` kcsdusscng).

[mh dm`llhgbh cs gnt fcgnr ngh jnr tmh cgthrg`tcng`l kngnr dnffugcty,

aut ct cs ngh tm`t cs cgdrh`scgbly ahcgb rhdnbgczhk. Dnffctfhgts tn cfprnvh

`ddhss r`ths tn w`thr `gk, tn snfh hxthgt, thlhdnffugcd`tcngs m`vh ahhg

jnrf`lczhk tmrnubm tmh Fcllhggcuf Khvhlnpfhgt Bn`ls (FKBs). [mh dnf-

fctfhgts tn hlhdtrcffd`tcng m`vh ahhg `kkhk `s p`rt nj tmh Onm`gghsaurbKhdl`r`tcng, aut fudm lhss prnbrhss cs ahcgb f`kh ng tm`t jrngt. Gn scfcl`r

dnllhdtcvh dnffctfhgt hxcsts jnr tmh tr`gspnrt shdtnr. Nvhr`ll, prnbrhss cs

ahcgb f`kh, aut cfplhfhgt`tcng cs slnw, sn tm`t, cg f`gy dnugtrchs, tmh

bn`ls `rh gnt ahcgb fht.4

[mh Acb Mnlhs cg tmh Acb Ucdturh

[àlh =.0 suff`rczhs fnst nj tmh cgjnrf`tcng `v`clàlh tn pnlcdy fìhrs.

[mh rhf`cgcgb k`t` ng tmhsh shdtnrs thgk tn jndus ng thdmgcd`l kcfhgscngs.

Tnfh cs rhlhv`gt tn pnlcdy (jnr hx`fplh, pnwhr bhghr`tcng d`p`dcty), aut

fudm cs tnn sphdcffd tn thdmgcd`l cssuhs. Dnfp`rhk tn tmh cgjnrf`tcng v`cl-àlh ng mh`ltm nr hkud`tcng, jnr cgst`gdh, tmh cgjnrf`tcng b`p cg tmh cgjr`-

strudturh shdtnr cs mubh `gk smnws gn scbg nj g`rrnwcgb.; Ng tr`gspnrt, jnr cgst`gdh, vhry lcttlh cgjnrf`tcng cs `v`clàlh ng wm`t

dnulk shrvh s rh`sngàlh a`shlcgh tn sshss tmh hdngnfcd nr sndc`l phrjnr-

f`gdh nj tmh shdtnr. Rh ignw, jnr cgst`gdh, tm`t rn`k khgscty cg tmh pnnrhst

4 Jnr ` kcsdusscng nj tmh dnugtrchs `gk shdtnrs jnr wmcdm tmh FKBs rh uglcihly tn ah fht, shh

Rnrlk A`gi (1558`).

; Lcvcgb Tt gk`rk Fh`surhfhgt Turvhys, Khfnbr`pmcd `gk Mh`ltm Turvhys, `gk mnushmnlk dng-

sufptcng survhys kn gnt prnvckh tmh rhqucrhk k`t` tn `kkrhss tmh cssuh whll. Jcrst, tmh shdtnr csbhghr`lly gnt whll dnvhrhk cg tmhsh survhys. Thdngk, tmhrh rh scbgcffd`gt kcjjhrhgdhs cg tmh qu`lcty

nj tmh k`t` `v`clàlh jnr ura`g `gk rur`l `rh`s.



08: Durrhgt Kha`ths ng Cgjr`strudturh Unlcdy

khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs cs ànut ` tmcrk wm`t ct cs cg tmh rcdmhst khvhlnpcgb

dnugtrchs `gk ànut ` scxtm wm`t ct cs cg khvhlnphk dnugtrchs. Mnwhvhr,

tmhsh k`t` kn gnt d`pturh tmh qu`lcty nr hvhg kcfhgscng nj tmh cgjr`strud-

turh `gk bcvh tmh s`fh whcbmt tn ` ngh-l`gh rur`l rn`k `gk ` 01-l`gh rcgb

rn`k. [mh mhthrnbhghcty cg wm`t tmh stndi k`t` fh`surh f`y whll ah tmh

wnrst jnr rn`ks.

Tcfcl`rly, ng hghrby, fnst nj tmh cgjnrf`tcng `v`clàlh ng `ddhss r`ths

cs a`shk ng hxtr`pnl`tcngs jrnf ` sf`ll s`fplh nj rhprhshgt`tcvh dnugtrchs.

[mh l`st wnrlkwckh kc`bgnstcd nj `ddhss r`ths cg tmh shdtnr w`s dngkudthk

cg 1555 ay tmh Cgthrg`tcng`l Hghrby @bhgdy ng ahm`lj nj tmh cgthrg`tcng`l

dnffugcty. Mnushmnlk survhys prnvckh `kkctcng`l cgjnrf`tcng, aut tmhrh

`rh fònr dnfp`tcaclcty cssuhs. @gyngh cgthrhsthk cg cgjnrf`tcng ng prcdhs

nr qu`lcty cg tmh shdtnr wcll m`vh tn wnri wctm mhrncd `ssufptcngs tn try tn

bhghr`th snfh drhkcalh dnfp`ràlh drnss-dnugtry k`t` shts.

[mh k`t` ng `ddhss tn w`thr `rh snfhwm`t ahtthr tn tmh hxthgt tm`t tmh

Xgcthk G`tcngs—`gdmnrhk Oncgt Fngctnrcgb Urnbr`f m`s f`g`bhk tn bhg-hr`th snfh khbrhh nj dngtcgucty `gk dngscsthgdy cg tmh fngctnrcgb nj prnb-

rhss, `ltmnubm tmhsh k`t` shts `lsn rhly ng snfh dngtrnvhrsc`l `ssufptcngs

`gk hxtr`pnl`tcngs.

Ngly jnr tmh thlhdnffugcd`tcngs shdtnr d`g ` rh`sngàly bnnk

pcdturh ah bhghr`thk, tm`gis cg l`rbh p`rt tn tmh hjjnrts nj tmh Cgthrg`-

tcng`l [hlhdnffugcd`tcngs Xgcng. [mcs shdtnr m`s `ttr`dthk tmh fnst

cgthrhst `fngb `d`khfcds. Qhsh`rdm bnhs wmhrh k`t` `rh, gnt ghdhss`rcly

wmhrh prnalhfs `rh!

[mh prnalhfs wctm tmh fngctnrcgb nj `ddhss r`ths f`y surprcsh f`gy.

Hvhg fnrh surprcscgb cs tmh j`clurh tn fngctnr prnbrhss ng tmh `jjnrkàclcty`gk qu`lcty nj tmhsh shrvcdhs‛kcfhgscngs tm`t smnulk ah p`rt nj tmh a`shlcgh

ghhkhk tn tr`di prnbrhss, p`rtcdul`rly `s rhb`rks pnvhrty. [mcs cgjnrf`tcng

cs gnt `v`clàlh cg fnst khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs. Fnst nj tmh rhl`thk cgjnrf`-

tcng pualcsmhk cs `ghdknt`l, `gk drnss-dnugtry dnfp`rcsngs `rh njthg gnt

fh`gcgbjul, ahdùsh qu`lcty st`gk`rks `gk shrvcdh prcdcgb pr`dtcdhs v`ry

scbgcffd`gtly `drnss dnugtrchs.

@g ckh`l a`shlcgh wnulk `lsn cgdlukh cgjnrf`tcng ng tmh dnst nj tmh

shdtnr. [mcs cs p`rtcdul`rly cfpnrt`gt cg vchw nj tmh sczh nj tmh prnohdts `gk

tmh `ssndc`thk ffg`gdc`l tr`gs`dtcngs. Dnfp`ràlh dnst k`t` cg cgjr`strud-

turh `rh l`rbhly ugignwg cg khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs. @s sudm, tmh jrhquhgtfhss`bh urbcgb pnlcdy fìhrs tn cfprnvh dnst rhdnvhry ahdùsh tmh prnvc-

scng nj cgjr`strudturh dnsts tnn fudm jnr tmh t`xp`yhrs cs shlknf a`shk

ng `g `ddur`th hstcf`th nj tmh dnst-rhdnvhry t`rcjj nr cts `jjnrkàclcty jnr

pnnr mnushmnlks. Fnrhnvhr, tmh dnst tn t`xp`yhrs cs shlknf ignwg. Qhdhgt

wnri ng qu`sc-ffsd`l khffdcts rhprhshgts ` r`tmhr mhrncd `tthfpt tn dnfh tn

brcps wctm tmcs cssuh (Hacgbhr 155:).

K`t` ng pualcd sphgkcgb ng cgjr`strudturh rh l`rbhly gnghxcsthgt, s vhry

jhw dnugtrchs hstcf`th mnw fudm tmhy sphgk ng cgjr`strudturh (ngh hxdhp-

tcng cs Cgkc`) gk tmh Cgthrg`tcng`l Fnght`ry Jugk–s Bnvhrgfhgt Jcg`gdc`l



Hst`dmh `gk J`y 082

Tt`tcstcds kn gnt dnllhdt tmcs cgjnrf`tcng. @ wnrlkwckh k`tà`sh hxcsts tm`t

dnfpclhs cgjnrf`tcng ng cgvhstfhgts jugkhk tmrnubm prnohdts tm`t cgvnlvh

` pualcd-prcv`th p`rtghrsmcp, aut tmcs k`tà`sh m`s cts lcfct`tcngs (shh mttp?//

ppc.wnrlka`gi.nrb/).

[mh Xpsmnt

[mhrh cs ` lngb w`y tn bn cg fhhtcgb tmh cgjr`strudturh ghhks nj tmh pnnr-

hst dnugtrchs nj tmh wnrlk. [mh FKBs mhlp ay fntcv`tcgb hjjnrts tn

`kkrhss snfh nj tmhf nr `t lh`st prnfptcgb tmh cgthrg`tcng`l dnffugcty

tn fngctnr prnbrhss. [mcs cs gnt tmh d`sh jnr hghrby `gk tr`gspnrt, scgdh

tmhy `rh gnt p`rt nj tmh dnrh FKBs. @s ` rhsult, tmh dnffctfhgts tn

fngctnr prnbrhss `rh fnrh suakuhk `gk dhrt`cgly gnt dngscsthgt wctm tmh

cfpnrt`gdh nj tmhsh shdtnrs tn brnwtm. Ng tmh ntmhr m`gk, tmh drctcd`l

cfpnrt`gdh nj antm hghrby `gk tr`gspnrt tn tmh dlcf`th dm`gbh `bhgk`

fcbmt prnvckh whldnfh cfphtus tn dnllhdt ahtthr cgjnrf`tcng gk fngc-

tnr prnbrhss. [mh `ddnugtàclcty nj bnvhrgfhgts, nphr`tnrs, `gk kngnrsrhqucrhs ` lnt fnrh cgjnrf`tcng tm`g cs durrhgtly `v`clàlh. [n bht tmcgbs

kngh, fh`surhfhgt cs ghhkhk. [mcs st`rts wctm ` bnnk a`shlcgh9 jnr gnw,

tmcs ngly hxcsts cg tmh thlhdnffugcd`tcngs shdtnr.

Mnw Fudm Kn Rh Ignw ànut tmhCgjr`strudturh-Brnwtm Ghxus>

Dnffng shgsh subbhsts tm`t fnkhrg hdngnfchs d`ggnt jugdtcng wctmnut

cgjr`strudturh `gk tm`t cgjr`strudturh cs ` drctcd`l p`rt nj `gy hdngnfy–sprnkudtcng jugdtcng.8 Aut dnffng shgsh cs gnt hqucv`lhgt tn hvckhgdh wmhg

ct dnfhs tn sshsscgb kcjjhrhgdhs cg dnugtrchs– nr rhbcngs– brnwtm p`tms. Hvhg

cj cgjr`strudturh cs ghdhss`ry jnr fnkhrg hdngnfchs tn jugdtcng, fnrh cgjr`-

strudturh f`y gnt dùsh fnrh brnwtm t ll st`bhs nj khvhlnpfhgt nr t gy

st`bh, jnr tm`t f`tthr. [mh acgkcgb dngstr`cgts f`y lch hlshwmhrh‛cg pnnr

cgdhgtcvhs nr fcsscgb f`rihts, jnr hx`fplh. Rm`t jnllnws rhvchws snfh nj

tmh rh`sngs wmy dngsckhràlh kcs`brhhfhgt rhf`cgs `s tn wmhtmhr cgjr`-

strudturh `dduful`tcng d`g hxpl`cg dnugtrchs– kcjjhrcgb brnwtm p`tms.

@ Tlnw Dngvhrbhgdh nj Zchws

Cgjr`strudturh f`y `jjhdt brnwtm tmrnubm f`gy dm`gghls (shh @bãgnr `gk

Fnrhgn-Knksng 155: jnr `g nvhrvchw). Cg `kkctcng tn tmh dngvhgtcng`l

8 @ashgt nr ugrhlcàlh tr`gspnrt, hlhdtrcdcty, nr thlhdnffugcd`tcngs shrvcdhs cfply `kkctcng`l

dnsts jnr ffrfs nr prhvhgt tmhf jrnf `knptcgb ghw thdmgnlnbchs. Ahtthr tr`gspnrt`tcng cgdrh`shs

tmh hjjhdtcvh sczh nj lànr f`rihts, `gk v`rcnus fcdrn stukchs subbhst `g cfp`dt ng muf`g d`pc-

t`l nj `ddhss tn w`thr `gk s`gct`tcng (vc` mh`ltm) `gk hlhdtrcdcty `gk tr`gspnrt (tm`t j`dclct`th

`ddhss tn sdmnnls `gk tmh àclcty tn stuky)9 shh Arhgghf`g (1551). Jcg`lly, rhl`tcvh cgjr`strudturh

hgknwfhgts wcll `jjhdt ` rhbcng–s dnfp`r`tcvh `kv`gt`bh, mhgdh cts khvhlnpfhgt (Hst`dmh `gk

J`y 0332).



08= Durrhgt Kha`ths ng Cgjr`strudturh Unlcdy

prnkudtcvcty hjjhdt, cgjr`strudturh cs lcihly tn `jjhdt tmh dnsts nj cgvhstfhgt

`koustfhgt, tmh kuràclcty nj prcv`th d`pct`l, gk antm khf`gk jnr gk sup-

ply nj mh`ltm `gk hkud`tcng shrvcdhs. F`gy nj tmhsh dm`gghls m`vh ahhg

thsthk hfpcrcd`lly. [mcs cs rhfihdthk cg tmh wckh v`rchty nj ffgkcgbs cg tmh

àugk`gt hfpcrcd`l lcthr`turh ng cgjr`strudturh gk brnwtm nr prnkudtcvcty.

Cgkhhk, hxmùstcvh rhvchws nj tmh lcthr`turh (Arcdhðn, Hst`dmh, `gk Tm`ffi

155;9 Br`flcdm 033;9 Qnfp `gk kh M``g 15589 Ttrùa `gk Zhllutcgc

155:) smnw tm`t wmclh snfh ùtmnrs ffgk ghb`tcvh nr zhrn rhturgs, ntmhrs

ffgk ` mcbm cfp`dt nj cgjr`strudturh ng brnwtm.

Mnwhvhr, ` fnrh d`rhjul `g`lyscs nj tmh lcthr`turh smnws brnwcgb dng-

shgsus `rnugk tmh gntcng tm`t cgjr`strudturh bhghr`lly f`tthrs jnr brnwtm

`gk prnkudtcng dnsts, `ltmnubm cts cfp`dt shhfs mcbmhr `t lnwhr lhvhls nj

cgdnfh. Qnfp `gk kh M``g (1558) gnth tm`t 41 nj 43 stukchs nj Nrb`gcs`-

tcng jnr Hdngnfcd Dn-nphr`tcng gk Khvhlnpfhgt (NHDK) dnugtrchs ffgk `

pnsctcvh hjjhdt nj cgjr`strudturh ng snfh dnfacg`tcng nj nutput, hjffdchgdy,

prnkudtcvcty, prcv`th cgvhstfhgt, `gk hfplnyfhgt. (Nj tmh rhst, tmrhh m`vhcgdngdluscvh rhsults, `gk jnur ffgk ` ghblcbcalh nr ghb`tcvh cfp`dt nj cgjr`-

strudturh.) Qnfp `gk kh M``g `lsn rhvchw 01 stukchs tm`t cgdlukh khvhlnp-

cgb dnugtrchs. Nj tmhsh, gcgh ffgk ` scbgcffd`gt pnsctcvh cfp`dt. [mh tmrhh

tm`t ffgk gn cfp`dt rhly ng pualcd sphgkcgb k`t`, wmcdm, s kcsdusshk ahlnw,

cs ` gntnrcnusly cfprhdcsh fh`surh, hsphdc`lly jnr drnss-dnugtry `g`lyscs.

Ntmhr fht`-`g`lyshs rhpnrt ` knfcg`gdh nj stukchs tm`t smnw ` bhghr`lly

scbgcffd`gt cfp`dt nj cgjr`strudturh, p`rtcdul`rly cg khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs.

Dhs`r D`lkhrng gk Lucs Thrvhg rhpnrt tm`t 0: nut nj 02 stukchs nj khvhlnp-

cgb dnugtrchs ffgk ` pnsctcvh cfp`dt, `s kn 10 nj 13 stukchs nj mcbm-cgdnfh

dnugtrchs.: Arcdhðn, Hst`dmh, `gk Tm`ffi (155;) d`rry nut ` scfcl`r rhvchwnj ànut 051 p`phrs `gk rh`dm scfcl`r dngdluscngs.

Ghvhrtmhlhss, tmhrh rhf`cgs trhfhgknus v`rchty cg tmh ffgkcgbs, p`rtcdu-

l`rly s tn tmh f`bgctukh nj tmh hjjhdt, wctm stukchs rhpnrtcgb wckhly v`rycgb

rhturgs `gk hl`stcdctchs. Cg ntmhr wnrks, tmh lcthr`turh suppnrts tmh gntcng

tm`t cgjr`strudturh f`tthrs, aut ct d`ggnt shrvh tn ughqucvnd`lly `rbuh cg

j`vnr nj fnrh nr lhss cgjr`strudturh cgvhstfhgts.

[mh v`rchty nj ffgkcgbs cs, cg j`dt, gnt surprcscgb. [mhrh cs gn rh`sng tn

hxphdt tmh hjjhdt nj cgjr`strudturh tn ah dngst`gt (nr systhf`tcd`lly pnsc-

tcvh), hctmhr nvhr tcfh nr `drnss rhbcngs nr dnugtrchs. Jurtmhrfnrh, hstcf`t-

cgb tmh cfp`dt nj cgjr`strudturh ng brnwtm cs ` dnfplcd`thk hgkh`vnr, `gkp`phrs v`ry cg mnw d`rhjully tmhy g`vcb`th tmh hfpcrcd`l `gk hdngnfht-

rcd pctj`lls pnshk ay ghtwnri hjjhdts, hgknbhghcty, mhthrnbhghcty, `gk vhry

pnnr-qu`lcty k`t`.

[mh Fnrh, tmh Fhrrchr (Ghtwnri Hjjhdts)

Cgjr`strudturh shrvcdhs `rh fnstly prnvckhk tmrnubm ghtwnris, ` j`dt tm`t

cfplchs gnglcgh`r rhl`tcng wctm nutput. [hlhdnffugcd`tcngs hxmcact “purh‖

ghtwnri hxthrg`lctchs, wmhrhay rhturgs tn ushrs cgdrh`sh wctm tmh gufahr nj

: Uhrsng`l dnffugcd`tcng rhl`tcgb tn wnri cg prnbrhss.



Hst`dmh `gk J`y 083

ushrs.2 Aut rn`ks, r`cl, `gk hlhdtrcdcty `rh `lsn ghtwnrihk shrvcdhs, sn tmh

cfp`dt nj ghw cgvhstfhgts ng brnwtm, nutput, nr ffrf dnsts wcll khphgk

ng tmh nvhr`ll st`th `gk hxthgt nj tmh ghtwnri (shh Qnfp `gk kh M``g

1558 jnr ` kcsdusscng). Cg ntmhr wnrks, tmh f`rbcg`l `gk `vhr`bh prnkud-

tcvcty nj cgvhstfhgts cs lcihly tn kcjjhr scbgcffd`gtly, `gk tmh mypntmhscs nj

` dngst`gt nr lcgh`r hl`stcdcty nj nutput wctm rhsphdt tn cgjr`strudturh cs

dlh`rly cgdnrrhdt.

@ jhw ùtmnrs m`vh hxplcdctly fnkhlhk tmh gnglcgh`rcty nj cgjr`-

strudturh cfp`dt ng nutput, brnwtm, nr prnkudtcng dnsts. [mus Qúllhr

`gk R`vhrf`g (1550) ffgk tm`t tmh cfp`dt nj thlhdnffugcd`tcngs cgjr`-

strudturh ng nutput cs suast`gtc`lly mcbmhr cg dnugtrchs wmhrh phghtr`tcng

`pprn`dmhs ugcvhrs`l dnvhr`bh. Cg tmh d`sh nj rn`ks cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths,

Jhrg`lk (0333) ffgks tm`t rhturgs tn cgvhstfhgts whrh vhry mcbm up tn

tmh pncgt wmhg tmh a`scd cgthrst`th ghtwnri w`s dnfplhthk. Mh `rbuhs

tm`t tmh dnfplhtcng nj tm`t ghtwnri prnvckhk ` ngh-tcfh annst cg X.T.

prnkudtcvcty.[mrhsmnlk hjjhdts cg cgjr`strudturh d`g ah fnkhlhk cg v`rchty nj w`ys‛

tmrnubm ` fh`surh nj dnfplhthghss nj dnvhr`bh, `s kcsdusshk ànvh, nr

fnrh scfply tmrnubm snfh fh`surh nj cgdnfh, `s cg D`ggcgb `gk Ahgg`-

tm`g (1555). Murlcg (155:) khvhlnps ` tmrhsmnlk fnkhl wmhrhay tmh lhvhl

nj `v`clàlh cgjr`strudturh cs tmh tmrhsmnlk v`rcàlh, aut tmh gufahr `gk

v`luh nj tmh tmrhsmnlks `rh hgknbhgnusly khthrfcghk. @pplycgb tmcs tn tmh

fultcplh-dnugtry p`ghl k`t` sht nj D`ggcgb gk Ahgg`tm`g (1555), mh ffgks

strngb hvckhgdh nj gnglcgh`rcty `gk dngdlukhs tm`t tmh mcbmhst f`rbcg`l

prnkudtcvcty nj cgvhstfhgts cs jnugk wmhg ` ghtwnri cs sujffdchgtly khvhl-

nphk, aut gnt dnfplhthly `dmchvhk.[mh hjjhdt nj cgjr`strudturh f`y `lsn v`ry nvhr tcfh `s ntmhr dm`gbhs cg

tmh hdngnfy cgfiuhgdh ffrfs– àclcty tn tìh `kv`gt`bh nj ct. [mus, cg Dmclh

@la`l`-Ahrtr`gk `gk F`f`tzìcs (155;) ffgk tm`t cgjr`strudturh–s prnkud-

tcvh cfp`dt ahd`fh fudm fnrh prngnugdhk `jthr 0324, wmhg tmh Dmclh`g

hdngnfy lcahr`lczhk.

Cg suf, `pprnprc`th fnkhlcgb nj cgjr`strudturh–s hjjhdt ng brnwtm fust

cgdlukh gnglcgh`r hjjhdts. Cj ghtwnri hxthrg`lctchs rh gnt prnphrly d`pturhk,

tmh p`ynjjs tn cgjr`strudturh cgvhstfhgts wcll ah ugkhrhstcf`thk nr nvhrhstc-

f`thk. Z`rcàlhs lcihly tn jjhdt tmcs cgdlukh (`) tmh st`bh nj khvhlnpfhgt nj

tmh ghtwnri, (a) cgstctutcng`l v`rcàlhs sudm `s tmh khbrhh nj lcahr`lcz`tcngnj tmh f`rihts, `gk (d) dnfphtctcng `drnss suashdtnrs tm`t wcll `jjhdt tmh

qu`lcty nj tmh nvhr`ll ghtwnri.

Knhs Cgjr`strudturh Krcvh Brnwtm nr Zcdh Zhrs`> (Hgknbhghcty)

F`gy ùtmnrs m`vh mcbmlcbmthk tmh j`dt tm`t dùs`lcty f`y rug antm w`ys

ahtwhhg cgdnfh `gk cgjr`strudturh. Cgkhhk, fnst cgjr`strudturh shrvcdhs

`rh antm dngsufptcng `gk cgthrfhkc`th bnnks, `gk f`gy stukchs m`vh

2 [mh s`fh d`g prnaàly ah s`ck nj w`thr `gk s`gct`tcng ghtwnris wmhrh tmh pualcd mh`ltm v`luhnj s`jh w`thr gk s`gct`tcng systhfs cs lcihly tn cgdrh`sh tmh fnrh cgkcvcku`ls rh shrvhk, cg icgk

nj mhrk-cffugcty hjjhdt.



0:5 Durrhgt Kha`ths ng Cgjr`strudturh Unlcdy

kndufhgthk tm`t hlhdtrcdcty dngsufptcng `gk khf`gk jnr thlhpmnghs `gk

d`rs cgdrh`sh `lngb wctm kcspnsàlh cgdnfh (Dmhg, Iun, `gk Dmhg 15529

Cgbr`f `gk Lcu 03339 Qúllhr `gk R`vhrf`g 1550).= Tcfcl`rly, dnugtrchs

thgk tn cgdrh`sh tmhcr cgvhstfhgts cg hgvcrngfhgt`l `fhgctchs `s tmhy

ahdnfh wh`ltmchr. Hvhg stukchs tm`t rhly ng dngstrudthk tnt`l j`dtnr

prnkudtcvcty ([JU) hstcf`ths (wmhrhay tmh khphgkhgt v`rcàlh, [JU

brnwtm, cs ay dngstrudtcng nrtmnbng`l tn d`pct`l) f`y sujjhr jrnf rhvhrsh

dùs`tcng cj brnwtm tmhg cgfiuhgdhs khdcscngs tn cgvhst cg cgjr`strudturh

(shh Ttrùa `gk Zhllutcgc 155: jnr ` kcsdusscng).

Ct f`y lsn ah tmh d`sh tm`t dnffng j`dtnr dùshs antm mcbmhr cgdnfh

`gk mcbmhr cgjr`strudturh hgknwfhgt. Fnst nj tmh drctcquh nj @sdmùhr–s

03=3 wnri, wmcdm lùgdmhk tmh cgjr`strudturh `gk brnwtm kha`th wctm

cts ffgkcgbs nj cfplùscaly mcbm r`ths nj rhturg, dhgthrs ng ` j`clurh tn dnr-

rhdt `pprnprc`thly jnr tmh pnsscaclcty tm`t `g nfctthk v`rcàlh cs krcvcgb

tmh rhsults. L`thr p`phrs (shh Br`flcdm 033; jnr `g nvhrvchw nj tmcs lct-

hr`turh) dnrrhdthk jnr tmcs ay cgtrnkudcgb dnugtry (nr rhbcng) ffxhk hjjhdts`gk jnugk fudm lnwhr r`ths nj rhturg. Mnwhvhr, tmh ffxhk-hjjhdt pprn`dm

prhdlukhs lnnicgb `t tmh cfp`dt nj ntmhr slnw-fnvcgb v`rcàlhs, wmcdm cs

wmy snfh utmnrs prhjhr gnt tn ush ct (jnr hx`fplh, Hst`dmh, Tphdc`lh, gk

Zhrhk`s 155:).

@g `lthrg`tcvh `pprn`dm cs tn try tn csnl`th tmh cfp`dt nj dm`gbhs cg

cgjr`strudturh ng lngb-thrf brnwtm, typcd`lly ay uscgb ffrst kcjjhrhgdhs. [mcs

`pprn`dm bhghr`ths cts nwg sht nj prnalhfs. Cgkhhk, ffrst kcjjhrhgdhs cbgnrh

tmh lngb-thrf rhl`tcngsmcp tm`t hxcsts cg tmh k`t` cj cgjr`strudturh gk brnwtm

`rh dn-cgthbr`thk (wmcdm D`ggcgb `gk Uhkrngc 155; ffgk tn ah tmh d`sh).

Ngh hxdhptcng cs D`lkhrng `gk Thrvhg (155;), wmn tìh p`cgs tn kh`lwctm tmh hgknbhghcty nj tmh hxpl`g`tnry v`rcàlhs tmrnubm tmh ush nj bhg-

hr`lczhk fhtmnk nj fnfhgts thdmgcquhs, wmcdm lnni `t tmh cfp`dt nj tmh

lhvhl nj cgjr`strudturh (gnt cts dm`gbh) ng suashquhgt brnwtm. [mhy ffgk tm`t

`g cgdrh`sh nj ngh st`gk`rk khvc`tcng cg tmhcr cgkhx nj cgjr`strudturh stndi

wnulk r`csh tmh fhkc`g dnugtry–s brnwtm r`th ay 1.3 phrdhgt`bh pncgts,

wmhrh`s `g `g`lnbnus cgdrh`sh cg tmhcr cgjr`strudturh qu`lcty cgkhx wnulk

r`csh tmh brnwtm r`th ay 5.2 phrdhgt`bh pncgt. [mhy kn pncgt nut, mnwhvhr,

tm`t sudm cgdrh`shs cg tmh qu`gtcty `gk qu`lcty nj cgjr`strudturh wnulk ah

hxtrhfhly dnstly `gk wnulk tìh khd`khs tn cfplhfhgt. [n bcvh `g hx`f-

plh, tmh brnwtm p`ynjj jnr @rbhgtcg` gk Fhxcdn nj d`tdmcgb up tn tmh lhvhl`gk qu`lcty nj cgjr`strudturh nj tmh Qhpualcd nj Inrh` wnulk ah 1.; `gk

1.: phrdhgt, rhsphdtcvhly, aut wnulk rhqucrh tmhsh dnugtrchs tn cgvhst upw`rk

nj 2 phrdhgt ` yh`r jnr fnrh tm`g 15 yh`rs (Rnrlk A`gi 1558a, 1552`).

= [mh hxthgt nj rhvhrsh dùs`tcng f`y v`ry drnss typhs `gk fh`surhs nj cgjr`strudturh. Jnr hx`f-

plh, rn`k ghtwnris tm`t `rh lngb lcvhk `gk slnw tn dm`gbh `rh phrm`ps lhss lcihly tn rhspngk tn

dm`gbhs cg cgdnfh (p`rtcdul`rly cg dnugtrchs tm`t lrh`ky m`vh l`rbh ghtwnri gk wmhrh dm`gbhs

tn dnph wctm dngbhstcng‛sudm `s fnrh l`ghs, ahtthr tr`jffd f`g`bhfhgt, `gk rcgb rn`ks‛wcll

gnt suast`gtc`lly jjhdt bbrhb`th fh`surhs sudm s iclnfhthrs nj rn`ks phr d`pct`). [mcs cs gnt tmh

d`sh wctm thlhpmnghs nr hlhdtrcdcty-bhghr`tcgb d`p`dcty (wmcdm rhspngks tn hghrby khf`gk wmnshcgdnfh hl`stcdcty m`s ahhg `rnugk 5.8 scgdh 0335, `ddnrkcgb tn Cgthrg`tcng`l Hghrby @bhgdy

155:).



Hst`dmh `gk J`y 0:0

Ct f`y whll ah tm`t, `s kcsdusshk l`thr cg tmcs shdtcng, tmh ffsd`l kcstnrtcng

`ssndc`thk wctm sudm g hjjnrt‛`gk tmh tr`khnjjs ct wnulk hgt`cl wctm ntmhr

ghhkhk cgvhstfhgts‛wnulk suast`gtc`lly rhkudh tmh ght brnwtm hjjhdt.

Tnfh stukchs `lsn khvcsh hstcf`tcng fhtmnks tm`t fìh dlh`r wmcdm

w`y tmh dùs`lcty rugs (shh Qnfp `gk kh M``g 1558 jnr ` kcsdusscng).

Jnr hx`fplh, Jhrg`lk (0333) ushs cgkustry-lhvhl prnkudtcvcty brnwtm cg tmh

Xgcthk Tt`ths tn fh`surh tmh cfp`dt nj rn`k cgvhstfhgts, wmclh D`ggcgb

`gk Uhkrngc (155;) ffgk rnaust hvckhgdh tm`t dùs`lcty rugs antm w`ys aut

cg tmh v`st fònrcty nj d`shs cgjr`strudturh knhs cgkudh lngb-rug brnwtm

hjjhdts. (Mnwhvhr, tmhy kn ffgk ` brh`t kh`l nj v`rc`tcng `drnss cgkcvcku`l

dnugtrchs, `s kcsdusshk ahlnw.)

Jcg`lly, v`rcnus utmnrs rhly ng scfult`ghnus hqu`tcngs systhfs tm`t lnni

`t tmh khthrfcg`gts nj supply nj (nr khf`gk jnr) cgjr`strudturh `s whll `s

cts cfp`dt ng nutput nr brnwtm. Qúllhr gk R`vhrf`g (1550) gk Hsj`m`gc

`gk Q`fcrhz (1554) rh bnnk hx`fplhs nj d`rhjul tthfpts cg tmcs kcrhdtcng.

Hsj`m`gc `gk Q`fcrhz–s p`phr, ngh nj tmh jhw tm`t ush ffrst kcjjhrhgdhs,fnkhls antm cgdnfh brnwtm phr d`pct` `gk cgjr`strudturh `dduful`tcng.

Cg suf, cgjr`strudturh dùshs brnwtm, gk brnwtm dùshs brh`thr khf`gk

jnr (`gk usu`lly supply nj) cgjr`strudturh. Rmclh kcshgt`gblcgb tmh twn cs

dnfplhx, ghw hdngnfhtrcd `pprn`dmhs cgdrh`scgbly `llnw us tn csnl`th

tmh kcrhdtcng nj cgthrhst `gk tmhrhay rhkudh tmh nvhrhstcf`tcng cssuhs tm`t

pl`buhk h`rly hstcf`ths nj cgjr`strudturh–s cfp`dt ng brnwtm.

Cs Hvhry Cgjr`strudturh Urnohdt Tphdc`l> (Mhthrnbhghcty)

Cg tmh d`sh nj gngcgjr`strudturh d`pct`l, prcv`th hgtrhprhghurs `ractr`bh

ahtwhhg kcjjhrhgt typhs nj cgvhstfhgts tn f`xcfczh nvhr`ll rhturg. Gnt snwctm cgjr`strudturh, wmcdm bhghr`lly cs gnt j`dhk wctm ` rh`l f`riht thst. @s

sudm, wh d`ggnt `ssufh tm`t tmh rcbmt d`pct`l cs auclt `t tmh rcbmt tcfh nr

pl`dh, `gk wh smnulk tmhrhjnrh hxphdt kcjjhrhgdhs cg r`ths nj rhturg `drnss

kcjjhrhgt prnohdts. Cg `kkctcng, pualcd cgjr`strudturh sphgkcgb f`y ah

`jjhdthk ay pualcd shdtnr sphgkcgb cghjffdchgdy. @s ` rhsult, `ltmnubm ffg`g-

dc`l hstcf`ths nj cgvhstfhgt cg prcv`th d`pct`l f`y ah ` bnnk prnxy jnr tmh

cgdrh`shs cg prcv`th pmyscd`l d`pct`l `gk f`y shrvh `s tmh a`scs jnr dng-

strudtcgb ` stndi ffburh tmrnubm ` phrphtu`l cgvhgtnry fhtmnk, tmcs cs fudm

lhss lcihly wctm cgjr`strudturh.

[mhrh cs `lsn ` ghhk tn ahtthr ugkhrst`gk mnw khdcscngs `rh f`kh tncgvhst cg cgjr`strudturh, `s tmcs cs lcihly tn `jjhdt tmh r`th nj rhturg nr tmh

hjffdchgdy nj ` p`rtcdul`r cgvhstfhgt. (Ct f`y `lsn mhlp tn ckhgtcjy w`ys nj

cfprnvcgb tmh hjffdchgdy nj cgjr`strudturh hxphgkcturh.) Unlctcd`lly fntc-

v`thk prnohdts `rh lcihly tn hxmcact lnw (nr lnwhr) r`ths nj rhturg `s tmhcr

naohdtcvhs `rh tn arcgb cg tmh vnths r`tmhr tm`g tn f`xcfczh brnwtm. [mcs cs

dhrt`cgly gnt lcfcthk tn khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs, s hvckhgdhk ay tmh dngtrnvhr-

schs `rnugk @l`si`–s “arckbh tn gnwmhrh‖ cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths.3 Tcfcl`rly,

3 @l`si`–s j`fnus $1=5 fcllcng “arckbh tn gnwmhrh‖ w`s ngh nj tmh :,420 sphdc`l prnohdts cgdlukhkcg tmh 1558 X.T. [r`gspnrt`tcng Hqucty @dt (` scx-yh`r $1=: acllcng acll). Thh mttp?//kcr.s`lng.dnf/

stnry/ghws/jh`turh/1558/5=/53/arckbhs/cgkhx^gp.mtfl jnr kcsdusscng.



0:1 Durrhgt Kha`ths ng Cgjr`strudturh Unlcdy

` rhdhgt d`rhjul `tthfpt tn fnkhl mnw cgvhstfhgt khdcscngs `rh f`kh

cg Jr`gdh dngdlukhs, “Qn`ks `gk r`clw`ys `rh gnt auclt tn rhkudh tr`jffd

o`fs9 tmhy `rh auclt hsshgtc`lly tn bht pnlctcdc`gs hlhdthk‖ (D`knt, Qúllhr,

`gk Tthpm`g 155:? 0080).05

Rmclh snfh khbrhh nj pnri-a`rrhl pnlctcds cs lcihly tn hxcst hvhrywmhrh,

cts hxthgt `gk cfp`dt f`y v`ry. Kh l` Juhgth `gk Zcvhs (0338) ffgk lcttlh

tr`dh nj pnlctcd`l cgfiuhgdh cg Tp`gcsm cgjr`strudturh khdcscngs, wmclh D`knt,

Qúllhr, `gk Tthpm`g (155:) ffgk pnlctcd`l cgfiuhgdh cg Jr`gdh. Mnwhvhr,

D`knt gk mcs dn-ùtmnrs dngdlukh tm`t cg Jr`gdh tmh rhsultcgb kcstnrtcngs

`rh sf`ll, pnsscaly ahdùsh tmcs cs ` rhl`tcvhly ghw pmhgnfhgng (lcgihk tn

`kfcgcstr`tcvh rhjnrfs cg tmh h`rly 03=5s) tm`t m`s fnstly jjhdthk cgvhst-

fhgts tm`t `rh sf`ll rhl`tcvh tn tmh hxcstcgb ghtwnri.

@ jurtmhr dnfplcd`tcng cg tmh fnkhlcgb‛`gk ngh tm`t `rbuhs `b`cgst

` dngst`gt hxphdthk r`th nj rhturg‛cs tmh j`dt tm`t tmhrh f`y ah l`bs cg

cgjr`strudturh–s cfp`dt ng brnwtm. Fnst cgjr`strudturh cs lngb lcvhk, `gk

cts jull cfp`dt f`y ah slnw cg dnfcgb, `s ffrfs `koust slnwly tn tmh ghwnppnrtugctchs njjhrhk. Kubb`l, T`ltzf`g, `gk Ilhcg (1552) ffgk tmh prn-

kudtcvcty cfp`dt nj cgdrh`shk cgjnrf`tcng thdmgnlnby cgjr`strudturh `gk

`ssndc`thk prcv`th d`pct`l tn m`vh `g `pprnxcf`th jnur- tn ffvh-yh`r l`b cg

tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths.

Nvhr`ll, hvhg cj gnt pnri, pualcd cgjr`strudturh cgvhstfhgt f`y whll

m`vh gnghdngnfcd naohdtcvh sudm s tmh pmyscd`l nr sndc`l cgthbr`tcng nj

` dnugtry nr dngdhrgs ànut pualcd mh`ltm nr s`jhty. @s sudm, tmh cgvhst-

fhgt f`y gnt `cf tn f`xcfczh brnwtm. @t `gy r`th, d`rhjul fnkhlcgb nj

tmh rhl`tcng ahtwhhg cgjr`strudturh gk brnwtm smnulk cgdlukh g g`lyscs

nj tmh khthrfcg`gts nj cgjr`strudturh cgvhstfhgts tn `vnck nvhrhstcf`tcgbtmh brnwtm- nr prnkudtcvcty-rhl`thk cgvhstfhgt ghhks.

[mh Xpsmnt

[mh lcthr`turh ng cgjr`strudturh gk brnwtm th`dmhs us tm`t cgjr`strudturh cs

cfpnrt`gt, aut cts cfpnrt`gdh v`rchs. Ct v`rchs `drnss dnugtrchs `gk nvhr

tcfh, `s dnugtrchs dm`gbh `gk tmh acgkcgb dngstr`cgts smcjt. Ct `lsn v`rchs

wctmcg dnugtrchs `gk shdtnrs. D`g cgjr`strudturh hxpl`cg kcjjhrhgdhs cg

brnwtm r`ths ahtwhhg dnugtrchs> Ct dhrt`cgly dngtrcauths, aut tmcs lcthr`turh

cs uglcihly tn prnvckh ` scgblh `gswhr. Rmhrh kn wh bn jrnf mhrh>

Mnw Fudm Cgjr`strudturh Cs Ghhkhk>

[mh ihy cgjr`strudturh quhstcng jnr pnlcdy fìhrs cs njthg wmhtmhr `g nptc-

f`l lhvhl nj cgjr`strudturh d`g ah ckhgtcffhk. Tudm `g nptcfuf dnulk tmhg

shrvh tn khrcvh tmh cgvhstfhgt dnffctfhgts ghhkhk, jnr wmcdm jugkcgb

fust ah ckhgtcffhk. Fnrh prns`cd`lly, tmh dngdhrg ancls knwg tn ` scfplh

quhstcng? d`g wh hstcf`th ` dnugtry–s cgjr`strudturh cgvhstfhgt ghhks>

05 Ntmhr p`phrs ng tmh pnlctcd`l hdngnfy buckcgb cgjr`strudturh cgvhstfhgt khdcscngs cgdlukh

@lhscg`, A`qcr, gk H`sthrly (0333)9 Qùdm (0338)9 Qnacgsng gk [nrvci (1558).



Hst`dmh `gk J`y 0:4

@ Zhry Archj Cgtrnkudtcng tn Cgvhstfhgt Ghhks @sshssfhgts

Bcvhg tm`t ghctmhr tmh f`riht gnr tmh st`th cs lcihly tn prnvckh tmh nptcf`l

lhvhl nj cgjr`strudturh utnf`tcd`lly, ihy cssuh jnr hdngnfcsts wnricgb ng

tmh tnpcd cs mnw tn fh`surh tmcs nptcf`l lhvhl nj cgjr`strudturh. Ngh

`pprn`dm lnnis t tmh r`th nj rhturg ng cgjr`strudturh. [mus stukchs tm`t ffgk

tmh r`th nj rhturg tn cgjr`strudturh tn ah ghb`tcvh, zhrn, nr pnsctcvh njthg ush

tmhsh ffgkcgbs tn dngdlukh tm`t dnugtrchs `rh cgvhstcgb tnn fudm, tmh rcbmt

`fnugt, nr gnt hgnubm cg cgjr`strudturh.00 Jnr hx`fplh, Anubmh`s, Khf-

htrc`khs, gk F`fugh`s (1555) ffgk g cgvhrthk X-sm`ph rhl`tcng ahtwhhg

cgjr`strudturh `gk tmh r`th nj hdngnfcd brnwtm, wctm fnst dnugtrchs ng

tmh upw`rk-slnpcgb p`rt nj tmh durvh. [mcs wnulk cfply tm`t tmhy `rh

ugkhrcgvhstcgb cg cgjr`strudturh. Hsj`m`gc `gk Q`fcrhz (1554) `lsn dng-

dlukh tm`t ` thgkhgdy hxcsts tnw`rk ugkhrprnvcscng. D`ggcgb `gk Ahgg`-

tm`g (1555) ffgk v`rc`tcng `drnss dnugtrchs, aut ` bhghr`l thgkhgdy jnr

fckklh-cgdnfh dnugtrchs tn hxmcact smnrt`bhs cg hlhdtrcdcty-bhghr`tcgb

d`p`dcty gk p`vhk rn`ks. Mnwhvhr, wmclh tmhsh p`phrs rh arn`kly cgkcd-`tcvh nj wmhtmhr dnugtrchs `rh ugkhrcgvhstcgb nr nvhrcgvhstcgb cg cgjr`-

strudturh, tmhy d`ggnt ckhgtcjy `dtu`l cgvhstfhgt ghhks.

Ngh `pprn`dm tm`t m`s ahhg hxthgscvhly ushk (`gk fcsushk) hstcf`ths

mnw fudm cgvhstfhgt f`y ah ghhkhk tn s`tcsjy ffrf gk dngsufhr khf`gk

trcbbhrhk ay prhkcdthk BKU brnwtm (Arcdhðn, Hst`dmh, `gk Tm`ffi 155;9

J`y gk Shphs 1554). [mh fnkhl ssufhs gn nptcf`lcty.01 [mh rhl`tcngsmcp

ahtwhhg cgdnfh lhvhl `gk khf`gk jnr cgjr`strudturh shrvcdhs cs hstàlcsmhk

ng tmh a`scs nj p`st nashrvhk ahm`vcnr cg s`fplh nj dnugtrchs gk hxtr`pn-

l`thk tn tmh juturh uscgb prhkcdthk cgdnfh brnwtm. Mnwhvhr, `s L`ll `gk

R`gb (155:) pncgt nut, cj p`st khf`gk w`s r`tcnghk, ct f`y gnt ah ` bnnkprhkcdtnr nj ugr`tcnghk khf`gk. [mhy `rbuh jnr `g `pprn`dm tm`t cgdnr-

pnr`ths ffsd`l dngstr`cgts `gk supply-sckh anttlhghdis `gk fnkhls tmh b`p

ahtwhhg durrhgt `gk nptcf`l lhvhl nj prnvcscngs.

Rm`thvhr cts lcfct`tcngs (`gk tmhy `rh shvhrh), tmh `pprn`dm khvhlnphk

ay J`y `gk Shphs jnrfs tmh a`scs jnr f`gy nj tmh durrhgt hstcf`ths nj

fultcdnugtry cgvhstfhgt ghhks. [mh fnst rhdhgt hstcf`ths bhghr`thk jrnf

`g upk`th nj tmh nrcbcg`l fnkhl `rh prhshgthk cg tàlh =.1. [mhy subbhst

tm`t tmh ghhks `rh l`rbh, p`rtcdul`rly wctmcg lnw-cgdnfh dnugtrchs, wmhrh

tmhy m`vh ahhg hstcf`thk `t `rnugk ; phrdhgt nj BKU, wctm `g `kkctcng`l

; phrdhgt rhqucrhk jnr f`cgthg`gdh.

[mh cgdluscng nj f`cgthg`gdh ghhks d`ldul`thk `s ` ffxhk prnpnrtcng nj

tmh `dduful`thk d`pct`l stndi cs hsshgtc`l jrnf ` pr`dtcd`l pncgt nj vchw.

[mh cfpnrt`gdh nj f`cgthg`gdh `gk tmh ghhk tn aukbht jnr ct m`vh lngb

ahhg ignwg, aut tmhy m`vh ngly rhdhgtly ahhg kndufhgthk cg tmh `d`khfcd

lcthr`turh. Qcno` (1554) `gk I`l`ctzckìcs `gk I`lyvctcs (155;) mcbmlcbmt

00 Cg hfpcrcd`l stukchs tm`t cgdlukh antm cgjr`strudturh `gk nvhr`ll d`pct`l, cgjr`strudturh cs hsshg-

tc`lly hgthrhk twcdh, cg wmcdm d`sh `g hl`stcdcty hstcf`th gn kcjjhrhgt jrnf zhrn smnulk ah cgthr-

prhthk `s cgjr`strudturh m`vcgb tmh s`fh r`th nj rhturg `s prcv`th d`pct`l.01 [mh fnkhl ckhgtcffhs pnthgtc`l khf`gk bcvhg hxphdthk brnwtm, gnt tmh lhvhl nj cgjr`strudturh tm`t

wnulk f`xcfczh brnwtm nr snfh ntmhr sndc`l bn`l.



0:; Durrhgt Kha`ths ng Cgjr`strudturh Unlcdy

tmh j`dt tm`t dnugtrchs thgk tn ugkhrsphgk ng f`cgthg`gdh, ` j`dt tm`t sua-

st`gtc`lly rhkudhs tmh ushjul lcjh nj cgjr`strudturh `sshts `gk mhgdh tmhcr r`th

nj rhturg. F`cgthg`gdh hxphgkcturh st`gk`rks `rh whll ignwg `gk rhsult

cg prhkcdtàlh `ggu`l hxphgkcturh nutl`ys wmhg `vhr`bhk nvhr `g hgtcrh

ghtwnri. @pprnprc`th, aut ay gn fh`gs bhghrnus, st`gk`rks `rh `pprnxc-f`thly 1 phrdhgt nj tmh rhpl`dhfhgt dnst nj d`pct`l jnr hlhdtrcdcty, rn`ks,

`gk r`cl9 4 phrdhgt jnr w`thr `gk s`gct`tcng9 gk anut = phrdhgt jnr fnaclh

`gk ffxhk lcghs.

[mh hstcf`ths prnvckhk cg tàlh =.1 shrvh `s ` rnubm ahgdmf`ri jnr

kcjjhrhgt typhs nj dnugtrchs. Aut tmhy `ssufh st`gk`rkczhk ugct dnsts

`gk cbgnrh f`gy dnugtry `gk rhbcng`l sphdcffdctchs. Rmhg lnnicgb `t

` p`rtcdul`r dnugtry, tmhsh f`drn hstcf`ths smnulk ah dnfplhfhgthk

wctm ntmhr `pprn`dmhs tn `llnw jnr snfh “trc`gbul`tcng.‖04 Mnwhvhr,

tmhsh wcll rhqucrh tmh khffgctcng nj ` sht nj bn`ls, wmcdm f`y ah fntc-

v`thk ay hdngnfcd, hgbcghhrcgb, sndc`l, hgvcrngfhgt`l, nr pualcd mh`ltm

dngdhrgs. Tndchtchs f`y `lsn kcjjhr ng tmh lhvhl nj shrvcdhs tm`t cs

khhfhk `pprnprc`th.0; [àlh =.4 cllustr`ths tmh v`rcnus w`ys cg wmcdm

tmh bn`ls f`y ah sht uscgb tmh hx`fplh nj Fhxcdn, wmhrh tmcs hxhrdcsh

w`s ugkhrtìhg cg tmh dngthxt nj ` pualcd hxphgkcturh rhvchw jndushk

ng cgjr`strudturh.

[mh bnlk-pl`th `g`lyscs nj dnugtry-sphdcffd “cgvhstfhgt ghhks‖ rhlchs ng

shdtnr`l fcdrn stukchs. [mh `pprn`dmhs `gk fhtmnknlnbchs v`ry khphgkcgb

ng tmh shdtnrs. Cg tmh d`sh nj hlhdtrcdcty, snpmcstcd`thk hdngnfcd-hgbcghhrcgb

04 [mh prndhss nj hstcf`tcgb cgvhstfhgt ghhks cs sn jrùbmt wctm `ssufptcngs, ugdhrt`cg k`t , `gk

sn jnrtm tm`t ct cs dnffng shgsh tn rhly ng v`rcnus `pprn`dmhs tn bhghr`th ` shrchs nj hstcf`ths.

[n tmh hxthgt tm`t tmh hstcf`ths pph`r tn dngvhrbh, tmhrh d`g ah fnrh dngffkhgdh cg tmh rhsultcgb

rhdnffhgk`tcngs.

0; @g cgthrhstcgb hx`fplh cs bcvhg ay dnugtrchs cg d`sh nj tmh H`sthrg `gk Tnutmhrg Hurnph gnw

oncgcgb tmh Hurnph`g Xgcng (HX). [mhsh dnugtrchs `rh rhqucrhk ay tmh `ddhsscng `brhhfhgts tn

pursuh ` qu`lcty nj w`thr `gk s`gct`tcng shrvcdhs tm`t w`s rh`dmhk cg tmh dcty nj Arusshls ngly cg

tmh l`st jhw yh`rs. Mnwhvhr, bcvhg tm`t tmhsh dnugtrchs m`vh cgdnfh phr d`pct` fudm ahlnw tmh

HX `vhr`bh, sudm ` mcbm lhvhl nj shrvcdh qu`lcty rhprhshgts ` mubh ffg`gdc`l aurkhg (hstcf`thk `t

`rnugk€3 acllcng jnr Qnf`gc`, hqucv`lhgt tn 0: phrdhgt nj cts 155; BKU) gk cs tmhrhjnrh ahcgb

suasckczhk ay tmh HX. Puhstcngs rhf`cg mnwhvhr, `s cg ntmhr HX `ddhsscng dnugtrchs, ànut tmh

`jjnrkàclcty nj f`cgt`cgcgb tmhsh snpmcstcd`thk systhfs.

[àlh =.1. Cgvhstfhgt `gk F`cgthg`gdh Hxphgkcturh Ghhks `s ` Uhrdhgt`bh nj

BKU, ay Dnugtry Cgdnfh Lhvhl, @vhr`bh 1558—08

Cgdnfh lhvhl Cgvhstfhgt F`cgthg`gdh [nt`l

Lnw ;.1 4.4 2.8

Lnwhr-fckklh 4.= 1.8 :.4

Xpphr-fckklh 0.2 0.; 4.0

Khvhlnpcgb 4.1 1.4 :.8

Tnurdh? Dnurthsy nj [ctn Shphs, a`shk ng J`y `gk Shphs 1554.



Hst`dmh `gk J`y 0:8

fnkhls d`g ah ushk tn hstcf`th tmh cgvhstfhgts rhqucrhk tn f`cgt`cg tmh

cgthbrcty nj ` ghtwnri hxphrchgdcgb hxp`gkcgb khf`gk.08

[mhsh fnkhls `llnw shdtnr sphdc`lcsts tn prnvckh v`rcnus shts nj hstc-

f`ths khphgkcgb ng wmhtmhr tmh bn`l cs a`scd rhlcàclcty nr mcbm qu`l-cty `gk rhlcàclcty. Cg tmh tr`gspnrt shdtnr, tmh `pprn`dm cs usu`lly fnrh

`k mnd `gk rhlchs ng ` dnfacg`tcng nj shdtnr sphdc`lcsts– hstcf`ths `gk

kht`clhk stukchs (p`rtcdul`rly ng tmh ghhk jnr upbr`khs nr hxp`gscngs). Cg

tmh d`sh nj w`thr gk s`gct`tcng, tmh dngghdtcng dnst nj ugcvhrs`l dnvhr`bh

cs h`sy tn hstcf`th, a`shk ng st`gk`rk prcdhs. Mnwhvhr, tmh dnst nj `ssndc-

`thk wnris cs fudm m`rkhr tn hstàlcsm, gk tmhrh cs usu`lly gn scfplh w`y

nj hstcf`tcgb tmh ghhk jnr rhmàclct`tcng.

Aut hvhg snpmcstcd`thk shdtnr`l stukchs d`g turg cgtn ugrh`lcstcd wcsm

lcsts. Ct cs ushjul, tmhrhjnrh, tn kn snfh scfplh ahgdmf`ricgb. [mcs d`g hgt`cl

dnfp`rcgb ` dnugtry tn cts phhrs (`s khffghk, s`y, ay cgdnfh lhvhls) nr tn `

dnugtry tm`t njjhrs prnfcscgb hx`fplh (s`y, ghwly cgkustrc`l dnugtry sudm

`s tmh Qhpualcd nj Inrh`) gk sicgb mnw fudm ct wnulk dnst tn dmchvh tmh

shrvcdh dnvhr`bh nr qu`lcty nj tmh dnfp`r`tnr dnugtry. [mh dnfp`rcsng d`g

ah kngh ng tmh a`scs nj dnvhr`bh nr qu`lcty nr hxphgkcturh finws.

08 Fhxcdn ushs tmh Rchg ùtnf`tcd systhf pl`ggcgb p`di`bh (R@TU CZ), ` wckhly ushk fnkhl tm`t

`g`lyzhs nptcngs jnr bhghr`tcgb systhf hxp`gscng, prcf`rcly tn khthrfcgh tmh lh`st dnstly hxp`g-

scng p`tm tm`t wcll `khqu`thly fhht tmh khf`gk jnr hlhdtrcd pnwhr, suaohdt tn ushr-khffghk dng-

str`cgts. Tcfcl`r fnkhls rh TXUHQ/NL@KH/ACK gk FUNKH, wmcdm rh ushk ay Dnlnfac` gk

Hdu`knr, jnr hx`fplh.

[àlh =.4. Kcjjhrhgt @pprn`dmhs tn Hstcf`tcgb Hxphgkcturh Ghhks cg Cgjr`strudturh?

[mh Hx`fplh nj Fhxcdn

Ahgdmf`ricgb Thttcgb t`rbhts

Ttndi t`rbht? Rm`t wnulk ct dnst tn bht Fhxcdn–s

cgjr`strudturh (phr d`pct`9 phr ugct nj BKU9 phr

squ`rh iclnfhthr) tn tmh lhvhl nj tmh lh`khr cg L`tcg

@fhrcd` `gk tmh D`rcaah`g nr tn tmh lhvhl nj tmh

H`st @sc` fhkc`g>

Jlnw t`rbht? Mnw kn Fhxcdn–s hxphgkcturhs ng

cgjr`strudturh dnfp`rh tn tmnsh nj cts phhrs>

Hdngnfhtrcd brnwtm fnkhl? Rm`t lhvhl nj cgjr`strud-

turh dnvhr`bh cs ghhkhk tn `dmchvh x phrdhgt nj

brnwtm `gk rhkudh cghqu`lcty ay z phrdhgt. Gn sudm

fnkhl cs `v`clàlh yht.

Hdngnfhtrcd khf`gk fnkhl? Rm`t lhvhl nj

cgjr`strudturh dnvhr`bh wcll ah khf`gkhk ay ffrfs

`gk dngsufhrs jnr bcvhg brnwtm prnohdtcngs> [mcs

`pprn`dm cs jnllnwhk cg J`y `gk Shphs (1554).

Dnstcgb hxhrdcsh? Rm`t wnulk ct dnst jnr Fhxcdn tn

`dmchvh ugcvhrs`l shrvcdh dnvhr`bh cg w`thr `gk

s`gct`tcng, hlhdtrcdcty, `gk `ddhss tn yh`r-rnugk

rn`ks>

Hgbcghhrcgb-hdngnfcd fnkhls? [`rbhts `rh khffghk

`s ` p`rtcdul`r lhvhl nj dnvhr`bh `gk qu`lcty.

Unwhr shdtnr? @ whll-khffghk cgthrg`tcng`l fhtmnk-

nlnby, `pplchk ay DJH, Fhxcdn–s l`rbhst st`th pnwhr

dnfp`gy, cs ushk tn hstcf`th tmh cgvhstfhgt

ghhkhk tn f`cgt`cg tmh cgthbrcty nj tmh ghtwnri `gk

s`tcsjy prhkcdthk hxp`gscng cg khf`gk.

R`thr `gk s`gct`tcng? @ ffg`gdc`l fnkhl hstcf`ths

cgvhstfhgt ghhkhk tn `tt`cg tmh dnvhr`bh bn`ls sht

cg G`tcng`l Mykrùlcd Ul`g.

Qn`ks? @ whll-khffghk fhtmnknlnby cs ushk tnhstcf`th rhmàclct`tcng `gk f`cgthg`gdh hxphgkc-

turhs9 ct cs dnfacghk wctm rn`k shdtnr hxphrt npcgcng

ng tmh khffgctcng nj fònr dnrrcknrs `gk cgvhstfhgt

ghhkhk jnr tmhcr dnfplhtcng.

Tnurdh? Rnrlk A`gi 1558a.



0:: Durrhgt Kha`ths ng Cgjr`strudturh Unlcdy

[mhrh usu`lly cs ghhk tn cgdlukh kkctcng`l prnvcscngs jnr sndc`l naohd-

tcvhs `s whll `s f`cgthg`gdh. Tndc`l naohdtcvhs f`y ah tmh nghs khffghk cg

tmh FKBs nr ugcvhrs`l dnvhr`bh.0: Jnr fckklh-cgdnfh dnugtrchs, tmcs cs

usu`lly ` sf`ll prnpnrtcng nj tmh nvhr`ll tà, `t lh`st jnr a`rh-anghs dnv-

hr`bh tm`t f`y gnt cgdlukh brck dngghdtcng. Jnr lnw-cgdnfh dnugtrchs,

wmhrh antm dnvhr`bh `gk cgdnfh `rh lnw, tmh dnsts d`g ah vhry mcbm.

Rm`t Cj Aukbht Dngstr`cgts @jjhdt tmh Nptcf`l Lhvhl

nj Cgjr`strudturh>

[mh prnalhf wctm tmh `pprn`dmhs khsdrcahk ànvh cs tm`t tmh nptcf`l lhvhl

nj cgjr`strudturh prnvcscng d`ggnt ah kcvnrdhk jrnf mnw ct cs ffg`gdhk. Cg

`kkctcng, tmhrh f`y ah ` tr`khnjj ahtwhhg cgdrh`shk cgjr`strudturh `gk

cgdrh`shk t`xhs. @sdmùhr (1555) ffgks tm`t tmh lhvhl nj pualcd d`pct`l cg

fnst X.T. st`ths w`s ahlnw tmh brnwtm-f`xcfczcgb lhvhl cg tmh 0325s `gk

03=5s, `ltmnubm pualcd hxphgkcturh w`s tnn mcbm (lh`vcgb nphg tmh quhs-

tcng nj wm`t cs tmh nptcf`l a`l`gdh ahtwhhg tmh twn).02 I`fps (1558), wmn`pplchs tmh s`fh fnkhl tn HX dnugtrchs, `rbuhs tm`t tmh kcstnrtcng `ssndc-

`thk wctm t`x`tcng kcsdnur`bhs prcv`th cgvhstfhgt.

Mnw fudm smnulk dnugtrchs sphgk ng cgjr`strudturh bcvhg dnfphtcgb

ghhks jnr pualcd sphgkcgb, ffsd`l dngstr`cgts, `gk lcfcthk àclcty tn dm`rbh

ushrs> Ngh pprn`dm cs tn khvhlnp bhghr`l-hquclcarcuf fnkhl tm`t hxplcdctly

cgdnrpnr`ths pualcd cgvhstfhgt dnsts gk tn snlvh ct jnr cgjr`strudturh. Qcno`

(1550) knhs tmcs jnr Ar`zcl, Fhxcdn, `gk Uhru `gk ckhgtcffhs `g nptcf`l

(khffghk `s brnwtm-f`xcfczcgb) lhvhl nj cgjr`strudturh, mh`ltm, `gk hkud`-

tcng sphgkcgb. Mnwhvhr, tmcs stuky, lcih ntmhrs nj cts icgk (jnr hx`fplh, D`v-

`ld`gtc Jhrrhcr` `gk Bngâ`lvhs kn G`sdcfhgtn 15589 Hst`dmh `gk Fuðnz1552), rhlchs ng p`r`fhthrs nj hl`stcdcty nj brnwtm wctm rhsphdt tn cgjr`-

strudturh hstcf`thk cg ntmhr stukchs, wmcdm f`y nr f`y gnt ah `ddur`th.

[mhnrhtcd`lly, @sdmùhr–s (1555) fnkhl dnulk ah ushk tn d`ldul`th tmh

brnwtm nr whlj`rh-f`xcfczcgb lhvhl nj cgjr`strudturh sphgkcgb. Mnwhvhr,

ct `lsn rhqucrhs `g hstcf`th nj tmh hl`stcdcty nj nutput wctm rhsphdt tn pualcd

d`pct`l (wmcdm mh shts tn 5.4 jnr tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths). I`fps (1558) d`ldul`ths

tmcs hl`stcdcty jnr HX dnugtrchs, aut tmhg dngstr`cgs ct tn ah dngst`gt `gk

hqu`l `drnss dnugtrchs (cg mcs d`sh `t 5.1). Ngh nptcng dnulk tmhg ah tn

`pply tmh @sdmùhr nr I`fps fhtmnknlnby tn hstcf`th brnwtm-f`xcfczcgb

stndis nj cgjr`strudturh (tmcs wnulk rhqucrh d`ldul`tcgb dnugtry- nr cgjr`-

strudturh-sphdcffd hl`stcdctchs, snfhtmcgb tmh prhdhkcgb kcsdusscng smnwhk

tn ah gngtrcvc`l). [mh dnst nj rh`dmcgb nr f`cgt`cgcgb tmh nptcf`l lhvhl nj

stndi dnulk tmhg ah hstcf`thk uscgb hctmhr dnugtry-sphdcffd nr cgthrg`tcng`l

prcdhs jnr tmhsh stndis.

0: [mh ngh nrcbcg`l FKB phrt`cgcgb kcrhdtly tn cgjr`strudturh cs tn “m lvh ay 1508 tmh prnpnrtcng

nj phnplh wctmnut sust`cgàlh `ddhss tn s`jh krcgicgb w`thr `gk a`scd s`gct`tcng.‖ Hlhdtrcffd`tcng

m`s gnw ahhg cgdlukhk.

02 Qcno` (1550) khvhlnps ` bhghr`l-hquclcarcuf fnkhl tm`t hxplcdctly fnkhls pualcd cgvhstfhgt–srhsnurdh dnst `gk ushs ct tn smnw tmh nptcf`l lhvhl nj cgjr`strudturh jnr tmrhh dnugtrchs? Ar`zcl,

Uhru, `gk Fhxcdn.



Hst`dmh `gk J`y 0:2

Tn wmcdm w`y smnulk wh bn wctm tmcs lcthr`turh> L`ll `gk R`gb (155:)

njjhr prnfcscgb w`y jnrw`rk, ltmnubm tmhcr fnkhl m`s gnt yht ahhg hfpcr-

cd`lly hstcf`thk `gk rhqucrhs ` fnrh dnfplhth fnkhlcgb nj cgjr`strudturh

supply khdcscngs. Ct `lsn rhf`cgs ` p`rtc`l-hquclcarcuf `g`lyscs. Tcfcl`rly,

tmh @sdmùhr (1555) nr I`fps (1558) fnkhls f`y whll njjhr tmh a`scs jnr

`g cgthrhstcgb `lthrg`tcvh. Mnwhvhr, bnnk k`t` ng tmh dnst nj cgjr`strudturh

prnvcscng cs rhqucrhk tn tr`gsl`th tmhsh fnkhls cgtn ffburhs jnr cgvhstfhgt

ghhks `gk put tmhf cg tmh phrsphdtcvh nj tmh `v`clàlh ffsd`l sp`dh.

[mh Xpsmnt

Khdckcgb mnw fudm smnulk ah sphgt ng cgjr`strudturh cs dlh`rly gnt g h`sy

hxhrdcsh, aut ct ghhks tn ah kngh `gk d`g drh`th a`scd ahgdmf`ris. [mh lct-

hr`turh njjhrs snfh buck`gdh, `ltmnubm tmhrh cs ` lngb w`y tn bn ahjnrh tmh

v`rcnus `pprn`dmhs wcll bhghr`th lnwhr `gk upphr anugks tm`t dngvhrbh

tnw`rk ` rnaust `sshssfhgt nj ghhks‛ngh tm`t `ddnugts jnr tmh j`dt tm`t

cgjr`strudturh dnfphths wctm ntmhr shdtnrs jnr sd`rdh rhsnurdhs.

Rmhrh Tmnulk Cgjr`strudturh Cgvhstfhgts Ah F`kh>

Rctm tmh rhhfhrbhgdh nj hdngnfcd bhnbr`pmy, cgjr`strudturh ghhks `rh

ahcgb hx`fcghk wctm ` sp`tc`l twcst? tmh quhstcng cs gn lngbhr scfply “mnw

fudm,‖ aut lsn “wmhrh.‖ [mh gswhr tn tm`t shdngk quhstcng cs hvhg fnrh

prnalhf`tcd tm`g tmh ffrst jnr twn rh`sngs. Jcrst, tmh fnst prnfcscgb rhsh`rdm

cs jnr gnw fnstly tmhnrhtcd`l. Thdngk, sp`tc`l khvhlnpfhgt pnlcdy kha`ths

`rh njthg pnlctcd`lly dm`rbhk, wctm `kvnd`dy njthg prhv`clcgb nvhr r`tcng`l-

cty (wctghss tmh nlkhr ura`g-ac`s kha`th).

@g Cgtrnkudtcng tn tmh Qhlhv`gdh nj tmh Ghw Hdngnfcd

Bhnbr`pmy tn Cgjr`strudturh

[mh “wmhrh‖ quhstcng cs ahcgb kkrhsshk cg g hfhrbcgb str`gk nj lcthr`turh

tm`t m`s lcttlh hfpcrcd`l hvckhgdh tn kr`w ng, `t lh`st jnr khvhlnpcgb dnug-

trchs. [mh ghw hdngnfcd bhnbr`pmy lcthr`turh (shh A`lkwcg gk ntmhrs 1554

jnr g nvhrvchw) subbhsts tm`t cgjr`strudturh cgthr`dts wctm pmyscd`l dm`r`d-

thrcstcds tn `jjhdt tmh dnfp`r`tcvh `kv`gt`bh nj ` rhbcng, mhgdh cts brnwtm`gk ` dnugtry–s shttlhfhgt p`tthrgs. Uub` (1551) njjhrs ` gcdh nvhrvchw nj

tmh `rbufhgts `gk tmh hvckhgdh, p`rtcdul`rly `s tmhy phrt`cg tn tr`gspnrt,

wmcdm wh suff`rczh ahlnw.

Cgjr`strudturh, p`rtcdul`rly tr`gspnrt, cs shhg ay fnst pnlcdy fìhrs `s

drctcd`l cg hjjnrts tn mhlp kcs`kv`gt`bhk rhbcngs ahdnfh fnrh `ttr`dtcvh tn

cgvhstnrs? cfprnvhk dngghdtcvcty cs usu`lly shhg s ` ihy tn llnwcgb phrcpm-

hr`l rhbcngs tn ahtthr cgthbr`th tmh knfhstcd nr cgthrg`tcng`l hdngnfy.

[mh cfp`dt nj cfprnvhk tr`gspnrt ng ` a`diw`rk rhbcng cs `facbunus,

mnwhvhr, `s ct f`y rhfnvh ` g`tur`l tr`kh a`rrchr tm`t w`s prnthdtcgb lnd`l

cgkustrchs `gk tmus dngtrcauth tn jurtmhr dngdhgtr`tcng nj hfplnyfhgt cgtmh `kv`gdhk rhbcng. [mcs cs p`rtcdul`rly lcihly wctmcg ` dnugtry wmhrh



0:= Durrhgt Kha`ths ng Cgjr`strudturh Unlcdy

w`bh kcjjhrhgdhs `rh uglcihly tn ah scbgcffd`gt. Cgkhhk, cg Jr`gdh cfprnvhk

tr`gspnrt lcgis m`vh lhk tn tmh dngdhgtr`tcng, r`tmhr tm`g tmh kcsphrscng,

nj hfplnyfhgt (Dnfahs `gk L`jnurd`kh 1550). Cg Ct`ly J`cgc (03=4) m`s

`rbuhk tm`t tmh rhkudtcng cg tr`gspnrt dnsts ahtwhhg tmh gnrtm `gk tmh

snutm lhk tn tmh khcgkustrc`lcz`tcng nj tmh snutm.

Mnwhvhr, khdngdhgtr`tcng wctmcg fhtrnpnlct`g rh`s jrnf tmh dnrh tn tmh

phrcpmhry knhs m`pphg wctm cfprnvhk tr`gspnrt. Jnr hx`fplh, Mhgkhrsng

`gk Iugdnrn (033:) smnw tm`t f`gy ffrfs fnvhk nut nj Oì`rt` tn tmh

phrcpmhr`l `rh`s nj tmh Brh`thr Oì`rt` fhtrnpnlct`g rhbcng cg tmh fck-

03=5s. [mhsh fnvhs whrh j`dclct`thk ay tmh dngstrudtcng nj tnll rcgb rn`ks

`rnugk tmh dcty, rht`cgcgb snfh `bblnfhr`tcng ahghffts nj tmh rhbcng, aut

rhkudcgb dngbhstcng dnsts (jnr hx`fplh, l`gk rhgts `gk tr`gspnrt dnsts),

hgàlcgb ffrfs tn ahghfft jrnf lnwhr l`gk `gk lànr dnsts cg tmh phrcpmhry.

[mhsh ahghffts hxdhhkhk tmh cgdrh`shk dnsts nj tr`gspnrt shrvcgb tmh s`fh

f`riht.

Tcfcl`rly, cg Ar`zcl tmh khdngdhgtr`tcng nj cgkustry jrnf Brh`thr TänUùln tn lnwhr-w`bh pnpul`thk mcgthrl`gk dctchs jnllnwhk tmh tr`gspnrt dnr-

rcknrs ffrst tmrnubm Tän Uùln Tt`th gk tmhg cgtn Fcg`s Bhr`cs, tmh cgthrcnr

st`th wctm tmh f`cg crng nrh `gk ntmhr fcghr`l rhshrvhs (Mhgkhrsng, Tm`lczc,

`gk Zhgàlhs 1550). Aut hvhg tmnubm tmh cfprnvhk cgthrrhbcng`l tr`gs-

pnrt ghtwnri cg Ar`zcl m`k scbgcffd`gt cfp`dts ng prnkudtcvcty `gk brh`tly

dngtrcauthk tn tmh prnsphrcty nj st`ths `gk tnwgs `t tmh phrcpmhry nj tmh

tr`kctcng`l hdngnfcd dnrh, ct kck gnt lh`k tn cgkustrc`lcz`tcng cg fnrh

rhfnth, l`bbcgb `rh`s (L`ll, Jugkhraurb, `gk Shphs 1554).

Lnd`tcng tmhnry subbhsts tm`t tmh g`turh `gk strudturh nj ` tr`gspnrt

prnohdt wcll `jjhdt cts cfp`dt ng tmh lnd`l hdngnfy. [mus cfprnvcgb lnd`l‛`s nppnshk tn cgthrrhbcng`l‛cgjr`strudturh cs fudm lhss lcihly tn m`rf tmh

lnd`l hdngnfy. Tcfcl`rly mua-`gk-spnih ghtwnris hgdnur`bh tmh dngdhg-

tr`tcng nj `dtcvcty cg tmh muas, `s ffrfs lnd`thk tmhrh j`dh lnwhr tr`gspnrt

dnsts tm`g ffrfs cg tmh spnihs (Uub` 1551).

Cgthrrhbcng`l ghtwnris wcll, nj dnursh, arcgb ahghffts tn phrcpmhr`l

rhbcngs. Mnwhvhr, tmh b`p cg rhl`tcvh `ddhsscaclcty wcll wckhg ahtwhhg

dhgtr`l `gk phrcpmhr`l rhbcngs, hvhg cj tmh acbbhst àsnluth b`cgs nddur cg

tmh rhfnth `rh`s. [mcs pncgt cs whll cllustr`thk cg Hurnph jnr mcbm-sphhk

tr`cgs (Zcdihrf`g, Tpchihrf`gg, `gk Rhbhghr 0333 cg Uub` 1551). Ct `lsn

hxpl`cgs tmh l`di nj cfp`dt nj tmh g`tcng`l mcbmw`y ghtwnri ng Ar`zcl–sgnrtmh`st rhbcng, kcsdusshk h`rlchr (L`ll, Jugkhraurb, `gk Shphs 1554).

[r`gspnrt cgjr`strudturh scfply cs gnt ` sclvhr aullht jnr rhbcng`l

khvhlnpfhgt. Ghvhrtmhlhss, tmh hfpcrcd`l wnri qunthk ànvh‛`gk

fudm `ghdknt`l hvckhgdh‛subbhsts tm`t cgjr`strudturh cgvhstfhgts

`rh lcihly tn ah ghdhss`ry, cj gnt sujffdchgt, jnr rhbcng`l brnwtm. @ddhss

tn `ll-wh`tmhr rn`ks, rhlcàlh thlhpmngy (jnr hx`fplh, tmrnubm dhll

pmnghs), `gk hlhdtrcdcty cs ` prhrhqucscth tn `llnw rur`l `rh`s tn prnkudh

mcbmhr-v`luh prndhsshk bnnks. Qhbcngs d`ggnt hxpnrt cj tmhcr tr`gspnrt

ghtwnri rhsults cg hxdhsscvhly mcbm dnsts (Ccfc `gk Tfctm 1552). Mnw-hvhr, wm`t wcll f`tthr cs tmh cgthr`dtcng ahtwhhg tmhsh cgvhstfhgts `gk



Hst`dmh `gk J`y 0:3

ntmhr j`dtnrs tm`t khthrfcgh ` rhbcng–s dnfp`r`tcvh `kv`gt`bh `gk cts

àclcty tn f`riht ct.

Urnohdt shlhdtcng f`y `lsn jnllnw ` bn`l nj a`l`gdhk rhbcng`l khvhlnp-

fhgt. Cg tm`t d`sh tmh rhsult f`y gnt ah ` (g`tcng`l) brnwtm-f`xcfczcgb

cgvhstfhgt (`ltmnubm ct f`y whll ah whlj`rh f`xcfczcgb). [`rbhtcgb

cgvhstfhgts tnw`rk pnnrhr rhbcngs f`y, tmhrhjnrh, hgt`cl hqucty-hjffdchgdy

tr`khnjjs. [mcs cs kndufhgthk cg Tp`cg ay kh l` Juhgth (1551`, 1551a), wmn

ffgks tm`t suast`gtc`l cgvhstfhgts cg pnnrhr rhbcngs kck rhsult cg dngvhr-

bhgdh cg cgdnfh, aut `t tmh dnst nj nvhr`ll g`tcng`l brnwtm.

Cgvhstcgb cg Qur`l nr cg Xra`g @rh`s>

Cg fnst dnugtrchs, fudm nj nutput `gk brnwtm cs bhghr`thk cg dctchs, `gk

tnk`y anut m`lj tmh wnrlk pnpul`tcng lcvhs cg dctchs. Fnrhnvhr, pnnr phnplh

ura`gczh j`sthr tm`g tmh pnpul`tcng `s ` wmnlh (shh Dnmhg 155;9 Q`v`llcng

1551 jnr ` kcsdusscng nj pnpul`tcng trhgks). Aut `rh tmhsh stylczhk j`dts suj-

ffdchgt tn `rbuh tm`t cgjr`strudturh smnulk bn fnstly tn dctchs>Cg fnst dnugtrchs tmh stnry cs fudm fnrh suatlh tm`g ura`g-rur`l kcdmnt-

nfchs `llnw. Jcrst, tmh dngtr`st cs typcd`lly fnrh ahtwhhg lh`kcgb `gk l`b-

bcgb rhbcngs. Qur`l pnpul`tcng cg lh`kcgb rhbcngs, dlnsh tn annfcgb ura`g

dhgthrs wctm strngb khf`gk jnr tmhcr bnnks gk tmh rn`ks gk aushs tn tìh

tmhcr bnnks tn f`riht, wcll thgk tn ah fnrh prnsphrnus (`gk m`vh fudm

ahtthr cgjr`strudturh ddhss) tm`g rur`l nr ura`g kwhllhrs cg l`bbcgb rhbcngs.

[mcs arcgbs us a`di tn tmh h`rlchr kha`th ng a`l`gdhk rhbcng`l khvhlnp-

fhgt. Thdngk, cg snfh rhbcngs (@jrcd`, Tnutm @sc`) tmh pnpul`tcng rhf`cgs

fnstly rur`l `gk wcll rhf`cg sn jnr snfh tcfh. Cgkhhk, wmclh tmh pnnr

ura`gczh j`sthr tm`g tmh rcdm, fònrcty nj pnnr phnplh wcll stcll lcvh cg rur`l`rh`s lngb `jthr fnst phnplh cg tmh khvhlnpcgb wnrlk lcvh cg ura`g `rh`s

(Q`v`llcng 1551).0=

Xltcf`thly, tmh dmncdh nj tmh prcnrcty cs rh`lly pnlcdy dmncdh tm`t hdng-

nfcsts d`g ngly shrvh tn cgjnrf. Cg p`rtcdul`r, hdngnfcd wnri d`g mhlp cg

ckhgtcjycgb snfh nj tmh hqucty-hjffdchgdy tr`khnjjs `s whll `s tmh dm`gghls

tmrnubm wmcdm cgvhstfhgts f`y `jjhdt lnd`l prnsphrcty `gk whll-ahcgb. Cg

p`rtcdul`r, tmhrh cs wckh `brhhfhgt tm`t cgjr`strudturh cg rur`l `rh`s d`g

cfprnvh `brcdultur`l prnkudtcvcty `gk rhkudh rur`l pnvhrty.03 Tcfcl`rly,

tmhrh cs suast`gtc`l hvckhgdh tn smnw tm`t cgjr`strudturh d`g rhkudh ura`g

pnvhrty (Mhgkhrsng 1551).Bhghr`l-hquclcarcuf fnkhlcgb d`g mhlp tn ckhgtcjy tmh kcstrcautcng`l

cfp`dt nj cgjr`strudturh rhjnrf, gntàly tmhcr kcjjhrcgb dngshquhgdhs

jnr ura`g `gk rur`l pnpul`tcngs. Qhjnrfs thgk tn ugaugklh tmh ura`g

`gk rur`l rhspngscaclctchs nj nphr`tnrs, hgkcgb mcstnrcd`l drnss-suasckchs

`gk jnrdcgb dmncdhs jnr fnrh t`rbhthk suasckchs tn systhf hxp`gscngs.

0= [mcs kha`th cs gnt ghw. @lfnst 45 yh`rs `bn, Lcptng (0322) `gk Fhllnr (032:) whrh dngdhrghk

wctm tmh nppnscth quhstcng? w`s tmh ura`g ac`s nj tmh cgthrg`tcng`l dnffugcty r`tcng`l>

03 Thh Bcasng `gk Qnzhllh (1551)9 O`dnay (1555)9 L`gonuw (0333)9 Lnismcg `gk Shftsnv (1558)9

Qh`rkng (1550)9 Qhginw, M`llstrnf, `gk I`r`go` (155;)9 v`g kh R`llh (1551)9 v`g kh R`llh`gk Gh`k (0338).




Andd`gjusn, Hst`dmh, `gk T`v`rk (155:), jnr cgst`gdh, smnw tm`t w`thr

rhjnrfs cg Thghb`l m`vh m`k ` vhry kcjjhrhgt cgctc`l cfp`dt cg tmh d`pct`l

dcty, shdngk`ry dctchs, `gk rur`l `rh`s. [mhy `lsn smnw tm`t uglhss cgthrrh-

bcng`l drnss-suasckchs `rh `g nptcng, fnst dnffng dnst-rhdnvhry ffg`gd-

cgb pnlcdchs wcll m`vh kcjjhrhgt dngshquhgdhs jnr tmh pnnr cg rhbcngs tm`t

m`vh kcjjhrhgt typhs nj prnvckhrs (tm`t cs, l`rbh pualcd, l`rbh prcv`th, nr

sf`ll prcv`th).

@ p`rtcdul`rly cgthrhstcgb `g`lyscs nj tmh kcjjhrcgb cfp`dt nj cgjr`strud-

turh cgvhstfhgts ahtwhhg rur`l `gk ura`g pnnr dnfhs jrnf @k`f `gk

Ahv`g (155;). [mhy smnw tm`t cgjr`strudturh cgvhstfhgts cg Xb`gk` tm`t

suppnrt tr`kàlhs m`vh kcjjhrhgt cfp`dts ng tmh kcstrcautcng nj pnvhrty

ahtwhhg rur`l `gk ura`g `rh`s `s whll `s ng tmh rh`l hxdm`gbh r`th `gk

ntmhr f`drnhdngnfcd v`rcàlhs. Rmhg cgjr`strudturh cgvhstfhgt j`vnrs

tr`kàlhs (jnr hx`fplh, thlhdnffugcd`tcngs nr hghrby, wmcdm thgk tn

hgony ` fudm strngbhr khf`gk jrnf f`guj`dturcgb `gk shrvcdhs tm`g

tr`gspnrt), tmh rh`l hxdm`gbh `pprhdc`tcng cs strngbhst. Rmhg ct cs ac`shktnw`rk gngtr`kàlhs (jnr hx`fplh, rur`l gk ura`g rn`ks), tmhrh cs m`rkly

`gy dm`gbh cg tmh rh`l hxdm`gbh r`th. [mh f`cg kcjjhrhgdh ahtwhhg tmh twn

sdhg`rcns cs kcstrcautcng`l. Tuppnrt tn tr`kàlhs mhlps `ll cgdnfh dl`sshs9

suppnrt tn gngtr`kàlhs mhlps tmh ura`g pnnr `gk, snfhwm`t dnugthr-

cgtuctcvhly, murts tmh rur`l pnnr, cj pnpul`tcng fcbr`tcng cs cbgnrhk. [mh

rur`l pnnr b`cg jrnf fnrh `ddhss tn jnnk, aut tmhy lnsh jrnf tmh lnwhr

cgdnfh tmhy rhdhcvh jrnf jnnk prnkudtcng. [mcs lnss cs brh`thr tmh fnrh

tmh cgjr`strudturh `ck cs ac`shk tnw`rk gngtr`kàlh bnnks.

[mh XpsmntKhdckcgb wmhrh tn cgvhst cs s m`rk s nr m`rkhr tm`g khdckcgb mnw fudm tn

cgvhst. Qhkudhk tr`gspnrt `gk dnffugcd`tcng dnsts wcll j`vnr `kkctcng`l

tr`kh, kkctcng`l fnaclcty, gk pnsscaly kkctcng`l khf`gk jnr sicllhk wnri-

hrs cg f`gy nj tmh khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs. Aut tn bht tmhrh, snfh tnubm khdc-

scngs ghhk tn ah f`kh ng tmh lnd`tcng nj cgvhstfhgts. [mh tr`khnjjs `rh

fudm fnrh dnfplhx tm`g njthg rhdnbgczhk, `ltmnubm rhdhgt wnri sudm `s

@k`f `gk Ahv`g (155;) d`g mhlp us tn ugkhrst`gk tmhf. Mnwhvhr, wh

m`vh lcttlh ugkhrst`gkcgb nj tmh kyg`fcd cfp`dt nj cgjr`strudturh cgvhst-

fhgts ng rur`l nr ura`g hdngnfchs nr tmhcr cgthbr`tcng. Dngtcguhk hfpcrc-

d`l wnri ng tmh tnpcd wcll mhlp tmh ghw hdngnfcd bhnbr`pmy lcthr`turh tnahdnfh cgdrh`scgbly rhlhv`gt jnr pnlcdy fìcgb.

@rh tmh Cgjr`strudturh Ghhks nj tmh Unnr Ahcgb Fht>

Cgjr`strudturh pnlcdy j`clurhs `rh typcd`lly m`rkhst ng tmh pnnr. Jcrst cs tmh

j`clurh tn prnvckh jnr ugcvhrs`l `ddhss, wmcdm m`s, nj dnursh, murt tmh pnnr

fnst. Thdngk cs tmh j`clurh tn khscbg t`rcjjs dngscsthgt wctm tmh pnnr–s d`sm

finws `gk àclcty tn p`y. [mh FKBs m`vh mhlphk snfhwm`t cg puttcgb tmh`ddhss prnalhf ng tmh `bhgk`. [mh strngb vncdhs nj kcsdngthgt wctm tmh



Hst`dmh `gk J`y 020

prcv`tcz`tcng hxphrchgdhs, cg p`rtcdul`r, cg @jrcd`, L`tcg @fhrcd`, `gk tn `

lhsshr hxthgt H`sthrg Hurnph, m`vh mcbmlcbmthk tmh `jjnrkàclcty prnalhfs.

[mh j`dt tm`t tmh cgjr`strudturh shdtnr cs ngh nj tmnsh dnffctthk tn cgdrh`sh

tmh tr`gsp`rhgdy nj tmh `sshssfhgt nj `ck hjjhdtcvhghss cs bnnk ghws `gk cs`lrh`ky prnvckcgb f`gy ushjul cgscbmts (jnr ` rhdhgt nvhrvchw, shh Hst`dmh

1553). Aut f`gy cssuhs d`g `lrh`ky ah kcsdusshk wctm tmh hxphrchgdh `ddu-

ful`thk sn j`r.

Mnw A`k Cs tmh @ddhss Urnalhf jnr tmh Unnrhst>

[àlh =.0, prhshgthk h`rlchr `gk suff`rczcgb tmh `vhr`bh `ddhss r`ths phr

dnugtry brnups, mckhs tmh hxthgt nj m`rksmcp hgkurhk ay tmh pnnrhst pnpu-

l`tcng.15 [àlh =.; (bhghr`thk jrnf Arcdhðn `gk Ilytdmgcinv` 155:) cs

a`shk ng cgjnrf`tcng dnllhdthk jrnf mnushmnlk survhys r`tmhr tm`g jrnf

snfh hxtr`pnl`tcng, `s tmh dnugtrywckh `vhr`bh cgkcd`tnrs thgk tn ah cg

hghrby `gk w`thr `gk s`gct`tcng. Mnushmnlk survhy k`t` m`vh tmhcr nwg

lcfct`tcngs, aut tmh sg`psmnt tmhy njjhr prnvckhs ushjul `kkctcng`l cgjnr-

f`tcng jnr pnlcdy. Cg p`rtcdul`r, tmhy prnvckh ` fudm ahtthr shgsh nj tmh

ughvhg kcstrcautcng nj tmh `ddhss b`ps `drnss cgdnfh brnups `t v`rcnus

st`bhs nj khvhlnpfhgt. [mh tàlh smnws tm`t b`ps ahtwhhg tmh pnnrhst

`gk rcdmhst 15 phrdhgt `rh systhf`tcd`lly l`rbhst cg pnnrhr dnugtrchs.

Mnw A`k Cs tmh @jjnrkàclcty Urnalhf>

[mh `ddhss b`p cs ngly p`rt nj tmh prnalhf. [mhrh cs `lsn `g `jjnrkàclctycssuh. Cgjr`strudturh pr`dtctcnghrs rhly ng rulhs nj tmufa tn bht ` shgsh nj

tmh `jjnrkàclcty prnalhf cg `gy shdtnr. Ngh sudm rulh nj tmufa (khvhl-

nphk ay tmh Rnrlk Mh`ltm Nrb`gcz`tcng) cs tm`t mnushmnlks smnulk gnt

ghhk tn sphgk fnrh tm`g 8 phrdhgt nj tmhcr cgdnfh jnr w`thr `gk

s`gct`tcng‛4.8 phrdhgt jnr w`thr `lngh. Cg tmh d`sh nj hlhdtrcdcty, tmhrh cs

gn sudm jnrf`l rulh nj tmufa, aut f`gy `ssufh tm`t ;—: phrdhgt cs `

f`xcfuf tn sphgk ng hghrby. [mh bhghr`l cgjnrf`l rulh subbhsts tm`t

15 Cg tmh Khfnbr`pmcd `gk Mh`ltm Turvhy k`t`, tmh pnnrhr `gk rcdmhr `rh khffghk a`shk ng `g `ssht

cgkhx ushk `s ` prnxy nj whlj`rh lhvhl. Cg tmh Lcvcgb Tt`gk`rk Fh`surhfhgt Turvhy k`t`, mnush-mnlks `rh r`gihk ay tnt`l phr d`pct` hxphgkcturh.

[àlh =.;. @ddhss tn Cgjr`strudturh Thrvcdhs ay Qcdmhst `gk Unnrhst 15 Uhrdhgt nj tmh Unpul`tcng,

ay Thdtnr `gk Dnugtry Cgdnfh Lhvhl

% nj pnpul`tcng rhdhcvcgb shrvcdhs

Hlhdtrcdcty R`thr T`gct`tcng [hlhpmngh

Cgdnfh lhvhl

Unnrhst

15%

Qcdmhst

15%

Unnrhst

15%

Qcdmhst

15%

Unnrhst

15%

Qcdmhst

15%

Unnrhst

15%

Qcdmhst

15%

Lnw 3.2 :=.2 ;0.0 2=.8 12.1 :=.= 4.1 1;.8

Lnwhr-fckklh 23.8 33.4 :;.8 =:.: ;=.1 2=.2 10.1 ::.0

Xpphr-fckklh =0.; 33.8 2:.2 38 24.; 3:.; 41 24.0

Tnurdh? Arcdhðn `gk Ilytdmgcinv` 155:.

Gnth? K`t` `rh tmh fnst rhdhgt `v`clàlh jnr 1555—5;.




pnnr mnushmnlks smnulk gnt m`vh tn sphgk fnrh tm`g 08 phrdhgt nj tmhcr

cgdnfh jnr cgjr`strudturh shrvcdhs.

@rfhk wctm tmhsh rulhs nj tmufas, ct smnulk ah h`sy tn bht ` shgsh nj

tmh hxthgt nj tmh `jjnrkàclcty prnalhf `drnss tmh wnrlk, aut ct rhf`cgs

cfpnsscalh, ahdùsh tmhrh cs gn systhf`tcd jnrf`l fngctnrcgb nj tmcs dru-

dc`l cssuh. Mnwhvhr, shvhr`l rhdhgt annis m`vh kndufhgthk qucth d`rhjully

tmh prnalhf wctmcg @jrcd`, H`sthrg Hurnph, `gk L`tcg @fhrcd`‛wctmcg

tmh lcfcts `llnwhk ay scbgcffd`gt k`t` dngstr`cgts.10 [mh f`cg lhssng tn

hfhrbh jrnf tm`t rhsh`rdm cs tm`t hvhg tmnubm tmh sm`rh nj mnushmnlk

hxphgkcturh khvnthk tn cgjr`strudturh shrvcdhs, cgdlukcgb utclctchs, cs ngly

slcbmtly mcbmhr cg Tua-T`m`r`g @jrcd` tm`g cg ntmhr rhbcngs, tmh j`dt tm`t

mnushmnlks `rh sn fudm pnnrhr cg @jrcd` tm`g hlshwmhrh fìhs ct fnrh

kcjffdult jnr tmh pnpul`tcng tn kh`l wctm tmh durrhgt dnsts nj shrvcdh. [mcs

cs hsphdc`lly tmh d`sh `fngb tmnsh wmn `rh gnt dngghdthk tn hxcstcgb ght-

wnris, ahdùsh tmhy thgk tn p`y fnrh jnr tmhcr shrvcdhs tm`g dngghdthk

mnushmnlks. [mh dnst `kv`gt`bh jnr dngghdthk mnushmnlks cs kuh cg p`rttn suasckchs (shrvcdhs `rh njthg acllhk `t prcdhs ahlnw jull dnst-rhdnvhry

lhvhls), wmcdm `rh vhry a`kly t`rbhthk, `b`cg scfply ahdùsh `ddhss r`ths

tn fnkhrg shrvcdhs `rh sn lnw `fngb tmh pnnr.

Rm`t D`g Ah Kngh tn Kh`l wctm @ddhss gk @jjnrkàclcty Urnalhfs>

@jjnrkàclcty `gk `ddhss cssuhs whrh whll ignwg wmhg tmh rhjnrfs nj tmh

0335s wmhrh cfplhfhgthk. Aut hjffdchgdy dngdhrgs prhv`clhk nvhr hqucty nr

`jjnrkàclcty nghs. Qhdhgt rhsh`rdm knhs subbhst tm`t tmh rhjnrfs bhghr`lly

cgdrh`shk hjffdchgdy, ltmnubm gnt hqu`lly drnss shdtnrs gk drnss rhbcngs.

Mnwhvhr, tmhsh hjffdchgdy b`cgs whrh gnt lw`ys sm`rhk wctm ushrs, p`rtcdu-

l`rly tmh pnnr. Tnfh nj tmh rh`sngs tmh pnnr kck gnt `lw`ys ahghfft cgdlukh

tmh jnllnwcgb?

• [`rcjj rha`l`gdcgb `gk rhstrudturcgb ahd`fh fnrh hjffdchgt, aut `lsn

njthg fnrh rhbrhsscvh nr `t lh`st lhss prnbrhsscvh.

• Cgdrh`shk acll dnllhdtcngs kh j`dtn cgdrh`shk t`rcjjs.

• Cgdrh`shk qu`lcty `gk rhlcàclcty usu`lly whrh `ddnfp`gchk ay mcbmhr

t`rcjjs tn rhdnvhr mcbmhr shrvcdh dnsts.

• Drh`f-sicffcgb ay ghw nphr`tnrs hlcfcg`thk drnss-rhbcng`l suasckchs,

slnwcgb cgvhstfhgt prnbr`fs cg tmh pnnrhst rhbcngs wmhg bnvhrgfhgtsdnulk gnt dnfphgs`th ay cgdrh`scgb suasckchs.

• J`clurhs tn njjhr p`yfhgt j`dclctchs f`kh ct fnrh kcjffdult jnr tmh pnnr tn

`jjnrk ghw dngghdtcngs.

@ll tmcs cfplchs tm`t pnvhrty w`s gnt kkrhsshk d`rhjully cg tmh rhbul`tnry

`gk ntmhr rhjnrf p`di`bhs cfplhfhgthk kurcgb tmh 0335s. T`kly, kkrhsscgb

10 Hst`dmh, Jnsthr, `gk Rnkng (1551) ng L`tcg @fhrcd` jnr tmh Rnrlk A`gi9 Jnsthr `gk Shphs

(155:) ng L`tcg @fhrcd`9 @l`f gk ntmhrs (1558) ng H`sthrg Hurnph9 Hst`dmh gk Rnkng 1552

ng @jrcd`9 Xb`z `gk R`kk`fs-Urcdh (1554) `gk Ghllcs `gk Acrks`ll (1558) ng tmh cgthrg`tcng`lhxphrchgdh.



Hst`dmh `gk J`y 024

tmh ghhks nj tmh pnnrhst cs gnt tm`t dnfplhx. Jnr `ddhss, tmhrh `rh tmrhh

a`scd typhs nj cgstrufhgts? (`) cgstrufhgts rhqucrcgb nphr`tnrs tn prnvckh

`ddhss (` shrvcdh nalcb`tcng tn `vnck ugcl`thr`l hxdluscng ay tmh prnvckhr)911

(a) cgstrufhgts rhkudcgb dngghdtcng dnsts (tmrnubm drnss-suasckchs nr

kcrhdt suasckchs auclt cgtn tmh t`rcjj khscbg nr tmrnubm drhkct nr kcsdrcfcg`-

tnry p`yfhgt pl`gs cg j`vnr nj tmh pnnr)9 `gk (d) cgstrufhgts cgdrh`scgb

tmh r`gbh nj supplchrs (tn bcvh ushrs dmncdh, cgdlukcgb tmh nptcng nj rhkud-

cgb dnsts ay dmnnscgb lnwhr-qu`lcty shrvcdh prnvckhrs).

Jnr `jjnrkàclcty, arn`kly sphìcgb, `ll cgstrufhgts wnri cg `t lh`st

ngh nj tmrhh w`ys (Hst`dmh, Jnsthr, `gk Rnkng 1551)? (`) ay rhkudcgb

aclls jnr pnnr mnushmnlks (tmrnubm lcjhlcghs nr fh`gs-thsthk suasckchs

a`shk ng sndcnhdngnfcd dm`r`dthrcstcds nr tmh dm`r`dthrcstcds nj tmh dng-

ghdtcng, ffg`gdhk tmrnubm drnss-suasckchs nr kcrhdt suasckchs auclt cgtn tmh

t`rcjj khscbg)9 (a) ay rhkudcgb tmh dnst nj shrvcdhs (ay `vnckcgb br`gtcgb `

fngnpnly wmhg ct cs gnt ghdhss`ry nr ay prnvckcgb `g cgdhgtcvh jnr nphr`-

tnrs tn rhkudh dnsts `gk p`ss ng tmh dnst rhkudtcngs tn ushrs)9 `gk (d) ayj`dclct`tcgb tmh p`yfhgt nj aclls (ay `llnwcgb kcsdrcfcg`tnry `kfcgcstr`tcvh

`rr`gbhfhgts cg j`vnr nj tmh phrf`ghgtly nr thfpnr`rcly pnnr).

Rmclh tmhsh rhdcphs f`y shhf navcnus, tmhy `rh gnt wctmnut dngtrn-

vhrsy. Tuasckchs, p`rtcdul`rly drnss-suasckchs, dngtcguh, tn ah shhg s ugkh-

scràlh pnlcdy cgstrufhgts cg f`gy dcrdlhs, `gk tm`t a`k rhput`tcng m`s

thgkhk tn spcll nvhr cg cgjr`strudturh jnr tmh l`st 15 yh`rs nr sn. Sht, cg

spcth nj tmhcr a`k rhput`tcng, fnst pr`dtctcnghrs wcll `rbuh tm`t (`) sua-

sckchs (kcrhdt nr gnt) `rh ghhkhk cg fnst dnugtrchs, `gk (a) tmhy `rh gnt

`lw`ys `s cghjjhdtcvh nr kcstnrtcng`ry `s m`s ahhg `rbuhk.14 [mhsh rhsults

shhf tn mnlk jnr antm thfpnr`ry `gk dmrngcd pnvhrty.1; [mh `ghkndt`l `gk hdngnfhtrcd hvckhgdh dngffrfs tm`t suasckchs `rh

m`rk tn `vnck. @ddnrkcgb tn Jnsthr `gk Shphs (155:), cg tmh pnnrhst p`rt

nj L`tcg @fhrcd` (Anlcvc`, Mngkur`s, Gcd`r`bu`, nr U`r`bu`y), fnrh tm`g

85 phrdhgt nj tmh mnushmnlks wnulk m`vh tn p`y fnrh tm`g 8 phrdhgt nj tmhcr

cgdnfh jnr w`thr nr hlhdtrcdcty shrvcdhs cj t`rcjjs whrh sht `t dnst-rhdnvhry

lhvhls. Cg Cgkc` `gk @jrcd`, `rnugk 25 phrdhgt nj tmh mnushmnlks wnulk

m`vh tm`t prnalhf gk dnulk ah hxphdthk tn m`vh kcjffdulty p`ycgb jull dnst-

rhdnvhry t`rcjjs. Cg tmhsh rhbcngs, t`rcjjs wnulk lcihly m`vh tn cgdrh`sh ay

` j`dtnr nj 05 tn rh`dm dnst-rhdnvhry lhvhls, fìcgb ct uglcihly tm`t pnnr

mnushmnlks dnulk `jjnrk tmhf.@gk cg f`gy dnugtrchs, drnss-suasckchs `rh tmh ngly rh`lcstcd nptcng

bcvhg ffsd`l strhss gk tmh lcfcthk aclcty tn jugk suasckchs tmrnubm bhghr`l

t`xhs. Cg fnst cgst`gdhs, t`rcjjs `rh khscbghk tn hgsurh tm`t us`bh (`jthr

` fcgcfuf vct`l lhvhl) cs prcdhk `t jull dnst, wmclh `fnrtcz`tcng nj tmh

cgvhstfhgt ahghffts jrnf ` suascky nr ` drnss-suascky.

11 [mcs cssuh cs gnt `kkrhsshk mhrh9 shh Dmcs`rc, Hst`dmh, `gk R`kk`fs-Urcdh (1554)9 Dl`rih `gk

R`llsthg (1551)9 Drhfhr gk ntmhrs (1550)9 B`sfc gk ntmhrs (1551)9 L`jjngt (1558).

14 Jnr ` rhdhgt nvhrvchw nj tmh lcthr`turh ng suasckchs nj rhlhv`gdh tn cgjr`strudturh, shh Infcvhs

`gk ntmhrs (1558).1; Jnr ` ushjul rhvchw nj tmh kha`th `gk survhy nj tmh hfpcrcd`l hvckhgdh, shh Q`v`llcng (1554).



02; Durrhgt Kha`ths ng Cgjr`strudturh Unlcdy

Rmhg bhghr`l rhkcstrcautcng cs gnt wnricgb, rhkcstrcautcng wctmcg tmh

shdtnr d`g ah hjjhdtcvh. [mhsh cgstrufhgts `rh dlh`rly gnt s`jh ahts, scgdh

whll-cgthgkhk t`rbhtcgb fhdm`gcsfs m`vh `lsn ahhg rhbrhsscvh `s ` rhsult

nj tmh j`clurh tn t`rbht ddhss, dngsufptcng, nr antm.18 Aut a`k khscbgs rh

gnt hqucv`lhgt tn a`k cgstrufhgts.

[mh Xpsmnt

[mh smhhr gufahr `gk bhnbr`pmcd kcsphrscng nj tmh pnnr wctmnut `ddhss tn

cgjr`strudturh shrvcdhs cg f`gy p`rts nj tmh wnrlk `rh twn nj tmh f`cg dm`l-

lhgbhs tm`t rhjnrfhrs fust `kkrhss. Ct cs uglcihly tm`t tmh pnnr wcll ah àlh

tn jjnrk tmh dnst nj rh`sngàlh lhvhls nj s`jh dngsufptcng nj cgjr`strudturh

shrvcdhs wctmnut snfh ffsd`l suppnrt. Rmhg bhghr`l rhkcstrcautcng cs gnt

wnricgb, rhkcstrcautcng wctmcg tmh shdtnr d`g ah hjjhdtcvh. [mhsh cgstrufhgts

`rh dlh`rly gnt s`jh ahts, scgdh whll-cgthgkhk t`rbhtcgb fhdm`gcsfs m`vh

`lsn ahhg rhbrhsscvh `s ` rhsult nj j`clurhs tn t`rbht `ddhss, dngsufptcng,

nr antm. Aut a`k khscbgs `rh gnt hqucv`lhgt tn a`k cgstrufhgts. Fnrh-nvhr, dngsckhrcgb tm`t tmh ushrs wmn `rh dngghdthk tnk`y fnst prnaàly

ahghffthk jrnf suasckchs p`ck nut nj bhghr`l t`x rhvhguh kurcgb tmh f`gy

yh`rs wmhg tmh utclctchs (typcd`lly pualcd) whrh ruggcgb ` khffdct, drnss-

suasckchs ahtwhhg ushrs `rh lcihly tn ah j`cr jrnf tmh vchwpncgt nj cgthr-

bhghr`tcng`l hqucty.

Mnw L`rbh ` Qnlh jnr tmh Urcv`th Thdtnr>

Urcv`tcz`tcng rhf`cgs ` dngtrnvhrsc`l tnpcd `fngb pnlcdy fìhrs. Kurcgbfnst nj tmh 0335s, jnllnwcgb tmh lh`k nj Urcfh Fcgcsthr F`rb`rht [m`tdmhr

cg tmh Xgcthk Icgbknf `gk Urhsckhgt D`rlns Fhghf cg @rbhgtcg`, bhttcgb

tmh prcv`th shdtnr tn tìh dm`rbh nj fnst cgjr`strudturh cgvhstfhgt khdcscngs

w`s ngh nj tmh fnst pnpul`r ckh`s fngb hdngnfcd kvcshrs. [mh pprn`dm

shhfhk p`rtcdul`rly `ttr`dtcvh tn tmh f`gy bnvhrgfhgts j`dhk wctm ffsd`l

dngstr`cgts nr ugàlh tn dnph wctm fultcplh khf`gks ng smrcgicgb aukbht

nr tn bht pualcd hgthrprcshs tn khlcvhr qu`lcty shrvcdhs dnst-hjjhdtcvhly.

Mnw Ttrngb Cs tmh Urhshgdh nj tmh Urcv`th Thdtnr cg Cgjr`strudturh>

@ rhdhgt survhy (Hst`dmh `gk Bncdnhdmh` 1558) kndufhgts tmh prhshgdh nràshgdh nj l`rbh-sd`lh prcv`th nphr`tnrs cg cgjr`strudturh cg khvhlnpcgb

dnugtrchs. [mh cgjnrf`tcng cs suff`rczhk cg tàlh =.8, `gk tmrhh j`dts

hfhrbh.

[mh ffrst cs tm`t thlhdnffugcd`tcngs `rh fnst hjjhdtcvh cg `ttr`dtcgb tmh

prcv`th shdtnr. [mh shdngk cs tm`t tmh cgvnlvhfhgt nj tmh prcv`th shdtnr cs

brh`thr cg rcdmhr dnugtrchs. [mh tmcrk cs tm`t hvhg cg mcbm-cgdnfh dnugtrchs,

tmh prhshgdh nj tmh prcv`th shdtnr cs fudm lhss wckhsprh`k tm`g snfhtcfhs

tmnubmt. Ngly ànut ` tmcrk nj khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs d`g dnugt ng prcv`th

18 Hst`dmh, Jnsthr, `gk Rnkng (1551) smnw mnw dnffng tmcs cs cg L`tcg @fhrcd`.



Hst`dmh `gk J`y 028

shdtnr nphr`tnrs jnr tmh khlcvhry nj hlhdtrcdcty, w`thr, nr r`clw`y shrvcdhs.

[mh l`rbhst prcv`th shdtnr prhshgdh cs cg tmh ffxhk-lcgh thlhdnffugcd`tcngs

shdtnr, wmhrh ànut :5 phrdhgt nj dnugtrchs rhly ng prcv`th nphr`tnrs. [mh

prcv`th shdtnr cs hstcf`thk tn m`vh prnvckhk ngly ànut 15—18 phrdhgt njtmh cgvhstfhgt rh`lczhk cg khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs, ng `vhr`bh, nvhr tmh p`st

08 yh`rs nr sn.1: Cg @jrcd` ct m`s dngtrcauthk tn lhss tm`g 05 phrdhgt nj tmh

ghhks, `gk fnst nj tmcs dngtrcautcng m`s bngh tn ` m`gkjul nj dnugtrchs

(Dûth k–Cvncrh, Ihgy`, Thghb`l, Tnutm @jrcd`, [`gz`gc`, `gk Xb`gk`).

[mcs cs gnt tn khgy tmh prhshgdh nj tmh sf`llhr-sd`lh prcv`th shdtnr. Cg

j`dt, wmhrh tmh st`th `gk tmh l`rbh prcv`th shdtnr m`vh j`clhk tn khlcvhr shr-

vcdhs, tmh sf`ll-sd`lh, bhghr`lly lnd`l, prcv`th shdtnr m`s ffllhk tmh b`p. [mh

hvckhgdh ng tmh prcv`th shdtnr–s rnlh `gk kht`cls nj cts dnsts cs fnstly `ghd-

knt`l, mnwhvhr. Cg ` rhdhgt survhy, I`rcuic `gk Tdmw`rtz (1558) ckhgtcjy

14 @jrcd`g dnugtrchs wmhrh sf`ll-sd`lh prnvckhrs `rh supplycgb kcjjhrhgticgks nj shrvcdhs. Jnr ànut m`lj nj tmhsh dnugtrchs, tmhsh sf`ll-sd`lh prn-

vckhrs `ddnugt jnr ` vhry l`rbh sm`rh nj w`thr shrvcdhs. Tcfcl`r cgjnrf`tcng

cs `v`clàlh jnr p`rts nj @sc` `gk L`tcg @fhrcd`. Cg f`gy dnugtrchs, sf`ll

prnvckhrs `rh tìcgb tmh lh`k cg shrvcgb lnw-cgdnfh mnushmnlks `gk kcs-

phrshk pnpul`tcngs cg rur`l `gk phrcura`g `rh`s wmhrh l`rbh-sd`lh prnvck-

hrs `rh ugwcllcgb tn bn.

Fnrhnvhr, cgdrh`scgbly, l`rbh-sd`lh nphr`tnrs jrnf NHDK dnugtrchs

`rh ahcgb rhpl`dhk ay khvhlnpcgb-dnugtry cgvhstnrs wmn m`vh hfhrbhk `s

` fònr snurdh nj cgvhstfhgt ffg`gdh jnr cgjr`strudturh prnohdts wctm prc-v`th p`rtcdcp`tcng. [mh cgdrh`scgb prhshgdh nj Dmcg` `gk Cgkc` cg @jrcd`

nr L`tcg @fhrcd` dngtcguhs tn fìh tmh mh`klcghs cg tmnsh p`rts nj tmh

wnrlk. Tdmur `gk ntmhrs (155:) `rbuh tm`t cg 033=—155; tmhsh cgvhs-

tnrs `ddnugthk jnr fnrh nj tmcs ffg`gdh cg tr`gspnrt `drnss khvhlnpcgb

1: [mcs gufahr m`s ahhg `rrcvhk `t ay rhsh`rdmhrs wnricgb cgkhphgkhgtly `t tmh X.I. Khp`rtfhgt

jnr Cgthrg`tcng`l Khvhlnpfhgt `gk tmh Rnrlk A`gi (Rnrlk A`gi 1558`). Zhry rnubmly, ct m`s

ahhg wnrihk nut `s jnllnws. [mh nvhr`ll cgvhstfhgt cs hstcf`thk uscgb dm`gbhs cg ` dnugtry–s

pmyscd`l d`pct`l stndis v`luhk `t cgthrg`tcng`l prcdhs, wmclh tmh prcv`th shdtnr sm`rh cs hstcf`thk

a`shk ng tnt`l dnffctfhgts f`kh kurcgb tmh s`fh phrcnk ay tmh prcv`th shdtnr `ddnrkcgb tn tmh

Rnrlk A`gi Urcv`th U`rtcdcp`tcng cg Cgjr`strudturh (UUC) Urnohdt K`tà`sh. [mcs cs lcihly tn ah gnvhrhstcf`th, ahdùsh dnffctfhgts rh gnt ghdhss`rcly kcsaurshk (`gk ahdùsh tmhsh tr`gs`dtcngs

cgdlukh pualcd jugks).

[àlh =.8. Uhrdhgt`bh nj Dnugtrchs wctm Tcbgcffd`gt L`rbh-Td`lh Urcv`th Cgvhstfhgt cg Cgjr`strudturh,

ay Thdtnr `gk Dnugtry Cgdnfh Lhvhl, 155;

Cgdnfh lhvhl

Hlhdtrcdcty

bhghr`tcng

Hlhdtrcdcty

kcstrcautcng

R`thr `gk

s`gct`tcng Q`clw`ys`

Jcxhk-lcgh

thlhdnffugcd`tcngs

Lnw ;0 13 0= 4; 85

Lnwhr-fckklh ;= 42 85 1: :1

Xpphr-fckklh 8= ;= ;2 :5 21

Khvhlnpcgb ;2 4: 48 4: 83

Tnurdh? Hst`dmh `gk Bncdnhdmh` 1558.

`. 1551.



02: Durrhgt Kha`ths ng Cgjr`strudturh Unlcdy

rhbcngs‛`gk jnr fnrh cg Tnutm @sc` `gk Tua-T`m`r`g @jrcd`‛tm`g kck

cgvhstnrs jrnf khvhlnphk dnugtrchs. [mhy smnw tm`t kurcgb 033=—155;,

khvhlnpcgb-dnugtry cgvhstnrs dngtrcauthk fnrh tm`g m`lj tmh prcv`th

cgvhstfhgt cg dngdhsscngs (8; phrdhgt), slcbmtly lhss tm`g m`lj cg brhhgffhlk

prnohdts (;; phrdhgt), `gk ` sf`llhr sm`rh cg kcvhstcturhs (45 phrdhgt).

[mh l`rbh fònrcty (13 phrdhgt) d`fh jrnf lnd`l dnfp`gchs cgvhstcgb cg

prnohdts cg tmhcr nwg dnugtry (“khvhlnpcgb lnd`l‖ cgvhstnrs)9 nj tmh rhst

(04 phrdhgt), `lfnst `ll d`fh jrnf cgvhstnrs jrnf gh`ray dnugtrchs.

Mnw Fudm Urcv`th Fnghy Cs @dtu`lly Jlnwcgb tn Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs>

[mhrh cs gn cgjnrf`tcng ng `dtu`l kcsaurshfhgts ay prcv`th cgvhstnrs cg

cgjr`strudturh. [mhrh cs, mnwhvhr, `g cgthrg`tcng`l k`tà`sh khvhlnphk `gk

f`cgt`cghk ay tmh Rnrlk A`gi tm`t cgdlukhs cgvhstfhgts `ssndc`thk wctm

f`g`bhfhgt, dngdhsscng, brhhgffhlk, `gk kcvhstcturh dngtr`dts tm`t m`vh

rh`dmhk ffg`gdc`l dlnsurh (mttp?//ppc.wnrlka`gi.nrb/).

@ddnrkcgb tn tmhsh k`t`, ahtwhhg 0335 gk 1558, prcv`th cgvhstnrs dnf-fctthk $3:0 acllcng tmrnubm fnrh tm`g 4,155 prnohdts. [m`t cs g vhr`bh nj

$:; acllcng yh`r. Jcburh =.0 smnws tm`t Urcv`th U`rtcdcp`tcng cg Cgjr`strud-

turh (UUC) prnohdts cg khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs phìhk cg 033:.

[mh @sc`g drcscs lùgdmhk ` arn`kly khdlcgcgb trhgk jnr shvhr`l yh`rs

`jthrw`rk. Mnwhvhr, cg 155; `gk 1558 cgvhstfhgt rhdnvhrhk. [mrnubmnut

tmh phrcnk, fnrh tm`g 28 phrdhgt nj tmh cgvhstfhgt whgt tn tmh thlhdnffu-

gcd`tcngs `gk hghrby shdtnrs. Fnst cgvhstfhgt whgt tn L`tcg @fhrcd` `gk

H`st @sc`, `ltmnubm cg tmh l`st twn tn tmrhh yh`rs H`sthrg Hurnph hgonyhk

tmh mcbmhst lhvhls nj dnffctfhgt. Cg j`dt, H`sthrg Hurnph m`s krcvhg fnst

nj tmh rhdnvhry ng dnffctfhgts tn prcv`th cgjr`strudturh prnohdts. @jrcd``gk Tnutm @sc` dngtcguh tn ah ngly fnkhst ahghffdc`rchs nj tmhsh typhs nj

cgvhstfhgts.

[n put tmcgbs cg phrsphdtcvh, cg tmh 1555—58 phrcnk, tmhsh cgvhstfhgts

`fnugthk tn 5.=8 phrdhgt nj BKU jnr lnwhr- `gk upphr-fckklh-cgdnfh

Jcburh =.0. Cgjr`strudturh Urnohdts wctm Urcv`th U`rtcdcp`tcng cg KhvhlnpcgbDnugtrchs, ay Thdtnr, 0335—1558

Tnurdh? Rnrlk A`gi `gk Uualcd-Urcv`th Cgjr`strudturh @kvcsnry J`dclcty, UUC Urnohdt K`tà`sh.

5

85

055

085

155

185

455

485

1558155503380335

g u f a h r n j p r n o h d t s

hghrby tr`gspnrt

w`thrthlhdnffugcd`tcngs

tnt`l



Hst`dmh `gk J`y 022

dnugtrchs `gk ànut 5.:3 phrdhgt jnr tmh lh`st-khvhlnphk dnugtrchs. [mcs cs

gnt fcgnr, aut dngsckhrcgb tmh r`gbh nj cgvhstfhgt ghhks kcsdusshk h`rlchr,

UUC rhprhshgts ngly 05 phrdhgt nj tmnsh ghhks jnr tmh pnnrhst dnugtrchs `gk

ànut 18 phrdhgt jnr tmh rcdmhr khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs. Cg ntmhr wnrks, cj

tmh 18 phrdhgt cs vchwhk `s ` ahgdmf`ri, cfprnvhfhgts cg tmh cgvhstfhgt

dlcf`th jnr cgjr`strudturh cgvhstnrs gk nphr`tnrs dnulk bhghr`th fnrh tm`g

` knualcgb nj tmh prcv`th cgvhstfhgt durrhgtly shhg cg tmh pnnrhst dnug-

trchs. [n sust`cg tmh brnwtm r`ths ghhkhk tn rhkudh pnvhrty, ct cs hsshgtc`l

tn hgsurh tm`t prcv`th cgvhstfhgt knhs gnt drnwk nut pualcd cgvhstfhgt,

`s njthg m`pphgs. Kurcgb tmh 0335s cg L`tcg @fhrcd` `gk @jrcd`, f`gy

bnvhrgfhgts (`gk kngnrs) slnwhk knwg tmhcr cgvhstfhgt cg cgjr`strudturh

ng tmh `ssufptcng tm`t tmh prcv`th shdtnr wnulk fnrh tm`g dnfphgs`th. Ct

turgs nut tm`t tmh ght hjjhdt ng cgvhstfhgt cg tmh shdtnr w`s ghb`tcvh.

Cg `ll shdtnrs, wctm tmh hxdhptcng phrm`ps nj tmh w`thr shdtnr, tmhrh m`s

ahhg ` kcjjhrhgdh cg hjffdchgdy ahtwhhg pualcd `gk prcv`th nphr`tnrs.12 Cg

bhghr`l, prcv`th nphr`tnrs m`vh ahhg fnrh hjffdchgt, wmcdm cfplchs tm`ttmh ushrs `gk tmh t`xp`yhrs d`g pnthgtc`lly ahghfft fnrh jrnf tmh prcv`th

nphr`tcng nj tmh shrvcdhs. Mnwhvhr, tmh lhvhl nj hjffdchgdy gk tmh kcstrcau-

tcng nj tmh b`cgs dmchvhk jrnf tmhsh fnrh hjffdchgt lhvhls m`vh ahhg krcvhg

ay tmh qu`lcty nj tmh rhbul`tnry hgvcrngfhgt. Hxphrchgdh ng tm`t jrngt m`s

gnt ahhg vhry bnnk, `s kcsdusshk l`thr cg tmh dm`pthr.

Rm`t Krcvhs tmh U`rtcdcp`tcng nj tmh Urcv`th Thdtnr>

[mh p`rtcdcp`tcng nj tmh prcv`th shdtnr khphgks ng f`gy kcfhgscngs.

Hxdm`gbh r`th rcsis, dnffhrdc`l nr khf`gk rcsis, rhbul`tnry rcsis, `gk

pnlctcd`l cgstàclcty d`g `ll ah vhry k`f`bcgb. [mhsh rcsis `rh typcd`lly`ddnugthk jnr cg hstcf`ths nj tmh fcgcfuf r`th nj rhturg tm`t prcv`th nphr`-

tnrs w`gt jrnf ` kh`l cg ` bcvhg dnugtry. Cbgnrcgb jnr gnw tmh str`thbcd

fntcv`tcngs tm`t f`y lh`k g nphr`tnr tn hgthr dnugtry, hvhg cj tmh rhturgs

ng ` sphdcffd tr`gs`dtcng `rh gnt mcbm, fnst @gbln-T`xng `gk Gnrkcd `g`-

lysts, gk cgdrh`scgbly g`lysts gdmnrhk cg ntmhr tr`kctcngs, ahlchvh tm`t tmh

hstcf`thk dnst nj d`pct`l `ssndc`thk wctm ` tr`gs`dtcng d`g ah ` bnnk

`pprnxcf`tcng nj tmh hxphdthk fcgcfuf rhturg.1= Thvhr`l rhdhgt `rtcdlhs hstcf`th tmh dnst nj d`pct`l jnr tmh v`rcnus sua-

shdtnrs.13 [mhsh hstcf`ths subbhst tm`t tmh rhturgs rhqucrhk tn st`rt `

prnohdt m`vh tn ah `t lh`st 1—4 phrdhgt`bh pncgts mcbmhr cg lnwhr-cgdnfhdnugtrchs tm`g cg rcdmhr khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs `gk fnrh tm`g twcdh wm`t

cs bhghr`lly hxphdthk cg khvhlnphk dnugtrchs cg cgjr`strudturh `dtcvctchs.45

12 Jnr ` rhdhgt nvhrvchw, shh B`ssghr, Unpnv, `gk Uusmì (1552).

1= [mhrh cs lhss nj tr`kctcng nj rhlycgb ng tmcs y`rkstcdi fngb Jr`gdnpmngh nphr`tnrs‛`t lh`st cg

tmhcr `sshssfhgt nj pnthgtc`l f`rihts‛ahdùsh tmhy prndhhk lcih hvhryanky hlsh `gk rhpnrt tmh

dnst (`gk tmh rhturg) ng hqucty, ngh nj tmh dnfpnghgts nj tmh dnst nj d`pct`l.

13 Thh Hst`dmh `gk Ucgbln (1558) jnr `ll khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs `gk Tcrt`cgh `gk ntmhrs (1558) jnr

L`tcg @fhrcd`.

45 Tcrt`cgh `gk ntmhrs (1558) prnvckh ` kht`clhk `g`lyscs nj tmh hvnlutcng nj tmh dnst nj d`pct`l cgL`tcg @fhrcd` `gk dnfp`rh ct tn tmh r`th nj rhturg tm`t d`g ah hstcf`thk jrnf tmh a`l`gdh smhht

nj tmh f`cg cgjr`strudturh nphr`tnrs cg tmh rhbcng.



02= Durrhgt Kha`ths ng Cgjr`strudturh Unlcdy

[mh `vhr`bh hx pnst r`ths nj rhturg jnr tmh l`rbh NHDK nphr`tnrs wmn

m`vh lhk f`gy nj tmh prcv`tcz`tcngs nj tmh l`st 08 yh`rs njthg m`vh ahhg

ahlnw tmcs dnst nj d`pct`l, p`rtcdul`rly cg H`sthrg Hurnph `gk cg L`tcg

@fhrcd`.

[mhsh rhsults hxpl`cg j`crly dlh`rly wmy tmh l`rbh-sd`lh whsthrg prcv`th

shdtnr cs cgdrh`scgb cg rhbcngs wmhrh, cgdrh`scgbly, tmh nphr`tcng nj utclc-

tchs cs ahcgb rhg`tcng`lczhk. Hvhg wmhg tmhsh prcv`th nphr`tnrs dngtcguh tn

nphr`th, tmhy rhly scbgcffd`gtly fnrh ng mcbm-dnst khat tm`g ng hqucty tn

ffg`gdh tmh cgvhstfhgts. [mhsh gufahrs cfply tm`t `ll gngffg`gdc`l dng-

kctcngs ahcgb hqu`l, tmh `vhr`bh t`rcjj ghdhss`ry tn bhghr`th tmh fcgc-

fuf rhqucrhk r`th nj rhturg cg tmh pnnrhst khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs m`s tn

ah mcbmhr tm`g hlshwmhrh `gk cs cgdrh`scgb, ahdùsh ct ghhks tn dnvhr `

mcbmhr `gk cgdrh`scgb dnst nj d`pct`l. [mcs cs pnlctcd`lly ` vhry kcjffdult

pnsctcng tn mnlk, `gk jhwhr `gk jhwhr prcv`th nphr`tnrs `rh wcllcgb tn kn

sn, cg p`rtcdul`r, cg pnlctcd`lly shgsctcvh shdtnrs sudm `s w`thr `gk p`sshg-

bhr tr`gspnrt.

Rm`t M`vh Rh Lh`rghk jrnf tmh “Cgjr`strudturh

Urcv`tcz`tcng‖ Hxphrchgdh Tn J`r>

[mh hxphrchgdh nj tmh p`st 08 yh`rs m`s smnwg tm`t tmh cgthrg`tcng`l dnf-

fugcty knhs gnt yht ignw mnw tn `kkrhss rcsi hjjhdtcvhly. H`st @sc` f`y

m`vh ahhg tmh fnst hjjhdtcvh cg rhvh`lcgb tm`t jnrhcbg hxdm`gbh rcsi f`tthrs

tn cgjr`strudturh ffg`gdcgb.40 [mh ffrst bhghr`tcng nj pualcd-prcv`th p`rtghr-

smcps cg H`st @sc` w`s mct m`rk ay tmh 0332 drcscs. @lfnst 05 yh`rs l`thr,

tmhsh p`rtghrsmcps m`vh gnt yht jully rhdnvhrhk, hxdhpt cg Dmcg`. Hxphrchgdh

cg H`sthrg Hurnph `gk @jrcd` m`s smnwg tm`t tmhrh cs stcll ` lngb w`y tn bntn ugkhrst`gk mnw cgstctutcng`l rhjnrfs wnri cg tmcs shdtnr. Qhjnrfs f`y

m`vh tn ah cgtrnkudhk slnwly. Ahtthr kndufhgt`tcng cs ghhkhk nj oust mnw

dnugthrprnkudtcvh ct d`g ah tn try tn jnrdh arut`l cgstctutcng`l dm`gbhs wctm-

nut tìcgb tmh tcfh tn auclk tmh cgstctutcng`l d`p`dcty dngscsthgt wctm tmh

khscrhk rhjnrfs. [mh kcjffdultchs nj cfplhfhgtcgb dngdhsscng dngtr`dts

(wmcdm `rh khrcvhk jrnf `g @gbln-T`xng lhb`l tr`kctcng) cg Jr`gdnpmngh

@jrcd`, wmhrh l`wyhrs `rh fudm fnrh j`fclc`r wctm `jjhrf`bh dngtr`dts

(fnrh typcd`l nj tmh Jrhgdm lhb`l tr`kctcng), cllustr`th tmh pnthgtc`l jnr prna-

lhfs. [mh cfpnrt`gdh nj tmcs rcsi cg @jrcd` m`s ahhg lhss whll stukchk tm`g

tmh cgthgscty gk tmh krcvhrs nj rhghbntc`tcng cg bhghr`l gk cg L`tcg @fhrcd`cg p`rtcdul`r (shh Bu`sdm 155; jnr `g nvhrvchw nj tmh cssuhs cg L`tcg

@fhrcd`).

L`tcg @fhrcd`–s rhdhgt hxphrchgdh m`s smnwg tmh ghhk tn stuky tmh

sndc`l gk pnlctcd`l rcsis ahtthr, ahdùsh tmhy f`tthr tn tmh hjjhdtcvhghss nj

rhjnrfs `gk mhgdh tmhcr sust`cgàclcty. Qhjnrfcgb ay khdrhh wctmnut `g

hjjnrt tn auclk up suppnrt cs gn lngbhr `g nptcng. Cg tmcs rhbcng, tmh pnnr

m`vh dlh`rly vncdhk tmhcr npcgcng ng wm`t icgk nj cgjr`strudturh shrvcdhs

40 Cgvhstnrs cg @rbhgtcg` wnulk prnaàly `rbuh tm`t tmh phscffd`tcng nj tmh hdngnfy cfplhfhgthk

cg O`gu`ry 1551 cs tmh ahst hvckhgdh sn j`r nj wm`t tm`t rcsi fh`gs.



Hst`dmh `gk J`y 023

tmhy w`gt.41 Zhry njthg tmcs cfplchs tm`t pnlcdy fìhrs m`vh tn ugkhrst`gk

mnw tn ahtthr a`l`gdh tmh dngdhrg jnr hqucty wctm tmh ghhk jnr cgdhgtcvhs tn

cgvhst, wmcdm m`s knfcg`thk tmh p`st 08 yh`rs nj rhjnrfs. [mh hxphrchgdh

`lsn smnws tm`t ct cs wnrtm lnnicgb fnrh d`rhjully cgtn nptcngs tn hgsurh

tm`t bnvhrgfhgt gk nphr`tnrs rh dnffctthk tn cgdrh`shk ddnugtàclcty

tn ushrs gk t`xp`yhrs. [mcs d`g ah dmchvhk ay `knptcgb rhbul`tnry fnk-

hls tm`t `llnw tr`gsp`rhgt kndufhgt`tcng nj hjffdchgdy, hqucty, `gk ffsd`l

dngsckhr`tcngs.44

[mh hxphrchgdh `lsn smnws tm`t pnlctcds f`tthr. @ghdknths jrnf @sc`,

H`sthrg Hurnph, `gk L`tcg @fhrcd` smnw tm`t pnlctcdc`gs `rh uglcihly tn

bcvh up dngtrnl nj ` shdtnr tm`t auys vnths cg khfndr`tcd sndchtchs. Fnrh-

nvhr, cg sndchtchs cg wmcdm dnrruptcng cs r`fp`gt, tmhy wcll gnt bcvh up dng-

trnl nj ` shdtnr cgvnlvcgb l`rbh `fnugts nj fnghy `gk cg wmcdm dngtr`dt

`w`rk prndhsshs njthg prnvckh nppnrtugctchs jnr ugdmhdihk tr`gs`dtcngs.

[mh Xpsmnt

[mh kha`th ng tmh rnlh nj tmh pualcd shdtnr cg cgjr`strudturh dngtcguhs tn

ah ngh nj tmh mntthst cg tmh `d`khfcd lcthr`turh `gk cg pnlctcd`l dcrdlhs.

Ckhnlnby dngtcguhs tn t`cgt tmh j`dts `gk tmhcr cgthrprht`tcng. [mcs kha`th

cs pnsscalh scfply ahdùsh tmh j`dts rhvh`l ` dnfplhx gk snfhtcfhs cgdng-

scsthgt pcdturh. [mh prcv`tcz`tcng w`vh m`s khlcvhrhk ng snfh nj cts prnf-

cshs, aut gnt `ll nj tmhf. Hjffdchgdy bhghr`lly m`s cfprnvhk, aut f`gy

`rbuh tm`t fnst nj tmh cfprnvhfhgt smnulk ah drhkcthk tn cgdrh`shk dnf-

phtctcng gk, cg tmh d`sh nj thlhdnffugcd`tcngs, tn scfult`ghnus thdmgn-

lnbcd`l rhvnlutcng. Urcv`tcz`tcng m`s gnt khlcvhrhk `s fudm cgvhstfhgt `s

hxphdthk, `gk tmnsh wmn l`di `ddhss tn ahbcg wctm `rh tmh fnst phg`lczhkay tmcs j`clurh.

Lnnicgb `mh`k, cgvhstnrs, nphr`tnrs, `gk bnvhrgfhgts shhf tn ah cgthr-

g`lczcgb tmh f`cg lhssngs nj tmh 0335s `gk `rh cgdrh`scgbly hjjhdtcvh `t

fctcb`tcgb rcsi. Cgvhstnrs `rh wnricgb fnrh cg shdtnrs tm`t `rh s`jh ahts

(sudm `s thlhdnffugcd`tcngs). [mhy `rh `lsn fnrh hjjhdtcvh `t pcdicgb tmh

dmhrrchs. [mh gufahr nj l`rbh-sd`lh dngdhsscngs dnvhrcgb `ll tmh nphr`tcngs

nj ` shdtnr cs smrcgicgb. Thdtnrwckh rhspngscaclctchs `rh cgdrh`scgbly ahcgb

dnvhrhk ay f`g`bhfhgt nr lh`sh dngtr`dts tm`t rhqucrh gn prcv`th cgvhst-

fhgt. Rmhrh cgvhstfhgt cs tìcgb pl`dh, ct cs kngh tmrnubm v`rcnus typhs nj

brhhgffhlk prnohdts jnr sphdcffd cgvhstfhgts (jnr hx`fplh, auli j`dclctchs sudm`s pnwhr pl`gts `gk w`thr trh`tfhgt pl`gts).

41 [mh rhohdtcng nj tmh cgjr`strudturh rhjnrfs nj tmh 0335s, cg p`rtcdul`r tmh cgdrh`shk rnlh nj tmh

prcv`th shdtnr cg tmh khlcvhry nj shrvcdhs, kck gnt pl`y fcgnr rnlh cg tmh w`vh nj pnlctcd`l dm`gbh

cg @rbhgtcg`, Anlcvc`, Ar`zcl, Xrubu`y, nr Qhpÿalcd` Anlcv`rc`g` kh Zhghzuhl`.

44 Cgkhhk, rhjnrfs njthg m`vh ffsd`l dnsts, jrhquhgtly bhghr`thk `s p`rt nj rhghbntc`tcngs tm`t dnulk

m`vh ahhg gtcdcp`thk cj dngscsthgt jr`fhwnri m`k ahhg `knpthk fnrh wckhly jnr kndufhgtcgb

tmh snurdhs nj dnsts gk cgdnfhs nj tmh rhbul`tnry nphr`tnrs `gk ddnugtcgb jnr rh`sngàlh jnrh-

d`sts nj khf`gk. @ drudc`l j`dt cs tm`t tmh b`p ahtwhhg tmh r`th nj rhturg nj tmh auscghss `gk tmh

dnsts nj d`pct`l wcll ah p`ck ay t`xp`yhrs nr ay ushrs, `gk tmh t`xp`yhr m`s ahhg d`llhk ng fudmfnrh njthg tm`g cs rhdnbgczhk. Thh D`fpns gk ntmhrs (1554) ng tmh dtu`l ffsd`l dnst nj tmh shd-

tnr `jthr 05 yh`rs nj rhjnrf cg L`tcg @fhrcd`.



0=5 Durrhgt Kha`ths ng Cgjr`strudturh Unlcdy

Ng tmh khscbg nj ffg`gdcgb, f`gy nj tmhsh prnohdts j`dh cgdrh`scgb dnsts

nj d`pct`l. [n lnwhr tmcs murklh, f`gy dngtr`dts gnw cgdlukh njj-tìh brhh-

fhgts tm`t cgdrh`sh tmh sm`rh nj rcsi tìhg ng ay tmh bnvhrgfhgt upjrngt

(r`tmhr tm`g rh`sscbgcgb ct tmrnubm hx pnst rhghbntc`tcngs). [mcs m`s nphghk

tmh knnr tn f`gy ghw nphr`tnrs jrnf khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs, lhk ay Dmcg`

`gk Cgkc`. Mnwhvhr, f`gy lnd`l dnugtry nr rhbcng-sphdcffd `dtnrs `rh fnrh

j`fclc`r wctm tmh sphdcffdctchs nj tmh lnd`l f`riht `gk njthg fnrh hjjhdtcvh

`t kh`lcgb wctm lnd`l pnlctcd`l shgsctcvctchs. Tnfh dm`llhgbhs `rh lcihly tn

dngtcguh. Xglhss tmhsh ffrfs `rh gnt khphgkcgb ng `gy cfpnrts nr jnrhcbg

ffg`gdcgb, tmhy `rh lcihly tn ah suaohdt tn jnrhcbg hxdm`gbh rcsis scfcl`r tn

tmnsh j`dhk ay tmh ffrst bhghr`tcng nj prcv`th cgvhstnrs `gk nphr`tnrs cg tmh

shdtnr.

[mh f`riht jnr bnvhrgfhgt-spngsnrhk bu`r`gthhs `b`cgst tmhsh rcsis cs

uglcihly tn smrcgi `gy tcfh snng. [mh rh`l quhstcng cs wmhtmhr tmh cgthr-

g`tcng`l ffg`gdc`l dnffugcty, prcv`th `gk pualcd, cs wcllcgb tn sd`lh up cts

suppnrt tn prcv`th nphr`tnrs wnricgb cg `g hgvcrngfhgt cg wmcdm f`gyrcsis rh ignwg, aut f`gy fnrh shhf tn sprcgb up ng ` rhbul`r a`scs. Cg tmh

fh`gtcfh, s lngb s tmh prcv`th shdtnr knhs gnt tìh tmh lh`k nr cs ugàlh tn

kn sn jnr v`rchty nj hdngnfcd gk pnlctcd`l rh`sngs, ct shhfs rh`sngàlh tn

hxphdt tm`t bnvhrgfhgts snfhmnw wcll m`vh tn tìh ng tmh rhspngscaclcty

jnr khlcvhrcgb tmh shrvcdhs.

Mnw Cs tmh Qnlh nj tmh Tt`th cg Cgjr`strudturh Hvnlvcgb>

[mhrh `rh tmrhh a`scd kha`ths ng tmh rnlh nj tmh st`th cg cgjr`strudturh. [mhffrst cs tmh kha`th ànut tmh hxthgt tn wmcdm tmh pualcd shdtnr smnulk ah tmh

f`cg prnvckhr nj tmhsh shrvcdhs. [mh shdngk cs tmh kha`th ànut mnw

tmh bnvhrgfhgt smnulk khlcvhr cts rhbul`tnry rhspngscaclcty cg ` shdtnr tm`t

cs dm`r`dthrczhk antm ay f`riht j`clurhs `gk ay `g hxtrhfh shgsctcvcty tn

pnlctcd`l prhssurh. [mh ffg`l kha`th cs ànut tmh nptcf`l `llnd`tcng `drnss

bnvhrgfhgt lhvhls jnr tmhsh twn f`cg rhspngscaclctchs.

Rm`t Tm`rh nj tmh Thrvcdhs Cs tmh Uualcd Thdtnr Khlcvhrcgb>

[mh `gswhr tn tmcs quhstcng cs gnt `s navcnus `s ct shhfs. [mh `gswhr

rhqucrhs `g ugaugklcgb nj cgjr`strudturh shrvcdhs `gk pmyscd`l cgjr`strud-turh. Cg fnst khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs‛`s whll s cg f`gy khvhlnphk dnugtrchs‛

tmh pmyscd`l cgjr`strudturh cs tn l`rbh hxthgt pualcd. Q`clw`y tr`dis, rn`ks,

pnrts, w`thr pcphs, fnst a`scd cgjr`strudturh `ssndc`thk wctm ffxhk thlh-

pmngy, hlhdtrcdcty tr`gsfcsscng, `gk kcstrcautcng nr tr`gspnrt nj b`s `rh

nwghk `gk bhghr`lly nphr`thk ay tmh pualcd shdtnr. F`gy prnohdts `rh `g

hxdhptcng tn tm`t rulh, aut tmh a`scd j`dt cs tm`t st`ths ffg`gdh fudm nj tmh

pmyscd`l cgjr`strudturh ghdhss`ry tn prnkudh tmh a`scd cgjr`strudturh

shrvcdhs.

[àlh =.: rhprnkudhs tmh k`t` jrnf tàlh =.8 jrnf tmh vchwpncgt nj dnug-trchs wctmnut ` fònr prcv`th `dtnr cg cgjr`strudturh. Cg ànut twn-tmcrks nj



Hst`dmh `gk J`y 0=0

tmh khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs, tmh st`th cs tmh f`cg `dtnr cg hlhdtrcdcty kcstrc-

autcng, w`thr kcstrcautcng, `gk r`clw`y shrvcdhs. Cg fnrh tm`g 85 phrdhgt

nj tmh dnugtrchs, tmh st`th `lsn cs tmh f`cg `dtnr cg hlhdtrcdcty bhghr`tcng.

Ngly cg ffxhk thlhdnffugcd`tcngs shrvcdhs `rh tmhrh fnrh dnugtrchs cg

wmcdm tmh prcv`th shdtnr knfcg`ths.Cg thrfs nj cgvhstfhgt, ct cs ushjul cg tmcs dngthxt tn rhvcsct cgjnrf`tcng

cg tmh prhvcnus shdtcng jrnf tmh pualcd shdtnr `gblh. @anut =5 phrdhgt nj

cgjr`strudturh cgvhstfhgts cg tmh l`st 08 yh`rs whrh pualcd. [mcs ffburh lcihly

cs lnwhr a`gk, ahdùsh f`gy nj tmh kh`ls scbghk kurcgb tmh 0335s cg w`thr

`gk tr`gspnrt whrh rhghbntc`thk, gk f`gy nj tmnsh rhghbntc`tcngs rhsulthk

cg khf`gk jnr cgvhstfhgt gk nphr`tcng`l suasckchs jrnf tmh st`th (D`fpns

`gk ntmhrs 1554).

Jrnf pr`bf`tcd vchwpncgt, tmh f`cg prnalhf cs tm`t khphgkcgb ng tmh

dnugtry brnup, pualcd shdtnr cgvhstfhgt cs stcll 85 tn 015 phrdhgt lnwhr tm`g

wm`t cs dl`cfhk tn ah ghhkhk tn suppnrt mcbm brnwtm r`ths. [mh lnwhr tmhcgdnfh lhvhl, tmh mcbmhr tmh cgvhstfhgt b`p. [mh hxcsthgdh nj sudm ` b`p cs,

cg j`dt, wm`t cgctc`lly prnfpthk f`gy bnvhrgfhgts tn hg`dt rhjnrf.

Fnst dnugtrchs kck gnt tmcgi tmh st`th w`s kncgb ` bnnk ona `t khlcvhr-

cgb shrvcdhs. Rh ignw gnw tm`t tmh prcv`th shdtnr cs uglcihly tn cgthrvhgh

`t tmh sd`lh ghhkhk jnr tmh pnnrhst dnugtrchs tn bht nut nj pnvhrty `gk jnr

fckklh-cgdnfh dnugtrchs tn bht tmh drctcd`l f`ss tmhy ghhk tn fìh tmh l`st

oufp tn mcbm-cgdnfh st`tus.

[mcs m`s twn cfplcd`tcngs tm`t ghhk tn ah `kkrhsshk ay tmh cgthrg`tcng`l

dnffugcty. Jcrst, ct cs hsshgtc`l jnr kngnrs tn mhlp tn sd`lh up cgvhstfhgt cg

cgjr`strudturh `s whll `s cg mh`ltm `gk hkud`tcng. Thdngk, ct cs hsshgtc`l jnrdnugtrchs tn lh`rg mnw tn khlcvhr pualcd shrvcdhs ahtthr. [mh jnrhcbg prcv`th

shdtnr f`y tìh ng tmh f`g`bhfhgt nr nphr`tcng nj f`gy shrvcdhs gk nvhr

tcfh p`ss ng tmh ignwlhkbh tn tmnsh dnugtrchs tm`t ghhk ct tmh fnst. Aut

cg f`gy dnugtrchs, tmh sd`lh nj tmh prnalhfs cs sn l`rbh tm`t f`g`bhfhgt

dngtr`dts nr lh`shs wcll gnt ah pnsscalh. Ttrudtur`l rhjnrfs `rh ghhkhk cg

tmh w`y pualcd hgthrprcshs `rh rug. Xgjnrtug`thly, ct lnnis `s cj wh dnl-

lhdtcvhly stnpphk lh`rgcgb `gytmcgb ànut tmcs cg tmh l`st 15 yh`rs (Bôfhz-

Caàðhz 155:). @ lnt nj wnri cs ghhkhk cg tmcs ffhlk, `gk tmh kha`ths ng mnw

tn prndhhk `rh lcihly tn ah `s ckhnlnbcd`l `s tmh kha`ths ng prcv`tcz`tcngm`vh ahhg jnr qucth snfh tcfh. [mh lh`kcgb `kvcdh jnr gnw shhfs tn ah tn

[àlh =.:. Uhrdhgt`bh nj Dnugtrchs wctmnut Tcbgcffd`gt L`rbh-Td`lh Urcv`th Cgvhstfhgt cg Cgjr`strudturh,


Cgdnfh lhvhl

Hlhdtrcdcty

bhghr`tcng

Hlhdtrcdcty

kcstrcautcng

R`thr `gk


Jcxhk-lcgh

thlhdnffugcd`tcngs

Lnw 83 20 =1 :: 85

Lnwhr-fckklh 81 :4 85 2; 4=

Xpphr-fckklh ;1 81 :4 ;5 1=

Khvhlnpcgb 84 :; :8 :; ;0


`. 1551.



0=1 Durrhgt Kha`ths ng Cgjr`strudturh Unlcdy

systhf`tcd`lly dnrpnr`tczh pualcd nphr`tnrs cg tmh shdtnr `gk pnsscaly tn

g`fh prcv`th f`g`bhrs tn rug tmh nphr`tcngs.4; Aut tmcs rhqucrhs ` gng-

trcvc`l pnlctcd`l dnffctfhgt tn `vnck ntmhr jnrfs nj cgthrjhrhgdh wctm tmh

f`g`bhfhgt nj pualcd shrvcdhs.

Mnw Tmnulk tmh Bnvhrgfhgt Qhbul`th Cts Uualcd Thrvcdhs>

L`di nj shlj-rhbul`tcng ay tmh st`th nr ay pualcd hgthrprcshs w`s ` fònr

drctcdcsf nj tmh w`y tmh cgjr`strudturh shdtnr w`s nphr`thk ugtcl tmh 0335s.

[mh rhdnbgctcng tm`t dngficdts nj cgthrhst gk hxdhsscvh pnlctcd`l cgthrjhrhgdh

dnulk hvhgtu`lly murt ushrs lhk tn prnfntcng nj tmh ckh` tm`t rhbul`tnrs

smnulk ah cgkhphgkhgt jrnf tmh pnlctcd`l pnwhrs. [mcs cfplchk tmh drh`tcng

nj utngnfnus rhbul`tnry bhgdchs tm`t wnulk ah rug ay g cgkcvcku`l nr

an`rk nj kcrhdtnrs. [mh cgkcvcku`l nr an`rk wnulk ah rhdructhk jnr siclls gk

jnr sphdcffd thrf cgkhphgkhgt nj tmh pnlctcd`l dydlhs gk wnulk hgony cgkh-

phgkhgt snurdhs nj rhvhguh. [n f`gy, tmcs w`s `lsn ` w`y nj cgdrh`scgb tmh

tr`gsp`rhgdy nj tr`gs`dtcngs cg tmh shdtnr `gk mhgdh rhkudcgb dnrruptcng.48

[mh drh`tcng nj tmcs snrt nj `bhgdy `lsn wnulk scbg`l tmh f`rihts tm`t

bnvhrgfhgts whrh wcllcgb tn dut tmh rhbul`tnry rcsis.

Qhdhgt hvckhgdh ay @gkrhs, Bu`sdm, gk Ttrùa (1552) subbhsts tm`t tmh

drh`tcng nj rhbul`tnrs `drnss shdtnrs cg L`tcg @fhrcd` tm`t whrh hstàlcsmhk

ugkhr l`w, jugkhk ay ` rhbul`tnry jhh, `gk bcvhg ` ffxhk-thrf rhbul`tnry

dnffcsscng sdrhhghk ay lhbcsl`tnrs fnrh hjjhdtcvhly lcbghk tmh dnst nj d`pc-

t`l wctm tmh r`th nj rhturg. B`sfc `gk ntmhrs (1551) ffgk hqucv`lhgt rhsults

cg tmh thlhdnffugcd`tcngs shdtnr jnr ` wnrlkwckh s`fplh.

[àlh =.2 prnvckhs sg`psmnt nj tmh pnsctcng nj dnugtrchs wctm rhsphdt tn

tmcs kcfhgscng nj tmh rnlh nj bnvhrgfhgt. Dlh`rly, tmh ckh` nj cgkhphgkhgtrhbul`tcng m`s ahhg f`cgstrh`fhk cg tmh thlhdnffugcd`tcngs shdtnr `gk tn

snfh hxthgt cg tmh hghrby shdtnr. Ct cs fudm lhss pnpul`r cg tmh w`thr `gk

tr`gspnrt shdtnrs. @lsn, `s wctm prcv`th shdtnr p`rtcdcp`tcng cg cgjr`strud-

turh, ct cs `g `pprn`dm fnrh lcihly tn ah `knpthk ay rcdmhr dnugtrchs. [mcs

cs snfhwm`t tn ah hxphdthk, scgdh tmh pnnrhst dnugtrchs j`dh ` scbgcffd`gtly

l`rbhr dngstr`cgt cg thrfs nj muf`g d`pct`l. Cg f`gy dnugtrchs, tmhrh cs `

shgsh tm`t tmh nppnrtugcty dnsts nj h`rf`ricgb tmh d`pàlh phnplh tn sph-

dc`lczhk `bhgdchs f`y ah tnn mcbm.

Cg kkctcng tn tmh d`p`dcty cssuhs, twn arn`k dngdhrgs rh hfhrbcgb cg tmh

dnugtrchs tm`t m`vh `knpthk tmh ckh` nj `g cgkhphgkhgt rhbul`tnr. [mh ffrstcs ` wckhsprh`k shgsh `fngb sphdc`lcsts tm`t hdngnfcd rhbul`tcng `gk rhbu-

l`tnry prndhsshs ghhk tn ah tìhg fudm fnrh shrcnusly. [mhy `rh hsshgtc`l

jnr rhkudcgb nppnrtugctchs jnr dnrruptcng `gk hgsurcgb j`cr kcstrcautcng nj

tmh rhgts bhghr`thk ay tmh rhf`cgcgb pualcd `gk prcv`th fngnpnlchs cg tmh

4; Dnrpnr`tcz`tcng m`s dnfplhx cfplcd`tcngs jnr prnohdt shlhdtcng. [mhrh cs ` rcsi tm`t pualcd hgthr-

prcshs wcll j`vnr ffg`gdc`l drcthrc` nvhr hdngnfcd drcthrc` jnr prnohdt shlhdtcng uglhss tmhrh cs `

dlh`r prnmcactcng. Rctm tmh cgdrh`shk dngdhrgs jnr fònr hxthrg`lctchs, tmcs cssuh prnaàly cs gnt

bhttcgb tmh `tthgtcng ct khshrvhs cg pnlcdy dcrdlhs `gk m`s lngb ahhg nut nj j`smcng cg `d`khfcd

dcrdlhs.48 Jnr rhdhgt survhys nj cgjr`strudturh `gk dnrruptcng, shh Ihggy (155:, 1552).



Hst`dmh `gk J`y 0=4

shdtnr. @ddnugtcgb rulhs, dngtr`dts, rhbul`tnry prndhsshs gk dngsult`tcngs,

t`rcjj nr cgvhstfhgt rhvchw prndhkurhs `gk fhtmnknlnbchs, `gk tcfhtàlhs

thgk tn l`di tmh tr`gsp`rhgdy ghhkhk jnr tmh `ddnugtàclcty nj tmhsh cgkh-

phgkhgt `dtnrs. [mcs cs gnt ` fcgnr prnalhf. Jnr cgst`gdh, Ahrtnlcgc (155:)

cg survhy nj rhbul`tnrs cg 1558 ffgks tm`t lhss tm`g 45 phrdhgt nj rhbul`tnrsdurrhgtly pualcsm dngtr`dts `gk lcdhgshs.

Aut tmh hxphrchgdh subbhsts tm`t cfplhfhgt`tcng nj tmh ckh` cs gnt navcnus

`gk f`y gnt ah `pprnprc`th `t `ll st`bhs nj khvhlnpfhgt. Hahrm`rk (1552),

jnr cgst`gdh, smnws wmy ` pnnr cgkhphgkhgt rhbul`tnr f`y ah wnrsh tm`g

gn rhbul`tnr cg snfh dcrdufst`gdhs. [mhrh `rh `lthrg`tcvh fnkhls jnr tmh

hjjhdtcvh rhbul`tcng nj pualcd `gk prcv`th nphr`tnrs tm`t rhkudh tmh rcsis tn

tmh ushrs, t`xp`yhrs, `gk nphr`tnrs. Jnr cgst`gdh, cgkhphgkhgt ùkctnrs

rhdructhk ng ` rht`cghr a`scs `gk wctm tmh nalcb`tcng tn dngkudt rhbul`rly

sdmhkulhk ùkcts `gk tn ah `v`clàlh jnr hxtr`nrkcg`ry ùkcts m`vh lngb

ahhg dngsckhrhk. [mh rhbul`tcng nj v`rcnus @jrcd`g r`clw`ys dngdhsscngs`gk snfh H`sthrg Hurnph`g w`thr dngdhsscngs njjhrs ` v`rc`tcng nj tmcs

fnkhl. Cg `ll d`shs, hxthrg`l ùkctnrs `rh suppnrthk ay lnd`l ugcts wctmcg

fcgcstrchs nr hvhg `s cgkhphgkhgt `bhgdchs.

Kha`th ng tmh ghhk jnr g cgkhphgkhgt rhbul`tnr shhfs tn ah prnbrhsscgb

slnwly tnw`rk ` fnrh pr`bf`tcd `pprn`dm tm`t rhdnbgczhs lnd`l sphdcffdc-

tchs. Ngh sczh knhs gnt fft `ll `gk ghvhr kck. Urnbrhss cs ahcgb f`kh, aut stcll

m`s snfh w`y tn bn.

Knhs Khdhgtr`lcz`tcng Cfprnvh tmh Uhrjnrf`gdh nj tmh Thdtnr>

Khdhgtr`lcz`tcng cs tmh tmcrk f`cg tnpcd cg kcsdusscngs nj tmh dm`gbhsghhkhk cg tmh pualcd shdtnr. Tcgdh tmh 0325s, f`gy dnugtrchs, p`rtcdu-

l`rly khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs, m`vh smcjthk rhspngscaclctchs jnr hxphgkcturh

`gk ffg`gdcgb khdcscngs tn suag`tcng`l bnvhrgfhgts. Qhspngscaclcty jnr

fnst ura`g shrvcdhs (ura`g aushs `gk r`clw`ys, w`thr, `gk hvhg snfh

rn`k dngstrudtcngs) cs njthg fugcdcp`l. Cg vchw nj tmh j`st ura`gcz`tcng

nj fnst dnugtrchs nj tmh wnrlk, tmh rhl`tcvh cfpnrt`gdh nj tmhsh f`g-

k`ths cs lcihly tn cgdrh`sh. Ct cs lsn rhsultcgb cg thgsh kcsdusscngs ahtwhhg

tmh v`rcnus lhvhls nj bnvhrgfhgt ng tmh `pprnprc`th f`tdm ahtwhhg tmh

`llnd`tcng nj rhspngscaclctchs jnr hxphgkcturhs `gk rhvhguh `drnss cgjr`-strudturh shrvcdhs.

[àlh =.2. Uhrdhgt`bh nj Dnugtrchs wctm Cgkhphgkhgt Qhbul`tnry @bhgdchs,


Cgdnfh lhvhl Hlhdtrcdcty

R`thr `gk


Jcxhk-lcgh

thlhdnffugcd`tcngs

Lnw 4= 04 1 :3

Lnwhr-fckklh :4 41 = :5

Xpphr-fckklh :4 1= 03 20

Khvhlnpcgb 80 11 = ::


`. 1551.



0=; Durrhgt Kha`ths ng Cgjr`strudturh Unlcdy

[mcs dnrh pnlcdy bhgk` m`s bhghr`thk lnt nj cgthrhstcgb d`khfcd wnri

ng tmh khscbg nj khdhgtr`lcz`tcng, aut vhry lcttlh kcrhdtly rhlhv`gt tn cgjr`-

strudturh. A`rkm`g `gk Fnnimhrohh (1555, 1554) njjhr snfh nj tmh fnst

cgfiuhgtc`l rhdhgt tmhnrhtcd`l ffgkcgbs ng cgjr`strudturh, mcbmlcbmtcgb tmh rnlh

nj lnd`l dnrruptcng ng tmh hjjhdtcvhghss nj pualcd shrvcdh khdhgtr`lcz`tcng.

[mhy smnw tm`t ugkhr j`crly fclk `ssufptcngs, khdhgtr`lcz`tcng, ffg`gdhk

ay ushr jhhs r`tmhr tm`g lnd`l t`xhs nr cgthrbnvhrgfhgt`l br`gts, bhghr`ths

fnrh hjffdchgt nutdnfhs, gn f`tthr mnw pnnrly lnd`l khfndr`dy wnris. [mh

prnalhf cs wmhg snfh nj tmh `ssufptcngs `rh rhlh`shk tn `ddnugt jnr rhl`-

tcvhly dnffng rh`l-lcjh sctu`tcngs. Jcrst, cj ushr jhhs `rh gnt ushk‛`gk dnst

rhdnvhry cs ngly vhry p`rtc`l jnr f`gy shrvcdhs‛tmh suphrcnrcty nj khdhg-

tr`lczhk nvhr dhgtr`lczhk shrvcdh prnvcscng cs gn lngbhr `s dlh`r-dut. Thdngk,

wmhg aclcty tn p`y cs dngstr`cghk gk ushr dm`rbhs d`ggnt ah ushk tn ffg`gdh

`gtcpnvhrty prnbr`fs, tmh nptcf`l khbrhh nj khdhgtr`lcz`tcng khphgks ng

tmh khbrhh nj dnrruptcng cg lnd`l gk dhgtr`l bnvhrgfhgts. Fnst nj tmh d`-

khfcd wnri ng cgjr`strudturh khdhgtr`lcz`tcng cs, mnwhvhr, tmhnrhtcd`l. Jnrgnw, tmhrh `rh rhl`tcvhly rhlc`alh hfpcrcd`l thsts (shh Tm`m, [mnfpsng, `gk

_mnu 155; jnr ` bhghr`l survhy `gk A`rkm`g `gk Fnnimhrohh 155: jnr `

stuky fnrh jndushk ng cgjr`strudturh).

[mh lcthr`turh prnvckhs ` jhw rnaust cgscbmts. Jcrst, khdhgtr`lcz`tcng

thgks tn cgdrh`sh tnt`l `gk suag`tcng`l sphgkcgb ng cgjr`strudturh, hvhg

fnrh sn cg khvhlnpcgb tm`g cg cgkustrc`l dnugtrchs (Hst`dmh gk Tcgm` 03389

Jcsf`g `gk B`ttc 15519 J`buht 155;). [mcs d`g m`vh twn hxpl`g`tcngs?

(`) dhgtr`lczhk rhbcfhs thgk tn r`tcng khf`gk jnr cgjr`strudturh shrvcdhs nr

(a) khdhgtr`lcz`tcng, ay rhkudcgb tmh sd`lh nj shrvcdh khlcvhry, cgdrh`shs tmh

ugct dnsts. Thdngk, tmh cgthr`dtcng ahtwhhg cgjr strudturh, dnrruptcng, `gk`gy jnrf nj khdhgtr`lcz`tcng cs gnt ` scfplh ngh. Jcsf`g `gk B`ttc (1551)

dngdlukh tm`t tmhrh cs ghb`tcvh dnrrhl`tcng ahtwhhg dnrruptcng gk khdhg-

tr`lcz`tcng, aut J`buht (155;) knhs gnt ffgk ` strngb rhl`tcng hctmhr w`y.

Nlihg (1558) ffgks tm`t bnnk dhgtr`lczhk `ukcts nutphrjnrf khdhgtr`lcz`-

tcng cg rhkudcgb tmh hjjhdts nj dnrruptcng, `t lh`st jnr rn`k f`cgthg`gdh.

Jcg`lly, ffsd`l khdhgtr`lcz`tcng scbgcffd`gtly `jjhdts tmh lhvhl `gk jrhquhgdy nj

prcv`th p`rtcdcp`tcng, aut `kfcgcstr`tcvh `gk pnlctcd`l khdhgtr`lcz`tcng knhs

gnt. Jcsd`l khdhgtr`lcz`tcng thgks tn cgdrh`sh prcv`th shdtnr p`rtcdcp`tcng cg

cgjr`strudturh (Bmnsm A`ghrohh 155:).

[mh lcthr`turh `gk tmh pnlcdy `kvcdh ng p`rtcdcp`tnry `pprn`dmhs tn shr-vcdh khlcvhry d`g `lsn ah shhg `s `g hxthgscng nj tmh wnri ng khdhgtr`l-

cz`tcng `gk pncgts tn `kkctcng`l cgscbmts nj kcrhdt rhlhv`gdh tn tmh kha`th

ng tmh prns `gk dngs nj khdhgtr`lcz`tcng. F`gsurc `gk Q`n (155;) `gk

Dnrgw`ll (1554) nashrvh tm`t prnohdts dl`cfcgb “jull p`rtcdcp`tcng‖ `gk

“hfpnwhrfhgt‖ m`vh ahhg krcvhg ay p`rtcdul`r cgthrhsts nr hlcths, lh`vcgb

tmh lh`st pnwhrjul wctm gn vncdh `gk lcttlh dmncdh. [mh pnvhrty rhkudtcng

hjjhdtcvhghss nj tmhsh prnbr`fs ghhks tn ah fh`surhk fnrh systhf`tcd`lly

`s whll. [mh ngh qu`gtct`tcvh stuky nj `g cgjr`strudturh `dtcvcty cs ay Nlihg

(1558), wmn ffgks tm`t cgdrh`scgb br`ssrnnts p`rtcdcp`tcng m`k lcttlh cfp`dtng rhkudcgb tmh dnrruptcng `ssndc`thk wctm rn`k hxphgkcturh cg Cgknghsc`.



Hst`dmh `gk J`y 0=8

Mh smnws tm`t tnp-knwg fngctnrcgb f`y ah ` ahtthr snlutcng, hvhg cg `

mcbmly dnrrupt hgvcrngfhgt. Cg ntmhr wnrks, tr`kctcng`l rhbul`tnry cgstru-

fhgts m`vh ahhg fnrh hjjhdtcvh tm`g p`rtcdcp`tnry cgstrufhgts cg Cgkngh-

sc`–s rn`k prnbr`f.

Aut ahyngk cts cfp`dt ng bnvhrg`gdh `gk rhspngscvhghss tn lnd`l ghhks,

tmhrh rh dngdhrgs tm`t khdhgtr`lcz`tcng f`y ah ssndc`thk wctm khdrh`sh cg

rhsnurdhs `v`clàlh jnr cgjr`strudturh. [mh dngdhrg sthfs jrnf tmh j`dt tm`t

suag`tcng`l bnvhrgfhgts thgk tn m`vh suast`gtc`lly lhss `ddhss tn prcv`th

d`pct`l nr cgthrg`tcng`l kngnrs.

Fnst j`dh sudm shvhrh drhkct dngstr`cgts tm`t

tmhcr àclcty tn ffg`gdh cgjr`strudturh cgvhstfhgts cs lcfcthk cg tmh àshgdh

nj suppnrt jrnf tmh dhgtr`l bnvhrgfhgt. [mh dhgtr`l cssuh cg shttcgb up

fhdm`gcsfs tn dm`gghl prcv`th s`vcgbs tn lnd`l ankchs jnr tmh ffg`gdcgb nj

cgjr`strudturh cs tmh `ssur`gdh tn lhgkhrs tm`t tmhy wcll ah rhp`ck. Aut tmcs

cs njthg gnt hgnubm. Cgkhhk, ` fònr cfphkcfhgt tn tmh khvhlnpfhgt nj

suag`tcng`l drhkct f`rihts cs tmh fnr`l m`z`rk nj hxplcdct nr cfplcdct bu`r-

`gthhs nj jhkhr`l bnvhrgfhgt a`clnut nj suag`tcng`l khat. Jnr tmcs rh`sng,tmh khvhlnpfhgt nj suag`tcng`l drhkct f`rihts rhqucrhs, cgthr `lc`, ` strcdt

gn-a`clnut pnlcdy jnr suag`tcng`l bnvhrgfhgts cg trnualh. [mcs `pprn`dm

m`s ahhg knpthk cg Fhxcdn, wmhrh tmh d`pct`l rcsi whcbmtcgb nj a`gi ln`gs

tn lnd`l bnvhrgfhgts cs lcgihk tn lnd`l drhkct r`tcgbs.

[mh g`tur`l quhstcng tm`t hfhrbhs cs tmh hxthgt tn wmcdm tmh hxphdthk

p`ynjjs nj khdhgtr`lcz`tcng fcbmt ah njjsht cg tmh d`sh nj cgjr`strudturh ay

tmh lnss nj hdngnfchs nj sd`lh `gk tmh rhkudhk `ddhss tn snurdhs nj ffg`gd-

cgb, wmcdm rh lrh`ky bhghr`lly kcjffdult tn nat`cg jnr shdtnrs wctm mcbm-dnst

lufpy cgvhstfhgts gk slnw d`sm finws vhry shgsctcvh tn pnlctcds. Ngh navc-

nus snlutcng cs tn pnnl tmh drhkct rcsis nj suag`tcng`l bnvhrgfhgts, wmcdm,mnwhvhr, cgvnlvhs rhdhgtr`lczcgb snfh nj tmh kcfhgscngs nj cgjr`strudturh

shrvcdh khlcvhry. [mh j`dt tm`t tmcs f`riht cs gnt vhry `kv`gdhk cg khvhl-

npcgb dnugtrchs‛khspcth strngb pnlctcd`l prhssurhs cg f`gy fckklh-cgdnfh

dnugtrchs‛cgkcd`ths tmh wckh r`gbh nj vchwpncgts ànut tmh khscràclcty

`gk lcfcts nj cgjr`strudturh khdhgtr`lcz`tcng.

[mh Xpsmnt

[mh rnlh nj bnvhrgfhgts cg cgjr`strudturh lcihly wcll ah snurdh nj ckhnlnbc-

d`l kha`ths jnr tmh jnrhshhàlh juturh. Rh ignw tm`t bnvhrgfhgts wcll

dngtcguh tn pl`y ` ihy rnlh `s prnvckhrs `gk ffg`gdchrs nj tmh shdtnr. Jur-tmhrfnrh, bnvhrgfhgts wcll dngtcguh tn m`vh rhbul`tnry rnlh cg ` shdtnr cg

wmcdm tmh rhscku`l fngnpnlchs `rh lcihly tn ah strngb. Mnwhvhr, wh `lsn

ignw tm`t cfplhfhgt`tcng nj tmh f`gk`th tn khlcvhr cs pl`buhk ay pnthgtc`l

snurdhs nj pnlctcd`l cgthrjhrhgdh.

[mh dnrpnr`tcz`tcng nj pualcd hgthrprcshs knhs gnt m`vh ` brh`t tr`di

rhdnrk cg khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs, wctm jhw hxdhptcngs cg @sc`. Cg fnst ntmhr

dnugtrchs, pnlctcds m`vh thgkhk tn drhhp a`di cgtn tmh `bhgk` nj tmh pua-

lcd `gk prcv`th f`g`bhrs nj shrvcdh prnvckhrs wctmcg tmrhh tn ffvh yh`rs nj

tmhcr dnrpnr`tcz`tcng. Tcfcl`rly, rhbul`tnrs m`vh ` pnnr rhdnrk nj sust`cg-àlh, j`cr, `gk hjffdchgt `ractr`tcng nj tmh oncgt cgthrhsts nj ushrs, t`xp`yhrs,



0=: Durrhgt Kha`ths ng Cgjr`strudturh Unlcdy

`gk nphr`tnrs. Cgkhphgkhgt rhbul`tnrs m`vh ahhg rh`sngàly hjjhdtcvh cg

tmh fnst `kv`gdhk dnugtrchs cg thlhdnffugcd`tcngs `gk hghrby. Mnwhvhr,

tmhy m`vh hgdnugthrhk f`gy prnalhfs cg w`thr `gk tr`gspnrt. Cg fnst

d`shs, wmhg ` drcscs m`s mct tmh shdtnr, pnlctcdc`gs m`vh tìhg nvhr rhbul`-

tcng. Jcg`lly, ahdùsh khdhgtr`lcz`tcng cs bhghr`lly ` pnlctcd`l khdcscng wctm

hdngnfcd `gk `kfcgcstr`tcvh dngshquhgdhs, tmh khdhgtr`lczhk f`g`bhfhgt

nj cgjr`strudturh shrvcdhs m`s ahhg tmh vcdtcf nj pnlctcd`l kcs`brhhfhgts

`drnss bnvhrgfhgt lhvhls, wmcdm m`vh murt ntmhrwcsh r`tcng`l khdcscngs.

Nvhr`ll, ` rhvchw nj tmh hxphrchgdh nj tmh l`st 08 yh`rs cs snahrcgb. Cg

spcth nj tmh lngb mcstnry nj `g`lyscs nj tmh pnthgtc`l rnlhs nj tmh st`th cg

cgjr`strudturh, fnst nj tmh prnbrhss cg lh`rgcgb mnw tn bht tmcgbs kngh m`s

dnfh jrnf tmh tmhnrhtcd`l rhsh`rdm. Unlcdy fìhrs m`vh jhw y`rkstcdis nr

rulhs nj tmufa tmhy d`g ush tn sht up rhjnrfs tn bht tmh pualcd tn khlcvhr ng

cts sscbgfhgts‛nphr`tcng, ffg`gdh, nr f`g`bhfhgt. @ghdknths gk hx`f-

plhs nj ahst pr`dtcdh ànugk, aut drhkcalh sphdcffd buckhlcghs `rh sd`rdh.

Dngdlukcgb Dnffhgts

[mh mhthrnbhghcty nj tmh cgjr`strudturh auscghss cs sudm tm`t ct cs kcjffdult tn

kr`w sphdcffd dngdluscngs jnr `gy bcvhg suashdtnr nr dnugtry jrnf ` arn`k-

arusm nvhrvchw sudm s tmcs ngh. Mnwhvhr, snfh bhghr`l dngdluscngs d`g ah

kr`wg.

[mh a`scd kha`ths m`vh gnt dm`gbhk fudm nvhr tmh l`st 18 yh`rs nr sn,

`gk tmhy dhgthr ng twn dnrh quhstcngs?

• Rmn smnulk ah cg dm`rbh nj tmh shdtnr? tmh bnvhrgfhgt nr tmh prcv`th

shdtnr, tmh dhgtr`l bnvhrgfhgt nr tmh suag`tcng`l bnvhrgfhgts, cgkh-

phgkhgt rhbul`tnrs nr pnlctcdc`gs>

• Rmn smnulk p`y jnr tmh shrvcdhs? tmh ushrs, tmh t`xp`yhrs, nr, cg snfh

d`shs, tmh kngnrs>

[mhrh `rh plhgty nj v`rc`tcngs `gk rhffghfhgts `rnugk tmhsh twn quhs-

tcngs, krcvhg ay tmh rhl`tcvh cfpnrt`gdh `sscbghk tn tmh dngdhrg jnr hjff-

dchgdy, hqucty, ffg`gdc`l vcàclcty, `gk `ddnugtàclcty. @ltmnubm ` lnt nj

lh`rgcgb m`s tìhg pl`dh ng mnw tn `kkrhss tmhsh quhstcngs, snfh nj tmha`scd gswhrs rh stcll l`dicgb. @gk yht tmhy `rh drudc`l tn tmh suddhss gk tmh

sust`cgàclcty nj f`gy nj tmh durrhgt hjjnrts tn `llnw tmh pnnrhst dnugtrchs

tn khvhlnp j`sthr `gk tn bht tmh rcdmhst dnugtry nut nj tmh ffrst blna`l ffg`g-

dc`l drcscs nj tmh twhgty-ffrst dhgtury.

Ngh nj tmh f`cg rh`sngs jnr tmcs l`di nj dlh`r-dut `gswhrs cs tmh l`di nj

naohdtcvh k`t` ng tmh shdtnr. K`t` b`ps m`vh ahhg mcbmlcbmthk tmrnubmnut

tmcs nvhrvchw, cgdlukcgb ng a`scd cssuhs sudm s dnsts gk t`rcjjs nr tmh sm`rh

nj pualcd nr prcv`th rhsnurdhs `llnd`thk tn hxp`gk nr f`cgt`cg tmh shdtnrs.

Cg rhdhgt yh`rs, fnrh suaohdtcvh k`t` m`vh ahdnfh `v`clàlh a`shk ng

quhstcngg`crhs dnvhrcgb ` wckh r`gbh nj tnpcds sudm `s tmh cgvhstfhgt dlc-f`th, dnrruptcng phrdhptcng cgkcd`tnrs, nr tmh snurdhs nj m`ppcghss jnr



Hst`dmh `gk J`y 0=2

phnplh. [mhrh m`vh `lsn ahhg rhffghfhgts nj mnushmnlk dngsufptcng `gk

hxphgkcturh survhys tn bhghr`th dnfp`ràlh k`t` ng prnalhfs cg tmh shdtnr

jnr rhsckhgtc`l ushrs. Aut tmhsh fultcplh snurdhs bhghr`th cgjnrf`tcng r`rhly

dnfp`ràlh `drnss snurdhs `gk dngtcguh tn lh`vh fònr b`ps. Xltcf`thly,

tmhsh k`t` b`ps `rh wm`t `llnw ckhnlnbcd`l kha`ths tn knfcg`th suast`gtcvh

kha`ths cg tmcs shdtnr. [n prnkudh suast`gtcvh `gswhrs tn dnrh quhstcngs

`gk shttlh tmh kha`ths suff`rczhk mhrh wctmnut rhdnursh tn ckhnlnby, ct cs

hsshgtc`l jnr tmh cgthrg`tcng`l dnffugcty tn tìh tmh k`t` `bhgk` fudm

fnrh shrcnusly tm`g cg tmh p`st. Tnfh prnbrhss cs ahcgb f`kh tmrnubm tmh

FKBs, aut tmhrh cs stcll ` lngb w`y tn bn.

Qhjhrhgdhs

@k`f, Dmrcstnpmhr, `gk K`vck Ahv`g. 155;. “@ck `gk tmh Tupply Tckh? Uualcd

Cgvhstfhgt, Hxpnrt Uhrjnrf`gdh, `gk Kutdm Kcsh`sh cg Lnw-Cgdnfh Dnug-

trchs.‖ Rnricgb U`phr 150. Nxjnrk Xgcvhrscty, Khp`rtfhgt nj Hdngnfcds.

@bãgnr, Uchrrh-Qcdm`rk, `gk Al`gd` Fnrhgn-Knksng. 155:. “Uualcd Cgjr`strudturh

`gk Brnwtm? Ghw Dm`gghls `gk Unlcdy Cfplcd`tcngs.‖ Unlcdy Qhsh`rdm

Rnricgb U`phr ;5:;. Rnrlk A`gi, R`smcgbtng, KD.

@l`f, @s`k, F`ft` Furtmc, Qusl`gShftsnv, Hkfugkn Furrub`rr`, Gnr`

Kukwcdi, Hllhg M`fcltng, `gk Hrwcg [cngbsng. 1558. Brnwtm, Unvhrty, gk

Cghqu`lcty? H`sthrg Hurnph `gk tmh Jnrfhr Tnvcht Xgcng. R`smcgbtng, KD?

Rnrlk A`gi.

@la`l`-Ahrtr`gk, Onsã, `gk Hff`guhl F`f`tzìcs. 155;. “[mh Cfp`dt nj Uualcd

Cgjr`strudturh ng tmh Urnkudtcvcty nj tmh Dmclh`g Hdngnfy.‖ Qhvchw nj

Khvhlnpfhgt Hdngnfcds = (1)? 1::—2=.

@lhscg`, @lahrtn, Qhz` A`qcr, `gk Rcllc`f H`sthrly. 0333. “Uualcd Bnnks `gk

Htmgcd Kcvcscngs.‖ Pu`rthrly Onurg`l nj Hdngnfcds 00; (;)? 01;4—=;.

@gkrhs, Lucs, Onsã Lucs Bu`sdm, `gk Ttãpm`gh Ttrùa. 1552. “Knhs Qhbul`tcng `gk

Cgstctutcng`l Khscbg F`tthr jnr Cgjr`strudturh Thdtnr Uhrjnrf`gdh>‖ Rnrlk

A`gi, R`smcgbtng, KD.

@sdmùhr, K`vck. 03=3. “Cs Uualcd Hxphgkcturh Urnkudtcvh>‖ Onurg`l nj Fnght ry

Hdngnfcds 14 (1)? 022—155.

‛‛‛. 1555. “Kn Tt`ths Nptcfczh> Uualcd D`pct`l `gk Hdngnfcd Brnwtm.‖

@gg`ls nj Qhbcng`l Tdchgdh 4; (4)? 4;4—:4.A`lkwcg, Qcdm`rk, Qci`rk Jnrslck, Umclcpph F`rtcg, Bc`gf`rdn Ntt`vc`gn, `gk

Jrhkhrcd Qnahrt-Gcdnuk. 1554. Hdngnfcd Bhnbr`pmy gk Uualcd Unlcdy.

Urcgdhtng, GO? Urcgdhtng Xgcvhrscty Urhss.

A`rkm`g, Ur`gà, `gk Kclcp Fnnimhrohh. 1555. “Dnrruptcng `gk Khdhgtr`lcz`tcng

nj Cgjr`strudturh cg Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs.‖ Hdngnfcd Onurg`l 00: (85=)?

050—12.

‛‛‛. 1554. “Khdhgtr`lcz`tcng `gk @ddnugtàclcty cg Cgjr`strudturh cg Khvhlnp-

cgb Dnugtrchs.‖ Anstng Xgcvhrscty, Anstng, F@.

‛‛‛. 155:. “Khdhgtr`lcz`tcng, Dnrruptcng, `gk Bnvhrgfhgt @ddnugtàclcty? @g

Nvhrvchw.‖ Cg Cgthrg`tcng`l M`gkanni ng tmh Hdngnfcds nj Dnrruptcng, hk.Tus`g Qnsh-@dihrf`g. Dmhlthgm`f, X.I.? Hkw`rk Hlb`r.



0== Durrhgt Kha`ths ng Cgjr`strudturh Unlcdy

Ahrtnlcgc, Lnrhgzn. 155:. “Mnw tn Cfprnvh Qhbul`tnry [r`gsp`rhgdy.‖ Brcklcghs

Gnth 00 (Ough). www.ppc`j.nrb/.

Andd`gjusn, Knrntmhh, @gtngcn Hst`dmh, `gk Lud T`v`rk. 155:. “R`thr Thdtnr

Qhjnrf cg Thghb`l? @g Cgthrphrsng`l `gk Cgthrrhbcng`l Kcstrcautcng`l Cfp`dt

@g`lyscs.‖ Rnrlk A`gi, R`smcgbtng, KD.

Anubmh`s, Tpcrns, U`gcdns Khfhtrc`khs, `gk [mhnj`gcs F`fugh`s. 1555.

“Cgjr`strudturh, Tphdc`lcz`tcng, `gk Hdngnfcd Brnwtm.‖ D`g`kc`g Onurg`l nj

Hdngnfcds 44 (1)? 85:—11.

Arhgghf`g, @k`f. 1551. “Cgjr`strudturh `gk Unvhrty Lcgi`bhs? @ Lcthr`turh

Qhvchw.‖ Rnrlk A`gi, R`smcgbtng, KD.

Arcdhðn, Dhdclc`, @gtngcn Hst`dmh, `gk Ghf`t Tm`ffi. 155;. “Cgjr`strudturh

Thrvcdhs cg Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs? @ddhss, Pu`lcty, Dnsts, `gk Unlcdy Qhjnrf.‖

Rnrlk A`gi, R`smcgbtng, KD.

Arcdhðn, Dhdclc`, `gk Crcg` Ilytdmgcinv`. 155:. “Cgjr`strudturh `gk Unvhrty? Rm`t

K`t` @rh @v`clàlh jnr Cfp`dt Hv`lu`tcng>‖ Rnrlk A`gi, R`smcgbtng, KD.

D`knt, Nlcvchr, L`rs-Mhgkrci Qúllhr, `gk @gkrh`s Tthpm`g. 155:. “Dngtrcautcngtn Urnkudtcvcty nr Unri A`rrhl> [mh [wn J`dhs nj Cgjr`strudturh Cgvhstfhgt.‖

Onurg`l nj Uualcd Hdngnfcds 35 (:-2)? 0044—84.

D`lkhrng, Dãs`r, gk Lucs Thrvhg. 155;. “[mh Hjjhdts nj Cgjr`strudturh Khvhlnp-

fhgt ng Brnwtm `gk Cgdnfh Kcstrcautcng.‖ Unlcdy Qhsh`rdm Rnricgb U`phr

4;55. Rnrlk A`gi, R`smcgbtng, KD.

D`fpns, O`vchr, @gtngcn Hst`dmh, Gnhlc` F`rtcg, `gk Lnurkhs [ruoclln. 1554.

“F`drnhdngnfcd Hjjhdts nj Urcv`th Thdtnr U`rtcdcp`tcng cg Cgjr`strudturh.‖ Cg

[mh Lcfcts nj Ttàclcz`tcng, hk. Rcllc`f H`sthrly `gk Lucs Thrvhg. U`ln @ltn,

D@? Tt`gjnrk Xgcvhrscty Urhss.

D`ggcgb, K`vck, `gk Hsr` Ahgg`tm`g. 1555. “[mh Tndc`l Q`th nj Qhturg ng

Cgjr`strudturh Cgvhstfhgt.‖ Unlcdy Qhsh`rdm Rnricgb U`phr 1435 (Ouly). Rnrlk


D`ggcgb, K`vck, `gk Uhthr Uhkrngc. 155;. “[mh Hjjhdt nj Cgjr`strudturh ng

Lngb-Qug Hdngnfcd Brnwtm.‖ Rnrlk A`gi, R`smcgbtng, KD.

D`v`ld`gtc Jhrrhcr`, Uhkrn, `gk Lh`gkrn Bngâ`lvhs kn G`sdcfhgtn. 1558.

“Rhlj`rh `gk Brnwtm Hjjhdts nj @lthrg`tcvh Jcsd`l Qulhs jnr Cgjr`strudturh

Cgvhstfhgts cg Ar`zcl.‖ Rnrlk A`gi, R`smcgbtng, KD.

Dmhg, Tmhgb-[ugb, Msc`n-C Iun, `gk Dmc-Dmugb Dmhg. 1552. “[mh Qhl`tcngsmcp

ahtwhhg BKU `gk Hlhdtrcdcty Dngsufptcng cg 05 @sc`g Dnugtrchs.‖ HghrbyUnlcdy 48 (;;)? 1:00—10.

Dmcs`rc, Nf`r, @gtngcn Hst`dmh, `gk D`tmhrcgh R`kk`fs-Urcdh. 1554. “@ddhss ay

tmh Unnr cg L`tcg @fhrcd`–s Xtclcty Qhjnrf? Tuasckchs `gk Thrvcdh Nalcb`tcngs.‖

Cg Xtclcty Urcv`tcz`tcng gk Qhbul`tcng? @ J`cr Kh`l jnr Dngsufhrs> hk. Dhdclc`

Xb`z `gk D`tmhrcgh R`kk`fs-Urcdh. Gnrtm`fptng, F@? Hkw`rk Hlb`r.

Dl`rih, Bhnrbh, `gk Tdntt R`llsthg. 1551. “Xgcvhrs`l(ly A`k) Thrvcdh? Urnvckcgb

Cgjr`strudturh Thrvcdhs tn Qur`l `gk Unnr Xra`g Dngsufhrs.‖ Unlcdy Qhsh`rdm

Rnricgb U`phr 1=:=. Rnrlk A`gi, R`smcgbtng, KD.

Dnmhg, A`rghy. 155;. “Xra`g Brnwtm cg Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs? @ Qhvchw nj

Durrhgt [rhgks `gk ` Dùtcng Qhb`rkcgb Hxcstcgb Jnrhd`sts.‖ Rnrlk Khvhlnp-fhgt 41 (0)? 14—80.



Hst`dmh `gk J`y 0=3

Dnfahs, Uchrrh Umclcpph, `gk Fcrhg L`jnurd`kh. 1550. “[r`gspnrt`tcng Dnsts

Khdlcgh `gk Qhbcng`l Cghqu`lctchs? Hvckhgdh jrnf Jr`gdh, 032=—0334.‖ DHUQ

Kcsdusscng U`phr 1=3;. Dhgtrh jnr Hdngnfcd Unlcdy Qhsh`rdm, Lngkng, X.I.

Dnrgw`ll, @gkrh`. 1554. “Rmnsh Zncdhs> Rmnsh Dmncdhs> Qhfihdtcng ng Bhgkhr

`gk U`rtcdcp`tnry Khvhlnpfhgt.‖ Rnrlk Khvhlnpfhgt 40 (=)? 0418—;1.

Drhfhr, Mhlfutm, J`rck B`sfc, @gkrã Brcf`uk, `gk Oh`g-O`dquhs L`jjngt. 1550.

“Xgcvhrs`l Thrvcdh? @g Hdngnfcd Uhrsphdtcvh Nvhrvchw.‖ @gg`ls nj Uualcd `gk

Dnnphr`tcvh Hdngnfcds 21 (0)? ;—;4.

kh l` Juhgth, @gbhl. 1551`. “[mh Hjjhdt nj Ttrudtur`l Jugk Tphgkcgb ng tmh

Tp`gcsm Qhbcngs? @g @sshssfhgt nj tmh 033;—33 Naohdtcvh 0 DTJ.‖ DHUQ

Kcsdusscng U`phr 4:24. Dhgtrh jnr Hdngnfcd Unlcdy Qhsh`rdm, Lngkng, X.I.

‛‛‛. 1551a. “Cs tmh @llnd`tcng nj Uualcd D`pct`l `drnss tmh Tp`gcsm Qhbcngs

[nn Qhkcstrcautcvh>‖ DHUQ Kcsdusscng U`phr 404=. Dhgtrh jnr Hdngnfcd

Unlcdy Qhsh`rdm, Lngkng, X.I.

kh l` Juhgth, @gbhl, `gk ]`vchr Zcvhs. 0338. “Cgjr`strudturh `gk Hkud`tcng `s

Cgstrufhgts nj Hdngnfcd Unlcdy? Hvckhgdh jrnf Tp`cg.‖ Hdngnfcd Unlcdy 15(@prcl)? 00—8;.

Kubb`l, Zco`y`, Dygtmc` T`ltzf`g, `gk L`wrhgdh Ilhcg. 1552. “Cgjr`strudturh `gk

Urnkudtcvcty? @g Hxthgscng tn Urcv`th Cgjr`strudturh `gk C[ Urnkudtcvcty.‖

Onurg`l nj Hdngnfhtrcds 0;5 (1)? ;=8—851.

Hahrm`rk, @gtngh. 1552. “F`tdmcgb Qhbul`tnry Khscbg tn Dnugtry Dcrduf-

st`gdhs.‖ Brcklcghs Gnth 14 (F`y). Uualcd-Urcv`th Cgjr`strudturh @kvcsnry

J`dclcty (UUC@J), R`smcgbtng, KD.

Hacgbhr, O`gh. 155:. “Fh`surcgb Jcg`gdc`l Uhrjnrf`gdh cg Cgjr`strudturh? @g

@pplcd`tcng tn Hurnph `gk Dhgtr`l @sc`.‖ Rnricgb U`phr 4331. Rnrlk A`gi,

R`smcgbtng, KD.Hsj`m`gc, M`kc T`lhmc, `gk F`rc` [hrhs` Q`fcrhz. 1554. “Cgstctutcngs, Cgjr`strud-

turh, `gk Hdngnfcd Brnwtm.‖ Onurg`l nj Khvhlnpfhgt Hdngnfcds 25 (1)?

;;4—22.

Hst`dmh, @gtngcn. 1553. “Lhssngs jrnf Cfp`dt Hv`lu`tcngs nj Cgjr`strudturh

Urnohdts, Urnbr`fs, `gk Unlcdchs.‖ Hurnph`g Dhgthr jnr @kv`gdhk Qhsh`rdm cg

Hdngnfcds `gk Tt`tcstcds, Xgcvhrsctã Lcarh kh Aruxhllhs, Arusshls.

Hst`dmh, @gtngcn, `gk F`rc`ggh J`y. 0332. “Hgsurcgb Qhbcng`l Brnwtm Dngvhr-

bhgdh cg @rbhgtcg` `gk Ar`zcl? Mnw D`g Bnvhrgfhgts Mhlp>‖ Rnrlk A`gi,

R`smcgbtng, KD.

Hst`dmh, @gtngcn, Zcvchg Jnsthr, `gk Puhgtcg Rnkng. 1551. @ddnugtcgb jnrUnvhrty cg Cgjr`strudturh Qhjnrf? Lh`rgcgb jrnf L`tcg @fhrcd`–s Hxphrchgdh.

RAC Khvhlnpfhgt Thrchs. R`smcgbtng, KD? Rnrlk A`gi.

Hst`dmh, @gtngcn, `gk @g` Bncdnhdmh`. 1558. “Mnw Rckhsprh`k Rhrh Cgjr`strud-

turh Qhjnrfs kurcgb tmh 0335s>‖ Qhsh`rdm Rnricgb U`phr 4838. Rnrlk A`gi,

R`smcgbtng, KD.

Hst`dmh, @gtngcn, `gk Q`j`hl Fuðnz. 1552. “Auclkcgb Thdtnr Dngdhrgs cgtn

F`drnhdngnfcd Jcg`gdc`l Urnbr`ffcgb? Lhssngs jrnf Thghb`l `gk Xb`gk`.‖


Hst`dmh, @gtngcn, `gk F`rc` Hlhg` Ucgbln. 1558. “@rh Qhturgs tn Uualcd-Urcv`th

Cgjr`strudturh U`rtghrsmcps cg Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs Dngscsthgt wctm Qcsis scgdhtmh @sc`g Drcscs>‖ Onurg`l nj Ghtwnri Cgkustrchs : (0)? ;2—20.




Hst`dmh, @gtngcn, `gk T`racoct Tcgm`. 0338. “Knhs Khdhgtr`lcz`tcng Cgdrh`sh

Tphgkcgb ng Cgjr`strudturh>‖ Unlcdy Qhsh`rdm Rnricgb U`phr 0338. Rnrlk


Hst`dmh, @gtngcn, Ac`bcn Tphdc`lh, `gk K`vck Zhrhk`s. 155:. “Mnw Fudm Knhs

Cgjr`strudturh F`tthr tn Brnwtm cg Tua-T`m`r`g @jrcd`>‖ Rnrlk A`gi,

R`smcgbtng, KD.

Hst`dmh, @gtngcn, `gk Puhgtcg Rnkng. 1552. Cgjr`strudturh `gk Unvhrty cg

@jrcd`. Kcrhdtcngs cg Khvhlnpfhgt. R`smcgbtng, KD? Rnrlk A`gi.

J`buht, Oh`g U`ul. 155;. “Knhs Khdhgtr`lcz`tcng Cgdrh`sh Bnvhrgfhgt Qhspng-

scvhghss tn Lnd`l Ghhks? Hvckhgdh jrnf Anlcvc`.‖ Onurg`l nj Uualcd Hdngnfcds

== (4-;)? =:2—34.

J`cgc, Qcdd`rkn. 03=4. “Duful`tcvh Urndhss nj Khcgkustrc`lcz`tcng cg `g Nphg

Qhbcng? [mh D`sh nj Tnutmhrg Ct`ly, 0380—0324.‖ Onurg`l nj Khvhlnpfhgt

Hdngnfcds 01 (4)? 122—450.

J`y, F`rc`ggh, `gk F`ry Fnrrcsng. 155:. Cgjr`strudturh cg L`tcg @fhrcd` gk

tmh D`rcaah`g? Qhdhgt Khvhlnpfhgt gk Ihy Dm`llhgbhs. R`smcgbtng, KD?Rnrlk A`gi.

J`y, F`rc`ggh, `gk [ctn Shphs. 1554. “Cgvhstcgb cg Cgjr`strudturh? Rm`t Cs

Ghhkhk jrnf 1555—1505.‖ Unlcdy Qhsh`rdm Rnricgb U`phr 4051. Rnrlk A`gi,

R`smcgbtng, KD.

Jhrg`lk, Onmg. 0333. “Qn`ks tn Urnsphrcty> @sshsscgb tmh Lcgi ahtwhhg Uualcd

D`pct`l `gk Urnkudtcvcty.‖ @fhrcd`g Hdngnfcd Qhvchw =3 (4)? :03—4=.

Jcsf`g, Q`yfngk, `gk Qnahrt` B`ttc. 1551. “Khdhgtr`lcz`tcng `gk Dnrruptcng?

Hvckhgdh `drnss Dnugtrchs.‖ Onurg`l nj Uualcd Hdngnfcds =4 (4)? 418—;8.

Jnsthr, Zcvchg, `gk [ctn Shphs. 155:. “Cs Dnst Qhdnvhry ` Jh`scalh Naohdtcvh jnr

R`thr `gk Hlhdtrcdcty> [mh L`tcg @fhrcd`g Hxphrchgdh.‖ Unlcdy Qhsh`rdmRnricgb U`phr 43;4. Rnrlk A`gi, R`smcgbtng, KD.

B`sfc, J`rck, K. F`ri Ihgght, Oh`g-O`dquhs L`jjngt, `gk Rcllc`f R. Tm`rihy.

1551. Dnst Urnxy Fnkhls gk [hlhdnffugcd`tcngs Unlcdy. D`farckbh, F@?

FC[ Urhss.

B`ssghr, I`tmhrcg`, @lhx`gkhr Unpnv, `gk G`t`lcy` Uusm`i. 1552. “@g Hfpcrcd`l

@sshssfhgt nj Urcv`th U`rtcdcp`tcng cg Hlhdtrcdcty `gk R`thr Kcstrcautcng cg

Khvhlnpcgb `gk [r`gsctcng Hdngnfchs.‖ Rnrlk A`gi, R`smcgbtng, KD.

Bcasng, Onmg, `gk Tdntt Qnzhllh. 1551. “Unvhrty `gk @ddhss tn Cgjr`strudturh cg

U`pu` Ghw Bucgh`.‖ Rnricgb U`phr 0555. Xgcvhrscty nj D`lcjnrgc`, K`vcs,

Khp`rtfhgt nj @brcdultur`l `gk Qhsnurdh Hdngnfcds.

Bmnsm A`ghrohh, Tukhsmg`. 155:. “Khdhgtr`lcz`tcng–s Cfp`dt ng Urcv`th Thdtnr

U`rtcdcp`tcng cg Cgjr`strudturh Cgvhstfhgt cg Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs.‖ Rnrlk


Bôfhz-Caàðhz, Onsã @. 155:. “@lthrg`tcvhs tn Urcv`tcz`tcng Qhvcscthk? [mh

Nptcngs jnr Cgjr`strudturh.‖ Rnrlk A`gi, Cgjr`strudturh Zcdh Urhsckhgdy,

R`smcgbtng, KD.

Br`flcdm, Hkw`rk F. 033;. “Cgjr`strudturh Cgvhstfhgt? @ Qhvchw Hss`y.‖

Onurg`l nj Hdngnfcd Lcthr`turh 41 (4)? 002:—3:.

Bu`sdm, Onsã Lucs. 155;. Br`gtcgb gk Qhghbntc`tcgb Cgjr`strudturh Dngdhsscngs?Kncgb Ct Qcbmt . RAC Khvhlnpfhgt Ttukchs. R`smcgbtng, KD? Rnrlk A`gi.



Hst`dmh `gk J`y 030

Mhgkhrsng, O. Zhrgng. 1551. “Xra`gcz`tcng cg Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs.‖ Rnrlk

A`gi Qhsh`rdm Nashrvhr 02 (0)? =3—001.

Mhgkhrsng, O. Zhrgng, `gk @rc Iugdnrn. 033:. “Cgkustrc`l Dhgtr`lcz`tcng cg

Cgknghsc`.‖ Rnrlk A`gi Hdngnfcd Qhvchw 05 (4)? 804—;5.

Mhgkhrsng, O. Zhrgng, _f`rì Tm`lczc, `gk @gtmngy Zhgàlhs. 1550. “Bhnbr`pmy

`gk Khvhlnpfhgt.‖ Onurg`l nj Hdngnfcd Bhnbr pmy 0 (0)? =0—058.

Murlcg, Dmrcstnpmh. 155:. “Ghtwnri Hjjhdts nj tmh Urnkudtcvcty nj Cgjr`strudturh

cg Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs.‖ Unlcdy Qhsh`rdm Rnricgb U`phr 4=5=. Rnrlk A`gi,

R`smcgbtng, KD.

Ccfc, @tsusmc, `gk O`fhs Rclsng Tfctm. 1552. “Rm`t Cs Fcsscgb ahtwhhg @brcdul-

tur`l Brnwtm `gk Cgjr`strudturh Khvhlnpfhgt> D`shs nj Dnjjhh `gk K`cry cg

@jrcd`.‖ Rnrlk A`gi, R`smcgbtng, KD.

Cgbr`f, Brhbnry, `gk _mc Lcu. 0333. “Khthrfcg`gts nj Fntnrcz`tcng `gk

Qn`k Urnvcscng.‖ Unlcdy Qhsh`rdm Rnricgb U`phr 15;1. Rnrlk A`gi,

R`smcgbtng, KD.

Cgthrg`tcng`l Hghrby @bhgdy. 155:. Rnrlk Hghrby Nutlnni. U`rcs? Cgthrg`tcng`lHghrby @bhgdy.

O`dnay, M`g`g B. 1555. “@ddhss tn F`rihts gk tmh Ahghffts nj Qur`l Qn`ks.‖

Hdngnfcd Onurg`l 055 (;:8)? 202—42.

I`l`ctzckìcs, U`gthlcs, `gk T`r`gtcs I`lyvctcs. 155;. “Ng tmh F`drnhdngnfcd

Cfplcd`tcngs nj F`cgthg`gdh cg Uualcd D`pct`l.‖ Onurg`l nj Uualcd Hdngnfcds

== (4—;)? :38—201.

I`fps, Dmrcstnpmh. 1558. “Cs [mhrh ` L`di nj Uualcd D`pct`l cg tmh Hurnph`g

Xgcng>‖ Hurnph`g Cgvhstfhgt A`gi U`phrs 05 (0)? 24—34.

I`rcuic, Fui`fc, `gk Onrk`g Tdmw`rtz. 1558. “Tf`ll-Td`lh Urcv`th Thrvcdh

Urnvckhrs nj R`thr Tupply `gk Hlhdtrcdcty? @ Qhvchw nj Cgdckhgdh, Ttrudturh,

Urcdcgb, `gk Nphr`tcgb Dm`r`dthrcstcds.‖ Unlcdy Qhsh`rdm Rnricgb U`phr 4212.


Ihggy, Dm`rlhs. 155:. “Fh`surcgb `gk Qhkudcgb tmh Cfp`dt nj Dnrruptcng cg

Cgjr`strudturh.‖ Unlcdy Qhsh`rdm Rnricgb U`phr ;533. Rnrlk A`gi,

R`smcgbtng, KD.

‛‛‛. 1552. “Cgjr`strudturh Bnvhrg`gdh `gk Dnrruptcng? Rmhrh Ghxt>‖ Unlcdy

Qhsh`rdm Rnricgb U`phr ;440. Rnrlk A`gi, R`smcgbtng, KD.

Infcvhs, Ircstcg, Zcvchg Jnsthr, Ong`tm`g M`lphrg, `gk Puhgtcg Rnkng. 1558.

“R`thr, Hlhdtrcdcty, `gk tmh Unnr? Rmn Ahghffts jrnf Xtclcty Tuasckchs>‖ RnrlkA`gi, R`smcgbtng, KD.

L`jjngt, Oh`g-O`dquhs. 1558. Qhbul`tcng gk Khvhlnpfhgt . D`farckbh, X.I.?

D`farckbh Xgcvhrscty Urhss.

L`ll, Tnfci Z., Qcdm`rk Jugkhraurb, `gk [ctn Shphs. 1554. “Lnd`tcng, Dngdhgtr`-

tcng, `gk Uhrjnrf`gdh nj Hdngnfcd @dtcvcty cg Ar`zcl.‖ Unlcdy Qhsh`rdm

Rnricgb U`phr 41:=. Rnrlk A`gi, R`smcgbtng, KD.

L`ll, Tnfci, `gk M. B. R`gb. 155:. “Cfprnvcgb tmh Khvhlnpfhgt Cfp`dt nj

Cgjr`strudturh, Urnpns`l jnr ` Qhsh`rdm Urnbr`f Br`gt ng Cgjr`strudturh.‖


L`gonuw, Uhthr. 0333. “Unlcdy Nptcngs jnr Hfplnyfhgt cg tmh Qur`l Gng-J`rfThdtnr.‖ Qur`l Khvhlnpfhgt Gnth ;. Rnrlk A`gi, R`smcgbtng, KD.




Lcptng, Fcdm`hl. 0322. Rmy Unnr Uhnplh Tt`y Unnr? Xra`g Ac`s cg Rnrlk

Khvhlnpfhgt . D`farckbh, F@? M`rv`rk Xgcvhrscty Urhss.

Lnismcg, Fcdm`hl, `gk Qusl`g Shftsnv. 1558. “Rmn Ah`rs tmh Dnst nj Qussc`–s

Fclct`ry Kr`jt>‖ Unlcdy Qhsh`rdm Rnricgb U`phr 48;2. Rnrlk A`gi,

R`smcgbtng, KD.

F`gsurc, Bm`z`l`, `gk Zco`yhgkr` Q`n. 155;. “Dnffugcty-A`shk `gk -Krcvhg

Khvhlnpfhgt? @ Drctcd`l Qhvchw.‖ Rnrlk A`gi Qhsh`rdm Nashrvhr 03 (0)?

0—43.

Fhllnr, Onmg. 032:. [mh Ghw Hdngnfcds nj Brnwtm. Ctm`d`, GS? Dnrghll

Xgcvhrscty Urhss.

Ghllcs, Onmg, `gk G`gdy Acrks`ll, hks. 1558. Qh`lcty Dmhdi? [mh Kcstrcautcng`l

Cfp`dt nj Urcv`tcz`tcng cg Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs. R`smcgbtng, KD? Dhgthr jnr

Blna`l Khvhlnpfhgt.

Nlihg, Ahgo`fcg @. 1558. “Fngctnrcgb Dnrruptcng? Hvckhgdh jrnf ` Jchlk

Hxphrcfhgt cg Cgknghsc`.‖ GAHQ Rnricgb U`phr 00284. G`tcng`l Aurhù nj

Hdngnfcd Qhsh`rdm, D`farckbh, [email protected]`, Kchbn. 1551. “Hurnph`g Qhbcng`l Unlcdchs cg Lcbmt nj Qhdhgt Lnd`tcng

[mhnrchs.‖ Onurg`l nj Hdngnfcd Bhnbr pmy 1 (;)? 424—;5:.

Qùdm, O`fhs. 0338. “Aurhùdr`dy, Cgjr`strudturh, `gk Hdngnfcd Brnwtm?

Hvckhgdh jrnf X.T. Dctchs kurcgb tmh Urnbrhsscvh Hr`.‖ @fhrcd`g Hdngnfcd

Qhvchw =8 (;)? 3:=—23.

Q`v`llcng, F`rtcg. 1551. “Ng tmh Xra`gcz`tcng nj Unvhrty.‖ Onurg`l nj Khvhlnp-

fhgt Hdngnfcds := (1)? ;48—;1.

‛‛‛. 1554. “[mh Kha`th ng Blna`lcz`tcng, Unvhrty, `gk Cghqu`lcty? Rmy

Fh`surhfhgt F`tthrs.‖ Rnricgb U`phr 454=. Rnrlk A`gi, Khvhlnpfhgt

Qhsh`rdm Brnup, R`smcgbtng, KD.

Qh`rkng, [mnf`s. 1550. “Qur`l Gng-J`rf Cgdnfh cg Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs.‖

Qhpnrt tn tmh Xgcthk G`tcngs Jnnk `gk @brcdulturh Nrb`gcz`tcng, Qnfh.

Qhginw, Fctdm, K`gchl B. M`llstrnf, `gk K`gchl K. I`r`go`. 155;. “Qur`l

Cgjr`strudturh, [r`gs`dtcng Dnsts, `gk F`riht U`rtcdcp`tcng.‖ Onurg`l nj

Khvhlnpfhgt Hdngnfcds 24 (0)? 4;3—:2.

Qcno`, Jhlcx I. 1550. “Brnwtm, Rhlj`rh, `gk Uualcd Cgjr`strudturh? @ Bhghr`l-

Hquclcarcuf @g`lyscs nj L`tcg @fhrcd`g Hdngnfchs.‖ Onurg`l nj Hdngnfcd

Khvhlnpfhgt 1: (1)? 003—45.

‛‛‛. 1554. “Jcllcgb Untmnlhs? F`drnhdngnfcd Hjjhdts nj F`cgthg`gdh vs. GhwCgvhstfhgts cg Uualcd Cgjr`strudturh.‖ Onurg`l nj Uualcd Hdngnfcds =2 (3—05)?

11=0—45;.

Qnacgsng, O`fhs, `gk Q`bg`r [nrvci. 1558. “Rmcth Hlhpm`gts.‖ Onurg`l nj Uualcd

Hdngnfcds =3 (1-4)? 032—105.

Qúllhr, L`rs-Mhgkrci, `gk Lhng`rk R`vhrf`g. 1550. “[hlhdnffugcd`tcngs

Cgjr`strudturh `gk Hdngnfcd Khvhlnpfhgt? @ Tcfult`ghnus @pprn`dm.‖

@fhrcd`g Hdngnfcd Qhvchw 30 (;)? 353—14.

Qnfp, R`rk, `gk Oìna kh M``g. 1558. “Uualcd D`pct`l `gk Hdngnfcd Brnwtm?

@ Drctcd`l Turvhy.‖ HCA U`phrs 1/1558. Hurnph`g Cgvhstfhgt A`gi,

Luxhfaurb. www.hca.nrb/cgjndhgtrh/pualcd`tcngs/hca-p`phrs-vnlufh-05.-g01558.mtf.



Hst`dmh `gk J`y 034

Tdmur, Fcdm`hl, Tthpm`g vng Ilùky, Bhnrbcg` Khll`dm`, @purv` T`gbmc, `gk

G`t`lcy` Uusmì. 155:. “[mh Qnlh nj Khvhlnpcgb-Dnugtry Jcrfs cg Cgjr`strud-

turh? @ Ghw Dl`ss nj Cgvhstnrs Hfhrbhs.‖ Brcklcghs Gnth 1 (F`y). www.ppc`j

.nrb/Brcklcghs/ 4blna`l.pkj.

Tm`m, @gw`r, [mhrhs` [mnfpsng, `gk Mhgb-Ju _mnu. 155;. “[mh Cfp`dt nj

Khdhgtr`lcz`tcng ng Thrvcdh Khlcvhry, Dnrruptcng, Jcsd`l F`g`bhfhgt, `gk

Brnwtm cg Khvhlnpcgb- `gk Hfhrbcgb-F`riht Hdngnfchs? @ Tygtmhscs njHfpcrcd`l Hvckhgdh.‖ DHTcjn KCDH Qhpnrt 0? 05—0;.

Tcrt`cgh, Tnpmch, F`rc` Hlhg` Ucgbln, Zcvchg Jnsthr, `gk O. Lucs Bu`sdm. 1558.

“Mnw Urnfftàlh @rh Urcv`th Cgjr`strudturh Dngdhsscngs cg L`tcg @fhrcd`>

Hfpcrcd`l Hvckhgdh `gk Qhbul`tnry Cfplcd`tcngs.‖ Pu`rthrly Qhvchw nj

Hdngnfcds gk Jcg`gdh ;8 (1-4)? 4=5—;51.

Ttrùa, Ttãpm`gh, `gk Dm`rlhs Zhllutcgc. 155:. “@sshssfhgt nj tmh Hjjhdt nj

Cgjr`strudturh ng Hdngnfcd Brnwtm cg tmh H`st @sc` `gk U`dcffd Qhbcng.‖


Xb`z, Dhdclc`, `gk D`tmhrcgh R`kk`fs-Urcdh. 1554. Xtclcty Urcv`tcz`tcng gk

Qhbul`tcng? @ J`cr Kh`l jnr Dngsufhrs> Dmhlthgm`f, X.I.? Hkw`rk Hlb`r.

v`g kh R`llh, Knfcgcquh. 1551. “Dmnnscgb Qur`l Qn`k Cgvhstfhgts tn Qhkudh

Unvhrty.‖ Rnrlk Khvhlnpfhgt 45 (;)? 828—=3.

v`g kh R`llh, Knfcgcquh, `gk Icfahrly Gh`k. 0338. Uualcd Tphgkcgb `gk tmh

Unnr? [mhnry `gk Hvckhgdh. A`ltcfnrh, FK? Onmgs Mnpicgs Xgcvhrscty Urhss.

Zcdihrf`g, Qnbhr, Ilùs Tpchihrf`gg, `gk Fcdm`hl Rhbhghr. 0333. “@ddhsscacl-

cty `gk Hdngnfcd Khvhlnpfhgt cg Hurnph.‖ Qhbcng`l Ttukchs 44 (0)? 0—08.

Rnrlk A`gi. 1558`. Blna`l Fngctnrcgb Qhpnrt 1558? Fcllhggcuf Khvhlnpfhgt

Bn`ls9 Jrnf Dngshgsus tn Fnfhgtuf. R`smcgbtng, KD? Rnrlk A`gi.

www.wnrlka`gi.nrb/rhjhrhgdh/.‛‛‛. 1558a. “Fhxcdn? Cgjr`strudturh Uualcd Hxphgkcturh Qhvchw.‖ Qhpnrt

44;=4-F]. Rnrlk A`gi, R`smcgbtng, KD. www.wnrlka`gi.nrb/rhjhrhgdh/.

‛‛‛. 1552`. “@rbhgtcg`? Cgjr`strudturh jnr Brnwtm `gk Unvhrty @llhvc`tcng.‖


‛‛‛. 1552a. Rnrlk Khvhlnpfhgt Cgkcd`tnrs. R`smcgbtng, KD? Rnrlk A`gi.



Dlcgh 038

DM@U[HQ 3Hxpnrts nj F`guj`dturhs `gk Hdngnfcd Brnwtm?[mh J`ll`dy nj Dnfpnsctcng QhvcscthkRcllc`f Q. Dlcgh

Cg tmh h`rly 03=5s, khvhlnpfhgt hdngnfcsts kha`thk wmhtmhr tmh rhf`ri-

`alh brnwtm nj tmh brnup nj jnur (B-;) H`st @sc`g tcbhrs‛Mngb Ingb,

Dmcg`9 Qhpualcd nj Inrh`9 Tcgb`pnrh9 `gk [`cw`g, Dmcg`‛wmcdm w`s

a`shk ng tmh r`pck brnwtm nj hxpnrts nj f`guj`dturhs, dnulk ah bhghr`lczhk

tn ntmhr khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs. [mh dhgtr`l quhstcng w`s wmhtmhr wm`t

wnrihk jnr ` jhw hdngnfchs nj fnkhr`th sczh dnulk wnri jnr ` l`rbh guf-

ahr nj hdngnfchs cgdlukcgb snfh j`r l`rbhr. Cg p`rtcdul`r, tmh quhstcng w`s

wmhtmhr ` bhghr`lcz`tcng nj tmcs str`thby wnulk sn sw`fp tmh f`rihts njcgkustrc`l dnugtrchs wctm cfpnrts nj f`guj`dturhs tm`t tmh rhspngsh wnulk

ah ` w`vh nj prnthdtcng, jrustr`tcgb tmh `tthfpts `t r`pck hxpnrt brnwtm ay

khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs. [mcs ahd`fh ignwg `s tmh j`ll`dy nj dnfpnsctcng

(JD) prnalhf? wm`t shhfhk lnbcd`l jnr ngh dnugtry cg csnl`tcng w`s lnbc-

d`lly cgdngscsthgt wmhg bhghr`lczhk.

Dlcgh (03=1) prhshgthk d`ldul`tcngs subbhstcgb tm`t JD prnalhfs dnulk

cgkhhk pnsh lcfcts ng tmh p`dh `gk arh`ktm nj bhghr`lczcgb tmh H`st @sc`g

brnwtm fnkhl. Jurtmhr d`ldul`tcngs cg Dlcgh (03=;) subbhsthk, gnghtmh-

lhss, tm`t rhl`tcvhly rnaust r`ths nj brnwtm nj f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts jrnf

khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs dnulk ah pursuhk wctmnut trcbbhrcgb prnthdtcng, sn



03: Hxpnrts nj F`guj`dturhs `gk Hdngnfcd Brnwtm? [mh J`ll`dy nj Dnfpnsctcng Qhvcscthk

lngb `s tmhy nashrvhk “sphhk lcfcts‖ tm`t whrh suast`gtc`lly slnwhr tm`g

tmh p`dh tm`t m`k sn j`r dm`r`dthrczhk tmh H`st @sc`g fnkhl nj brnwtm.

[mh purpnsh nj tmcs dm`pthr cs tmrhhjnlk. Jcrst, ct hx`fcghs wmhtmhr

fy h`rlchr stukchs turghk nut tn ah dngscsthgt wctm wm`t m`pphghk sua-

shquhgtly. [mcs cs kngh antm `t tmh blna`l `bbrhb`th lhvhl, tn shh wmhtmhr

f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts jrnf khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs kck brnw wctmcg tmh

sphhk lcfcts `gtcdcp`thk, `gk `t tmh shdtnr`l lhvhl, tn dngsckhr wmhtmhr tmh

cfpnrt phghtr`tcng lhvhls tm`t tmh `g`lyscs `gtcdcp`thk wnulk trcbbhr prn-

thdtcng whrh, cg j`dt, rh`dmhk. Thdngk, tmcs stuky dngsckhrs wmhtmhr khvhl-

npcgb dnugtrchs tm`t m`vh gnt yht `dmchvhk suast`gtc`l hxpnrt brnwtm cg

f`guj`dturhs `rh whll nr cll `kvcshk tn kn sn, bcvhg prhshgt-k`y blna`l

p`tthrgs nj tr`kh `gk prnkudtcng. [mcrk, ct `sis wmhtmhr tmhrh cs ` ghw

f`drnhdngnfcd v`rc`gt nj tmh JD prnalhf, kkctcvh tn nr fnrh cfpnrt`gt

tm`g tmh h`rlchr fcdrnhdngnfcd JD dngdhrg.

Cg arn`k thrfs, C ffgk tmh jnllnwcgb. Jcrst, tmh hxp`gscng nj f`guj`d-

turhk hxpnrts jrnf khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs nvhr tmh p`st qu`rthr dhgturym`s ahhg rnaust `gk ` vct`l snurdh nj brnwtm jnr f`gy dnugtrchs, aut

gnghtmhlhss m`s st`yhk wctmcg tmh sphhk lcfcts C m`k pnstul`thk cg `bbrh-

b`th thrfs. Thdngk, `t tmh shdtnr`l lhvhl, tmhrh kn shhf tn m`vh ahhg

scbgcffd`gt cgst`gdhs nj mcbm lhvhls nj cfpnrt phghtr`tcng tm`t wnulk m`vh

trcbbhrhk prnthdtcng `ddnrkcgb tn fy st`tcstcd`l fnkhls nj prnthdtcng aut

tm`t kck gnt kn sn, cg p`rt ahdùsh nj brnwcgb kcsdcplcgh hxhrthk ay tmh

Bhghr`l @brhhfhgt ng [`rcjjs `gk [r`kh (B@[[) `gk tmhg tmh Rnrlk

[r`kh Nrb`gcz`tcng (R[N). [mcrk, lnnicgb jnrw`rk, f`gy pnnr dnug-

trchs dnulk stcll ahghfft jrnf pursucgb hxpnrt brnwtm cg f`guj`dturhs,

khspcth tmh hgnrfnus prhshgdh nj Dmcg`, tmh nrcbcg`l B-;, `gk ntmhrkhvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs cg blna`l f`rihts jnr f`guj`dturhk bnnks. [mcs

pnthgtc`l rhfihdts tmh j`dt tm`t hvhg tìhg tnbhtmhr, tmh pnnrhr dnugtrchs

dngstctuth ngly ` fnkhst pnrtcng nj pnthgtc`lly cgdrh`shk f`guj`dturhk

hxpnrts rhl`tcvh tn tmh hxcstcgb khvhlnpcgb-dnugtry a`sh. Fnrhnvhr, tmhrh

cs ` “prnkudt l`kkhr‖ pmhgnfhgng cg wmcdm hxpnrts nj scfplh lànr-

cgthgscvh f`guj`dturhs shhf lcihly tn ah p`sshk njj jrnf tmh B-; (`s m`s

`lrh`ky m`pphghk), Dmcg`, `gk ntmhrs tn tmh pnnrhr dnugtrchs. Jcg`lly,

tmcs hss`y subbhsts tm`t tmhrh cs cgkhhk ` ghw f`drnhdngnfcd JD prna-

lhf dhgthrhk ng tmh dngficdt ahtwhhg hvhr-rcscgb tr`kh surplushs cg Dmcg`

`gk hlshwmhrh cg @sc` `gk tmh ghhk jnr tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths, cg p`rtcdul`r,tn `vnck `g hvhr-wckhgcgb tr`kh khffdct `gk cgdrh`scgbly ugsust`cgàlh

hxthrg`l khat.

[mh ffrst shdtcng nj tmcs stuky archfiy rhd`pctul`ths tmh `g`lyscs cg fy twn

03=5s stukchs `gk rhvchws tmh suashquhgt JD lcthr`turh. [mh shdngk shd-

tcng hx`fcghs `bbrhb`th phrjnrf`gdh nj khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs cg hxpnrts nj

f`guj`dturhs. [mh tmcrk shdtcng hx`fcghs fnrh kht`clhk shdtnr`l trhgks cg

tr`kh `gk cfpnrt phghtr`tcng. [mh jnurtm shdtcng turgs tn cfplcd`tcngs jnr

tnk`y–s pnnrhr dnugtrchs. [mh ffjtm shdtcng `kkrhsshs tmh f`drnhdngnfcd

JD prnalhf `gk tmh ghhk jnr rh`l hxdm`gbh r`th `koustfhgt cg Dmcg` `gkshvhr`l ntmhr ihy khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs. @ ffg`l shdtcng dngdlukhs.



Dlcgh 032

H`rly Ttukchs `gk Tuashquhgt Lcthr`turh

Fy h`rly p`phr ng tmh j`ll`dy nj dnfpnsctcng (Dlcgh 03=1) w`s wrctthg t

tcfh wmhg tmh B-; hxphrchgdh w`s jrhquhgtly dcthk `s `g naohdt lhssng ng

tmh fhrcts nj hxpnrt-lhk brnwtm `gk wmhg cghjffdchgt cfpnrt-suastctutcgb

cgkustrc`lcz`tcng ahmcgk prnthdtcvh a`rrchrs w`s r`fp`gt cg L`tcg @fhrcd`

`gk ntmhr fònr khvhlnpcgb-dnugtry rhbcngs. @ltmnubm C rhdnbgczhk tmh

strngb hfhrbcgb hvckhgdh ng tmh cfpnrt`gdh nj hxpnrt brnwtm jnr hdngnfcd

brnwtm (shh, jnr hx`fplh, A`l`ss` 032=), C subbhsthk tm`t snfh dùtcng w`s

w`rr`gthk ahdùsh nj rcscgb prnthdtcng cg tmh 0325s cg shgsctcvh shdtnrs sudm

`s thxtclhs `gk `pp`rhl, jnntwh`r, `gk thlhvcscng shts.

@s `g “`dck thst‖ nj tmh pnthgtc`l jnr ghw prnthdtcng cg cgkustrc`l dnug-

trchs tn tmw`rt fnkhls nj khvhlnpcgb-dnugtry brnwtm a`shk ng r`pck hxp`g-

scng nj f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts, C d`ldul`thk wm`t wnulk m`pphg tn cfpnrt

phghtr`tcng r`tcns cj `ll khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs whrh tn rh`dm tmh B-; hxpnrt

ahgdmf`ris. C ffrst gnrf`lczhk jnr tmh cgfiuhgdh nj sczh nj tmh hdngnfy`gk phr d`pct` cgdnfh ng tmh r`tcn nj hxpnrts tn brnss knfhstcd prnkudt

(BKU), a`shk ng drnss-dnugtry rhbrhsscngs ay Dmhghry gk Tyrqucg (0328).

C jnugk tm`t jnr tmh a`sh yh`r 032:, tmh B-; m`k f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts ;.;

tcfhs `s mcbm `s wnulk ah prhkcdthk ay tmh drnss-dnugtry p`tthrgs. C tmhg

hstcf`thk tm`t cj ntmhr khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs rh`dmhk tmh B-; lhvhls, f`gu-

j`dturhk hxpnrts jrnf khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs tn cgkustrc`l-dnugtry f`r-

ihts wnulk fultcply ay ` j`dtnr nj 2.8. C tmhg sht `g `ractr`ry tmrhsmnlk

nj 08 phrdhgt cfpnrt phghtr`tcng (r`tcn nj cfpnrts tn knfhstcd `pp`rhgt

dngsufptcng) jnr cfpnrts jrnf khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs `s ` plùscalh r`gbh

`t wmcdm prnthdtcvh rhspngsh fcbmt ah trcbbhrhk. Rmhg tmcs sdrhhg w`s`pplchk tn kht`clhk shdtnr`l k`t` cg ` scful`thk wnrlk wctm B-; f`guj`d-

turcgb hxpnrt cgthgscty, tmh rhsult w`s tm`t tmcs cfpnrt phghtr`tcng tmrhsm-

nlk wnulk m`vh ahhg hxdhhkhk cg shdtnrs `ddnugtcgb jnr ànut =5 phrdhgt

nj cgkustrc`l-dnugtry f`guj`dturhk cfpnrts jrnf khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs.

C dngdlukhk, “Bhghr`lcz`tcng nj tmh H`st @sc`g fnkhl nj hxpnrt-lhk khvhl-

npfhgt `drnss `ll khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs wnulk rhsult cg ugthgàlh f`riht

phghtr`tcng cgtn cgkustrc`l dnugtrchs‖ (Dlcgh 03=1? ==).

Cg fy ffrst `rtcdlh, C `lsn archfiy fhgtcnghk twn tmhfhs tm`t wnulk ah

tìhg up cg tmh l`thr lcthr`turh. [mh ffrst w`s tm`t cgdrh`shk cfpnrts nj

f`guj`dturhs jrnf khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs wnulk cgkudh mcbmhr hxpnrts ay

cgkustrc`l dnugtrchs, wmcdm fcbmt `llhvc`th prnthdtcngcst prhssurhs. Mnw-

hvhr, C gnthk tm`t Gnrtm-Tnutm tr`kh w`s f`cgly cgthrcgkustry r`tmhr tm`g

cgtr`cgkustry, sn tmh ghw hxpnrt onas wnulk thgk tn ah cg shdtnrs kcjjhrhgt

jrnf tmnsh dnfphtcgb wctm cgdrh`shk cfpnrts jrnf khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs.

@gy `llhvc`tcng nj prnthdtcngcst prhssurh wnulk tmus lcihly ah lcfcthk. [mh

shdngk tmhfh w`s tm`t `kvhrsh f`riht prcdh hjjhdts dnulk fnkhr`th tmh rcsh

cg f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts jrnf khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs whll ahjnrh prnthdtcng-

cst rhspngshs nddurrhk, ahdùsh tmh nutw`rk smcjt nj supply jrnf dnugtrchs

jnllnwcgb tmh hxpnrt-nrchgthk str`thby wnulk thgk tn dùsh rhl`tcvh prcdhsjnr tmhsh hxpnrts tn khdlcgh. C hfpm`sczhk, mnwhvhr, tm`t tmcs thrfs-nj-tr`kh



03= Hxpnrts nj F`guj`dturhs `gk Hdngnfcd Brnwtm? [mh J`ll`dy nj Dnfpnsctcng Qhvcscthk

hjjhdt fhrhly rhcgjnrdhk tmh pnlcdy dngdluscng tm`t khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs s

brnup dnulk gnt hxphdt tn rhplcd`th B-; hxpnrt rhsults (Dlcgh 03=1? ==).

@ltmnubm tmh B-; `dck thst subbhsthk prukhgdh, ct ay gn fh`gs fh`gt

tm`t f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts smnulk ah cbgnrhk. C rhvcscthk tmh cssuh cg ` sua-

shquhgt `g`lyscs (Dlcgh 03=;). Cg tm`t stuky, C hstcf`thk ` lnbct fnkhl nj

cgkustrc`l-dnugtry prnthdtcng ay fònr gngt`rcjj a`rrchrs `s ` jugdtcng nj

tmh sczh nj shdtnr`l hfplnyfhgt, tmh cfpnrt phghtr`tcng lhvhl, `gk ntmhr

v`rcàlhs. @pplcd`tcng nj tmh fnkhl tn `lthrg`tcvh prnohdthk lhvhls nj shd-

tnr`l cfpnrts nj f`guj`dturhs jrnf khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs ay 0335 jnugk gn

bhghr`lczhk prhkcdthk rcsh cg prnthdtcng, `ltmnubm tmh prnohdtcngs kck prh-

kcdt ` scbgcffd`gt rcsh cg tmh cgdckhgdh nj X.T. gngtr`kh a`rrchrs (jrnf ;5 tn

;2 phrdhgt f`riht dnvhr`bh). [mh prnohdtcngs whrh a`shk ng scfplh hxtr`p-

nl`tcng nj brnwtm r`ths cg tmh 0325s, wmcdm ychlkhk `vhr`bh rh`l hxp`gscng

ay 0; phrdhgt ggu`lly, gk lthrg`tcvhly ng sht nj Rnrlk A`gi prnohdtcngs

`vhr`bcgb 05 phrdhgt. Fy shdngk stuky pncgthk nut tm`t pm`scgb cg tmh B-;

ahgdmf`ri lhvhls ay 0335 wnulk tr`gsl`th cgtn brnwtm r`ths nj f`guj`d-turhk hxpnrts `vhr`bcgb ànut 45 phrdhgt `ggu`lly kurcgb 03=4—35. Tcfc-

l`rly, tmh dtu`l rh`l brnwtm r`th nj Inrh`–s f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts jrnf tmh

h`rly 03:5s tn 03=5 w`s `rnugk 45 phrdhgt `ggu`lly. [mh shdngk stuky

(Dlcgh 03=;? 013—45) tmus dngdlukhk,

[mhrh cs ` sphhk lcfct ng tmh hxp`gscng nj f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts tm`t khvhlnp-cgb dnugtrchs wnulk kn whll tn nashrvh . . . Y[mhyV d`g prnaàly hxp`gk tmhcrf`guj`dturhk hxpnrts `t rh`l r`ths nj 05 tn 08 phrdhgt `ggu`lly wctmnut prnvni-cgb ` strngb prnthdtcngcst rhspngsh, . . . aut hxp`gscng `t r`ths nj 45 phrdhgt nrmcbmhr wnulk ah fudm fnrh lcihly tn prnvnih prnalhfs nj f`riht àsnrptcng

`gk prnthdtcng.

Q`gcs (03=8) drctcdczhk fy 03=1 rtcdlh ng tmrhh brnugks. Jcrst, mh rbuhk

tm`t ct nvhrst`thk tmh prnsphdtcvh brnwtm nj f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts jrnf

khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs ay gnt rhdnbgczcgb kcjjhrhgt tcfcgb `fngb kcjjhrhgt

dnugtrchs nr tmh lcihlcmnnk nj lhsshr f`guj`dturcgb cgthgscty nj dnugtrchs

wctm l`rbh hgknwfhgts nj l`gk `gk ntmhr g`tur`l rhsnurdhs. Thdngk, mh

dngsckhrhk cts 08 phrdhgt tmrhsmnlk jnr prnthdtcvh rhspngsh tn ah `ractr`ry

`gk subbhsthk tm`t ct dnulk ah tnn lnw. [mcrk, mh hfpm`sczhk tm`t fy d`l-

dul`tcngs j`clhk tn tìh ddnugt nj lcihly rcsh cg tmh sm`rh nj f`guj`dturhk

hxpnrts bncgb jrnf tmh Tnutm tn tmh Tnutm r`tmhr tm`g jrnf tmh Tnutm tntmh Gnrtm. Fy rhply (Dlcgh 03=8) hfpm`sczhk tm`t, ng fy fnst cfpnr-

t`gt pncgt, Q`gcs gk C whrh cg brhhfhgt? “Ul`gghrs . . . d`ggnt ghdhss`rcly

hxphdt tmh ahghffts nj tr`kh lcahr`lcz`tcng tn tmhcr dnugtrchs tn ah `s brh`t

`s tmnsh `dmchvhk ay tmh B-; dnugtrchs‖ (Q`gcs 03=8? 8;8). Ng tmh ffrst

drctcquh, C rhspngkhk tm`t fy rtcdlh dtu`lly rhcgjnrdhk tmcs f`cg pncgt. Ng

tmh shdngk, C gnthk tm`t tmh 08 phrdhgt lhvhl jnr khvhlnpcgb-dnugtry sup-

ply w`s dngscsthgt wctm fy suashquhgt hstcf`ths (Dlcgh 03=;) nj st`tcstcd`l

prnthdtcng jugdtcngs `t lh`st jnr l`rbh shdtnrs, ngdh supply jrnf cgkustrc`l

dnugtrchs w`s tìhg cgtn `ddnugt. Ng tmh tmcrk, `s kcsdusshk ahlnw, wh

gnw m`vh ` mcstnrcd`l rhdnrk tm`t smnws ngly ` fnkhst rcsh cg tmh sm`rh njf`guj`dturhk hxpnrts nj khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs bncgb tn ntmhr khvhlnpcgb



155 Hxpnrts nj F`guj`dturhs `gk Hdngnfcd Brnwtm? [mh J`ll`dy nj Dnfpnsctcng Qhvcscthk

tm`t ct cs f`cgly dnugtrchs dngdhgtr`tcgb ng hxpnrts nj lànr-cgthgscvh

f`guj`dturhs tm`t m`vh hxphrchgdhk j`llcgb thrfs nj tr`kh.

[mh stuky nj F`rtcg (0334? 020) w`rr`gts jurtmhr dngsckhr`tcng ahdùsh

nj cts dl`cf tm`t ` bhghr`l-hquclcarcuf `pprn`dm “f`y dnfplhthly nvhr-

turg tmh dngvhgtcng`l vchw nj tmh j`ll`dy nj dnfpnsctcng.‖ Mcs fnkhl ushs

ngly tmrhh prnkudt shdtnrs? f`guj`dturhs, ntmhr bnnks `gk shrvcdhs, `gk

gngtr`khk bnnks. [mcs cs navcnusly tnn sf`ll tn s`y `gytmcgb fh`gcgbjul

ànut prnthdtcng. Jnr hx`fplh, wmhg `pp`rhl `gk `crdr`jt `rh lufphk

tnbhtmhr cg ` scgblh shdtnr, ct cs cfpnsscalh tn `g`lyzh prnthdtcngcst prhs-

surhs tm`t fcbmt `rcsh cg `pp`rhl jrnf ` surbh cg cfpnrts rhb`rklhss nj `

annst cg crdr`jt hxpnrts. Cgsth`k, sudm prhssurhs rh ssufhk w`y. Mnw-

hvhr, F`rtcg knhs gnt hxplcdctly thst jnr prnthdtcng, `ltmnubm snfh f`y

cgdnrrhdtly m`vh cgjhrrhk tm`t mcs stuky sphìs tn tmcs cssuh9 mcs dngdluscng

tm`t tmh JD tmhscs m`s ahhg turghk ng cts mh`k cs durcnus, bcvhg tm`t mh

knhs gnt thst ngh nj cts f`cg prnpnsctcngs. Cgsth`k, mcs `g`lyscs phrt`cgs

ngly tn tmh thrfs-nj-tr`kh v`rc`gt nj tmh JD.Mcs fnst rhlhv`gt thst nj tmcs v`rc`gt pnstul`ths ` 05 phrdhgt prnkud-

tcvcty smndi cg nutput nj f`guj`dturhs jnr khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs. Mh tmhg

dngsckhrs tmh kcjjhrhgdh ahtwhhg tmcs nddurrhgdh cg ` scgblh rhbcng cg csn-

l`tcng (jnr hx`fplh, H`st @sc`) `gk cg `ll khvhlnpcgb rhbcngs. Mh ffgks

tm`t hxpnrts nj f`guj`dturhs rcsh ay ` vcrtu`lly ugcjnrf 0: phrdhgt jnr

`gy bcvhg khvhlnpcgb-dnugtry rhbcng, cg antm tmh cgkcvcku`l- `gk oncgt-

smndi d`shs, wctm whlj`rh b`cgs tm`t `rh sf`ll cg antm d`shs, aut systhf-

`tcd`lly mcbmhr cg tmh oncgt-smndi hxhrdcsh ahdùsh nj tmh `v`clàclcty nj

dmh`phr f`guj`dturhk cfpnrts. Ct smnulk ah hfpm`sczhk, mnwhvhr, tm`t

h`rly Inrh`-stylh `ggu`l brnwtm r`ths nj f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts ng tmhnrkhr nj 45 phrdhgt nvhr shvhr`l yh`rs (brh`tly hxdhhkcgb fy sphhk lcfct)

wnulk bhghr`th cgdrh`shs ng tmh nrkhr nj snfh shvhr`l mugkrhk phrdhgt,

gnt 0: phrdhgt, cg tmh sp`dh nj dngsckhràly lhss tm`g ` khd`kh. Tn mcs

dnfp`r`tcvh st`tcd bhghr`l-hquclcarcuf thst wctm ` 0: phrdhgt cgdrh`sh cg

f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts cs snfhtmcgb nj ` str`w f`g wmhg acllhk `s ` thst

nj tmh JD mypntmhscs. Fnrhnvhr, ahdùsh mcs fnkhl knhs gnt hvhg dng-

sckhr cgkudhk prnthdtcng cg cgkustrc`l dnugtrchs (jnrtug`thly sn, ahdùsh

mcs shdtnr`l bbrhb`tcng prhdlukhs ct), ct cs t ahst thst nj tmh f`guj`dtur-

cgb thrfs-nj-tr`kh v`rc`gt nj tmh JD, aut ngh uscgb wm`t `fnugts tn `

fcgcf`l smndi dnfp`rhk tn `dtu`l khd`k`l trhgks `gk tmus ngh tm`t gntsurprcscgbly ffgks fcgcf`l cfp`dts.

@bbrhb th Hvckhgdh ng Uhrjnrf`gdhnj F`guj`dturhk Hxpnrts

[àlh 3.0 smnws hstcf`ths nj rh`l hxpnrts nj f`guj`dturhs ay khvhlnpcgb

dnugtrchs jnr ahgdmf`ri yh`rs jnr tmh p`st jnur khd`khs. [mh ugkhrlycgb

k`t` `rh cg gnfcg`l knll`r v`luhs `gk rhjhr tn hxpnrts nj Tt`gk`rkCgkustrc`l [r`kh Dl`sscffd`tcng (TC[D) d`thbnrchs 8 tmrnubm = lhss d`thbnry



D l c g

h

1 5 0

[`alh 3.0. F`guj`dturhk Hxpnrts jrnf Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs, 03:1—155;

Lhvhl (XT$ fcllcngs t 1555 prcdhs) Uhrdhgt nj tnt`l hxpnrts

Hdngnfy 03:1 03=5 0335 1555 155; 03:1 03=5 0335 1555

L`tcg @fhrcd`

@rbhgtcg` 0:; 1,2;5 ;,013 =,84= =,330 4.1 14.0 13.4 41.4 Anlcvc` 02 ;3 85 438 12; 2.= 4.1 ;.2 12.0

Ar`zcl 0:; 00,;=; 0=,838 40,=2= ;8,=:8 4.1 4=.: 80.= 82.2

Dmclh =; 0,015 381 1,=55 4,:51 4.= 0:.0 3.= 08.;

Dnlnfac` :2 0,0;: 0,3;5 ;,125 8,:52 4.8 03.: 18.0 41.8

Dnst` Qcd` 4= 814 ;;: 4,838 4,8;; 3.2 48.4 1:.= :8.8

Hdu`knr = 005 21 ;0; 851 0.; 4.5 1.4 =.:

Fhxcdn 801 8,553 04,540 04=,:80 043,40= 04.0 0=.= ;4.4 =4.;

Uhru 10 =02 :38 0,0:1 0,233 5.3 0:.2 0=.; 0:.3

Zhghzuhl`, Q. A. kh ::1 ;== 1,53: 1,21; 4,==0 :.2 0.2 05.1 =.=

Tuatnt`l (05) 0,24: 14,;=: ;1,55: 03;,;12 104,4=; 8.8 03.; 41.3 83.0

@sc`

A`gbl`khsm 04= 2;5 0,422 ;,8== ;,251 1:.5 :2.: 22.8 30.0

Dmcg` ;,518 01,5;: 85,83; 103,==: ;35,302 85.1 ;8.5 20.; ==.1

Mngb Ingb, Dmcg` 1,:31 1:,843 =:,424 031,;23 11:,134 =4.: 30.0 30.= 38.5

[`cw`g, Dmcg` 842 45,4;; 25,=8: 0;0,5:0 0;8,:2: 82.3 054.3 31.: 38.0

Cgkc` 1,:;1 :,81: 0;,133 4;,830 8;,:18 ;;.3 8=.: :3.= 2:.;

Cgknghsc` = 242 05,414 48,1;0 41,;08 5.4 1.4 48.1 8:.2

Inrh`, Qhp. nj ;1 1;,583 :3,035 08;,=31 153,523 02.3 =3.3 34.1 =3.3

F`l`ysc` 1;4 4,:55 0=,005 2=,345 =:,4:8 8.; 0=.= 84.3 =5.;

U`icst`g ;52 0,=33 8,50: 2,=50 05,40; 1=.8 ;3.0 2=.= =;.=

Umclcppcghs 053 0,=5; 4,844 4;,228 41,1;8 8.0 10.0 42.= 30.4

Tcgb`pnrh 0,428 01,444 ;1,232 002,:8; 04;,;5: 13.; ;4.0 20.0 =8.;



1 5 1

H x p nr t s nj F ` g uj ` d t ur h s ` g k H d ng nfc d B r nw t m ? [ m hJ ` l l ` d y nj D nf p n s c t c ngQ hvc s c t h k

[àlh 3.0. Dngtcguhk

Lhvhl (XT$ fcllcngs t 1555 prcdhs) Uhrdhgt nj tnt`l hxpnrts

Hdngnfy 03:1 03=5 0335 1555 155; 03:1 03=5 0335 1555

Trc L`gi` 18 181 0,0:0 4,;:4 4,::= 0.: 0:.1 84.1 :4.=

[m`cl`gk == 1,;58 0:,:;8 80,22: :8,0=5 ;.: 18.5 :4.1 28.4

Tuatnt`l (04) 01,440 014,1=; 435,12: 0,522,048 0,;38,==8 41.: 8;.0 22.1 =:.2

B-; ;,:;: 34,128 1:3,10: :5:,5=8 208,;8; 80.4 =1.5 ==.4 30.2

Hurnph

Dzhdm Qhpualcd ‛ ‛ =,4=4 18,:=0 84,2;2 ‛ ‛ =;.3 ==.;

Mugb`ry ‛ =,;4= 2,8:= 1;,031 ;4,24; ‛ :8.= :3.0 =:.0

Unl`gk ‛ 08,1;2 =,420 18,4;8 84,=:4 ‛ :2.4 8=.1 =5.1

Tlnvì Qhpualcd ‛ 0,08: 05,510 11,818 ;=,;13 0.5 1:.3 :2.2 =1.5

[urihy 02 ‛ 4=,418 052,:=; 110,050 ‛ ‛ 20.4 =;.5

Tuatnt`l (8) ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛

Fckklh H`st `gk

Gnrtm @jrcd`

‛ 20 441 403 488 0:.0 5.4 1.: 0.;

@lbhrc` 045 ;31 0,185 32; 1,51: 0:.8 05.3 ;1.; 10.5

Hbypt, @rà Qhp. nj 122 :,21: 00,30; 13,820 44,55: 1.8 =1.1 =:.: 3;.1

Csr`hl 13 132 :22 38; 1,;3: 13.; 48.5 88.= 24.=

Onrk`g 10 =48 1,818 ;,2:0 8,3== =.: 14.8 81.4 :;.0

Fnrnddn 01: 15; 0,20: 4:5 880 05.1 :.: 48.2 2.=

Tyrc`g @rà Qhpualcd 20 0,023 1,2:5 ;,858 :,238 =.: 48.2 :3.0 22.5

[ugcsc` ;1 3,=58 10,02; ;0,;;4 80,102 05.3 10.5 ;=.5 84.:

Tuatnt`l (2) :3: ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛

@jrcd` ‛ 4:; 4 0,050 0,5;= 5.3 01.3 5.0 0;.4

@gbnl` == 24 151 2= 00= 4.1 4.= =.8 ;.4

D`fhrnng 02 404 ;24 810 33; 0.5 :.= 04.8 0;.;



D l c g

h

1 5 4

Dûth k–Cvncrh = 0 02 ;; 21 1.8 5.1 8.5 3.1

Htmcnpc` = 0 ;: 08: 0=0 4.2 5.0 ;.3 3.4

Bm`g` 85 453 4;= 418 800 =.2 08.0 13.2 15.2

Ihgy` ;: 4: ;= ;2: =2 8.4 :.4 0;.; 8=.1

F`k`b`sd`r 10 0=; 302 0,154 0,148 13.2 1=.3 :8.= =5.=

F`urctcus =5 151 32 8: 25: 2.4 5.8 5.: 5.1

Gcbhrc` 0;4 05: 150 0=2 ;:5 ;.5 08.0 11.8 1:.3

Thghb`l 10 :,=;1 =,50= 0;,5;8 15,8:4 0;.4 0=.0 13.= 84.3

Tnutm @jrcd` 0,413 014 20 05: 021 00.5 0:.1 0=.2 0:.1

[`gz`gc` :2 81 1= 83 0:8 8.3 05.: 3.0 45.=

[nbn ; :4= 80= 843 ;30 =.0 8:.3 45.= 1=.5

_cfa`awh 045 3,1;: 05,3=: 0=,=32 1:,=51 2.1 3.= 0=.1 1;.3

Tuatnt`l (0;) 1,504 ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛

Khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs ‛ 0:8,=10 ;:;,;;1 0,440,354 0,2=2,1=2 0:.1 44.3 :4.5 22.1

;; dnugtrchs hxdlukcgb

Hurnph (8)

0:,22: ‛ 851,2:2 0,;43,8=2 1,55=,4=2 ‛ ‛ :4.8 22.2

;3 dnugtrchs cgdlukcgb

Hurnph (8)

‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛

Tnurdh? Thh thxt.

‛ 6 Gnt `v`cl alh.



15; Hxpnrts nj F`guj`dturhs `gk Hdngnfcd Brnwtm? [mh J`ll`dy nj Dnfpnsctcng Qhvcscthk

:= (gngjhrrnus fht`ls, f`cgly dnpphr). [mhsh k`t` `rh dnfpclhk ay

XGD[@K (1558).1 [mh gnfcg`l k`t` `rh khfi`thk tn dngst`gt knll`rs nj

1555 uscgb tmh X.T. prnkudhr prcdh cgkhx (CFJ 155:`) tn nat`cg tmh rh`l

hstcf`ths cg tmh tàlh.

Jnr purpnshs nj hx`fcgcgb tmh JD mypntmhscs, tmh fnst cfpnrt`gt hstcf`th

cg tàlh 3.0 cs jnr tmh brnwtm nj `bbrhb`th hxpnrts nj f`guj`dturhs jrnf

khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs cg tmh phrcnk `jthr 03=5. Jnr ;; hdngnfchs hxdlukcgb

tmh ffvh Hurnph`g dnugtrchs, tmcs `bbrhb`th brhw cg rh`l thrfs `t 05.4 phr-

dhgt cg 03=5—35 `gk `t `lfnst tmh s`fh p`dh, 3.: phrdhgt, cg 0335—155;.

[mcs fh`gs tm`t tmh `bbrhb`th brnwtm r`th w`s wctmcg tmh 01 phrdhgt nr sn

dhclcgb subbhsthk cg Dlcgh (03=1) jnr tmh wmnlh qu`rthr dhgtury. @kkcgb tmh

ffvh Hurnph`g dnugtrchs jnr tmh phrcnk 0335—155;, tmh `bbrhb`th brnwtm

r`th nj f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts w`s 3.3 phrdhgt. Hvhg jnr @sc`, bbrhb`th rh`l

f`guj`dturhk hxpnrt brnwtm w`s wctmcg tmh 01 phrdhgt sphhk lcfct, `t `g

`vhr`bh nj 00.8 phrdhgt cg 03=5—35 `gk 3.: phrdhgt cg 0335—155;.

[mh dnrrhspngkcgb àsnluth `fnugts rnsh kr`f`tcd`lly, nj dnursh, bcvhgtmh pnwhr nj dnfpnugk cgthrhst. Jnr tmh ;; gng-Hurnph`g dnugtrchs cg tmh

tàlh, rh`l f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts fusmrnnfhk jrnf $0:.= acllcng cg 03:1

(`t 1555 prcdhs) tn $0:8.= acllcng cg 03=5, $;:;.; acllcng cg 0335, $0.44

trcllcng cg 1555, `gk $0.23 trcllcng cg 155;.

Dmcg` cs `g cfpnrt`gt nutlchr cg tmcs hxphrchgdh. @jthr rhl`tcvhly fnkhr-

`th brnwtm nj :.0 phrdhgt jrnf 03:1 tn 03=5, Dmcg`–s rh`l f`guj`dturhk

hxpnrts brhw 0;.; phrdhgt `ggu`lly cg 03=5—35. Cg 0335—155; tmcs p`dh

cgdrh`shk tn 0:.1 phrdhgt `ggu`lly. Fnrhnvhr, tmh r`th m`s `ddhlhr`thk jur-

tmhr rhdhgtly. [mus tmh `ggu`l p`dh w`s 0;.2 phrdhgt cg 0335—1555, aut

surbhk tn 15.0 phrdhgt jnr 1555—5;.Ntmhr ihy p`tthrgs cg tàlh 3.0 cgdlukh tmh jnllnwcgb. [mhrh w`s f`rihk

khdhlhr`tcng cg tmh brnwtm r`th nj f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts nj tmh nrcbcg`l B-;

ay tmh 0335s. Rmhrh`s tmh ggu`l r`th w`s 0:.2 phrdhgt jrnf 03:1 tn 03=5

jnr tmh brnup `s ` wmnlh (aut 48 phrdhgt jnr Inrh`), tmh p`dh h`shk tn 05.:

phrdhgt cg 03=5—35 `gk tn ` surprcscgbly fnkhst 2 phrdhgt jrnf 0335 tn

155;. Rctm khdhlhr`tcgb B-; brnwtm nj f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts `gk `ddhlhr-

`tcgb brnwtm nj tmnsh jrnf Dmcg` tn fudm mcbmhr lhvhls, tmh B-; whgt jrnf

m`vcgb `bbrhb`th f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts ànut ffvh tcfhs tmnsh nj Dmcg` cg

03=5 tn ngly ànut 0.8 tcfhs cg 155;.

Thvhr`l ntmhr dnugtrchs ahsckhs Dmcg` `dmchvhk `g cfprhsscvh `ddhlhr`-tcng hvhg s tmh nrcbcg`l B-; khdhlhr`thk. Cg 0335—155;, fnrh tm`g knzhg

khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs m`k rh`l brnwtm nj f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts `vhr`bcgb

1 [mh XGD[@K nglcgh k`t` rh jrnf tàlh ;.0, [r`kh Ttrudturh ay Dnffnkcty Brnup, 03=5—

155;. Jnr 03:1, tmh ugkhrlycgb k`t` rh jrnf Rnrlk A`gi (03=4). Jnr sphdcffd dnugtry-yh`rs gnt

`v`clàlh cg XGD[@K (1558), hstcf`ths `rh a`shk ng Rnrlk A`gi (155:) `gk CFJ (155:`). Cg

p`rtcdul`r, jnr dnugtrchs wctm k`t` v`clàlh cg XGD[@K (1558) jnr 1554 aut gnt 155;, tmh r`tcn

nj tnt`l hxpnrts cg 155; tn tm`t cg 1554 (jrnf CFJ 155:`) cs `pplchk tn nat`cg 155; f`guj`d-

turhk hxpnrts. Hstcf`ths jnr tmh Dzhdm Qhpualcd `gk tmh Tlnvì Qhpualcd jnr 0335 `rh a`shk ng

tmh tnt`l jnr Dzhdmnslnvìc` cg 03== ppnrtcnghk ay rhl`tcvh sm`rhs nj tmh twn suddhssnr st`ths cg033;. Hstcf`ths jnr A`gbl`khsm `gk Uìcst`g cg 03:1 `rh a`shk ng tmh tnt`l jnr Uìcst`g cg tm`t

yh`r `ppnrtcnghk ay rhl`tcvh sm`rhs nj tmh twn st`ths `jthr p`rtctcng cg 0321.



Dlcgh 158

fnrh tm`g 01 phrdhgt `ggu`lly? Anlcvc`, Dnst` Qcd`, Hdu`knr, Fhxcdn, tmh

Umclcppcghs, jnur nj tmh ffvh Hurnph`g dnugtrchs, @gbnl`, Gcbhrc`, gk [nbn.

Tphdc`l j`dtnrs mhlp tn hxpl`cg shvhr`l nj tmhsh nutdnfhs. [mhsh cgdlukh

H`sthrg Hurnph`g cgthbr`tcng wctm tmh Hurnph`g Xgcng (HX) f`riht cg

0335—155;, tmh cgthbr`tcng nj Fhxcdn wctm tmh Gnrtm @fhrcd`g f`riht

ugkhr tmh Gnrtm @fhrcd`g Jrhh [r`kh @brhhfhgt, `gk tmh khdcscng nj Cgthl

tn lnd`th ` l`rbh shfcdngkudtnr pl`gt cg Dnst` Qcd` jnr snurdcgb wnrlk

f`rihts.

@ltmnubm jnr scx dnugtrchs (Hdu`knr, Mugb`ry, Unl`gk, @gbnl`, Gcbhrc`,

`gk [nbn) tmh mcbm r`ths cg 0335—155; f`y ah fcslh`kcgb ahdùsh tmhy

jnllnwhk ghb`tcvh r`ths cg tmh 03=5s, tmh a`scd p`tthrg cs ngh nj cfprhs-

scvh suddhss nj ` sczàlh gufahr nj dnugtrchs cg `dmchvcgb mcbm rh`l brnwtm

r`ths jnr f`guj`dturhk prnkudts. Rmhrh`s tmh `vhr`bh rh`l brnwtm r`th jnr

f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts cg 0335—155; jnr tmh ;3 dnugtrchs w`s 3.3 phrdhgt,

tmh fhkc`g r`th w`s 3.1 phrdhgt, smnwcgb tm`t tmh brnwtm w`s gnt fngnpn-

lczhk ay Dmcg` `gk ` jhw ntmhr dnugtrchs. Cgkc` cgdrh`scgbly fnvhk tnw`rktmh brnup wctm r`pck brnwtm cg f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts, wctm `vhr`bh r`ths

tm`t rnsh jrnf 8 phrdhgt cg tmh 03:5s gk 0325s tn 2.= phrdhgt cg tmh 03=5s

`gk tn 3.: phrdhgt cg 0335—155;.

@gntmhr p`tthrg hvckhgt cg tàlh 3.0 cs tm`t `ltmnubm tmhrh m`s ahhg

rhl`tcvhly phrscsthgt r`pck brnwtm cg f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts, brnwtm m`s

thgkhk tn khdhlhr`th nvhr tcfh. Jnr tmh ;; dnugtrchs wctm k`t` `v`clàlh

tmrnubm tmh jull phrcnk, `bbrhb`th rh`l f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts khdhlhr-

`thk jrnf `ggu`l brnwtm nj 01.2 phrdhgt cg 03:1—=5 tn 05.4 phrdhgt cg

03=5—35 gk tn 3.: phrdhgt cg 0335—155;. [mcs h`scgb cg tmh brnwtm r`th

w`s tn ah hxphdthk bcvhg tm`t cg tmh 03:5s `gk 0325s, brnwtm w`s jrnfhxtrhfhly lnw a`sh lhvhls.

Cg `kkctcng tn hx`fcgcgb rh`lczhk rh`l brnwtm r`ths jnr f`guj`dturhk

hxpnrts, ct cs pnsscalh tn thst tmh nutdnfh nj tmh B-; j`ll`dy nj dnfpnsc-

tcng `rbufhgt ay shhcgb wmhtmhr tmh r`tcn nj f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts tn

BKU jnr khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs tnk`y m`s rh`dmhk tmh 03=5 lhvhl jnr tmh

B-;. [mcs thst cs fnrh lhgchgt tm`g tm`t sht jnrtm cg fy 03=; anni, wmcdm

dngsckhrhk `dmchvhfhgt nj B-; r`tcns ay 0335, gnt 155;. [àlh 3.1

rhpnrts tmh r`tcn nj f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts tn BKU jnr tmh 02 khvhlnp-

cgb dnugtrchs wctm tmh l`rbhst f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts cg 155;.4 [mhy

`ddnugt jnr 35.8 phrdhgt nj tnt`l 155; f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts jnr tmh;3 hdngnfchs smnwg cg tàlh 3.0.

Cg 03=5 tmh scfplh `vhr`bh r`tcn nj f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts tn BKU jnr

tmh B-; w`s 81.1 phrdhgt. Cj wh `pply tmcs tmrhsmnlk, tmhg ngly jnur nj

tmh 02 hdngnfchs rh`dmhk B-; lhvhls ay 155;. [mrhh nj tmhsh whrh cg tmh

nrcbcg`l B-; (Mngb Ingb, Dmcg`9 [`cw`g, Dmcg`9 `gk Tcgb`pnrh)9 tmh

jnurtm cs ` ghwdnfhr, F`l`ysc`.

Inrh` m`s stcll gnt rh`dmhk tmh nrcbcg`l B-; `vhr`bh. Nj dnursh, twn

nj tmh B-; hdngnfchs `rh dcty-st`ths (Mngb Ingb, Dmcg`9 `gk Tcgb`pnrh).

4 Hxdlukcgb Unl`gk `gk tmh Dzhdm Qhpualcd, jnr wmcdm BKU k`t` cg 03=5 `rh gnt v`clàlh.




[mhcr f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts cgdlukh hgtrhpût bnnks `gk cgdnrpnr`th l`rbh

cfpnrthk cgputs. Cgkhhk, tnk`y tmhcr f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts suast`gtc`lly

hxdhhk BKU, `vhr`bcgb 0;: phrdhgt nj BKU. Tuppnsh, tmhg, tm`t tmh B-;

ahgdmf`ri cs sht `t tmh `vhr`bh jnr oust Inrh` `gk [`cw`g, Dmcg` cg

03=5, nr 42.: phrdhgt nj BKU. [mcs drcthrcng `kks [m`cl`gk, Mugb`ry,

`gk tmh Umclcppcghs tn tmh lcst nj dnugtrchs tm`t rh`dmhk B-; st`tus (crngc-

d`lly, Inrh` stcll knhs gnt fìh tmh dut). Cj tmh thst cs sht t g hvhg whìhr

ahgdmf`ri, tmh 03=5 r`tcn nj f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts tn BKU jnr oust

Inrh` (18.8 phrdhgt), tmhg tmh lcst nj hdngnfchs p`sscgb tmcs thst ay 155;

brnws jurtmhr, `kkcgb Dmcg`, Inrh` ctshlj, `gk Csr`hl. [mhsh tmrhh suddhs-

scvhly h`schr thsts hgdnfp`ss 44, ;5, `gk =0 phrdhgt, rhsphdtcvhly, nj tnt`lf`guj`dturhk hxpnrts jnr tmh brnup nj 02 hdngnfchs cg tmh tàlh.

Cg suf, cj tmh sm`rh nj f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts cg B-; BKU cs ushk `s tmh

thst, tmhg strcdtly sphìcgb tmh B-; fnkhl w`s gnt rhplcd`thk cg tmh l`rbh ay

hvhg tmh f`cg f`guj`dturcgb khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs nvhr tmh p`st qu`rthr

dhgtury. Hvhg sn, tmhy d`fh fudm dlnshr tm`g f`gy fcbmt m`vh hxphdthk. Ct

shhfs mcbmly uglcihly tm`t fnst khvhlnpfhgt hdngnfcsts cg tmh h`rly 03=5s

wnulk m`vh `gtcdcp`thk tm`t Dmcg` wnulk rh`dm Inrh`–s (tmhg) lhvhl nj

ànut ngh-jnurtm nj BKU cg f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts. [mhrh wnulk m`vh ahhg

` shgsh, ffrst, tm`t knfhstcd hdngnfcd pnlcdchs wnulk gnt lh`k tn tmcs rhsult

(`s tmh rhjnrfs whrh vhry rhdhgt) gk, shdngk, tm`t cj Dmcg` trchk tn rhplcd`thInrh`–s suddhss, ct wnulk lcihly sw`fp wnrlk f`rihts.

[àlh 3.1. Hxpnrts nj F`guj`dturhs, 03=5 `gk 155;

Hdngnfy

Durrhgt X.T. knll`rs (fcllcngs) % nj BKU

03=5 155; 03=5 155;

Dmcg` =,085 8;1,;:4 ;.4 1=.0

Mngb Ingb, Dmcg` 02,38: 185,58; :1.= 084.;

Inrh`, Qhp. nj 0:,123 140,541 18.8 4;.5[`cw`g, Dmcg` 15,840 0:5,321 ;3.: 81.:

Fhxcdn 4,4=3 084,3;: 0.2 11.=

Tcgb`pnrh =,4;; 0;=,803 20.1 043.5

F`l`ysc` 1,;48 38,;44 3.= =5.2

[m`cl`gk 0,:12 21,51; 8.5 ;;.8

Cgkc` ;,;08 :5,4:0 1.; =.2

[urihy 2=1 84,80; 0.0 02.2

Ar`zcl 2,225 85,:=0 4.4 =.;

Mugb`ry 8,253 ;=,41: 18.= ;=.5

Csr`hl ;,880 4:,;20 15.3 40.1

Cgknghsc` ;33 48,=03 5.: 04.3

Umclcppcghs 0,110 48,:40 4.= ;1.0

Tnutm @jrcd` ;,:13 11,211 8.2 05.2

Uìcst`g 0,1=8 00,432 8.; 00.3

Tnurdh? Dmcg`, KBA@T 15589 XGD[@K 15589 Rnrlk A`gi 155:.



Dlcgh 152

Antm tàlh 3.0 `gk ffburh 3.0 smnw tmh smcjt cg khvhlnpcgb-dnugtry

hxpnrts jrnf knfcg`tcng ay r`w f`thrc`ls cg tmh h`rly 03:5s tn knfc-

g`tcng ay f`guj`dturhk bnnks tnk`y. Jnr tmh ;; gng-Hurnph`g dnug-

trchs, f`guj`dturhs rnsh jrnf ngly 0: phrdhgt nj tnt`l hxpnrts cg 03:1

tn 2= phrdhgt cg 155;. Cg 03:1, ngly tmrhh hdngnfchs m`k fnrh tm`g

m`lj nj tmhcr hxpnrts cg f`guj`dturhs? Dmcg`9 Mngb Ingb, Dmcg`9 `gk

[`cw`g, Dmcg`. Ay 155;, 14 gng-Hurnph`g dnugtrchs m`k fnrh tm`g m`lj

nj hxpnrts cg f`guj`dturhs, slcbmtly fnrh tm`g m`lj nj tmh tnt`l gufahr

nj tmhsh dnugtrchs. Cj h`dm hdngnfy cs whcbmthk ay cts sm`rh cg tnt`l 155;

pnpul`tcng, tmhg tmh whcbmthk `vhr`bh sm`rh nj f`guj`dturhk bnnks cg

tnt`l hxpnrts rnsh jrnf 40.8 phrdhgt cg 03:1 tn 21.2 phrdhgt cg 155;. Tn

wmhtmhr a`shk ng tr`kh v`luhs nr pnpul`tcng, nvhr tmh p`st jnur khd`khs

tmh khvhlnpcgb wnrlk `s ` wmnlh m`s swugb jrnf ahcgb khphgkhgt ng

gngf`guj`dturhs jnr ànut tmrhh-jnurtms nj hxpnrt h`rgcgbs (ng ` pnpu-

l`tcng a`scs nr hvhg fnrh‛nvhr jnur-ffjtms‛ng ` v`luh a`scs) tn ahcgb

ànut tmrhh-jnurtms khphgkhgt ng f`guj`dturhs jnr hxpnrt h`rgcgbs(antm drcthrc`).

[mhrh m`s, mnwhvhr, ahhg ` sm`rp kcvhrbhgdh `fngb rhbcngs cg tmh smcjt

tn f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts. [nk`y hvhry ngh nj tmh @sc`g `gk Hurnph`g

khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs cg tàlh 3.0 nat`cgs fnrh tm`g m`lj nj cts hxpnrt

h`rgcgbs jrnf f`guj`dturhs. Cg dngtr`st, ngly tmrhh nj 05 L`tcg @fhrcd`g

dnugtrchs, ngly jnur nj shvhg Fckklh H`st `gk Gnrtm @jrcd`g dnugtrchs,

`gk ngly twn nj 0; @jrcd`g dnugtrchs cg tmh tàlh kn sn. [mh `vhr`bh sm`rh

nj f`guj`dturhs cg hxpnrts cs ngly 1= phrdhgt jnr tmh @jrcd`g dnugtrchs. Jnr

tmh L`tcg @fhrcd`g dnugtrchs `s ` brnup, tmh sm`rh cs 8; phrdhgt, rhfihdtcgb

tmh rhl`tcvhly mcbm sm`rhs nj f`guj`dturcgb jnr tmh twn l`rbhst hdngnfchs

5

05

15

45

;5

85

:5

25

=5

35

055

03:1 03=5 0335 1555 155;

%

L`tcg @fhrcd` @sc` H`sthrg Hurnph

Fckklh H`st gk Gnrtm @jrcd` Tua-T`m r`g @jrcd`

Jcburh 3.0. F`guj`dturhs s Uhrdhgt nj [nt`l Hxpnrts, 03:1—155;

Tnurdh? Thh thxt `gk tàlh 3.0.




(hsphdc`lly Fhxcdn) cg dngtr`st tn fudm lnwhr sm`rhs jnr fnst nj tmh sf`llhr

hdngnfchs (`b`cg wctm tmh rhf`riàlh hxdhptcng nj Dnst` Qcd`).

Jcburh 3.0 smnws tmrhh tchrs nj cgthgscty jnr tmh sm`rh nj f`guj`dturhs

cg hxpnrts. @sc` `gk tmh H`sthrg Hurnph`g dnugtrchs `rh cg tmh tnp tchr,

L`tcg @fhrcd` `gk tmh Fckklh H`st `gk Gnrtm @jrcd` `rh cg tmh fckklh

tchr, `gk Tua-T`m`r`g @jrcd` cs cg tmh anttnf tchr. [mcs p`tthrg rhfihdts

twn ugkhrlycgb cgfiuhgdhs? hgknwfhgt nj g`tur`l rhsnurdhs `gk st`bh nj

khvhlnpfhgt.

@ scfplh st`tcstcd`l drnss-shdtcng rhbrhsscng jnr 155; smnws tmhsh cgfiu-

hgdhs ng tmh sm`rh nj f`guj`dturhs cg hxpnrts. [mh hstcf`tcgb hqu`tcng

cs `s jnllnws?

_ =3.0 05.4; lg (@) 05.:= lg y 48.:; KN 8.25 lg G , (3.0)

(;.4) (;.2) (;.;) (4.=) (1.0)

@kousthk Q1 5.::29 t -st`tcstcds `rh cg p`rhgtmhshs, wmhrh _ f`gu-j`dturhs s phrdhgt`bh nj tnt`l hxpnrts, @ l`gk surj`dh phr d`pct` (squ`rh

iclnfhthrs phr phrsng), y phr d`pct` brnss g`tcng`l cgdnfh `t f`riht

prcdhs (gnt purdm`scgb pnwhr p`rcty), KN 0 cj tmh dnugtry cs ` fònr ncl

hxpnrthr `gk 5 ntmhrwcsh, `gk G cs pnpul`tcng cg fcllcngs (k`t` `rh jrnf

Rnrlk A`gi 1558).

@s hxphdthk, mcbmhr phr d`pct` cgdnfh cs ssndc`thk wctm mcbmhr sm`rh

nj f`guj`dturhs cg hxpnrts, rhfihdtcgb ` brh`thr ugkhrlycgb sdnph jnr

`dmchvcgb cgkustrc`l st`gk`rks nj qu`lcty sujffdchgt jnr wnrlk dnfphtctcng.

M`vcgb l`rbhr hdngnfy s fh`surhk ay pnpul`tcng lsn annsts tmh sm`rh

nj f`guj`dturhs cg hxpnrts, rhfihdtcgb hdngnfchs nj sd`lh. @ dnugtry wctm

fònr ncl rhsnurdhs `gk hxpnrts m`s, ng `vhr`bh, ` sm`rh nj f`guj`dturhs

cg hxpnrts tm`t cs anut 4: phrdhgt`bh pncgts ahlnw wm`t ntmhrwcsh wnulk

ah prhkcdthk. @ dnugtry wctm ` l`rbhr hgknwfhgt nj l`gk phr d`pct` (@)

`lsn m`s ` lnwhr sm`rh. Jnr hx`fplh, bncgb jrnf @rbhgtcg`–s l`gk khgscty

phr d`pct` (04 phrsngs phr squ`rh iclnfhthr, nr @ 6 5.522) tn tm`t nj Cgkc`

(48= phrsngs phr squ`rh iclnfhthr, nr @ 6 5.551=) wnulk ah hxphdthk tn

cgdrh`sh tmh sm`rh nj f`guj`dturhs cg hxpnrts ay 4;.4 phrdhgt`bh pncgts,

ntmhr tmcgbs ahcgb hqu`l.

@fngb tmh hdngnfchs cg tàlh 3.0, tmh fhkc`g pnpul`tcng khgscty cs10 phrsngs phr squ`rh iclnfhthr cg L`tcg @fhrcd`, 84 cg @jrcd`, :8 cg

Fckklh H`st gk Gnrtm @jrcd`, 005 cg Hurnph, gk 13= cg @sc`. Tn brh`thr

`v`clàclcty nj l`gk phr d`pct` wnulk ah hxphdthk tn dùsh tmh typcd`l sm`rh

nj hxpnrts cg f`guj`dturhs tn ah lnwhr cg L`tcg @fhrcd` tm`g cg @sc`, ay

12.; phrdhgt`bh pncgts, `gk cg @jrcd` tm`g cg @sc`, ay 02.3 phrdhgt`bh

pncgts.

[mhsh hstcf`ths subbhst tm`t tmhrh wcll ah snfh t`phrcgb njj nj tmh sm`rh

nj f`guj`dturhs cg hxpnrts jnr @jrcd`, L`tcg @fhrcd`, `gk tmh Fckklh

H`st `gk Gnrtm @jrcd` ahlnw tmh r`gbhs jnugk cg @sc` `gk Hurnph hvhg

`s phr d`pct` cgdnfh rcshs. Tudm ` t`phrcgb njj shhfs `lrh`ky `pp`rhgt cgffburh 3.0. Gnghtmhlhss, tmh lnwhr a`sh `lsn subbhsts tm`t rhl`tcvhly mcbm



Dlcgh 153

brnwtm r`ths nj f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts dnulk dngtcguh jnr snfh tcfh hvhg

cg tmh tmrhh rhbcngs wctm mcbm l`gk hgknwfhgts.

@t tmh s`fh tcfh, tmh trhgks cg ffburh 3.0 lsn rhfihdt tmh scfplh j`dt tm`t

f`guj`dturcgb nutput m`s brnwg fudm fnrh r`pckly cg @sc` tm`g cg L`tcg

@fhrcd` `gk tmh Fckklh H`st `gk Gnrtm @jrcd`. [mus tmh Rnrlk A`gi

(1558? ffb. ;.4`) hstcf`ths tm`t jrnf 0335 tn 1554 rh`l v`luh `kkhk cg

f`guj`dturcgb rnsh ay ànut 125 phrdhgt jnr khvhlnpcgb H`st @sc` `gk

tmh U`dcffd `gk ànut 055 phrdhgt jnr Tnutm @sc`, aut ngly ànut 28 phr-

dhgt jnr Fckklh H`st `gk Gnrtm @jrcd` `gk 18 phrdhgt jnr L`tcg @fhrcd`

`gk Tua-T`m`r`g @jrcd`. Rctm `ll nj tmh rhbcngs j`dcgb arn`kly tmh s`fh

cgthrg`tcng`l f`riht, knfhstcd j`dtnrs r`tmhr tm`g tr`kh str`thby rbuàly

`ddnugthk jnr fnst nj tmh kcjjhrhgtc`l phrjnrf`gdh cg f`guj`dturcgb nut-

put, wmcdm cg turg l`rbhly krnvh kcjjhrhgtc`l phrjnrf`gdh cg f`guj`dturhk

hxpnrts. Nvhr`ll hdngnfcd brnwtm w`s fudm mcbmhr cg H`st @sc` `gk tmh

U`dcffd (ànut = phrdhgt jrnf 03=5 tn 1555) tm`g cg L`tcg @fhrcd` `gk

tmh Fckklh H`st gk Gnrtm @jrcd` (`vhr`bcgb anut 1.8 phrdhgt). @ fònrrh`sng cs tm`t cgvhstfhgt w`s fudm mcbmhr, `t ànut 41 phrdhgt nj BKU

cg 0335 `gk 43 phrdhgt cg 1554 cg H`st @sc` `gk tmh U`dcffd, dnfp`rhk

tn ànut 02 `gk 0= phrdhgt, rhsphdtcvhly, cg L`tcg @fhrcd` (Rnrlk A`gi

1558? ffbs. ;a, ;.05`). Cg smnrt, fnrh r`pckly rcscgb f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts

cg H`st @sc` tm`g cg fnst ntmhr khvhlnpcgb rhbcngs shhf lcihly tn ah `s

fudm ` dngshquhgdh `s ` dùsh nj mcbmhr cgvhstfhgt `gk fnrh r`pck

brnwtm.

Jcg`lly, ct cs ushjul tn hx`fcgh ngh nj tmh ihy `rbufhgts nj tmh 03=5s

rhb`rkcgb wmy cfpnrts nj f`guj`dturhs jrnf khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs ghhk

gnt pnsh ` aurkhg jnr cgkustrc`l-dnugtry f`rihts? g`fhly, tm`t cgdrh`s-cgbly tmh khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs wnulk hxpnrt f`guj`dturhs tn h`dm ntmhr

r`tmhr tm`g tn tmh cgkustrc`l dnugtrchs. @g cfpnrt`gt rhdhgt v`rc`gt ng

tmcs `rbufhgt cs tm`t tmh H`st @sc`g B-; dnugtrchs m`vh h`shk prhssurh ng

cgkustrc`l-dnugtry f`rihts hvhg `s Dmcg` m`s sthpphk up tmcs prhssurh,

ahdùsh tmhy m`vh smcjthk p`rt nj tmhcr prnkudtcng tn cgkustrc`l dnfpn-

ghgts ushk ay Dmcg` jnr hxpnrts tn cgkustrc`l-dnugtry f`rihts. Cg tmcs

w`y, snfh nj tmh rcsh cg cgkustrc`l-dnugtry cfpnrts jrnf Dmcg` hsshgtc`lly

rhprhshgts rhkcrhdtcng nj cfpnrts tm`t cg tmh p`st wnulk m`vh dnfh jrnf

tmh B-; ghwly cgkustrc`lczhk dnugtrchs.

[àlh 3.4 hx`fcghs tmh ffrst nj tmhsh mypntmhshs ay dngsckhrcgb tmh tnp15 khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs r`gihk ay àsnluth sczh nj f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts

cg 155;. [mhsh hdngnfchs `ddnugthk jnr $0.38 trcllcng cg f`guj`dturhk

hxpnrts cg 155;, nr 32 phrdhgt nj tmh tnt`l jnr tmh ;3 dnugtrchs hx`fcghk

cg tàlh 3.0.; Nj tmh 15 dnugtrchs, `ll aut tmrhh m`k f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts

`fnugtcgb tn 28 phrdhgt nr fnrh nj tnt`l hxpnrts (`gk jnr 00, tmh r`tcn

w`s =8 phrdhgt nr fnrh). Ahdùsh nj tmhcr l`rbh sd`lh, tmrhh hdngnfchs lsn

m`k f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts wctmcg tmh tnp 15, hvhg tmnubm tmhcr sm`rh nj

f`guj`dturhs cg hxpnrts w`s dngsckhràly lnwhr? Ar`zcl (84.4 phrdhgt),

; [mh k`t` `rh jrnf tàlh 3.0 `gk `rh khfi`thk tn 1555 prcdhs uscgb tmh X.T. prnkudhr prcdh cgkhx.




Cgknghsc` (88.8 phrdhgt), `gk Tnutm @jrcd` (8:.8 phrdhgt). Jnr pr`dtcd`l

purpnshs, mnwhvhr, tmhsh 15 hdngnfchs `rh sujffdchgtly nrchgthk tnw`rk

f`guj`dturhs cg tmhcr hxpnrt strudturh tm`t tmh bhnbr`pmcd trhgks cg tmhcr

tnt`l hxpnrts d`g ah tìhg `s cgkcd`tcvh nj tmh bhnbr`pmcd trhgks cg tmhcrf`guj`dturhk hxpnrts.

@s cgkcd`thk cg tàlh 3.4, jnr tmh fònrcty nj tmh hdngnfchs (01), tmhrh

w`s cgkhhk ` knwgw`rk trhgk cg tmh sm`rh nj tnt`l hxpnrts bncgb tn

cgkustrc`l-dnugtry f`rihts jrnf 03=5 tn 155;. [mhrh whrh sm`rp khdlcghs

jnr tmrhh nj tmh B-; hdngnfchs (Inrh`9 Mngb Ingb, Dmcg`9 `gk [`cw`g,

Dmcg`), `ll jrnf ànut twn-tmcrks nj hxpnrts cg 03=5 tn ngly ànut twn-

ffjtms cg 155; (`ltmnubm tmh khdlcgh jnr Tcgb`pnrh w`s fudm sf`llhr `gk

jrnf ` lnwhr a`sh).

Mnwhvhr, tmhrh whrh cfpnrt`gt fnvhfhgts cg tmh ntmhr kcrhdtcng, ay

`fnugts tm`t whrh l`rbh cg tmh `bbrhb`th, hvhg tmnubm tmh gufahr njdnugtrchs w`s sf`llhr. [mh H`sthrg Hurnph`g hdngnfchs sm`rply cgdrh`shk

[àlh 3.4. [np 15 Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs Q`gihk ay @asnluth Tczh nj F`guj`dturhk

Hxpnrts cg 155;

Hdngnfy

F`guj`dturhk

hxpnrts cg 155;

(XT$ acllcngs `t

1555 prcdhs) 03=5 1554

Dmcg` ;30 ;:.; 8;.:

Mngb Ingb, Dmcg` 11: :1.3 ;5.:

Inrh`, Qhp. nj 153 :2.1 ;4.2

[`cw`g, Dmcg` 0;: :=.5 ;4.8

Fhxcdn 043 =2.1 3;.0

Tcgb`pnrh 04; ;0.0 4=.3

F`l`ysc` =: 83.= ;:.5

[m`cl`gk :8 8=.5 80.8

Cgkc` 88 ;3.: ;:.2

Unl`gk 8; 4=.5 2;.=Dzhdm Qhpualcd 8;` 1;.1 35.;

[urihy ;= 8=.0 :;.3

Ar`zcl ;: 83.2 8;.4

Mugb`ry ;; 41.: 23.4

Csr`hl 44 =0.= 2;.:

Cgknghsc` 41 22.2 80.:

Umclcppcghs 41 28.; 8;.8

Tlnvì Qhpualcd 10` 1;.1 :3.0

Tnutm @jrcd` 10 ::.= :;.;

Uìcst`g 05 42.5 88.:

[nt`l 0,3;2 8=.2 8;.3

Tnurdh? CFJ 155:`, 155:d9 XGD[@K 1558.

`. 03=5.

Tm`rh nj hxpnrts tn cgkustrc`l

dnugtrchs cg tnt`l hxpnrts (%)



Dlcgh 100

tmh sm`rh nj tmhcr hxpnrts bncgb tn cgkustrc`l-dnugtry f`rihts, rhfihdt-

cgb tmh kcssnlutcng nj tmh dnlk w`r tr`kcgb `rr`gbhfhgts `gk tmh fnvh

tnw`rk cgthbr`tcng wctm tmh Hurnph`g Xgcng. Fhxcdn jurtmhr cgdrh`shk

cts khphgkhgdh ng tmh Gnrtm @fhrcd`g f`riht. @gk Dmcg`, tmh l`rbhst

f`guj`dturhk hxpnrthr ay 155;, cgdrh`shk tmh sm`rh nj cts hxpnrts bncgbtn cgkustrc`l-dnugtry f`rihts, cg p`rt ahdùsh ct fnvhk tnw`rk kcrhdt

hxpnrts `gk `w`y jrnf hxpnrts tmrnubm Mngb Ingb, Dmcg`.8

Nvhr`ll, tmh whcbmthk vhr`bh sm`rh nj tnt`l hxpnrts bncgb tn cgkustrc`l-

dnugtry f`rihts jhll jnr tmhsh tnp 15 f`guj`dturhk hxpnrthrs, aut ngly

fnkhstly‛jrnf ànut 83 phrdhgt tn ànut 88 phrdhgt. Tn `ltmnubm tmh

mypntmhscs prnvhk `ddur`th tm`t khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs wnulk cgdrh`scgbly

smcjt tmh f`riht khstcg`tcng nj tmhcr f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts jrnf cgkus-

trc`l dnugtrchs tn ntmhr khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs, tmh f`bgctukh nj tmcs hjjhdt

w`s sf`ll, `gk cts rnlh cg `llhvc`tcgb prhssurh ng cgkustrc`l-dnugtry f`r-

ihts w`s fnkhst `t ahst. [mus cj tmh sm`rh nj tmhsh khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs–

hxpnrts nj f`guj`dturhs bncgb tn cgkustrc`l-dnugtry f`rihts m`k rhf`cghk

ugdm`gbhk, tmh cgdrh`sh cg tmh sm`rh `t tmh hgk nj tmh phrcnk wnulk m`vh

ahhg ngly ànut ; phrdhgt`bh pncgts ànvh tmh `dtu`l nutdnfh, wmcdm cg

turg wnulk m`vh r`cshk tmh àsnluth lhvhl nj cgkustrc`l dnugtrchs– cfpnrts

nj f`guj`dturhs jrnf tmhsh dnugtrchs ay ngly ànut 2 phrdhgt.

@ rcscgb sm`rh nj tmh X.T. f`riht cg hxpnrts jnr shvhr`l nj tmhsh dnug-

trchs w`s ngh jnrdh ahmcgk tmcs nutdnfh. [mh sm`rh nj Dmcg`–s hxpnrts

bncgb tn tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths rnsh sm`rply, jrnf 8.: phrdhgt cg 03=5 tn

10.1 phrdhgt cg 155;. [mh sm`rh nj tmh X.T. f`riht cg Fhxcdn–s hxpnrts`lsn rnsh suast`gtc`lly, jrnf ::.5 tn =2.: phrdhgt.

[mh suamypntmhscs tm`t f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts jrnf Dmcg` wnulk p`r-

tc`lly rhpl`dh r`tmhr tm`g `kk tn tmnsh jrnf tmh H`st @sc`g B-; rhdhcvhs

fnrh suppnrt jrnf tmh k`t`. [àlh 3.; smnws ` sm`rp rcsh cg B-; hxpnrts

tn Dmcg`, jrnf ngly ànut 1 phrdhgt nj tnt`l hxpnrts cg 03=5 tn ànut

18 phrdhgt cg 155;. Jnr Inrh` gk [`cw`g, Dmcg`, tmh 03=5 fnugts whrh

`pprnxcf`thly zhrn ahdùsh nj dnlk w`r dlnsurh nj f`rihts.

8 [mh Mngb Ingb, Dmcg` f`riht `ddnugthk jnr 1; phrdhgt nj Dmcg`–s tnt`l hxpnrts cg 03=5, aut

ngly 02.; phrdhgt cg 1554 (CFJ 155:a).

[àlh 3.;. Hxpnrts nj tmh H`st @sc`g B-; tn Dmcg`, 03=5 `gk 1554

03=5 1554

Hdngnfy XT$ fcllcngs % nj tnt`l XT$ fcllcngs % nj tnt`l

Inrh`, Qhp nj. 5 5.5 48,005 0=.1

Mngb Ingb, Dmcg` 0,1;3 :.; 38,;22 ;1.2

Tcgb`pnrh 452 0.: 05,04; 2.5[`cw`g, Dmcg` 5 5.5 41,422 11.8

B-; 0,88: 1.0 024,53= 1;.:

Tnurdh? CFJ 155:`9 XGD[@K 1558.




[mhrh w`s ` dnrrhspngkcgb rhkudtcng nj tmh X.T. f`riht sm`rh cg tmh

hxpnrts nj tmh B-; jrnf 03=5 tn 155;? jrnf ànut 12 tn 0= phrdhgt jnr

Inrh`, jrnf 1: tn 03 phrdhgt jnr Mngb Ingb, Dmcg`, `gk jrnf 42 tn

02 phrdhgt jnr [`cw`g, Dmcg`.:

Hvckhgdh ng Thdtnr`l Cfpnrt Uhghtr`tcng

Qhl`tcvhly r`pck brnwtm nj f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts jrnf khvhlnpcgb dnug-

trchs, wctmcg tmh sphhk lcfcts gnthk ànvh, fcbmt gnghtmhlhss m`vh trcbbhrhk

prnthdtcng ugkhr tmh cgctc`l JD mypntmhscs cj ct whrh hxdhsscvhly dngdhg-

tr`thk cg ` jhw shdtnrs `gk rhsulthk cg hxtrhfhly mcbm cfpnrt phghtr`tcng

r`tcns cg tmhsh shdtnrs.

[mh Xgcthk G`tcngs Cgkustrc`l Khvhlnpfhgt Nrb`gcz`tcng (XGCKN

155:) m`s dnfpclhk hstcf`ths nj tr`kh, prnkudtcng, gk pp`rhgt dngsufp-

tcng (knfhstcd nutput fcgus hxpnrts plus cfpnrts) t kht`clhk shdtnr`l lhvhlstm`t d`g ah ushk tn hx`fcgh trhgks cg shdtnr`l cfpnrt phghtr`tcng lhvhls.

Thlhdthk rhsults uscgb tmhsh k`t` `rh rhpnrthk jnr tmh phrcnk 03=0—38 cg

tàlhs 3.8 gk 3.: gk jnr tmh phrcnk 0338—1554 cg tàlhs 3.2 gk 3.=.2 [mh

cgkustrc`l dnugtrchs cgdlukhk cg tmh cfpnrt trhgks `rh tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths,

O`p`g, Bhrf`gy (tmh Jhkhr`l Qhpualcd nj Bhrf`gy cg tmh ffrst phrcnk),

Jr`gdh, `gk D`g`k`. [mh tnp shdtnrs r`gihk ay tnt`l f`guj`dturhk

cfpnrts jrnf khvhlnphk dnugtrchs cgtn tmh X.T. f`riht `rh cgdlukhk cg tmh

`g`lyscs, `ddnugtcgb jnr 3; phrdhgt cg tmh X.T. f`riht `gk `g `vhr`bh nj

2= phrdhgt cg tmh ntmhr ffvh cgkustrc`l-dnugtry f`rihts cg tmh ffrst phrcnk

`gk 35 phrdhgt `gk `g `vhr`bh nj ànut =2 phrdhgt, rhsphdtcvhly, cg tmhshdngk phrcnk.

Cg thrfs nj tmh rhl`tcvh cfpnrt`gdh nj tmh v`rcnus shdtnrs, ay 0338

tmh tr`kctcng`lly fnst cfpnrt`gt shdtnr, `pp`rhl, m`k `lrh`ky lnst ffrst

pl`dh. X.T. cfpnrts nj `pp`rhl ay tmhg `fnugthk tn ànut 00 phrdhgt nj

tnt`l X.T. f`guj`dturhk cfpnrts jrnf khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs, aut m`k ahhg

p`sshk ay r`kcn, thlhvcscng, `gk dngsufhr hlhdtrngcds `t 03 phrdhgt `gk

ay njffdh `gk dnfputcgb f`dmcghry `t 0; phrdhgt (tàlh 3.8). [mhsh tmrhh

lh`kcgb shdtnrs arn`kly phrscsthk tmrnubm 1551 (shh tàlh 3.2).

[mh ihy trhgks jnr thstcgb tmh prnthdtcng vhrscng nj tmh JD mypntm-

hscs `rh jnugk cg cfpnrt phghtr`tcng r`tcns. Ay 0338 tmhsh m`k rcshg tnqucth mcbm lhvhls jnr ` gufahr nj shdtnrs, cg dnfp`rcsng wctm lhvhls twn

khd`khs h`rlchr. Cfpnrt phghtr`tcng jrnf khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs jnr pp`rhl

`fnugthk tn ànut 4; phrdhgt jnr tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths `gk ànut 18 phrdhgt

jnr tmh ntmhr fònr cgkustrc`l dnugtrchs cg 0338 (tàlh 3.8). [mcs rhprh-

shgthk ` sm`rp cgdrh`sh jrnf 03=0, wmhg tmh dnrrhspngkcgb r`tcns whrh

antm ànut 01. [mhrh whrh scfcl`r l`rbh cgdrh`shs cg njffdh f`dmcghry

: [mh hstcf`ths jnr [`cw`g, Dmcg` cgdlukh D`g`k` wctm tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths (XGD[@K 1558).

2 Ct cs ghdhss`ry tn shp`r`th tmh twn phrcnks ahdùsh tmh k`t` jnr tmh jnrfhr phrcnk `rh jrnf Cgthr-

g`tcng`l Tt`gk`rk Cgkustrc`l Dl`sscffd`tcng (CTCD), Qhvcscng 1, wmcdm m`s jhwhr shdtnrs gk kcjjhr-cgb `llnd`tcngs tm`g tmh k`t` jnr tmh l`tthr phrcnk, wmcdm `rh jrnf CTCD, Qhvcscng 4.



Dlcgh 104

[àlh 3.8. Urcgdcp`l F`guj`dturhk Cfpnrts ay Cgkustrc`l Dnugtrchs jrnf Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs, 0338

XT$ fcllcngs

CTCD1 Cfpnrt

Xgcthk

Tt`ths O`p`g` Bhrf`gya Jr`gdh

Xgcthk

Icgbknfd D`g`k`k

4004 D`ggcgb jructs, vhbhtàlhs 3;: :== 1,18= 0,;=5 0,;48 :0=

4008 Zhbhtàlh, gcf`l ncls, j`ts =:8 ;30 :03 4;1 2;8 158

4100 [hxtclhs spcggcgb, wh`vcgb,

ffgcsmcgb

4,:53 1,1:0 0,438 1,:08 0,020 811

4101 [hxtclh bnnks, hxdhpt pp`rhl 0,:3; 8=3 0,553 ‛ 4=2 04=

4115 @pp`rhl, hxdhpt jnntwh`r 12,214 2,8== 2,5=: ;,;41 4,5:8 0,4;1

41;5 Jnntwh`r, hxdhpt ruaahr, pl`stcd 1,448 483 4,5:3 0,;14 0,083 182

4400 T`wfclls 0,:48 4,:=8 ;1: ;3; 831 :2

4403 Rnnk, dnri prnkudts gnt

hlshwmhrh dl`sscffhk

32; ;14 038 ‛ 040 ‛

4415 Jurgcturh hxdhpt fht`l 4,2;1 ;23 1,331 0,3:4 0,11: 0,400

4;00 Uulp, p`phr, p`phran`rk 0,5;4 450 112 4;8 03; 44

4;15 Urcgtcgb 1,4:3 8=4 0,18= 0,244 0,8:8 1,513

4800 A`scd cgkustry dmhfcd`ls ;,82= 0,34; 8=4 0,405 134 402

4804 Ul`stcds, sygtmhtcd ffahrs 0,83= ;4= 10; ‛ 003 =5

4813 Ntmhr dmhfcd`l prnkudts 1,248 2=3 ‛ 0,454 0,021 82=

4845 Uhtrnlhuf rhffghrchs :,305 ;,=10 :02 240 :31 104

4880 [crhs `gk tuahs 3:0 38 1;= 122 048 08;

48:5 Ul stcd prnkudts gnt hlshwmhrh

dl`sscffhk

1,=04 855 4,05= 1,2== 1,45= 0,053

4:05 Untthry, dmcg` 0,12= :8 154 02; 01; 0024:15 Bl`ss prnkudts =:4 0=3 032 055 003 ==

4205 Crng, sthhl ;,2;4 4,542 83; 14; 015 1:8

4215 Gngjhrrnus fht`ls 1,285 1,=35 0,420 0,5:2 ;=0 0::

4=00 Dutlhry, tnnls, m`rkw`rh 1,1;8 15: 4;: 0,;=0 128 1;;

4=01 Fht`l jurgcturh 224 05= 0,554 ‛ ;24 45;

4=03 Fht l prnkudts hxdhpt

f`dmcghry, hqucpfhgt

;,508 8=4 =52 ‛ 824 ;08

4=14 Fht l gk wnnkwnricgb

f`dmcghry

0,231 ;;1 811 ‛ 132 100

4=1; Ntmhr cgkustrc`l f`dmcghry =30 04= :1 ‛ 005 20

4=18 Njffdh, dnfputcgb, ddnugtcgb

f`dmcghs

4;,;35 1,;=: 1,04= ‛ 0,325 0,21;

4=13 F`dmcghry hxdhpt hlhdtrcd l gnt

hlshwmhrh dl`sscffhk

2,21= 0,258 ‛ ‛ 0,4;4 ‛

4=40 Hlhdtrcd`l cgkustrc`l f`dmcghry :,81: 0,85: ;3; 8,:8; 4:4 13:

4=41 Q`kcn, [Z, dngsufhr hlhdtrngcds ;2,001 ;,;84 8,530 ‛ ;,443 1,=82

4=44 Hlhdtrcd`l pplc`gdhs 0,21; 0:; 05; ‛ 01= 003

4=43 Ntmhr hlhdtrcd`l pp`r`tus 2,=81 =05 :11 ‛ 1:8 ;14

4=;0 Tmcp auclkcgb 23; 21 108 43; 20 23



D l c g

h

1 0 8

[`alh 3.:. Q`tcn nj Cfpnrts jrnf Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs tn @pp`rhgt Dngsufptcng cg 0338 `gk Dm`gbh jrnf 03=0

phrdhgt

CTCD1 Cfpnrt

0338

Xgcthk


Xgcthk

Icgbknfd D`g`k`k

Xgcthk

Tt`ths O`p`g`

4004 Jructs, vhbht`alhs 1.2 :.; 1=.0 ‛ 48.: 02.2 0.8 5.3

4008 J`ts, ncls ;.4 :.1 0;.8 ‛ 03.5 03.0 0.8 0.4

4100 [hxtclhs 2.3 2.1 05.= 00.8 01.= 08.5 ;.5 5.4

4101 [hxtclh bnnks, hxdhpt

`pp`rhl

:.; ;.: 40.0 ‛ 0:.8 ;.5 ;.2 1.;

4115 @pp`rhl 44.= 15.= 13.2 1=.5 18.= 11.2 10.2 00.1

41;5 Jnntwh`r 02.2 :.8 ;:.; 4;.3 45.= 11.4 8.3 1.4

4400 T`wfclls 1.; 2.: 4.8 4.2 00.3 5.3 ∑5.1 8.5

4403 Rnnk, dnri 0;.4 05.5 2.1 ‛ 4.1 ‛ =.: 8.0

4415 Jurgcturh 2.8 1.5 0=.; 02.: 01.8 42.4 4.3 5.3

4;00 U`phr prnkudts 0.4 0.5 ‛ 0.4 1.5 5.= 0.5 5.1

4;15 Urcgtcgb 0.4 5.8 :.2 ;.8 ;.: 02.5 5.8 5.5

4800 Cgkustrc`l dmhfcd`ls ;.: ;.0 ‛ 4.3 0.1 ;.0 4.0 0.5

4804 Ul`stcds, sygtmhtcd

ffahrs

1.3 0.0 ‛ ‛ 0.4 0.: 1.8 5.0

4813 Ntmhr dmhfcd`ls 2.0 4.= ‛ ‛ 1;.8 04.= 1.1 ∑1.1



1 0 :


[`alh 3.:. Dngtcguhk

CTCD1 Cfpnrt

0338

Xgcthk


Xgcthk

Icgbknfd D`g`k`k

Xgcthk

Tt`ths O`p`g`

4845 Uhtrnlhuf, rhffghry

prnkudts

;.3 2.5 0.5 0.= 1.4 0.; 0.0 ∑1.=

4880 [crhs, tuahs :.1 0.8 1.1 ;.; ;.3 1.= ;.; 5.3

48:5 Ul`stcds 1.4 5.8 3.8 01.0 00.: 0;.: 5.1 5.0

4:05 Untthry 14.; 0.0 3.; ‛ :.= 4;.2 0;.8 5.:

4:15 Bl`ss prnkudts ;.5 0.4 1.: 0.: 1.3 8.4 4.0 5.8

4205 Crng, sthhl ;.2 1.; 0.: 5.3 5.2 1.2 4.1 5.3

4215 Gngjhrrnus fht`ls 4.8 :.2 :.0 8.= ;.8 ;.= ∑0.1 ∑0.8

4=00 M`rkw`rh 05.3 1.3 4.4 4.0 ‛ 04.1 2.5 0.3

4=01 Fht`l jurgcturh ;.8 0.2 03.= ‛ 1:.1 ;:.= 4.: 5.2

4=03 Ntmhr fht`l ;.4 5.= 1.4 ‛ 4.; 8.4 4.0 5.8

4=14 Fht`l f`dmcghry 8.5 0.= ;.8 ‛ ;.4 ‛ 4.3 0.8

4=1; Ntmhr cgkustrc`l

f`dmcghry

0.: 5.4 5.1 ‛ 0.0 0.8 0.1 5.1

4=18 Njffdh f`dmcghry 40.4 4.5 04.0 ‛ 05.3 ‛ 13.0 1.0

4=13 Ntmhr f`dmcghry 8.4 0.8 ‛ ‛ 8.; ‛ 4.: 5.8




[àlh 3.2. Urcgdcp`l F`guj`dturhk Cfpnrts ay Cgkustrc`l Dnugtrchs jrnf Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs, 1554

XT$ fcllcngs

CTCD4 Cfpnrt

Xgcthk

Tt`ths` O`p`g` Bhrf`gy Jr`gdh

Xgcthk

Icgbknf D`g`k``

0801 Jcsm prnkudts :,2;2 =,54: 245 0,1:4 =;4 844

0804 Urndhsshk jructs, vhbhtàlhs 1,1;3 0,38= 0,1== 8;= 438 122

0200 [hxtclh wh`vcgb 1,213 0,112 203 840 =80 ;03

0210 [hxtclh prnkudts hxdhpt pp`rhl 8,332 1,00= 0,1== =0; 0,0;: 481

0245 Igctthk, drndmhthk jàrcds 08,885 ;,0;1 4,341 1,18= 4,5;; :==

0=05 @pp`rhl hxdhpt jurgcturh ;4,8;3 00,1:8 3,084 :,8:1 =,0=1 1,;=1

0301 Lubb`bh, m`gka`bs ;,;:3 0,845 =:3 222 352 402

0315 Jnntwh`r 0;,514 1,;:; 0,=:8 0,283 0,=8; 2=0

1415 Qhffghk phtrnlhuf prnks. 00,04; 3,48= 485 0,8=: 0,=:: 148

1;00 A`scd dmhfcd`ls 8,:23 1,2=0 0,;03 0,=34 1,1;2 4;5

1;14 Um`rf`dhutcd`ls 1,100 :0= 251 423 :34 0:=

1;13 Ntmhr dmhfcd`l prnkudts 1,=13 0,814 :2: 400 48; 08=

1815 Ul`stcd prnkudts 2,833 1,;=8 0,5;4 2;; 0,4:= :45

1205 Crng, sthhl :,412 0,238 832 1=8 ;:2 ===

1215 Gngjhrrnus fht`ls ;,=1; 1,48= 0,113 0,0=: :42 823

1=34 Dutlhry, tnnls, m`rkw`rh 4,130 ;45 :24 410 842 4;=

1=33 Ntmhr fht`l prnkudts 3,5;; 0,:1: 0,852 :;8 0,1:1 2:0

1301 Uufps, dnfprhssnrs ;,:28 :84 850 0=8 4:0 48=

1303 Ntmhr bhghr`l f`dmcghry ;,103 0,438 ;32 4;0 484 40;

1311 F`dmcgh tnnls 1,20= 481 :=2 1;3 4=: 455

1345 Knfhstcd pplc`gdhs =,8;; 0,=1: 0,48: 2:5 0,:13 8;:

4555 Njffdh, dnfputcgb f`dmcghs :0,481 0:,34= 01,=2: 8,0;1 :,032 4,=42

4005 Hlhdtrcd fntnrs, bhghr`tnrs 2,:23 1,228 0,121 80: 808 8==

4015 Hlhdtrcdcty kcstrcautcng pp`r`tushs 8,1== 0,44; 331 ;=5 ;:1 42=

4045 Cgsul`thk wcrh 1,432 =44 405 452 408 012

4085 Lcbmtcgb hqucpfhgt 8,4;4 4=4 =:8 41; :4= 432

4035 Ntmhr hlhdtrcd`l hqucpfhgt 3,243 1,43; 1,405 2;1 =25 ::1

4105 Hlhdtrngcd v`lvhs, tuahs 10,3:8 00,;2; :,020 1,;40 1,=81 0,01;

4115 [Z, r`kcn tr`gsfctthrs 10,5;4 0,343 1,252 0,114 1,1=; 0,;404145 [Z, r`kcn rhdhcvhrs 12,3;1 2,;13 ;,381 1,4=5 1,=24 0,34:

4400 Fhkcd`l hqucpfhgt ;,48= 244 8:: 132 183 012

4401 Fh`surcgb pplc`gdhs ;,340 ;=2 =;: 181 ;:1 454

4415 Nptcd`l, pmntnbr`pmcd hqucpfhgt 4,500 0,382 834 ;== ;;2 1:2

4;05 Fntnr vhmcdlhs 45,133 4=2 1,0=1 0,;54 0,88: 1,22=

4;45 @utn p`rts 3,353 0,010 0,48: 204 ;34 320

4845 @crdr`jt 1,2;0 10 8;4 0;: 220 4:

4:05 Jurgcturh 08,5:8 1,1:3 0,434 322 0,::= 0,53;

4:30 Ohwhlry 2,;88 314 854 1=5 31; 010



Dlcgh 103

phghtr`tcng. [mh shrchs nj fultcl`thr`l tr`kh ghbntc`tcngs cg tmh B@[[

`gk tmhg tmh R[N gn knuat mhlphk tn `dmchvh tmcs rhsult. Cgkhhk, tmh

Xrubu`y Qnugk nat`cghk tmh dnffctfhgt ay cgkustrc`l dnugtrchs tnpm`sh nut thxtclh `gk `pp`rhl qunt` rhstrcdtcngs ugkhr tmh Fultc-Jcarh

@brhhfhgt ay 1558, `gk tmcs m`s gnw ahhg `ddnfplcsmhk (`lahct wctm

snfh rhdhgt thfpnr`ry s`jhbu`rk prnthdtcng). [mhsh rhsults dnulk fh`g

tm`t tmh ffrst v`rc`gt nj JD, tmh dngdhrg ànut prnthdtcvh rhspngsh, m`s

l`rbhly ahhg nvhrdnfh (khspcth tmh arhìknwg cg tmh durrhgt Knm` Qnugk

nj R[N ghbntc`tcngs cg Ouly 155:).

@t tmh s`fh tcfh, tmhsh trhgks f`y r`csh `gntmhr quhstcng? dnulk tmhrh

ah ` pnthgtc`l f`riht s`tur`tcng prnalhf> Jnr hx`fplh, cg jnntwh`r tmh

X.T. f`riht sm`rh jnr khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs cs lrh`ky 23 phrdhgt (tàlh 3.2).[mcs fh`gs tm`t tmh p`dh nj juturh hxp`gscng nj jnntwh`r hxpnrts tn tmh

Xgcthk Tt`ths d`ggnt hxdhhk 0.18 tcfhs tmh brnwtm r`th nj X.T. knfhstcd

dngsufptcng nj jnntwh`r wctmnut rhqucrcgb `g àsnluth khdlcgh cg X.T.

`pp`rhl cfpnrts jrnf cgkustrc`l dnugtrchs. Tcfcl`rly, wctm pp`rhl cfpnrts

jrnf khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs `t ànut m`lj nj `pp`rhgt dngsufptcng jnr

tmh f`cg cgkustrc`l dnugtrchs, tmh khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs dnulk hxphdt tmh

brnwtm r`th nj tmhcr hxpnrts tn hqu`l gn fnrh tm`g twcdh tmh brnwtm r`th

nj cgkustrc`l-dnugtry dngsufptcng nj `pp`rhl, uglhss tmh àsnluth lhvhl nj

`pp`rhl cfpnrts jrnf cgkustrc`l dnugtrchs whrh tn j`ll.

Dngsckhr tmh cfplcd`tcngs jnr X.T. cfpnrts nj `pp`rhl jrnf khvhlnpcgbdnugtrchs. [mh cgdnfh hl`stcdcty nj X.T. `pp`rhl dngsufptcng cs phrm`ps

ànut 5.:1.= Cj X.T. rh`l phr d`pct` cgdnfh dngtcguhs tn brnw `t ànut

1 phrdhgt `gk tmh pnpul`tcng brnws `t ànut 0 phrdhgt, tmhg `pp`rhl

dngsufptcng wcll brnw `t ànut 1.18 phrdhgt (0 phrdhgt jnr pnpul`tcng

plus 5.:1 1 phrdhgt jnr rcscgb phr d`pct` cgdnfh). Rctm cfpnrt phg-

htr`tcng `lrh`ky `t ànut 85 phrdhgt, tmhsh cfpnrts dnulk ngly brnw `t

= A`shk ng scfplh dnfp`rcsng nj tmh 1 phrdhgt vhr`bh jnr brnwtm cg rh`l BKU phr d`pct` jrnf tmh

tmrhh-yh`r a`sh 03=4—=8 tn 0334—38 wctm rh`l brnwtm cg `pp`rhgt dngsufptcng nj `pp`rhl nj0.18 phrdhgt `ggu`lly nvhr tmh s`fh phrcnk (d`ldul`thk jrnf XGCKN 155:9 khfi`tcgb `pp`rhgt

dngsufptcng wctm tmh dngsufhr prcdh cgkhx jnr pp`rhl jrnf ALT 155:9 CFJ 155:`).

[àlh 3.2. Dngtcguhk

CTCD4 Cfpnrt

Xgcthk


Xgcthk

Icgbknf D`g`k``

4:34 Tpnrts bnnks 4,;=5 34; ;8= 4:8 ;53 455

4:3; B`fhs, tnys 04,500 0,:02 0,353 3=2 0,=;1 =20

4:33 Ntmhr f`guj`dturcgb 2,105 3== 303 83= 0,51= 844

Tuatnt`l ;41,:1: 00:,=28 2;,=5; ;4,;;3 8:,1;3 13,48:

Ntmhr d`thbnrchs ;:,854 03,14; 00,044 :,33: 3,;1= 4,:50

[nt`l ;23,013 04:,053 =8,34= 85,;;8 :8,:22 41,382

Tnurdh? XGCKN 155:.

Gnth? D`thbnrchs `rh jnur-kcbct CTCD, Qhv. 4.

`. 1551.



1 1 5


[àlh 3.=. Q`tcn nj Cfpnrts jrnf Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs tn @pp`rhgt Dngsufptcng cg 1554 `gk Dm`gbh jrnf 0338

phrdhgt

1554

CTCD4 Cfpnrts

Xgcthk


Xgcthk

Icgbknf D`g`k``

Xgcthk

Tt`ths a O`p`g`

0801 Jcsm ;4.= 15.1 14.0 14.2 03.4 13.= 5.2 ;.1

0804 Jructs, vhbhtàlhs 8.; 15.5 00.; :.8 ;.; 8.3 5.5 8.0

0200 [hxtclhs 01.1 15.2 ‛ 01.1 ‛ 03.2 4.3 3.3

0210 [hxtclh prnkudts hxdhpt

`pp`rhl

1:.2 1:.1 4;.= 18.1 12.3 14.2 04.0 01.=

0245 Jàrcds :1.2 4=.5 ‛ ;2.4 ‛ ;=.0 10.= 10.;

0=05 @pp`rhl 81.: 80.: ;3.; ‛ 81.2 ;5.3 0;.1 14.2

0301 Lubb`bh :3.0 4;.3 8=.: ‛ ‛ 8:.0 0:.0 05.;

0315 Jnntwh`r 23.4 ;0.3 42.= 42.8 ‛ :8.5 00.1 03.3

1415 Uhtrnlhuf prnkudts 8.0 00.: ‛ 1.= 8.0 0.; ∑5.: 5.3

1;00 Dmhfcd`ls ;.3 :.; ‛ 2.4 01.3 4.2 0.4 0.1

1;14 Um`rf`dhutcd`ls 0.8 0.0 1.8 5.3 ‛ 0.: 5.1 5.;

1;13 Ntmhr dmhfcd`ls 3.; ‛ ‛ ;.5 ‛ 1.3 4.3 ‛

1815 Ul`stcd prnkudts 8.1 4.4 1.= 1.8 8.0 :.1 0.: 1.5

1205 Crng, sthhl =.2 1.3 0.3 0.2 ;.0 =.: 1.= ∑5.3

1215 Gngjhrrnus fht`ls 2.3 2.= 8.= 00.: =.1 00.1 1.0 ∑1.8

1=34 M`rkw`rh 3.4 :.= ;.; :.= 04.2 00.1 4.2 ;.:

1=33 Ntmhr fht`ls 04.0 :.; 3.0 :.; 01.1 00.= ;.4 4.3

1301 Uufps 00.4 8.1 4.= 1.2 :.0 ‛ ;.= 4.2

1303 Ntmhr f`dmcghry =.; ;.3 1.4 4.8 4.2 ‛ ;.5 4.1

1311 F`dmcgh tnnls 0;.= 1.: 8.5 :.3 ‛ 3.; 2.0 0.2

1345 Knfhstcd pplc`gdhs 12.= 8.3 04.= 0;.8 11.1 0;.: 3.8 ;.8

4555 Njffdh f`dmcghry 81.3 1=.; ‛ 18.= ‛ 42.1 0=.2 03.5



D l c g

h

1 1 0

4005 Hlhdtrcd fntnrs 48.8 14.3 01.4 04.0 0;.5 ‛ :.: 0;.8

4015 Hlhdtrcdcty kcstrcautcng

`pp`r`tus

0=.5 :.= 1.4 ;.8 =.0 01.2 8.8 ;.3

4045 Rcrh 15.0 2.: =.; 00.4 08.0 3.; =.; 8.0

4085 Lcbmtcgb 45.8 ;.: 11.2 ‛ 10.0 0=.8 05.: 1.84035 Ntmhr hlhdtrcd`l

hqucpfhgt

03.= 00.0 0;.3 05.; 0;.= 0=.5 1.2 3.5

4105 Hlhdtrcd`l v`lvhs 1;.8 03.3 44.3 11.3 ‛ 15.1 4.8 01.2

4115 [Z, r`kcn tr`gsfctthrs 12.3 :.4 ‛ =.; ‛ 41.4 03.5 ;.0

4145 [Z, r`kcn rhdhcvhrs ‛ 3.; ‛ 41.4 41.5 ‛ ‛ ;.2

4400 Fhkcd`l hqucpfhgt :.1 8.4 ;.; ;.0 8.; ;.; 1.0 4.0

4401 Fh`surhfhgt `pplc`gdhs 2.2 1.3 =.= 1.1 ;.3 :.5 4.; 0.3

4415 Umntnbr`pmy 18.1 ‛ 0=.4 03.0 02.= ‛ 00.0 ‛

4;05 Fntnr vhmcdlhs 2.8 5.; 0.2 5.= 1.3 ‛ 1.2 5.;4;45 @utn p`rts =.5 5.3 1.2 4.8 1.4 ;.8 1.3 5.:

4845 @crdr`jt 1.3 5.1 ‛ 5.8 ;.4 5.; 0.2 5.0

4:05 Jurgcturh 04.3 04.4 8.2 :.0 3.0 05.8 :.; =.5

4:30 Ohwhlry 42.2 1;.1 43.4 08.3 ‛ 04.4 =.4 0.:

4:34 Tpnrts bnnks 1;.0 12.; ‛ 1;.; 4;.= 14.4 1.; 01.0

4:3; B`fhs, tnys :=.; 1;.; ‛ ;:.; 8=.2 ‛ 2.= 01.;

4:33 Ntmhr f`guj`dturcgb 02.2 8.2 40.8 03.1 0=.1 18.4 4.0 1.5

Tnurdh? XGCKN 155:.

‛ 6 Gnt `v cl`alh.

`. 1551.

a. Dm`gbh jrnf 0332 tn 1551.

d. 033:.




;.8 phrdhgt `ggu`lly cg rh`l thrfs cj tmhy d`pturhk tmh hgtcrh `ggu`l

cgdrh`sh cg X.T. `pp`rhl dngsufptcng. Tuppnsh cgsth`k tm`t tmhy whrh tn

brnw t 05 phrdhgt, tmh vhr`bh jnr ll f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts nj khvhlnpcgb

dnugtrchs cg 0335—155; (tàlh 3.0). [mcs wnulk fh`g tm`t ct wnulk ngly

tìh gcgh yh`rs jnr tmh hgtcrhty nj X.T. dngsufptcng nj `pp`rhl tn dnfh

jrnf cfpnrts jrnf khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs, wctm zhrn knfhstcd prnkudtcng

`gk zhrn cfpnrts jrnf hlshwmhrh.3 Tn `jthr ` khd`kh, khvhlnpcgb-dnugtry

hxpnrts tn tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths dnulk brnw gn j`sthr tm`g 1.18 phrdhgt ggu-

`lly ahdùsh nj dnfplhth f`riht s`tur`tcng dnfacghk wctm slnw brnwtm

cg khf`gk, hvhg wctm gn prnthdtcng wm`tsnhvhr. Nj dnursh, `kkctcng`l

khf`gk fcbmt ah prnfpthk ay prcdh rhkudtcngs, aut tmhg tmhrh wnulk ah

thrfs-nj-tr`kh JD prnalhfs.

Cg smnrt, ct cs j`cr tn si wmhtmhr ghw JD dm`llhgbh cs j`dcgb khvhlnpcgb-

dnugtry f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts? `rh tmhy `lrh`ky sn mcbm cg f`gy shdtnrs

tm`t tmhcr brnwtm r`ths wcll ah cgdrh`scgbly dngstr`cghk tn tmnsh nj ugkhrly-

cgb shdtnr`l dngsufptcng cg tmh f`rihts cg quhstcng, wmcdm rh fudm lnwhrtm`g tmh brnwtm r`ths nj tr`kh m`vh ahhg>

Cfplcd`tcngs jnr Unnr Dnugtrchs

[mh arn`k tmrust nj tmh `bbrhb`tcvh `gk shdtnr`l hvckhgdh cs tm`t dlnsurh nj

f`rihts cg cgkustrc`l dnugtrchs cg tmh j`dh nj rcscgb cfpnrts jrnf tmh snutm

m`s gnt ahhg ` shrcnus dngstr`cgt ng hxpnrt-lhk brnwtm. [mcs nphgghss m`s

mhlk up hvhg ugkhr tmh prhssurh nj rhf`riàlh cfpnrt brnwtm jrnf tmh ghw

f`guj`dturcgb bc`gt, Dmcg` (wmcdm, khspcth hgnrfnus brnwtm, rhf`cgsahlnw tmh B-; tnk`y `s ` snurdh nj f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts).

Rm`t `rh tmh cfplcd`tcngs nj tmcs hxphrchgdh jnr tnk`y–s pnnrhr dnug-

trchs, cgdlukcgb f`gy cg @jrcd`, wmnsh f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts `rh ` fudm

sf`llhr sm`rh nj tmhcr tnt`l hxpnrts tm`g cg @sc`> ([mh whcbmthk `vhr`bh

sm`rh nj f`guj`dturhs cg tnt`l hxpnrts cs 1= phrdhgt jnr @jrcd`, 88 phrdhgt

cg L`tcg @fhrcd`, `gk 30 phrdhgt cg @sc`).

[mh scfplhst cgthrprht`tcng nj tmcs hxphrchgdh cs tm`t blna`l f`rihts

smnulk h`scly ah àlh tn àsnra tmh f`bgctukh nj `kkctcng`l f`guj`dturhk

hxpnrts tm`t d`g ah hxphdthk jrnf tmh pnnrhr dnugtrchs, ahdùsh tmhsh

`rh lcihly tn ah fudm sf`llhr tm`g tmh `fnugts `lrh`ky cgdnrpnr`thk cgtnf`rihts nj tmh l`rbhr `gk fnrh kyg`fcd `fngb tmh khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs.

Dngsckhr tmh scfplh sd`lh subbhsthk ay tàlh 3.0. @bbrhb`th f`guj`dturhk

hxpnrts jnr tmh 0; @jrcd`g g`tcngs `fnugthk tn ànut $12 acllcng cg 155;

(`t 1555 prcdhs). Cg dngtr`st, `bbrhb`th f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts jrnf @sc`

`fnugthk tn $0.8 trcllcng. @jrcd`–s f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts wnulk ghhk tn

fusmrnnf anut scxjnlk oust tn rh`dm ngh-thgtm tmh sczh nj @sc`–s. Tn @jrcd`g

pl`gghrs m`vh fudm fnrh rhlhv`gt dngdhrgs, cgdlukcgb bnvhrg`gdh cg p`r-

tcdul`r, tm`g tmh rcsi nj f`riht dlnsurh jrnf JD ahdùsh tmhcr hxpnrts fcbmt

ah tmh str`w tm`t arhìs tmh d`fhl–s a`di.

3 [m`t cs, 0 6 5.8 h(0.0∑0.5118) [ 9 [ 6 (lg 1) / (0.0∑0.5118) 6 =.3.



Dlcgh 114

Tmhhr sczh subbhsts tm`t ct cs wnrtm dngsckhrcgb pnsscalh str`cgs ng blna`l

f`rihts tm`t fcbmt `rcsh jrnf r`pck brnwtm cg f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts ay

Cgkc` gk ay tmh ghxt tchr nj pnpulnus pnnr g`tcngs? A`gbl`khsm, Cgknghsc`,

Gcbhrc`, gk Uìcst`g. Ngdh b`cg, mnwhvhr, tmh gufahrs smnulk `ll`y sudm

jh`rs. [nt`l f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts jnr tmcs brnup nj scx stnnk `t $3= acllcng

cg 155; (cg 1555 prcdhs), nr ngly :.: phrdhgt nj tmnsh jrnf @sc`.

[n ah surh, cg tmh archj survhy nj JD lcthr`turh prhshgthk mhrh, tmhrh cs

snfh hvckhgdh tm`t dnugtrchs sphdc`lczcgb cg lànr-cgthgscvh f`guj`dturhs

hgdnugthrhk brh`thr thrfs-nj-tr`kh kcjffdultchs. Hvhg cg tmcs kcfhgscng,

mnwhvhr, tmh pp`rhgt p`tthrg‛fnvhfhgt nj tmh B-; tnw`rk fnrh snpmcs-

tcd`thk bnnks, wctm Dmcg` rhpl`dcgb snfh nj tmhcr f`riht sm`rh‛wnulk

shhf phrjhdtly d`pàlh nj ahcgb rhplcd`thk ay tmh ghxt dnmnrt nj pnnr dnug-

trchs, wmcdm wnulk hxp`gk lànr-cgthgscvh f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts `s Dmcg`

fnvhs tnw`rk fnrh snpmcstcd`thk bnnks.

[mh X.T. Hxthrg`l Cfa`l`gdh? @ Ghw F`drnJ`ll`dy nj Dnfpnsctcng>

[mh JD mypntmhshs nj tmh p`st twn khd`khs m`vh ahhg prcf`rcly fcdrnhdn-

gnfcd cg g`turh. [mh ckh` tm`t cfpnrt phghtr`tcng wnulk surp`ss drctcd`l

tmrhsmnlks `gk trcbbhr prnthdtcng cs ` shdtnr`l quhstcng9 sn cs tmh cssuh nj

j`llcgb thrfs nj tr`kh jnr lànr-cgthgscvh f`guj`dturhs, ltmnubm tmh gntcng

nj ` arn`khr khdlcgh cg thrfs nj tr`kh jnr `ll f`guj`dturhs hxpnrthk ay

khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs wnulk ah fcxturh nj f`drnhdngnfcd gk fcdrnhdn-

gnfcd quhstcngs.

Mnwhvhr, ` ghw JD prnalhf f`y ah hfhrbcgb tm`t cs fnrh dhgtr`lly

f`drnhdngnfcd? tmh shhfcgb khphgkhgdh nj r`pckly rcscgb hxpnrts jrnf

khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs ng tmh X.T. f`riht cg ` dngthxt nj ` l`rbh `gk wckhg-

cgb X.T. durrhgt `ddnugt khffdct `gk ght cgthrg`tcng`l lcàclctchs.05

Dngsckhr tmh jnllnwcgb prnpnsctcngs. (@) [mh X.T. f`riht m`s ahhg tmh

prcgdcp`l khstcg`tcng jnr tmh r`pck rcsh cg khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs– hxpnrts nj

f`guj`dturhs cg tmh p`st khd`kh. (A) @t ànut 2 phrdhgt nj BKU, tmh X.T.

durrhgt `ddnugt khffdct cs ugsust`cgàly mcbm. Ct wnulk shhf tn jnllnw tm`t

(D) cg tmh juturh khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs wcll gn lngbhr ah àlh tn rhly ng tmh

Xgcthk Tt`ths s tmh prcgdcp`l f`riht jnr jurtmhr cgdrh`shs cg tmhcr f`guj`d-turhk hxpnrts. Cj sn, tmhg ct jnllnws hctmhr tm`t (K0) tmh khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs

wcll ghhk tn smcjt fnrh tnw`rk tmhcr nwg knfhstcd f`rihts `s tmh snurdh

nj cgdrh`shk khf`gk nr tm`t (K1) tmhy wcll ghhk tn smcjt tmh lndus nj tmhcr

hxpnrt hxp`gscng tnw`rk tmh Hurnph`g Xgcng, O`p`g, D`g`k`, @ustr`lc`,

`gk Ghw _h`l`gk `gk, hvhg tmhg, f`y ah ugàlh tn sust`cg tmh p`dh nj

hxpnrt hxp`gscng tm`t m`k ahhg nrchgthk tnw`rk tmh X.T. f`riht.

05 Jrnf tmh v`gt`bh pncgt nj fck-155=, tmh rcsis rhprhshgthk ay tmh X.T. hxthrg`l cfa`l`gdh pph`r

lhss `duth tm`g twn yh`rs h`rlchr wmhg tmcs stuky w`s dnfplhthk. [mhy gnghtmhlhss rhf`cg rhlh-v`gt, hsphdc`lly ahdùsh tmh ihy H`st @sc`g hdngnfchs, cg p`rtcdul`r, m`vh gnt yht d`rrchk nut tmh

ghhkhk rh`l `pprhdc`tcngs ghdhss`ry jnr dngscsthgdy wctm jull X.T. hxthrg`l `koustfhgt.




Dlcgh (1558`, 1558a) shts jnrtm tmh d`sh tm`t tmh X.T. durrhgt `ddnugt

khffdct cs brnwcgb prnalhf tm`t dnulk ohnp`rkczh X.T. gk blna`l brnwtm

`gk stàclcty cj ct cs gnt rhsnlvhk. [mh Xgcthk Tt`ths hxphrchgdhk ` dydlh nj

durrhgt `ddnugt cfa`l`gdh cg tmh 03=5s, wmhg tmh sm`rp rcsh cg tmh knll`r

tmrnubm 03=8 arnubmt tmh durrhgt `ddnugt khffdct tn ` phì nj 4.; phr-

dhgt nj BKU ay 03=2. [mh khdlcgh nj tmh knll`r jnllnwcgb tmh 03=8 Ul`z`

@brhhfhgt jnr dnnrkcg`thk cgthrvhgtcng gk ntmhr fh`surhs tn rhkudh tmh

knll`r b`cgst tmh yhg gk khutsdmh f`ri mhlphk tn rhvhrsh tmh cfa`l`gdh,

wmcdm w`s l`rbhly hlcfcg`thk ay 0335—30.

[mh prhshgt dydlh nj X.T. hxthrg`l cfa`l`gdh ahb`g cg h`rghst `jthr

tmh nutarhì nj tmh H`st @sc`g ffg`gdc`l drcscs cg 0332, `gk jrnf 0332 tn

1558 tmh durrhgt `ddnugt khffdct sn`rhk jrnf ànut 1 phrdhgt nj BKU tn

:.; phrdhgt, `lfnst twcdh tmh prhvcnus phì. [mh X.T. ght cgthrg`tcng`l

cgvhstfhgt pnsctcng (GCCU), wmcdm m`k j`llhg jrnf +04 phrdhgt nj BKU

cg 03=5 tn zhrn ay 03==, tmhg khdlcghk jurtmhr tn ∑14 phrdhgt nj BKU ay

1550 (AH@ 155:`). @ltmnubm dm`gbhs cg hxdm`gbh r`ths `gk `ssht prcdhv`lu`tcngs scgdh tmhg m`vh sn j`r ihpt tmh GCCU jrnf j`llcgb jurtmhr rhl`tcvh

tn BKU, khspcth l`rbh ggu`l durrhgt ddnugt khffdcts, tmh lngb-thrf trhgk

cs jnr l`rbh jurtmhr khdlcgh. Hvhg ahjnrh tmh rhdhgt `kkctcng`l cgdrh`shs cg

ncl prcdhs, fy fnkhl prnohdtcngs cg fck-1558 smnwhk tm`t, wctm tmh knll`r

`t tmh rh`l lhvhl nj tmh ffrst ffvh fngtms nj tm`t yh`r `gk wctm lcihly juturh

X.T. gk jnrhcbg brnwtm r`ths, tmh X.T. durrhgt ddnugt khffdct wnulk wckhg

tn 2.8—= phrdhgt nj BKU ay 1505, 05 phrdhgt ay 1508, `gk 0; phrdhgt

ay 1518. [mh GCCU wnulk j`ll tn ànut ∑28 phrdhgt nj BKU ay 1508 `gk

tn ∑0;5 phrdhgt ay 1518 (Dlcgh 1558a? =;—=:9 0=5—=0).00

Gn ngh ignws wm`t cs ` s`jh lhvhl jnr X.T. ght cgthrg`tcng`l lcàclctchs,aut ct wnulk shhf mcbmly cfprukhgt jnr pnlcdy fìhrs tn `llnw ght cgthrg`-

tcng`l lcàclctchs tn rcsh ahyngk ànut 85 phrdhgt nj BKU. [mh ahgdmf`ri

jnr k`gbhr jnr fnst khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs m`s ahhg cg tmh r`gbh nj ;5 phr-

dhgt nj BKU. Tnfh llnw`gdh d`g ah f`kh jnr tmh lhsshr vulghràclcty nj tmh

Xgcthk Tt`ths tm`gis tn tmh khgnfcg`tcng nj cts lcàclctchs cg knll`rs r`tmhr

tm`g cg jnrhcbg durrhgdy, aut tmh hxthrg`l pnsctcng nj tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths cs j`r

fnrh dhgtr`l tn tmh cgthrg`tcng`l hdngnfy tm`g tm`t nj `gy ntmhr dnug-

try, sn fnrh r`tmhr tm`g lhss dùtcng shhfs tn ah cg nrkhr. Tcful`tcngs

wctm fy fnkhl subbhst, mnwhvhr, tm`t cg nrkhr tn arcgb tmh X.T. dur-

rhgt `ddnugt khffdct a`di knwg tn tmh r`gbh nj ànut 4 tn 4.8 phrdhgt njBKU ay 1505 (` lhvhl dngscsthgt wctm hvhgtu`l stàclcz`tcng nj tmh GCCU

`t ànut ∑85 phrdhgt nj BKU), tmh tr`kh-whcbmthk `vhr`bh nj jnrhcbg dur-

rhgdchs wnulk m`vh tn rcsh ay ànut `gntmhr 15 phrdhgt ànvh tmh lhvhl nj

00 Mnwhvhr, ay fck-155= rhvcshk prnohdtcngs nj fy fnkhl smnwhk tmh X.T. durrhgt `ddnugt khffdct

ng tr`di tn pl`thù `t ànut ; phrdhgt nj BKU ay 1505—01, r`tmhr tm`g tn dngtcguh ng `g hvhr-

wckhgcgb p`tm. Tuast`gtc`l rh`l hjjhdtcvh khprhdc`tcng nj tmh knll`r jrnf fck-155: tn fck-155=

arnubmt tmh dm`gbh cg nutlnni (khspcth mcbmhr ncl prcdhs). Hvhg sn, tmh X.T. hxthrg`l khffdct

rhf`cghk hxdhsscvh dnfp`rhk tn ` sust`cgàlh t`rbht nj ànut 4 phrdhgt nj BKU.



Dlcgh 118

O`gu`ry—F`y 1558.01 Hxdm`gbh r`th koustfhgt wnulk ghhk tn ah ddnf-

p`gchk ay hctmhr ffsd`l `koustfhgt nr ` rhturg tn mcbmhr phrsng`l s`vcgb

r`ths cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths cg nrkhr jnr tmh pnthgtc`l `koustfhgt gnt tn ah

tmw`rthk ay bhghr`l-hquclcarcuf jhhka`dis (jnr hx`fplh, mcbmhr cgthrhst

r`ths `gk tmus ` rhanugk cg tmh knll`r).

Khl`y cg dnrrhdtcng cg tmh X.T. hxthrg`l cfa`l`gdh wnulk shrcnusly r`csh

tmh rcsis tn tmh X.T. `gk cgthrg`tcng`l hdngnfchs. @ lnss nj dngffkhgdh

ay cgthrg`tcng`l cgvhstnrs dnulk trcbbhr ` duta`di cg tmh l`rbh d`pct`l

cgfinws ghhkhk tn ffg`gdh tmh X.T. hxthrg`l khffdct, wmcdm cg turg wnulk

put upw`rk prhssurh ng cgthrhst r`ths `gk dnulk prhdcpct`th ` X.T. rhdhs-

scng (tmh m`rk-l`gkcgb sdhg`rcn). [mh Xgcthk Tt`ths d`fh dlnsh tn sudm `g

nutdnfh cg 0323 gk b`cg cg 03=2. Hvhg cg tmh ashgdh nj sukkhg m`rk

l`gkcgb, lhgbtmy khl`y nj `koustfhgt wnulk jnrdh fudm brh`thr duta`dis

cg dngsufptcng (`gk cgvhstfhgt) ay mnushmnlks `gk auscghsshs ay tmh

fckklh nj tmh ghxt khd`kh tm`g wnulk ntmhrwcsh ah ghhkhk, `kkcgb tn `g

`lrh`ky shrcnus prnalhf nj pnstpngcgb aurkhgs tn tmh juturh cg tmh jnrfnj ugjugkhk phgscng `gk mh`ltm nalcb`tcngs.

X.T. hxthrg`l `koustfhgt tmus shhfs ghdhss`ry `gk smnulk ah kngh snnghr

r`tmhr tm`g l`thr. Sht tmcs `koustfhgt dnulk shrcnusly dm`llhgbh dngtcgu`-

tcng nj hxpnrt-lhk brnwtm cg khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs. [mus tmh tr`kh surplus nj

khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs `s ` brnup wctm tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths rnsh jrnf 0 phrdhgt

nj tmhcr dnfacghk BKU cg 0331 tn 8.8 phrdhgt cg 155;, sn rcscgb ght hxpnrts

tn tmh X.T. f`riht annsthk khf`gk jnr tmhsh hdngnfchs ay anut ;.8 phrdhgt

nj tmhcr BKU (Dlcgh 155:). [mh ghw f`drnhdngnfcd j`ll`dy nj dnfpnsc-

tcng quhstcng cs tmus wmhtmhr khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs d`g dngtcguh tmhcr r`pck

hxp`gscng nj f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts (nr tnt`l hxpnrts) hvhg `s tmh XgcthkTt`ths hgthrs cgtn `g cghvctàlh pm`sh nj rhkudtcng r`tmhr tm`g jurtmhr wckhg-

cgb nj cts durrhgt `ddnugt khffdct.

Ahdùsh tmh X.T. hdngnfy dngstctuths ànut 45 phrdhgt nj blna`l BKU

`t f`riht hxdm`gbh r`ths (Rnrlk A`gi 155:), ` rhkudtcng cg tmh X.T. dur-

rhgt `ddnugt khffdct ay ànut 4 phrdhgt nj BKU wnulk `fnugt tn ` rhkud-

tcng cg tmh durrhgt `ddnugt pnsctcng nj ntmhr dnugtrchs hqucv`lhgt tn ànut

0.4 phrdhgt nj tmhcr dnfacghk BKU. Cj tmh `koustfhgt whrh sprh`k nvhr

tmrhh tn jnur yh`rs, tmcs wnulk tr`gsl`th cgtn rhkudtcng cg hxthrg`l khf`gk

`fnugtcgb tn ànut 5.4 tn 5.; phrdhgt nj tmhcr BKU `ggu`lly. [mcs f`bgc-

tukh cs ay gn fh`gs cgsurfnugtàlh. Mnwhvhr, ct wnulk fh`g tm`t cgsth`knj `kkcgb ànut 5.; phrdhgt nj BKU `ggu`lly tn khf`gk jnr khvhlnpcgb

dnugtrchs‛tmh vhr`bh cg 0334—155;‛tmh X.T. f`riht wnulk ah suatr`dt-

cgb ànut tmcs fudm `ggu`lly.

[mh khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs wcll ghhk tn p`rtcdcp`th cg tmh rhkudtcng nj

durrhgt ddnugt pnsctcngs cg tmh rhst nj tmh wnrlk tm`t wcll ah ghhkhk s tmh

01 Cgsth`k, ay Ough 155:, tmh Jhkhr`l Qhshrvh–s arn`k rh`l hxdm`gbh r`th cgkhx jnr tmh knll`r m`k

rcshg anut 0 phrdhgt (jnrhcbg hxdm`gbh r`ths m`k j`llhg ànut 0 phrdhgt) jrnf tmh O`gu`ry—F`y

1558 vhr`bh. Mnwhvhr, jrnf Ough 155: tn Ough 155=, tmcs arn`k rh`l cgkhx jhll ay 01.0 phrdhgt

(Jhkhr`l Qhshrvh 155=).




dnugthrp`rt tn rhkudtcng nj tmh X.T. durrhgt `ddnugt khffdct. Cgdlukcgb tmh

B-;, tmh khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs `s ` brnup swugb sm`rply jrnf ahcgb cg `g

`bbrhb`th durrhgt `ddnugt khffdct pnsctcng nj ànut $055 acllcng cg 0334,

nr 1.5 phrdhgt nj tmhcr dnfacghk BKU, tn ahcgb cg `bbrhb`th surplus `t

$853 acllcng cg 1558, nr ;.4 phrdhgt nj tmhcr dnfacghk BKU (CFJ 155:a).

[mcs fh`gs tm`t, cgsth`k nj rhdhcvcgb ght rhsnurdhs jnr cgvhstfhgt jrnf

cgkustrc`l dnugtrchs‛tmh fnrh gnrf`l p`tthrg jnr blna`l d`pct`l finws

`gk hxthrg`l `ddnugts‛tmh khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs m`vh ahdnfh l`rbh ght

supplchrs nj d`pct`l tn tmh cgkustrc`l dnugtrchs, f`cgly tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths.

@s subbhsthk ànvh, ` fònr jurtmhr khdlcgh cg tmh tr`kh-whcbmthk v`luh

nj tmh knll`r shhfs ghdhss`ry tn d`rry nut tmh X.T. hxthrg`l `koustfhgt.

F`gy khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs wnulk `pprnprc`thly hxphrchgdh rh`l `pprhdc`-

tcng b`cgst tmh knll`r s p`rt nj tmcs prndhss, ltmnubm tmhcr tr`kh-whcbmthk

`pprhdc`tcngs wnulk ah fudm sf`llhr ahdùsh fnst nj tmhcr tr`kcgb p`rt-

ghrs wnulk `lsn ah `pprhdc`tcgb `b`cgst tmh knll`r. Tn j`r, mnwhvhr, rhl`-

tcvhly jhw khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs m`vh m`k suast`gtc`l durrhgdy pprhdc`tcngs`b`cgst tmh knll`r. Cgsth`k, fnst nj tmh hxdm`gbh r`th dnrrhdtcng sn j`r

m`s ahhg ay cgkustrc`l dnugtrchs, hsphdc`lly tmnsh cg tmh hurn `rh` `s whll

`s D`g`k`, @ustr`lc`, Ghw _h`l`gk, tmh Xgcthk Icgbknf, `gk, tn ` j`r

lhsshr hxthgt, O`p`g. Dlcgh (1558a) khvhlnps ` fnkhl nj nptcf`l hxdm`gbh

r`th rh`lcbgfhgt tm`t shts t`rbht durrhgt `ddnugt `koustfhgts ay dnugtry `s

dnugthrp`rts tn tmh X.T. durrhgt `ddnugt `koustfhgt. [mh stuky tmhg ckhg-

tcffhs dm`gbhs cg hxdm`gbh r`ths tm`t fnst dlnshly ychlk tmh t`rbht durrhgt

`ddnugt `koustfhgts suaohdt tn tmh dngstr`cgt tm`t tmh tr`kh-whcbmthk rh`l

jnrhcbg `pprhdc`tcng `b`cgst tmh knll`r fhhts tmh t`rbht jnr X.T. hxthrg`l

`koustfhgt (ànut 15 phrdhgt).F`gy nj tmh khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs m`vh gnt `llnwhk tmhcr hxdm`gbh r`ths

tn `pprhdc`th cg rhspngsh tn f`riht jnrdhs, aut cgsth`k m`vh cgthrvhghk cg

tmh hxdm`gbh f`rihts `gk auclt up l`rbh jnrhcbg rhshrvhs. Jrnf 1550 tn

1558, tmh phrcnk cg wmcdm tmh knll`r m`s st`bhk snfh dnrrhdtcng jrnf cts

mcbmhst lhvhls, tmh dnfacghk jnrhcbg rhshrvhs nj khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs rnsh

jrnf $0.4 trcllcng tn $1.3 trcllcng. @ltmnubm O`p`g–s rhshrvhs `lsn rnsh

sm`rply (jrnf $432 acllcng tn $=4: acllcng), rhshrvhs nj tmh ntmhr cgkustrc`l

dnugtrchs (hxdlukcgb tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths, wmnsh rhshrvhs rh fcgcf`l) kck gnt

rcsh fudm `t `ll (jrnf $;4; acllcng tn ngly $;:3 acllcng9 CFJ 155:`). [mcs

p`tthrg rhfihdts tmh thgkhgdy tn `vnck hxdm`gbh r`th cgthrvhgtcng cg fnstcgkustrc`l dnugtrchs hxdhpt O`p`g (wmcdm `lsn stnpphk cgthrvhgcgb `jthr

F`rdm 155;).

@fngb khvhlnpcgb hdngnfchs, cg dngtr`st, tmh cgdrh`sh cg rhshrvhs w`s

f`sscvh cg Dmcg` (jrnf $102 acllcng tn $=14 acllcng)9 Inrh` (jrnf $054

acllcng tn $105 acllcng)9 Cgkc` ($;: acllcng tn $0;4 acllcng)9 `gk [`cw`g,

Dmcg` ($014 acllcng tn $18; acllcng). [mhy whrh `lsn l`rbh cg hdngnfchs

sudm `s Tcgb`pnrh ($2: acllcng tn $00: acllcng), F`l`ysc` ($40 acllcng tn

$25 acllcng), `gk [m`cl`gk ($44 acllcng tn $80 acllcng).

Jcburh 3.1 smnws tmh sm`rp dngtr`st ahtwhhg fònr cgkustrc`l dnugtrchs,wmcdm, wctm tmh hxdhptcng nj O`p`g, m`vh thgkhk tn `llnw tmhcr hxdm`gbh



Dlcgh 112

r`ths tn pprhdc`th b`cgst tmh knll`r r`tmhr tm`g cgthrvhgh cg durrhgdy f`r-

ihts, `gk lh`kcgb @sc`g hfhrbcgb f`riht hdngnfchs, wmcdm m`vh l`rbhly

prhvhgthk f`riht jnrdhs jrnf ackkcgb up tmhcr hxdm`gbh r`ths ay hgb`bcgbcg f`sscvh cgthrvhgtcng `gk auclkup nj rhshrvhs (hxprhsshk `s tmh dm`gbh cg

rhshrvhs `s ` phrdhgt nj 1558 cfpnrts).

Dlcgh (155:) `rbuhs tm`t ahdùsh nj tmh hvhgtu`l k`f`bh nj ` kcsrup-

tcvh blna`l m`rk l`gkcgb, ct cs cg tmh khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs– nwg cgthrhsts tn

dnnphr`th cg mhlpcgb tn `dmchvh `g h`rlchr, sfnntmhr X.T. hxthrg`l `koust-

fhgt ay dh`scgb tn tmw`rt tmh `pprhdc`tcng nj tmhcr durrhgdchs `b`cgst tmh

knll`r tmrnubm cgthrvhgtcng. [n tmcs hgk, Dlcgh (1558`) d`lls jnr ` Ul`z` 1

`brhhfhgt `fngb fònr hdngnfchs, cgdlukcgb tmh H`st @sc`g `gk ntmhr

fònr hfhrbcgb f`riht hdngnfchs, tn nrdmhstr`th ` dnnrkcg`thk p`di`bh

nj hxdm`gbh rh`lcbgfhgts `gk `koustfhgts cg ffsd`l `gk ntmhr khf`gk-nrchgthk pnlcdchs tn mhlp tn jnsthr ` sfnntm `koustfhgt nj tmh X.T. (`gk

mhgdh cgthrg`tcng`l) hxthrg`l cfa`l`gdhs. X.T. ffsd`l `koustfhgt wnulk ah

`g cgkcsphgsàlh dnfpnghgt nj tmh nvhr`ll a`rb`cg cg ` Ul`z` 1. A`shk ng

tmh `g`lyscs nj nptcf`l durrhgdy rh`lcbgfhgt, Dlcgh (1558a) cgkcd`ths tm`t

tmhrh wnulk ghhk tn ah rhl`tcvhly l`rbh rh`l `pprhdc`tcngs `b`cgst tmh knll`r

jrnf tmh F`rdm 1558 lhvhl (ànut tmh `vhr`bh jnr O`gu`ry—F`y 1558) cg

shvhr`l fònr khvhlnpcgb hdngnfchs, cgdlukcgb ` ;8 phrdhgt `pprhdc`tcng

ay Dmcg`, 83 phrdhgt ay F`l`ysc`, 23 phrdhgt ay Tcgb`pnrh, gk ;; phrdhgt

ay tmh Umclcppcghs. Fnrh fnkhr`th pprhdc`tcngs wnulk lsn ah pprnprc`thcg snfh L`tcg @fhrcd`g dnugtrchs (ànut 15 phrdhgt jnr Dmclh `gk Fhxcdn,

Jcburh 3.1. @pprhdc`tcng b`cgst tmh X.T. Knll`r `gk Dm`gbh cg Qhshrvhs Qhl`tcvh tn Cfpnrts,Hgk-1550 tn Hgk-1558

5

15

—15

;5

:5

=5

055

@ustr`lc` Hurn

`rh`

D`g`k` Xgcthk

Icgbknf

O`p`g Inrh`,

Qhp. nj

Tcgb`pnrh [ cw`g,

Dmcg`

Dmcg` F`l`ysc`

p h r d h g t

hxdm`gbh r th r tcn nj rhshrvhs tn cfpnrts

Tnurdh? CFJ 155:`, 155:a9 XGD[@K 1558.




0; phrdhgt jnr @rbhgtcg`, aut ngly = phrdhgt jnr Ar`zcl). [mh O`p`ghsh yhg

wnulk `lsn rcsh sm`rply `b`cgst tmh knll`r, ay 4= phrdhgt, wmhrh`s tmh hurn

wnulk gnt fnvh fudm fnrh (8 phrdhgt), `gk tmh @ustr`lc`g `gk D`g`-

kc`g durrhgdchs wnulk h`sh slcbmtly `b`cgst tmh knll`r. Drudc`lly, `ll nj tmhsh

durrhgdy `pprhdc`tcngs wnulk ah fudm sf`llhr wmhg bùbhk cg thrfs nj

rh`l hjjhdtcvh hxdm`gbh r`ths `b`cgst `ll tr`kcgb p`rtghrs. Jnr Dmcg`, jnr

hx`fplh, tmcs cgdrh`sh wnulk ah ngly ànut m`lj `s l`rbh `s tmh acl`thr`l

`pprhdc`tcng `b`cgst tmh knll`r, `gk jnr Inrh`, tmh rh`l hjjhdtcvh dm`gbh

wnulk ah ` khprhdc`tcng nj = phrdhgt (dnfp`rhk tn ` acl`thr`l `pprhdc`tcng

nj 0; phrdhgt).04

[n rhd`pctul`th, tmh X.T. f`riht m`s ahdnfh lcih ` blna`l dnffngs jnr

tmh hxp`gscng nj hxpnrts, hsphdc`lly ay Dmcg` `s whll `s ntmhr khvhlnpcgb

dnugtrchs. Cg ` ghw f`drnhdngnfcd j`ll`dy nj dnfpnsctcng, tmhsh dnugtrchs

m`vh ahhg nvhrhxplnctcgb tmcs dnffngs, `g`lnbnus tn nvhrffsmcgb `g ndh`g

rhbcng, `gk tmcs dnffngs j`dhs `g hvhgtu`l dnll`psh tm`t wnulk `kvhrshly

`jjhdt tmh dnugtrchs rhlycgb ng ct jnr tmhcr khvhlnpfhgt str`thby. @ Ul`z` 1nr ntmhr dnnrkcg`thk hjjnrt, phrm`ps lhk ay tmh ghw fultcl`thr`l survhcll`gdh

hjjnrts nj tmh Cgthrg`tcng`l Fnght`ry Jugk, wnulk shhf khscràlh tn hgsurh

tm`t tmcs f`drnhdngnfcd JD cs `kkrhsshk snnghr r`tmhr tm`g l`thr.

Ngh rh`sng tmh ghw f`drnhdngnfcd JD m`s rcshg cs tm`t shvhr`l fònr

khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs `pph`r tn m`vh tr`gscthk jrnf tmh dl`sscd`l fnkhl nj

hxpnrt-lhk brnwtm tn wm`t `fnugts tn ` fnkhl nj ghn-fhrd`gtclcsf jh`-

turcgb hvhr-rcscgb tr`kh surplushs.0; Cgsth`k, tr`kctcng`l hxpnrt-lhk brnwtm

cs prhfcshk ng r`pck brnwtm cg cfpnrts nj r`w f`thrc`l cgputs gk d`pct`l

bnnks ushk jnr knfhstcd brnwtm. Cg tmcs dl`sscd`l vhrscng, antm hxpnrts

`gk cfpnrts brnw r`pckly, hctmhr arn`kly f`cgt`cgcgb ` bcvhg tr`kh a`l-`gdh nr wckhgcgb ` tr`kh khffdct `s cgfinws nj ffg`gdc`l d`pct`l jrnf tmh

Gnrtm supplhfhgt knfhstcd rhsnurdhs. Cgsth`k, tmh ghn-fhrd`gtclcst vhr-

scng jh`turhs cfpnrt brnwtm l`bbcgb ahmcgk hxpnrts `gk tmh pl`dhfhgt nj

hxdhss hxpnrt h`rgcgbs cgtn l`rbh gk brnwcgb rhshrvhs. @ltmnubm auclk-

cgb nj rhshrvhs dhrt`cgly f`kh shgsh jnr snfh hdngnfchs cg tmh wìh nj tmh

H`st @sc`g ffg`gdc`l drcscs nj tmh l`th 0335s, ay gnw tmcs prndhss m`s bngh

j`r ahyngk wm`t d`g ah oustcffhk ay `gy prukhgtc`l ghhk jnr rhshrvhs.

Jcburhs 3.4 `gk 3.; smnw tmh cgdrh`scgb rhlc`gdh nj fònr hdngnfchs

ng tmh X.T. f`riht. [mh ffrst cgkcd`ths tmh p`tm nj X.T. cfpnrts jrnf tmh

04 Ay fck-155=, shvhr`l nj tmh ihy H`st @sc`g durrhgdchs rhf`cghk suast`gtc`lly ugkhrv`luhk.

Qh`lcbgfhgts tn rh`dm jugk`fhgt`l-hquclcarcuf hxdm`gbh r`ths cg ` dngthxt nj cgthrg`tcng`l

`koustfhgt dngtcguhk tn rhqucrh `pprhdc`tcngs ng tmh nrkhr nj 08 phrdhgt cg rh`l hjjhdtcvh

hxdm`gbh r`ths jnr Dmcg` `gk Tcgb`pnrh `gk = tn 05 phrdhgt jnr Mngb Ingb, Dmcg`9 [`cw`g,

Dmcg`9 gk F`l`ysc`. [mhsh dnrrhdtcngs wnulk cfply acl`thr`l pprhdc`tcngs b`cgst tmh knll`r ng

tmh nrkhr nj 18—45 phrdhgt jnr tmh jnrfhr twn hdngnfchs `gk 15—18 phrdhgt jnr tmh l`tthr tmrhh.

Thh Dlcgh (155=).

0; Knnlhy, Jnlihrts-L`gkù, gk B`rahr (155;) jnrf`lczh tmcs ghn-fhrd`gtclcst fnkhl cgtn tmh Arht-

tng Rnnks CC rhbcfh, cg wmcdm dhgthr dnugtrchs fin`t tmhcr hxdm`gbh r`ths, aut Dmcg` `gk ntmhr

dnugtrchs cg tmh phrcpmhry (durcnusly cgdlukcgb O`p`g) cgthrvhgh tn ffx tmhcr hxdm`gbh r`ths b`cgst

tmh X.T. knll`r cg nrkhr tn sust`cg rcscgb hxpnrts tn àsnra surplus lànr. Jnr ` sihptcd`l vchw njtmcs jr`fhwnri, shh Dlcgh (1558a? 0=2—=3).



Dlcgh 113

cgkustrc`l dnugtrchs, Nrb`gcz`tcng nj tmh Uhtrnlhuf-Hxpnrtcgb Dnugtrchs

(NUHD), `gk ntmhr khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs nvhr tmh p`st 08 yh`rs.08 [mh

gng-ncl khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs m`vh b`cghk sm`rply cg f`riht sm`rh, `s

X.T. cfpnrts jrnf tmcs brnup m`vh rcshg jrnf ngly `anut m`lj `s l`rbh

`s X.T. cfpnrts jrnf cgkustrc`l dnugtrchs tn surp`ss cfpnrts jrnf cgkus-trc`l dnugtrchs ay 1558. [mh duful`tcvh `vhr`bh gnfcg`l brnwtm nj

X.T. cfpnrts jrnf gng-ncl khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs jrnf 0330 tn 1558 w`s

00.1 phrdhgt, dnfp`rhk tn oust :.3 phrdhgt jrnf cgkustrc`l dnugtrchs.

Rctm ` strngb knll`r `jthr 0338, wh`i f`riht brnwtm cg O`p`g, slnwhr

brnwtm cg Hurnph tm`g cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths, `s whll `s khv`lu`tcngs cg

H`st @sc` `jthr tmh ffg`gdc`l drcscs cg tmh l`th 0335s, X.T. hxpnrts m`vh

brnwg fudm fnrh slnwly tm`g cfpnrts, t 2.4 phrdhgt ggu`lly tn gng-ncl

khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs `gk `t ;.; phrdhgt `ggu`lly tn cgkustrc`l dnugtrchs.

[mh b`p ahtwhhg tmh cfpnrt `gk hxpnrt brnwtm r`ths w`s mcbmhr jnr X.T.

tr`kh wctm tmh gng-ncl khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs (4.3 phrdhgt `ggu`lly) tm`g

jnr tr`kh wctm tmh cgkustrc`l dnugtrchs (1.8 phrdhgt), `b`cg smnwcgb tmh

rcscgb rnlh nj khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs cg tmh X.T. hxthrg`l cfa`l`gdh.

Ngh smnrtdut w`y tn shh wmhtmhr tmhrh fcbmt ah ` f`drnhdngnfcd JD

bncgb jnrw`rk cs scfply tn dngsckhr wm`t wnulk m`pphg cj X.T. cfpnrts

jrnf gng-ncl khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs dngtcguhk `t tmh `vhr`bh p`dh nj tmh

p`st 08 yh`rs. Cj tmhsh cfpnrts dngtcguhk tn brnw t 00.1 phrdhgt cg gnfc-

g`l thrfs, `gk X.T. BKU whrh tn brnw `t ` sth`ky 8.8 phrdhgt (4 phrdhgt

rh`l, 1.8 phrdhgt jnr cgfi`tcng), cfpnrts jrnf gng-ncl khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs

08 AH@ (155:`, 155:a) k`t` pl`dh Tnutm @jrcd` cg tmh cgkustrc`l-dnugtry brnupcgb.

Jcburh 3.4. X.T. Cfpnrts jrnf Cgkustrc`l, NUHD, gk Ntmhr KhvhlnpcgbDnugtrchs, 0330—1558

Tnurdh? AH@ 155:`, 155:a.

5

055

155

455

;55

855

:55

255

=55

355

0 3 3 0

0 3 3 1

0 3 3 4

0 3 3 ;

0 3 3 8

0 3 3 :

0 3 3 2

0 3 3 =

0 3 3 3

1 5 5 5

1 5 5 0

1 5 5 1

1 5 5 4

1 5 5 ;

1 5 5 8

X T $ a c l l c n g s

ntmhr khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchscgkustrc`l dnugtrchs NUHD




wnulk rcsh jrnf :.1 phrdhgt nj X.T. BKU cg 1558 tn 05.: phrdhgt cg 1508

`gk tn 02.3 phrdhgt ay 1518. Cj `t tmh s`fh tcfh X.T. hxpnrts tn tmhsh

dnugtrchs brhw `t tmh s`fh r`th `s cg tmh p`st 08 yh`rs, tmhy wnulk ngly

rcsh jrnf 4.5 phrdhgt nj X.T. BKU cg 1558 tn 4.: phrdhgt ay 1508 `gk tn

;.4 phrdhgt ay 1518. Tn tmh X.T. tr`kh khffdct wctm tmh gng-ncl khvhlnpcgb

dnugtrchs wnulk sn`r jrnf 4.1 phrdhgt nj X.T. BKU cg 1558 tn 2.5 phrdhgt

ay 1508 `gk tn 04.: phrdhgt ay 1518.

[mhsh gufahrs `lngh d`st knuat ng tmh sust`cgàclcty nj hvhr-rcscgb

khvhlnpcgb-dnugtry tr`kh surplushs wctm tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths `s `g hgbcgh

nj khvhlnpfhgt. [mhy `lsn mcbmlcbmt tmh j`dt tm`t tmh f`drnhdngnfcd JD

cs krcvhg gnt oust ay mcbm brnwtm r`ths jnr X.T. cfpnrts jrnf khvhlnpcgb

dnugtrchs, aut lsn ay tmh suast`gtc`lly lnwhr brnwtm r`ths nj X.T. hxpnrts

tn tmhsh dnugtrchs. Cg ` shgsh, tmh hfpm`scs nj tmh “bhghr`l-hquclcarcuf‖

sdmnnl ng `g njjshttcgb rcsh cg khf`gk jnr hxpnrts tn tmhsh dnugtrchs

(tmh tmcrk v`rc`gt nj tmh JD cssuh) m`s gnt ahhg v`lck`thk jnr tmh Xgcthk

Tt`ths, hvhg cj ct whrh ` plùscalh `rbufhgt cj tmh hxpnrt brnwtm r`th m`kf`tdmhk tmh cfpnrt brnwtm r`th (wmcdm, `b`cg, cbgnrhs shdtnr`l `koust-

fhgt strhsshs).

[ìcgb trc`gbul`r tr`kh cgtn `ddnugt wnulk gnt `lthr tmcs kc`bgnscs.

Rmhrh`s acl`thr`l a`l`gdhs `rh cg`pprnprc`th jnr fnst f`drnhdngnfcd

`g`lyscs, jnr brnupcgbs `s arn`k `s tmh tmrhh-w`y kcvcscng cg ffburh 3.4

tmh trc`gbul`r tr`kh fcsshk cg acl`thr`l `g`lyscs l`rbhly kcs`pph`rs. Cgkhhk,

ahdùsh tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths m`s strudtur`l khffdct wctm tmh NUHD hdngnfchs,

ct fcbmt ah hxphdthk tn rug sczàlh tr`kh surplus wctm ll ntmhr khvhlnpcgb

dnugtrchs, r`tmhr tm`g ` l`rbh `gk wckhgcgb khffdct.

Jcburh 3.; smnws kht`cl ng tmh hvnlutcng nj X.T. cfpnrts ay fònr tr`k-cgb p`rtghr. [mh ffburh rhvh`ls tmh strcicgb rcsh cg cfpnrts jrnf Dmcg` nvhr

tmh p`st khd`kh. Dmcg`–s sm`rh cg tnt`l X.T. cfpnrts sn`rhk jrnf :.8 phrdhgt

cg 033: tn 3.4 phrdhgt cg 1555 gk tn 0;.: phrdhgt ay 1558. Cg 1555 Dmcg`

r`gihk ahmcgk tmh Hurnph`g Xgcng (nj 08), D`g`k`, Fhxcdn, O`p`g, `gk

tmh B-; `s ` supplchr tn tmh X.T. f`riht. Ay 1558 ct r`gihk ahmcgk ngly tmh

HX gk D`g`k`. [mh st`bg`tcng nj X.T. cfpnrts jrnf tmh B-;, cg p`rtcdul`r

`jthr 1555, rhcgjnrdhs tmh blna`l p`tthrg nj khdhlhr`tcng cg hxpnrts jrnf

tmcs brnup `s Dmcg` fnvhk r`pckly `mh`k. Cfpnrts jrnf O`p`g whrh `lsn

st`bg`gt jrnf 1555 tn 1558, `gk O`p`g–s sm`rh cg tmh X.T. tnt`l jhll jrnf

0;.8 phrdhgt cg 033: tn 01.0 phrdhgt ay 1555 `gk tn ngly 3.4 phrdhgt cg1558. Hsshgtc`lly, O`p`g `gk Dmcg` m`vh swctdmhk pl`dhs cg tmhcr sm`rh nj

tmh X.T. cfpnrt f`riht nvhr tmh p`st khd`kh.

Dmcg`–s `ggu`l gnfcg`l brnwtm r`th nj hxpnrts tn tmh X.T. f`riht nvhr

tmh p`st khd`kh w`s 08.8 phrdhgt, lfnst twcdh tmh r`th jnr tmh ghxt-r`gicgb

khvhlnpcgb-dnugtry p`rtghr (Fhxcdn t 3.1 phrdhgt). @fngb tmh hdngnfchs

smnwg cg ffburh 3.4, X.T. cfpnrts jrnf khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs ntmhr tm`g

Dmcg` brhw nvhr tmh khd`kh `t `g `vhr`bh nj ngly :.= phrdhgt, `gk X.T.

cfpnrts jrnf cgkustrc`l dnugtrchs brhw `t ngly 8.: phrdhgt. Cg ntmhr wnrks,

cg `g nvhr`ll pcdturh nj X.T. cfpnrts jrnf khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs brnwcgb `tr`ths sn mcbm `s tn ah ugsust`cgàlh nvhr tmh lngbhr thrf, Dmcg`–s st`gks



Dlcgh 140

nut `s tmh l`rbhst `gk fnst r`pckly rcscgb snurdh nj cfpnrts ay j`r. Ct cs gndncgdckhgdh tm`t X.T. njffdc`ls m`vh dngdhgtr`thk tmhcr `tthgtcng ng Dmcg`

`s tr`kcgb p`rtghr wmnsh hxdm`gbh r`th ghhks j`r fnrh koustfhgt s p`rt

nj tmh prndhss nj X.T. hxthrg`l `koustfhgt.

[n rhd`pctul`th, ` ghw f`drnhdngnfcd j`ll`dy nj dnfpnsctcng m`s

`rbuàly `rcshg ahdùsh nj tmh ugsust`cgàclcty nj tmh hvhr-wckhgcgb X.T.

durrhgt `ddnugt khffdct `gk tmh mh`vy khphgkhgdh nj khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs–

rhdhgt hxpnrt brnwtm ng tmcs wckhgcgb khffdct. [mh snlutcng tn tmcs prnalhf

wcll rhqucrh ffsd`l `koustfhgt ay tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths `gk ` wcllcgbghss `fngb

khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs (hsphdc`lly Dmcg` `gk ntmhr H`st @sc`g hdngnfchs) tn

`llnw tmhcr hxdm`gbh r`ths tn `pprhdc`th. @ smcjt tnw`rk knfhstcd khf`gkcg shvhr`l ihy khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs wcll `lsn ah ` ghdhss`ry p`rt nj tmh

snlutcng.

Dngdluscngs

[mcs dm`pthr m`s rhvcscthk tmh j`ll`dy nj dnfpnsctcng rbufhgt jthr qu`r-

thr dhgtury nj hxphrchgdh. Ct ffgks tm`t auny`gt brnwtm nj f`guj`dturhk

hxpnrts w`s cg j`dt `dmchvhk `gk dngtrcauthk vct`lly tn hdngnfcd brnwtmnvhr tmcs phrcnk. Mnwhvhr, tmcs brnwtm w`s `t ` p`dh tm`t nashrvhk tmh

5

85

055

085

155

185

455

033: 0332 033= 0333 1555 1550 1551 1554 155; 1558

X T $ a c l l c n g s

HX08 D`g`k` Dmcg` Fhxcdn

O`p`g B-; N; @T:

Ar`zcl Csr`hl H8 Tnutm @jrcd`

Jcburh 3.;. X.T. Cfpnrts jrnf Urcgdcp`l Tupplycgb Hdngnfchs, 033:—1558

Tnurdh? XTC[D 155:.

Gnth? B-;? Mngb Ingb, Dmcg`9 Inrh`, [`cw`g, Dmcg`9 Tcgb`pnrh9 N;? Iuw`ct, Gcbhrc`, Tùkc @ràc`,

Qhpÿalcd` Anlcv`rc`g` kh Zhghzuhl`9 @T:? Cgkc`, Cgknghsc`, F`l`ysc`, Uìcst`g, tmh Umclcppcghs,

[m`cl`gk9 H8? Dzhdm Qhpualcd, Mugb`ry, Unl`gk, Tlnvì Qhpualcd, `gk [urihy.




“sphhk lcfcts‖ nj 05—08 phrdhgt subbhsthk cg Dlcgh (03=;). Nvhr tmh p`st

18 yh`rs, f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts jrnf khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs m`vh brnwg t

`g `ggu`l `vhr`bh nj ànut 05 phrdhgt (tàlh 3.0). @ltmnubm tmhrh w`s `

fnkhst thgkhgdy jnr tmhsh hxpnrts tn smcjt kcrhdtcng tnw`rk tmh f`rihts

nj ntmhr khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs r`tmhr tm`g cgkustrc`l dnugtrchs‛` j`dtnr

subbhsthk ay h`rly drctcds nj tmh JD mypntmhscs `s ` rh`sng prnthdtcng

dnulk ah `vnckhk‛tmcs smcjt m`s ahhg ngly fnkhst, jrnf 83 phrdhgt cg

03=5 tn 88 phrdhgt cg 1554 jnr tmh tnp 15 f`guj`dturcgb hxpnrthrs (tàlh

3.4). [mhrh cs dngsckhràlh hvckhgdh suppnrtcgb tmh mypntmhscs nj ` smcjt

cg tmh kcrhdtcng nj tmh nrcbcg`l B-; dnugtrchs– hxpnrts `w`y jrnf cgkus-

trc`l-dnugtry f`rihts wctm rhpl`dhfhgt ay ntmhr khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs,

hsphdc`lly Dmcg`. Dnrrhspngkcgbly, tmh B-; m`s r`kcd`lly cgdrh`shk

hxpnrts tn Dmcg`, jrnf ngly 1 phrdhgt nj tmhcr hxpnrts cg 03=5 (wmhg

tr`kh wctm Dmcg` w`s prnsdrcahk jnr twn nj tmh jnur B-; hdngnfchs) tn

18 phrdhgt (tàlh 3.;).

Khspcth rhf`cgcgb wctmcg s`jh sphhk lcfcts cg tmh `bbrhb`th, f`guj`d-turhk cfpnrts jrnf khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs cgtn cgkustrc`l dnugtrchs m`vh bhg-

hr`thk mcbm cfpnrt phghtr`tcng r`tcns cg shvhr`l shdtnrs, `t lhvhls tm`t fcbmt

m`vh ahhg hxphdthk tn prhdcpct`th ` prnthdtcvh rhspngsh. @pp`rhl cfpnrts

jrnf khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs gnw st`gk `t ànut m`lj nj dngsufptcng cg tmh

f`cg cgkustrc`l dnugtrchs (tàlh 3.=). Mnwhvhr, `ltmnubm cfpnrt phghtr`-

tcng m`s rh`dmhk rhf`riàly mcbm r`ths cg ` jhw shdtnrs (23 phrdhgt jnr

jnntwh`r, :3 phrdhgt jnr lubb`bh `gk m`gka`bs, := phrdhgt jnr b`fhs `gk

tnys, `gk :4 phrdhgt jnr igctthk `gk drndmhthk jàrcds cg tmh X.T. f`riht),

ct m`s rhf`cghk fnrh fnkhr`th cg ` l`rbh gufahr nj ntmhr shdtnrs. [mh

fhkc`g phghtr`tcng r`tcn jnr tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths `fngb tmh tnp ;0 CTCD shd-tnrs smnwg cg tàlh 3.= cs 12 phrdhgt, `gk tmhrh `rh `gntmhr == shdtnrs gnt

smnwg cg tmh tàlh.

@t tmh s`fh tcfh, jnr snfh nj tmh lh`kcgb prnkudt shdtnrs phghtr`tcng cs

sujffdchgtly mcbm tm`t tmhrh cs snfh pnsscaclcty nj ` ghw v`rc`gt nj tmh JD?

f`riht s`tur`tcng. Jnr tmh prnkudts oust fhgtcnghk, `s whll `s tmh cfpnr-

t`gt shdtnr nj njffdh f`dmcghry (wmhrh phghtr`tcng cg tmh X.T. f`riht cs

ànut 85 phrdhgt), mcbm r`ths nj phghtr`tcng fh`g tm`t tmh jurtmhr brnwtm nj

cfpnrts jrnf khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs wcll cgdrh`scgbly thgk tn ah dngstr`cghk

ay tmh ugkhrlycgb brnwtm r`th nj knfhstcd dngsufptcng. Jnr prnkudts sudm

`s `pp`rhl tm`t m`vh rhl`tcvhly cghl`stcd khf`gk, tmcs p`dh dnulk ah slnw.[mh lhssngs nj tmh p`st twn khd`khs jnr tnk`y–s pnnrhr dnugtrchs wnulk

shhf tn ah tm`t tmhy smnulk ah àlh tn hxp`gk f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts wctm-

nut fudm jh`r nj shvhrh dngstr`cgts jrnf JD prnalhfs. [mh f`bgctukhs

tmhy `rh lcihly tn `kk tn tmh f`riht `rh scfply tnn sf`ll tn pnsh fudm nj

` prnalhf.

Jcg`lly, pnthgtc`lly shrcnus ghw f`drnhdngnfcd j`ll`dy nj dnfpnsctcng

shhfs tn ah hfhrbcgb. Khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs m`vh rhlchk mh`vcly ng rcscgb

hxpnrts tn tmh X.T. f`riht cg tmh p`st khd`kh, aut fudm nj tmcs cgdrh`sh m`s

rhfihdthk tmh wckhgcgb nj tmh X.T. durrhgt `ddnugt khffdct tn ugsust`cgàlhlhvhls. [mh fònr khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs wcll ghhk tn dnnphr`th cg `llnwcgb



Dlcgh 144

tmhcr hxdm`gbh r`ths tn `koust r`tmhr tm`g cgthrvhgcgb cg jnrhcbg hxdm`gbh

f`rihts `gk auclkcgb up f`sscvh rhshrvhs, `gk tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths wcll m`vh

tn tìh fh`surhs tn d`rry nut ffsd`l `koustfhgt, cj tmcs ghw f`drnhdngnfcd

cfa`l`gdh cs tn `vnck wcgkcgb up a`kly.

Qhjhrhgdhs

A`l`ss`, Ahl`. 032=. “Hxpnrts `gk Hdngnfcd Brnwtm? Jurtmhr Hvckhgdh.‖ Onurg`l

nj Khvhlnpfhgt Hdngnfcds 8 (1, Ough)? 0=0—=3.

AH@ (Aurhù nj Hdngnfcd @g`lyscs). 155:`. “Cgthrg`tcng`l Cgvhstfhgt Unsctcng.‖

X.T. Khp`rtfhgt nj Dnffhrdh, R`smcgbtng, KD. www.ah`.bnv.

‛‛‛. 155:a. “X.T. Cgthrg`tcng`l [r`gs`dtcngs @ddnugts K`t`.‖ X.T. Khp`rt-

fhgt nj Dnffhrdh, R`smcgbtng, KD. www.ah`.bnv.

ALT (Aurhù nj Lànr Tt`tcstcds). 155:. “Dngsufhr Urcdh Cgkhx? @ll Xra`g

Dngsufhrs? @pp`rhl.‖ X.T. Khp`rtfhgt nj Lànr, R`smcgbtng, KD. www

.als.bnv.

Dmhghry, Mnllcs, `gk Fncshs Tyrqucg. 0328. U`tthrgs nj Khvhlnpfhgt, 0385—0325.

Lngkng? Nxjnrk Xgcvhrscty Urhss.

Dmcg`, KBA@T (Kcrhdtnr`th-Bhghr`l nj Aukbht, @ddnugtcgb, `gk Tt`tcstcds). 1558.

Tt`tcstcd`l Sh`ranni nj tmh Qhpualcd nj Dmcg` 155;. Ahcocgb? KBA@T. mttp?//

hgb.kba`s.bnv.tw.

Dlcgh, Rcllc`f Q. 03=1. “D`g tmh H`st @sc`g Fnkhl nj Khvhlnpfhgt Ah Bhghr`l-

czhk>‖ Rnrlk Khvhlnpfhgt 05 (1)? =0—35.

‛‛‛. 03=;. Hxpnrts nj F`guj`dturhs jrnf Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs. R`smcgbtng,

KD? Arnnicgbs Cgstctutcng Urhss.‛‛‛. 03=8. “Qhply.‖ Rnrlk Khvhlnpfhgt 04 (;)? 8;2—;=.

‛‛‛. 1558`. “[mh D`sh jnr ` Ghw Ul`z` @brhhfhgt.‖ Unlcdy Archjs cg Cgthrg`-

tcng`l Hdngnfcds UA58-; (Khdhfahr). Cgstctuth jnr Cgthrg`tcng`l Hdngnfcds,

R`smcgbtng, KD.

‛‛‛. 1558a. [mh Xgcthk Tt`ths `s ` Khatnr G`tcng. R`smcgbtng, KD? Cgstctuth

jnr Cgthrg`tcng`l Hdngnfcds.

‛‛‛. 155:. “[mh X.T. Hxthrg`l Khffdct `gk Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs.‖ Rnricgb

U`phr =: (F`rdm). Dhgthr jnr Blna`l Khvhlnpfhgt, R`smcgbtng, KD.

‛‛‛. 155=. “Hstcf`tcgb Dngscsthgt Jugk`fhgt`l-Hquclcarcuf Hxdm`gbh Q`ths.‖

Rnricgb U`phr RU 5=-: (Ough). Uhthrsng Cgstctuth jnr Cgthrg`tcng`l Hdngnfcds,

R`smcgbtng, KD.

Knnlhy, Fcdm`hl, K`vck Jnlihrts-L`gkù, `gk Uhthr B`rahr. 155;. “@ F`p tn tmh

Qhvcvhk Arhttng Rnnks Hgk B`fh? Kcrhdt Cgvhstfhgt, Qcscgb Qh`l R`bhs, `gk

tmh @asnrptcng nj Hxdhss Lànr cg tmh Uhrcpmhry.‖ Khutsdmh A`gi Blna`l

F`rihts Qhsh`rdm, Ghw Snri.

J`cgc, Qcdd`rkn, Jhrg`gkn Dl`vcon, `gk @akhl Thgm`koc-Thfl`lc. 0331. “[mh

J`ll`dy nj Dnfpnsctcng @rbufhgt? Cs Ct Qhlhv`gt jnr LKDs– F`guj`dturhs

Hxpnrts>‖ Hurnph`g Hdngnfcd Qhvchw 4: (;)? =:8—=1.

Jhkhr`l Qhshrvh. 155=. “Urcdh-@kousthk Arn`k Knll`r Cgkhx.‖ Jhkhr`l QhshrvhAn`rk nj Bnvhrgnrs, R`smcgbtng, KD. www.jhkhr`lrhshrvh.bnv.




M`vrylysmyg, Nlc. 0335. “Uhghtr`tcgb tmh J`ll`dy nj Hxpnrt Dnfpnsctcng.‖ Cg

Gnrtm-Tnutm [r`kh cg F`guj`dturhs, hk. M`gs Tcgbhr, Ghhl`fahr M`ttc, `gk

Q`fhsmw`r [`gkng. Ghw Khlmc? Cgkus Uualcsmcgb.

CFJ (Cgthrg`tcng`l Fnght`ry Jugk). 155:`. Kcrhdtcng nj [r`kh Tt`tcstcds.

DK-QNF (Ough). CFJ, R`smcgbtng, KD.

‛‛‛. 155:a. Cgthrg`tcng`l Jcg`gdc`l Tt`tcstcds. DK-QNF. CFJ,

R`smcgbtng, KD.

‛‛‛. 155:d. Rnrlk Hdngnfcd Nutlnni K`t`a`sh (@prcl). CFJ, R`smcgbtng,

KD. www.cfj.nrb.

F`rtcg, Rcll. 0334. “[mh J`ll`dy nj Dnfpnsctcng `gk Khvhlnpcgb-Dnugtry

Hxpnrts nj F`guj`dturhs.‖ Rnrlk Hdngnfy 0: (1)? 083—21.

F`yhr, Oúrb. 1554. “[mh J`ll`dy nj Dnfpnsctcng? @ Qhvchw nj tmh Lcthr`turh.‖

Kcsdusscng U`phr 0:: (Jharu`ry). Xgcthk G`tcngs Dngjhrhgdh ng [r`kh `gk

Khvhlnpfhgt, Ghw Snri.

Q`gcs, Bust`v. 03=8. “D`g tmh H`st @sc`g Fnkhl nj Khvhlnpfhgt Ah Bhghr`lczhk>

@ Dnffhgt.‖ Rnrlk Khvhlnpfhgt 04 (;)? 8;4—;8.XGD[@K (Xgcthk G`tcngs Dngjhrhgdh ng [r`kh `gk Khvhlnpfhgt). 1558.

XGD[@K M`gkanni nj Tt`tcstcds 1558. Ghw Snri? Xgcthk G`tcngs. mttp?//

st`ts.ugdt`k.nrb/M`gkanni/.

XGCKN (Xgcthk G`tcngs Cgkustrc`l Khvhlnpfhgt Nrb`gcz`tcng). 155:. Cgkustrc`l

Khf`gk-Tupply A`l`gdh K`t`a`sh? CKTA 155:. XGCKN, Zchgg`. www.ugckn

.nrb/knd/4;24.

XTC[D (Xgcthk Tt`ths Cgthrg`tcng`l [r`kh Dnffcsscng). 155:. “Cgthr`dtcvh [`rcjj

`gk [r`kh K`t`wha.‖ XTC[D, R`smcgbtng, KD. www.k`t`wha.usctd.bnv.

Rnrlk A`gi. 03=4. Rnrlk Khvhlnpfhgt Qhpnrt 03=4? Rnrlk Hdngnfcd Qhdhsscng

`gk Urnsphdts jnr Qhdnvhry. R`smcgbtng, KD? Rnrlk A`gi.

‛‛‛. 1558. Rnrlk Khvhlnpfhgt Cgkcd`tnrs 1558. DK-QNF. Rnrlk A`gi,

R`smcgbtng, KD.

‛‛‛. 155:. Rnrlk Khvhlnpfhgt Cgkcd`tnrs 155:. DK-QNF. Rnrlk A`gi,

R`smcgbtng, KD.



@bmcng, Mhfnus, `gk Im`rrnuac 148

DM@U[HQ 05Cgkustry Brnwtm `gk tmh D`sh jnrDnugthrdydlcd`l Ttcfulus U`di`bhsUmclcpph @bmcng, K`vck Mhfnus, `gk Hgcssh Im`rrnuac

F`drnhdngnfcd thxtannis bhghr`lly cfpnsh strcdt shp`r`tcng ahtwhhg tmh

lngb-thrf g`lyscs nj brnwtm gk tmh smnrt-thrf g`lyscs, wmcdm jndushs ng

tmh hjjhdts nj f`drnhdngnfcd pnlcdchs (ffsd`l `gk fnght`ry) `cfhk `t stàc-

lczcgb tmh hdngnfy jnllnwcgb ` smndi. Sht rhdhgtly tmcs vchw tm`t smnrt-rug

stàclcz`tcng pnlcdchs kn gnt f`tthr jnr lngb-rug brnwtm m`s ahhg dm`l-

lhgbhk. Q`fhy `gk Q`fhy (0338) whrh `fngb tmh ffrst tn ugkhrlcgh tmh

ghb`tcvh dnrrhl`tcng cg drnss-dnugtry rhbrhsscng ahtwhhg vnl`tclcty `gk lngb-

rug brnwtm.Fnrh rhdhgtly, @bmcng `gk ntmhrs (155=) m`vh `rbuhk tm`t mcbmhr

f`drnhdngnfcd vnl`tclcty pusmhs tnw`rk fnrh prndydlcd`l cgvhstfhgts cg

rhsh`rdm gk khvhlnpfhgt (Q&K) cg ffrfs tm`t rh fnrh drhkct dngstr`cghk.

[mcs dm`pthr bnhs ngh sthp jurtmhr, lnnicgb `t tmh hjjhdt nj dnugthrdy-

dlcd`l ffsd`l pnlcdy ng cgkustry brnwtm, khphgkcgb ng cgkustry ffg`gdc`l

dngstr`cgts. [n tmcs hgk, wh d`rry nut drnss-cgkustry, drnss-dnugtry p`ghl

k`t` rhbrhsscngs. Hfpcrcd`l hvckhgdh smnws tm`t cgkustrchs wctm mh`vchr

ffg`gdc`l dngstr`cgts thgk tn brnw j`sthr cg dnugtrchs wctm fnrh stàclczcgb

ffsd`l pnlcdchs.



14: Cgkustry Brnwtm `gk tmh D`sh jnr Dnugthrdydlcd`l Ttcfulus U`di`bhs

Rh auclk ng tmh fhtmnknlnby khvhlnphk cg tmh shfcg`l p`phr ay Qò`g

`gk _cgb`lhs (033=). Xscgb drnss-cgkustry, drnss-dnugtry p`ghl k`t`, wh thst

wmhtmhr cgkustry brnwtm cs pnsctcvhly `jjhdthk ay tmh cgthr`dtcng ahtwhhg

ffsd`l pnlcdy dydlcd`lcty (dnfputhk `t tmh dnugtry lhvhl) `gk cgkustry-lhvhl

hxthrg`l ffg`gdc`l khphgkhgdh nr `ssht t`gbcaclcty (dnfputhk jnr h`dm dnr-

rhspngkcgb cgkustry cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths). [mcs `pprn`dm d`g ah mhlpjul tn

`kkrhss tmh kha`th `s tn wmhtmhr tmh dydlcd`l p`tthrg nj ffsd`l pnlcdy cgkhhk

m`s ` dùs`l cfp`dt ng brnwtm? tn tmh hxthgt tm`t f`drnhdngnfcd pnlcdy

`jjhdts cgkustry brnwtm, tmh nppnscth (cgkustry brnwtm `jjhdts f`drnhdn-

gnfcd pnlcdy) cs fudm lhss lcihly tn mnlk. @ pnsctcvh `gk scbgcffd`gt cgthr`d-

tcng dnhjffdchgt cg tmh brnwtm rhbrhsscngs d`g tmhrhjnrh mhlp tn kh`l wctm tmh

dùs`lcty cssuh.

Nur f`cg hfpcrcd`l ffgkcgb cs tm`t tmh cgthr`dtcng ahtwhhg ffg`gdc`l dng-

str`cgts cg g cgkustry gk ffsd`l pnlcdy dnugthrdydlcd`lcty‛fh`surhk s tmh

shgsctcvcty nj ` dnugtry–s ffsd`l a`l`gdh tn dm`gbhs cg cts nutput b`p‛cg tmh

dnugtry m`s ` pnsctcvh, scbgcffd`gt, `gk rnaust cfp`dt ng cgkustry brnwtm.Fnrh sphdcffd`lly, tmh mcbmhr tmh hxthgt tn wmcdm tmh dnrrhspngkcgb cgkustry

cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths rhlchs ng hxthrg`l ffg`gdh, nr tmh lnwhr tmh `ssht t`gbc-

aclcty nj tmh dnrrhspngkcgb shdtnr cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths, tmh fnrh sudm cgkus-

try ahghffts jrnf ` fnrh dnugthrdydlcd`l ffsd`l pnlcdy.

Fnrhnvhr, a`shk ng tmh rhbrhsscng dnhjffdchgts, wh `sshss tmh f`bgctukh

nj tmh dnrrhspngkcgb kcjjhrhgdh-cg-kcjjhrhgdh hjjhdt. [mh ffburhs m`pphg tn

ah rhl`tcvhly l`rbh, hsphdc`lly wmhg dnfp`rhk wctm tmh hqucv`lhgt ffburhs cg

Qò`g `gk _cgb`lhs (033=). [mcs subbhsts tm`t, ng tnp nj ahcgb st`tcstcd`lly

scbgcffd`gt, tmh hjjhdt nj dnugthrdydlcd`l ffsd`l pnlcdy cs hdngnfcd`lly scb-

gcffd`gt `gk d`ggnt ah kcsd`rkhk, dngsckhrcgb ct wnulk ah nj shdngk-nrkhrcfpnrt`gdh.

Nvhr`ll, nur rhsults subbhst ` rnlh jnr ffsd`l stcfulc kurcgb rhdhsscngs

cg hdngnfchs wmhrh ffrfs `rh drhkct dngstr`cghk. Mnwhvhr, nur `pprn`dm

khp`rts jrnf `lthrg`tcvh (fnrh smnrt-thrf) oustcffd`tcngs a`shk ng tmh

Ihyghsc`g fultcplchr.

[mh dm`pthr kht`cls tmh fhtmnknlnby `gk tmh k`t` ushk `gk prhshgts tmh

hfpcrcd`l rhsults. @ ffg`l shdtcng dngdlukhs. @pphgkcx @ prhshgts hstcf`tcng

kht`cls.

Fhtmnknlnby `gk K`t`

Nur khphgkhgt v`rcàlh cs tmh `vhr`bh `ggu`l brnwtm r`th nj rh`l v`luh

`kkhk cg cgkustry o cg dnugtry i jnr tmh phrcnk 03=5—1558. @s hxpl`g`tnry

v`rcàlhs, wh cgtrnkudh cgkustry `gk dnugtry ffxhk hjjhdts {` o 9 a i} tn dng-

trnl jnr ugnashrvhk mhthrnbhghcty `drnss cgkustrchs `gk `drnss dnugtrchs.

[mh v`rcàlh nj cgthrhst, (cd) o (jpd)i, cs tmh cgthr`dtcng ahtwhhg cgkustry o–s

cgtrcgscd dm`r`dthrcstcd gk tmh khbrhh nj (dnugthr) dydlcd`lcty nj ffsd`l pnlcdy cg

dnugtry i nvhr tmh phrcnk 03=5—1558. @s cgkustry dm`r`dthrcstcds, wh `lthr-

g`tcvhly ush hxthrg`l ffg`gdc`l khphgkhgdh nr `ssht t`gbcaclcty. Jnllnwcgb




Q`o`g `gk _cgb`lhs (033=), wh fh`surh cgkustry-sphdcffd dm`r`dthrcstcds

uscgb ffrf-lhvhl k`t` cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths. Hxthrg`l ffg`gdc`l khphgkhgdh

cs fh`surhk `s tmh `vhr`bh `drnss `ll ffrfs cg ` bcvhg cgkustry nj tmh r`tcn

nj d`pct`l hxphgkcturhs fcgus durrhgt d`sm finw tn tnt`l d`pct`l hxphgkc-

turhs. @ssht t`gbcaclcty cs fh`surhk `s tmh `vhr`bh `drnss `ll ffrfs cg `

bcvhg cgkustry nj tmh r`tcn nj tmh v`luh nj ght prnphrty, pl`gt, `gk hqucp-

fhgt tn tnt`l sshts. Jcg`lly, wh dngtrnl jnr cgctc`l dngkctcngs ay cgdlukcgb

tmh r`tcn nj rh`l v`luh `kkhk cg cgkustry o cg dnugtry i cg 03=5 tn tnt`l

rh`l v`luh `kkhk cg tmh f`guj`dturcgb shdtnr cg dnugtry i cg 03=5,( )y y

oi i=5 =5 . Lhttcgb h oi khgnth tmh hrrnr thrf, nur f`cg hstcf`tcng hqu`tcng

d`g tmhg ah hxprhsshk `s jnllnws?

lg( ) lg( )lnb

y ycd

y

y

oi oi o i o i

oi

i

58 =5 =5

=5

18

∑6 + + ( ) Ò ∑

ΰ α δ λ ( )jpd

+ θ oi (05.0)

[mcs fhtmnknlnby cs prhkcd`thk ng tmh `ssufptcngs tm`t (`) kcjjhr-

hgdhs cg ffg`gdc`l khphgkhgdh `gk `ssht t`gbcaclcty `drnss cgkustrchs `rh

krcvhg l`rbhly ay kcjjhrhgdhs cg thdmgnlnby9 (a) thdmgnlnbcd`l kcjjhrhgdhs

phrscst nvhr tcfh drnss dnugtrchs9 gk (d) dnugtrchs rh rhl`tcvhly scfcl`r

cg thrfs nj tmh nvhr`ll cgstctutcng`l hgvcrngfhgt j`dhk ay ffrfs. Xgkhr

tmnsh tmrhh `ssufptcngs, tmh X.T.-a`shk cgkustry-sphdcffd fh`surh cs

lcihly tn ah ` v`lck cgthr`dtnr jnr cgkustrchs cg dnugtrchs ntmhr tm`g tmh

Xgcthk Tt`ths. Rh ahlchvh tm`t tmhsh `ssufptcngs `rh s`tcsffhk hsphdc`llybcvhg nur rhstrcdtcng tn ` sht nj rcdm dnugtrchs tm`t `ll ahlngb tn tmh

Nrb`gcs`tcng jnr Hdngnfcd Dn-nphr`tcng `gk Khvhlnpfhgt (NHDK).

Jnr hx`fplh, cj pm`rf`dhutcd`ls rhqucrh prnpnrtcng`lly fnrh hxthrg`l

ffg`gdh tm`g thxtclhs cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths, tmcs cs lcihly tn ah tmh d`sh cg

ntmhr NHDK dnugtrchs `s whll. Fnrhnvhr, scgdh lcttlh dngvhrbhgdh m`s

nddurrhk `fngb NHDK dnugtrchs nvhr tmh p`st 15 h`rs, drnss-dnugtry

kcjjhrhgdhs `rh lcihly tn phrscst nvhr tcfh. Jcg`lly, tn tmh hxthgt tm`t tmh

Xgcthk Tt`ths cs fnrh ffg`gdc`lly khvhlnphk tm`g ntmhr dnugtrchs wnrlk-

wckh, X.T.-a`shk fh`surhs nj ffg`gdc`l khphgkhgdh `s whll `s `ssht t`g-

bcaclcty `rh lcihly tn prnvckh tmh lh`st gncsy fh`surhs nj cgkustry-lhvhlffg`gdc`l khphgkhgdh nr `ssht t`gbcaclcty.

Nur fh`surh nj ffsd`l pnlcdy dydlcd`lcty, (jpd)i, cg dnugtry i cs tmh f`r-

bcg`l dm`gbh cg ffsd`l pnlcdy jnllnwcgb ` dm`gbh cg tmh knfhstcd nutput

b`p. Rh ush dnugtry-lhvhl k`t` nvhr tmh phrcnk 03=5—1558 tn hstcf`th tmh

jnllnwcgb dnugtry-ay-dnugtry “`uxclc`ry‖ hqu`tcng nvhr tmh tcfh phrcnk

03=5—1558?

jaitm i(jpd)i zit uit , (05.1)



14= Cgkustry Brnwtm `gk tmh D`sh jnr Dnugthrdydlcd`l Ttcfulus U`di`bhs

wmhrh jait cs ` fh`surh nj ffsd`l pnlcdy cg dnugtry i cg yh`r t (jnr hx`fplh,

tnt`l ffsd`l a`l`gdh nr prcf`ry ffsd`l a`l`gdh tn brnss knfhstcd prnkudt,

BKU)9 zit fh`surhs tmh nutput b`p cg dnugtry i cg yh`r t (tm`t cs, tmh

phrdhgt`bh kcjjhrhgdh ahtwhhg `dtu`l `gk pnthgtc`l BKU) `gk tmhrhjnrh

rhprhshgts tmh dnugtry–s durrhgt pnsctcng cg tmh dydlh9 m i cs ` dngst`gt9 `gk

uit cs `g hrrnr thrf.0

Jnllnwcgb Qò`g `gk _cgb`lhs (033=), wh hstcf`th nur f`cg hqu`tcng

(05.0) wctm ` scfplh nrkcg`ry lh`st squ`rhs (NLT) prndhkurh, dnrrhdtcgb jnr

mhthrnsihk`stcdcty ac`s wmhghvhr ghhkhk, wctmnut wnrrycgb fudm jurtmhr

ànut hgknbhghcty cssuhs. Cg p`rtcdul`r, tmh cgthr`dtcng thrf ahtwhhg cgkustry-

sphdcffd dm`r`dthrcstcds `gk ffsd`l pnlcdy dydlcd`lcty cs lcihly tn ah l`rbhly hxnb-

hgnus tn tmh khphgkhgt v`rcàlh. Jcrst, nur hxthrg`l ffg`gdc`l khphgkhgdh

v`rcàlh phrt`cgs tn cgkustrchs cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths, wmclh tmh khphgkhgt v`rc-

àlh cgvnlvhs dnugtrchs ntmhr tm`g tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths. Mhgdh rhvhrsh dùs`l-

cty, wmhrhay cgkustry brnwtm nutsckh tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths dnulk `jjhdt hxthrg`l

ffg`gdc`l khphgkhgdh nr `ssht t`gbcaclcty nj cgkustrchs cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths,shhfs qucth cfplùscalh. Thdngk, ffsd`l pnlcdy dydlcd`lcty cs fh`surhk `t `

f`drn lhvhl, wmhrh`s tmh khphgkhgt v`rcàlh cs fh`surhk t tmh cgkustry lhvhl,

wmcdm b`cg rhkudhs tmh sdnph jnr rhvhrsh dùs`lcty s lngb `s h`dm cgkcvcku`l

shdtnr rhprhshgts ` sf`ll sm`rh nj tnt`l nutput cg tmh knfhstcd hdngnfy.

Nur k`t` s`fplh jndushs ng f`guj`dturcgb cgkustrchs cg ` sht nj 08 cgkus-

trc`l NHDK dnugtrchs. Cg p`rtcdul`r, wh kn gnt cgdlukh tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths, s

tmcs wnulk ah ` snurdh nj rhvhrsh dùs`lcty prnalhfs.1

Nur k`t` dnfh jrnf ` sht nj kcjjhrhgt snurdhs. Cgkustry-lhvhl rh`l v`luh

`kkhk k`t` `rh kr`wg jrnf tmh Hurnph`g Xgcng (HX) ILHFT k`t` sht.

[mh prcf`ry snurdh nj k`t` jnr fh`surcgb cgkustry ffg`gdc`l khphgkhgdh csDnfpust`t, wmcdm b`tmhrs a`l`gdh smhhts `gk cgdnfh st`thfhgts jnr X.T.

lcsthk ffrfs. Rh kr`w ng Qò`g `gk _cgb`lhs (033=) `gk Q`kk`tz (155:)

tn dnfputh tmh cgkustry-lhvhl cgkcd`tnrs jnr ffg`gdc`l khphgkhgdh. Rh kr`w

ng Arùg (1554) `gk Arùg `gk L`rr`cg (1558) tn dnfputh cgkustry-lhvhl

cgkcd`tnrs jnr `ssht t`gbcaclcty. Jcg`lly, f`drnhdngnfcd ffsd`l v`rcàlhs `rh

kr`wg jrnf tmh NHDK Hdngnfcd Nutlnni k`t` sht (NHDK 155=).

Qhsults

Rh hstcf`th nur f`cg rhbrhsscng hqu`tcng (05.0) uscgb ffg`gdc`l khphg-

khgdh nr `ssht t`gbcaclcty `s cgkustry-sphdcffd cgthr`dtnrs. Rh dngsckhr twn

shts nj ffsd`l pnlcdy cgkcd`tnrs. [mh ffrst sht cs auclt `rnugk tmh tnt`l ffsd`l

0 Jnr hx`fplh, cj tmh khphgkhgt v`rcàlh cg hqu`tcng 05.1 cs tnt`l ffsd`l a`l gdh tn BKU, ` pnsctcvh

(ghb`tcvh) rhbrhsscng dnhjffdchgt (jpd)i rhfihdts ` dnugthrdydlcd`l (prndydlcd`l) ffsd`l pnlcdy `s

tmh dnugtry–s ffsd`l a`l`gdh cfprnvhs cg upturgs (khthrcnr`ths cg knwgturgs). Cg `pphgkcx @, wh

prnvckh twn mcstnbr`fs rhfihdtcgb tmh hstcf`tcng rhsults nj tmh dnugtry-ay-dnugtry “ùxclc`ry‖

rhbrhsscng (05.1).

1 [mh s`fplh dngscsts nj tmh jnllnwcgb dnugtrchs? @ustr`lc`, @ustrc`, Ahlbcuf, Khgf`ri, Tp`cg,

Jcgl`gk, Jr`gdh, Brhhdh, Crhl`gk, Ct`ly, O`p`g, Ghtmhrl`gks, Unrtub`l, Twhkhg, `gk Xgcthk Icgb-knf. Cgkustrchs cgdlukhk cg tmh s`fplh `rh tmnsh wctm 1-kcbct dnkh r`gbcgb ahtwhhg 08 `gk 42

`ddnrkcgb tn tmh CTCD rhv. 1. Thh www.huilhfs.ght jnr fnrh kht`cls.




a`l`gdh v`rcàlh, wmcdm wh dngsckhr `s hctmhr dydlcd`lly `kousthk nr gnt `gk

wmcdm wh ush `s ` r`tcn nj BKU nr pnthgtc`l BKU.4

[mh shdngk sht nj ffsd`l pnlcdy cgkcd`tnrs cs auclt rnugk tmh prcf`ry ffsd`l

a`l`gdh v`rcàlh. @s cg tmh prhvcnus d`sh, wh dngsckhr ct hctmhr `s dydlcd`lly

`kousthk nr gnt. Fnrhnvhr, wh ush ct `s ` r`tcn nj BKU nr pnthgtc`l BKU.

[mh hfpcrcd`l rhsults smnw tm`t brnwtm cg rh`l v`luh `kkhk cs scbgcff-

d`gtly gk pnsctcvhly dnrrhl`thk wctm tmh cgthr`dtcng nj ffg`gdc`l khphgkhgdh

`gk ffsd`l pnlcdy dnugthrdydlcd`lcty (shh tàlh 05.0)? ` l`rbhr shgsctcvcty tn

tmh nutput b`p nj tnt`l ffsd`l a`l`gdh tn BKU r`cshs cgkustry rh`l v`luh

`kkhk brnwtm, hsphdc`lly jnr cgkustrchs wctm mcbmhr ffg`gdc`l khphgkhgdh.

[mcs rhsult mnlks crrhsphdtcvh nj wmhtmhr tnt`l ffsd`l a`l`gdh cs dydlcd`lly

`kousthk nr gnt gk crrhsphdtcvh nj wmhtmhr tmh r`tcn dngsckhrhk cs jnr dtu`l

nr pnthgtc`l BKU. [àlh 05.1 prnvckhs ` vhry scfcl`r pcdturh? ` l`rbhr shg-

sctcvcty tn tmh nutput b`p nj tnt`l ffsd`l a`l`gdh tn BKU r`cshs cgkustry rh`l

v`luh kkhk brnwtm, hsphdc`lly jnr cgkustrchs wctm lnwhr ssht t`gbcaclcty. @s

cg tmh prhvcnus d`sh, tmcs rhsult mnlks cgkhphgkhgt nj tmh prhdcsh fh`surh njtnt`l ffsd`l a`l`gdh.

[mrhh rhf`ris `rh wnrtm fìcgb `t tmcs pncgt. Jcrst, tmh hstcf`thk

dnhjffdchgts `rh mcbmly scbgcffd`gt, cg spcth nj tmh rhl`tcvhly dngshrv`tcvh

st`gk`rk-hrrnr hstcf`ths, wmcdm wh dlusthr `t tmh dnugtry lhvhl. Thdngk, tmh

p`cr-wcsh dnrrhl`tcng ahtwhhg cgkustry ffg`gdc`l khphgkhgdh `gk cgkustry

`ssht t`gbcaclcty cs `rnugk ∑5.:, wmcdm cs scbgcffd`gtly ahlnw ∑0. Cg ntmhr

wnrks, tmhsh twn v`rcàlhs rh j`r jrnf ahcgb phrjhdtly dnrrhl`thk, wmcdm, cg

turg, cfplchs tm`t tmh twn tàlhs (tàlhs 05.0 `gk 05.1) kn gnt oust fcrrnr

4 [mh dydlcd`lly `kousthk a`l`gdh cs dnfputhk tn smnw tmh ugkhrlycgb ffsd`l pnsctcng wmhg ùtn-

f`tcd fnvhfhgts `rh rhfnvhk.

[àlh 05.0. Dnrrhl`tcng ahtwhhg Brnwtm cg Qh`l Z`luh @kkhk `gk tmh Cgthr`dtcng ahtwhhg Jcg`gdc`l

Khphgkhgdh `gk Jcsd`l Unlcdy Dydlcd`lcty? [nt`l Jcsd`l A`l`gdh


Jcsd`l a`l`gdh

tn BKU (0)

Jcsd`l a`l`gdh tn

pnthgtc`l BKU (1)

Dydlcd`lly `kousthk

ffsd`l a`l`gdh tn

BKU (4)

Dydlcd`lly `kousthk

ffsd`l a`l`gdh tn

pnthgtc`l BKU (;)

Lnb nj cgctc`l sm`rh cg

f`guj`dturcgb v`luh `kkhk

∑5.2=;**

(5.1=;)

∑5.238**

(5.1=1)

∑5.221**

(5.1=:)

∑5.2=5**

(5.1=8)

Cgthr`dtcng (ffg`gdc`l

khphgkhgdh `gk ffsd`l

pnlcdy dnugthrdydlcd`lcty)

:.21;***

(0.81:)

:.2;1***

(0.;4;)

2.=;2***

(0.:5;)

2.233***

(0.842)

Gufahr nj nashrv`tcngs 810 810 810 810

Q1 5.8:3 5.820 5.824 5.828

Gnth? [mh khphgkhgt v`rcàlh cs tmh `vhr`bh `ggu`l brnwtm r`th nj rh`l v`luh `kkhk jnr tmh phrcnk 03=5—1558 jnr h`dm cgkustry cg

h`dm dnugtry. Cgctc`l sm`rh cg f`guj`dturcgb v`luh `kkhk cs tmh r`tcn nj ahbcggcgb-nj-phrcnk cgkustry rh`l v`luh `kkhk tn ahbcggcgb-

nj-phrcnk tnt`l f`guj`dturcgb rh`l v`luh `kkhk. Jcg`gdc`l khphgkhgdh cs tmh jr`dtcng nj d`pct`l hxphgkcturhs gnt ffg`gdhk wctm

cgthrg`l jugks jnr X.T. ffrfs cg tmh s`fh cgkustry jnr tmh phrcnk 03=5—35. Jcsd`l pnlcdy dnugthrdydlcd`lcty cs tmh dnhjffdchgt nj tmh

nutput b`p wmhg tmh v`rcàlh cgkcd`thk cg tmh dnlufg cs rhbrhsshk ng ` dngst`gt `gk tmh nutput b`p jnr h`dm dnugtry nvhr tmh

phrcnk 03=5—1558. [mh cgthr`dtcng v`rcàlh cs tmh prnkudt nj v`rcàlhs cg p`rhgtmhshs. Hstcf`thk dnhjffdchgts `rh cg phrdhgt`bhs.

Tt`gk`rk hrrnrs‛dlusthrhk `t tmh dnugtry lhvhl‛`rh cg p`rhgtmhshs. @ll hstcf`tcngs cgdlukh dnugtry `gk cgkustry kuffchs.*** Tcbgcffd`gt `t tmh 0 phrdhgt lhvhl.

** Tcbgcffd`gt `t tmh 8 phrdhgt lhvhl.



1;5 Cgkustry Brnwtm `gk tmh D`sh jnr Dnugthrdydlcd`l Ttcfulus U`di`bhs

h`dm ntmhr, aut cgsth`k dngvhy dnfplhfhgt`ry cgjnrf`tcng. Jcg`lly, tmh

hstcf`thk dnhjffdchgts rhf`cg hsshgtc`lly tmh s`fh wmhtmhr tmh ffsd`l a`l-

`gdh cs dngsckhrhk `s ` r`tcn nj `dtu`l nr pnthgtc`l BKU. [mcs subbhsts tm`t

wh `rh d`pturcgb tmh hjjhdt nj ffsd`l pnlcdy r`tmhr tm`g oust tmh hjjhdt nj

dm`gbhs cg `dtu`l BKU. Tcfcl`rly, tmh hstcf`thk dnhjffdchgts rhf`cg hsshg-

tc`lly tmh s`fh wmhtmhr tmh ffsd`l a`l`gdh cs dngsckhrhk s dydlcd`lly kousthk

nr gnt, wmcdm subbhsts tm`t tmh hjjhdt wh d`pturh cs gnt hxdluscvhly rhl`thk

tn ùtnf`tcd stàclczhrs.

Rh gnw rhph`t tmh s`fh hstcf`tcng hxhrdcsh, aut tìh prcf`ry ffsd`l

a`l`gdh, gnt tnt`l ffsd`l a`l`gdh, `s nur ffsd`l pnlcdy cgkcd`tnr (shh tàlhs

05.4 `gk 05.;). [mh kcjjhrhgdh ahtwhhg tmhsh twn cgkcd`tnrs cs tm`t tmh

prcf`ry ffsd`l a`l`gdh knhs gnt cgdlukh ght cgthrhst rhp`yfhgts tn nr jrnf

tmh bnvhrgfhgt. [mh rhsults `rh qu`lct`tcvhly scfcl`r cg antm d`shs? cgkus-

trchs wctm l`rbhr ffg`gdc`l khphgkhgdh nr lnwhr `ssht t`gbcaclcty thgk tn

ahghfft kcsprnpnrtcng`thly jrnf ` fnrh dnugthrdydlcd`l ffsd`l pnlcdy cg tmh

shgsh nj ` l`rbhr shgsctcvcty nj tmh prcf`ry ffsd`l a`l`gdh tn v`rc`tcngs cg

tmh nutput b`p.

F`bgctukh nj tmh Hjjhdts

Mnw l`rbh `rh tmh hjjhdts cfplchk ay tmh rhbrhsscngs> [n bht ` shgsh nj tmh

f`bgctukhs cgvnlvhk cg tmhsh rhbrhsscngs, wh dnfputh tmh kcjjhrhgdh cg

brnwtm ahtwhhg, ng tmh ngh m`gk, g cgkustry t tmh tmcrk qu`rtclh (shvhgty-

ffjtm phrdhgtclh) cg thrfs nj ffg`gdc`l khphgkhgdh lnd`thk cg ` dnugtry `t tmh

tmcrk qu`rtclh cg thrfs nj ffsd`l pnlcdy dnugthrdydlcd`lcty `gk, ng tmh ntmhr

m`gk, `g cgkustry `t tmh ffrst qu`rtclh (twhgty-ffjtm phrdhgtclh) cg thrfs njffg`gdc`l khphgkhgdh lnd`thk cg ` dnugtry `t tmh ffrst qu`rtclh cg thrfs nj

[àlh 05.1. Dnrrhl`tcng ahtwhhg Brnwtm cg Qh`l Z`luh @kkhk `gk tmh Cgthr`dtcng ahtwhhg

@ssht [`gbcaclcty `gk Jcsd`l Unlcdy Dydlcd`lcty? [nt`l Jcsd`l A`l`gdh


Jcsd`l a`l`gdh

tn BKU (0)

Jcsd`l a`l`gdh tn

pnthgtc`l BKU (1)

Dydlcd`lly `kousthk

ffsd`l a`l`gdh tn

BKU (4)

Dydlcd`lly `kousthk

ffsd`l a`l`gdh tn

pnthgtc`l BKU (;)

Lnb nj cgctc`l sm`rh cg f`guj`d-

turcgb v`luh `kkhk

∑5.808

(5.485)

∑5.802

(5.480)

∑5.85=

(5.480)

∑5.85=

(5.481)

Cgthr`dtcng (`ssht t`gbcaclcty `gk

ffsd`l pnlcdy dnugthrdydlcd`lcty)

∑04.22***

(;.8;;)

∑04.2;***

(;.4==)

∑0:.03***

(8.10;)

∑08.3=***

(8.534)


Q1 5.885 5.885 5.880 5.881


h`dm dnugtry. Cgctc`l sm`rh cg f`guj`dturcgb v`luh `kkhk cs tmh r`tcn nj ahbcggcgb-nj-phrcnk cgkustry rh`l v`luh `kkhk tn ahbcggcgb-nj-

phrcnk tnt`l f`guj`dturcgb rh`l v`luh `kkhk. @ssht t`gbcaclcty cs tmh jr`dtcng nj `sshts rhprhshgthk ay ght prnphrty, pl`gt, `gk

hqucpfhgt jnr X.T. ffrfs cg tmh s`fh cgkustry jnr tmh phrcnk 03=5—35. Jcsd`l pnlcdy dnugthrdydlcd`lcty cs tmh dnhjffdchgt nj tmh nutput

b`p wmhg tmh v`rcàlh cgkcd`thk cg dnlufg cs rhbrhsshk ng ` dngst`gt `gk tmh nutput b`p jnr h`dm dnugtry nvhr tmh phrcnk

03=5—1558. [mh cgthr`dtcng v`rcàlh cs tmh prnkudt nj v`rcàlhs cg p`rhgtmhshs. Hstcf`thk dnhjffdchgts `rh cg phrdhgt`bhs. Tt`gk`rk

hrrnrs‛dlusthrhk `t tmh dnugtry lhvhl‛`rh cg p`rhgtmhshs. @ll hstcf`tcngs cgdlukh dnugtry `gk cgkustry kuffchs.

*** Tcbgcffd`gt `t tmh 0 phrdhgt lhvhl.



@bmcng, Mhfnus, `gk Im`rrnuac 1;0

ffsd`l pnlcdy dnugthrdydlcd`lcty. Rh tmhg d`rry nut scfcl`r hxhrdcsh, rhpl`d-

cgb ffg`gdc`l khphgkhgdh wctm `ssht t`gbcaclcty.;

@s ct turgs nut, tmh `pprnxcf`th b`cg cg rh`l v`luh `kkhk brnwtm cs

ahtwhhg 0.2 `gk 1.; phrdhgt`bh pncgts ` yh`r wmhg tmh cgkustry dm`r`dthr-

cstcd dngsckhrhk cs ffg`gdc`l khphgkhgdh, wmclh tmh `pprnxcf`th b`cg cg rh`l

v`luh `kkhk brnwtm cs ahtwhhg 1.0 `gk 1.2 phrdhgt`bh pncgts ` yh`r wmhg

tmh cgkustry dm`r`dthrcstcd dngsckhrhk cs ssht t`gbcaclcty.

[mhsh f`bgctukhs `rh j`crly l`rbh, hsphdc`lly wmhg dnfp`rhk tn tmh dnr-

rhspngkcgb ffburhs cg Qò`g gk _cgb`lhs (033=). @ddnrkcgb tn tmhcr rhsults,

tmh b`cg cg rh`l v`luh `kkhk brnwtm jrnf fnvcgb jrnf tmh twhgty-ffjtm tn

tmh shvhgty-ffjtm phrdhgtclh, antm cg ` dnugtry–s lhvhl nj ffg`gdc`l khvhlnp-

fhgt `gk cg `g cgkustry–s lhvhl nj hxthrg`l ffg`gdc`l khphgkhgdh, cs rnubmly

hqu`l tn 0 phrdhgt`bh pncgt ` yh`r.

Mnwhvhr, tmh jnllnwcgb dngsckhr`tcngs `rh wnrtm pncgtcgb nut mhrh.

Jcrst, tmhsh `rh kcjjhrhgdh-cg-kcjjhrhgdh (drnss-dnugtry nr drnss-cgkustry)

hjjhdts, wmcdm `rh gnt cgthrprhtàlh `s dnugtrywckh hjjhdts. Thdngk, tmcsrhsult `pplchs tn f`guj`dturcgb shdtnrs, wmcdm rhprhshgt gn fnrh tm`g ;5

phrdhgt nj tnt`l BKU nj dnugtrchs cg nur s`fplh. [mcrk, crrhsphdtcvh nj tmh

; Cg tmcs d`sh, wh dnfputh tmh kcjjhrhgdh cg brnwtm ahtwhhg, ng tmh ngh m`gk, `g cgkustry `t tmh

ffrst qu`rtclh cg thrfs nj `ssht t`gbcaclcty lnd`thk cg ` dnugtry `t tmh tmcrk qu`rtclh cg thrfs nj ffsd`l

pnlcdy dnugthrdydlcd`lcty `gk, ng tmh ntmhr m`gk, `g cgkustry `t tmh tmcrk qu`rtclh cg thrfs nj `ssht

t`gbcaclcty lnd`thk cg ` dnugtry `t tmh ffrst qu`rtclh cg thrfs nj ffsd`l pnlcdy dnugthrdydlcd`lcty.

Bcvhg nur kcjjhrhgdh-cg-kcjjhrhgdh sphdcffd`tcng, ct cs cfpnsscalh tn cgjhr tmh hdngnfcd f`bgctukhs

nj tmh hstcf`thk dnhjffdchgts kcjjhrhgtly. Cg p`rtcdul`r, tmh prhshgdh nj cgkustry `gk dnugtry ffxhk

hjjhdts prhdlukhs cgvhstcb`tcgb tmh cfp`dt nj ` dm`gbh cg tmh dydlcd`l p`tthrg nj ffsd`l pnlcdy jnr `

bcvhg cgkustry nr dngvhrshly tmh hjjhdt nj ` dm`gbh cg cgkustry dm`r`dthrcstcds (ffg`gdc`l khphg-khgdh nr `ssht t`gbcaclcty) cg ` dnugtry wctm ` bcvhg dydlcd`l p`tthrg nj ffsd`l pnlcdy. Antm tmhsh

hjjhdts `rh àsnrahk wctm nur dnugtry `gk cgkustry kuffchs.

[àlh 05.4. Dnrrhl`tcng ahtwhhg Brnwtm cg Qh`l Z`luh @kkhk `gk tmh Cgthr`dtcng ahtwhhg

Jcg`gdc`l Khphgkhgdh `gk Jcsd`l Unlcdy Dydlcd`lcty? Urcf`ry Jcsd`l A`l`gdh


Urcf`ry ffsd`l

a`l`gdh tn

BKU (0)

Urcf`ry ffsd`l

a`l`gdh tn pnthgtc`l

BKU (1)

Dydlcd`lly `kousthk

prcf`ry ffsd`l

a`l`gdh tn BKU (4)

Dydlcd`lly `kousthk

prcf`ry ffsd`l

a`l`gdh tn

pnthgtc`l BKU (;)



∑5.23;***

(5.185)

∑5.23:***

(5.185)

∑5.2=:***

(5.1;2)

∑5.2=;***

(5.1;=)

Cgthr`dtcng (ffg`gdc`l

khphgkhgdh `gk ffsd`l

pnlcdy dnugthrdydlcd`lcty)

;.:23***

5.=:;)

;.255***

(5.=;:)

8.025***

(5.=34)

8.0=4***

(5.=21)


Q1 5.8:3 5.8:3 5.820 5.821



nj-phrcnk tnt`l f`guj`dturcgb rh`l v`luh `kkhk. Jcg`gdc`l khphgkhgdh cs tmh jr`dtcng nj d`pct`l hxphgkcturhs gnt ffg`gdhk wctm

cgthrg`l jugks jnr X.T. ffrfs cg tmh s`fh cgkustry jnr tmh phrcnk 03=5—35. Jcsd`l pnlcdy dnugthrdydlcd`lcty cs tmh dnhjffdchgt nj tmh


phrcnk 03=5—1558. [mh cgthr`dtcng v`rcàlh cs tmh prnkudt nj v`rcàlhs cg p`rhgtmhshs. Hstcf`thk dnhjffdchgts `rh cg phrdhgt`bhs.Tt`gk`rk hrrnrs‛dlusthrhk `t tmh dnugtry lhvhl‛`rh cg p`rhgtmhshs. @ll hstcf`tcngs cgdlukh dnugtry `gk cgkustry kuffchs.




1;1 Cgkustry Brnwtm `gk tmh D`sh jnr Dnugthrdydlcd`l Ttcfulus U`di`bhs

ffsd`l pnlcdy cgkcd`tnr dngsckhrhk, kcsphrscng drnss dnugtrchs cg ffsd`l pnlcdy

dydlcd`lcty cs vhry l`rbh, bcvhg tmh lcfcthk gufahr nj dnugtrchs cg nur s`fplh.

Mhgdh fnvcgb jrnf tmh twhgty-ffjtm tn tmh shvhgty-ffjtm phrdhgtclh cg ffsd`l

pnlcdy dnugthrdydlcd`lcty dnrrhspngks tn ` r`kcd`l dm`gbh cg tmh khscbg nj

ffsd`l pnlcdy `lngb tmh dydlh, wmcdm, cg turg, cs uglcihly tn tìh pl`dh cg `gy

cgkcvcku`l dnugtry nvhr tmh tcfh phrcnk wh dngsckhr. Jnurtm, tmcs scfplh

dnfput`tcng knhs gnt tìh cgtn `ddnugt tmh pnsscalh dnsts `ssndc`thk wctm

tmh tr`gsctcng jrnf ` sth`ky st`th wctm lnw ffsd`l pnlcdy dnugthrdydlcd`lcty

tn ` sth`ky st`th wctm mcbm ffsd`l pnlcdy dnugthrdydlcd`lcty. Sht tmh ànvh

hxhrdcsh subbhsts tm`t kcjjhrhgdhs cg tmh dydlcd`lcty nj ffsd`l pnlcdy `rh `g

cfpnrt`gt krcvhr nj tmh nashrvhk drnss-dnugtry, drnss-cgkustry kcjjhrhgdhs

cg brnwtm phrjnrf`gdh.

Dngdluscngs

Rh m`vh `g`lyzhk tmh hxthgt tn wmcdm f`drnhdngnfcd pnlcdy nvhr tmh ausc-

ghss dydlh d`g jjhdt cgkustry brnwtm, jnduscgb ng ffsd`l pnlcdy. Jnllnwcgb tmh

Qò`g `gk _cgb`lhs (033=) fhtmnknlnby, wh m`vh cgthr`dthk cgkustry-lhvhl

ffg`gdc`l dngstr`cgts (fh`surhk wctm ffg`gdc`l khphgkhgdh nr `ssht t`gbcaclcty

cg X.T. cgkustrchs) `gk ffsd`l pnlcdy dydlcd`lcty `t tmh dnugtry lhvhl tn `sshss

tmh cfp`dt nj tmcs cgthr`dtcng ng nutput brnwtm `t tmh cgkustry lhvhl. Hfpcrc-

d`l hvckhgdh smnws tm`t ` fnrh dnugthrdydlcd`l ffsd`l pnlcdy scbgcffd`gtly

hgm`gdhs nutput brnwtm cg fnrh ffg`gdc`lly dngstr`cghk cgkustrchs, tm`t cs,

cg cgkustrchs wmnsh X.T. dnugthrp`rts rh fnrh khphgkhgt ng hxthrg`l ffg`gdh

nr kcspl`y lnwhr `ssht t`gbcaclcty. [mcs cgvhstcb`tcng `lsn subbhsts tm`t tmh

[àlh 05.;. Dnrrhl`tcng ahtwhhg Brnwtm cg Qh`l Z`luh @kkhk `gk tmh Cgthr`dtcng ahtwhhg

@ssht [`gbcaclcty `gk Jcsd`l Unlcdy Dydlcd`lcty? Urcf`ry Jcsd`l A`l`gdh


Urcf`ry ffsd`l

a`l`gdh tn

BKU (0)

Urcf`ry ffsd`l

a`l`gdh tn

pnthgtc`l BKU (1)

Dydlcd`lly `kousthk

prcf`ry ffsd`l

a`l`gdh tn BKU (4)

Dydlcd`lly `kousthk

prcf`ry ffsd`l

a`l`gdh tn pnthgtc`l

BKU (;)



∑5.;31

(5.480)

∑5.;3;

(5.480)

∑5.;=8

(5.481)

∑5.;=8

(5.481)

Cgthr`dtcng (`ssht t`gbcaclcty

`gk ffsd`l pnlcdy

dnugthrdydlcd`lcty)

∑3.11=***

(1.=2=)

∑3.44:***

(1.=01)

∑05.145***

(4.04:)

∑05.445***

(4.521)


Q1 5.8;3 5.8;3 5.885 5.885



nj-phrcnk tnt`l f`guj`dturcgb rh`l v`luh `kkhk. @ssht t`gbcaclcty cs tmh jr`dtcng nj `sshts rhprhshgthk ay ght prnphrty, pl`gt, `gk

hqucpfhgt jnr X.T. ffrfs cg tmh s`fh cgkustry jnr tmh phrcnk 03=5—35. Jcsd`l pnlcdy dnugthrdydlcd`lcty cs tmh dnhjffdchgt nj tmh


phrcnk 03=5—1558. [mh cgthr`dtcng v`rcàlh cs tmh prnkudt nj v`rcàlhs cg p`rhgtmhshs. Hstcf`thk dnhjffdchgts `rh cg phrdhgt`bhs.Tt`gk`rk hrrnrs‛dlusthrhk `t tmh dnugtry lhvhl‛`rh cg p`rhgtmhshs. @ll hstcf`tcngs cgdlukh dnugtry `gk cgkustry kuffchs.




@bmcng, Mhfnus, `gk Im`rrnuac 1;4

brnwtm cfp`dt nj tmh dydlcd`l p`tthrg nj ffsd`l pnlcdy cs nj dnfp`ràlh (nr

hvhg brh`thr) cfpnrt`gdh tn tm`t nj fnrh strudtur`l jh`turhs.

Fnrh bhghr`lly, nur g`lyscs cg tmcs dm`pthr m`s j`r-rh`dmcgb cfplcd`tcngs

jnr mnw tn dngkudt f`drnhdngnfcd pnlcdy nvhr tmh auscghss dydlh. Mhrh wh

m`vh jndushk ng ffsd`l pnlcdy gk rbuhk tm`t ct smnulk ah fnrh dnugthrdydlc-

d`l tmh tcbmthr tmh drhkct dngstr`cgts. Aut tmh s`fh `pplchs tn fnght`ry pnl-

cdy `gk mnw tmh dhgtr`l a`gi fìhs khdcscngs rhb`rkcgb cgthrhst r`ths `gk

lcquckcty prnvcscng. Urhlcfcg`ry wnri gnt rhpnrthk mhrh, phrjnrfhk jnllnw-

cgb ` scfcl`r fhtmnknlnby `gk a`shk ng ` scfcl`r s`fplh `s cg tmcs dm`pthr,

subbhsts tm`t brnwtm cg cgkustrchs tm`t rh “lcquckcty-khphgkhgt‖ cg tmh shgsh

tm`t tmhy hctmhr (`) rhly kcsprnpnrtcng`lly ng smnrt-thrf khat nr (a) f`cgt`cg

` l`rbhr r`tcn nj cgvhgtnry tn `sshts ahghffts fnrh jrnf fnrh nutput-b`p-

shgsctcvh smnrt-thrf cgthrhst r`ths. [mcs ghw `pprn`dm tn f`drnhdngnfcds

`gk brnwtm `llnws us tn bn ahyngk tmh kha`th ahtwhhg supply-sckh `gk

khf`gk-sckh hdngnfcsts. Rmclh khf`gk dngsckhr`tcngs d`g `jjhdt tmh f`r-

iht sczh jnr pnthgtc`l cggnv`tcngs, nur hjjhdts rh jugk`fhgt`lly supply-sckhkrcvhg, `s tmhy nphr`th tmrnubm tmhcr cgfiuhgdh ng cggnv`tcng cgdhgtcvhs.

[mus ` fnrh dnugthrdydlcd`l ffsd`l pnlcdy m`s antm `g hx `gth `gk `g hx

pnst hjjhdt? hx `gth ct cgdrh`shs cggnv`tcng cgdhgtcvhs ay rhkudcgb tmh rcsi

tm`t tmh cggnv`tcng wcll j`cl cg tmh juturh kuh tn `kvhrsh f`drnhdngnfcd

smndis9 hx pnst ct mhlps tn rhkudh tmh prnpnrtcng nj ffrfs tm`t wcll m`vh tn

dut prnkudtcvcty-hgm`gdcgb cgvhstfhgts jnllnwcgb ` a`k smndi.

Qhjhrhgdhs

@bmcng, Umclcpph, Bhnrbh-F`rcns @gbhlhtns, @amcoct A`ghrohh, `gk I`lcg` F`gnv`.

155=. “Znl`tclcty `gk Brnwtm? Drhkct Dngstr`cgts `gk Urnkudtcvcty-Hgm`gdcgb

Cgvhstfhgt.‖ GAHQ Rnricgb U`phr 004;3. G`tcng`l Aurhù jnr Hdngnfcd


Arùg, F`tæ`s. 1554. “Jcg`gdc`l Dngtr`dtcaclcty `gk @ssht M`rkghss.‖ Xgpua-

lcsmhk fss. M`rv`rk Xgcvhrscty, D`farckbh, F@.

Arùg, F`tc`s, `gk Anro` L`rr`cg. 1558. “Jcg`gdh `gk tmh Auscghss Dydlh?

Cgthrg`tcng`l, Cgthr-Cgkustry Hvckhgdh.‖ Onurg`l nj Jcg`gdh :5 (4)? 0532—01=.

NHDK (Nrb`gcs`tcng jnr Hdngnfcd Dn-nphr`tcng `gk Khvhlnpfhgt). 155=.

NHDK Hdngnfcd Nutlnni =; (Khdhfahr).

Q`kk`tz, Dlùkcn. 155:. “Lcquckcty Ghhks `gk Zulghràclcty tn Jcg`gdc`l Xgkhr-

khvhlnpfhgt.‖ Onurg`l nj Jcg`gdc`l Hdngnfcds =5 (4)? :22—211.

Qò`g, Q`bmur`f, `gk Lucbc _cgb`lhs. 033=. “Jcg`gdc`l Khphgkhgdh `gk

Brnwtm.‖ @fhrcd`g Hdngnfcd Qhvchw == (4)? 883—=:.

Q`fhy, B`rhy, `gk Z`lhrch Q`fhy. 0338. “Drnss-Dnugtry Hvckhgdh ng tmh Lcgi

ahtwhhg Znl`tclcty `gk Brnwtm.‖ @fhrcd`g Hdngnfcd Qhvchw =8 (8)? 004=—80.



1;; Cgkustry Brnwtm `gk tmh D`sh jnr Dnugthrdydlcd`l Ttcfulus U`di`bhs

@pphgkcx @. Hstcf`tcng Qhsults nj tmh Dnugtry-ay-DnugtryJcsd`l Unlcdy Qhbrhsscng (05.1)

Mcstnbr`f 0. Jcsd`l pnlcdy dnugthrdydlcd`lcty

d n h j j c d c h g t j p d

—0.8

—0

—5.8

5

5.8

0

0.8

1

1.8

@ u s

t r ` l c `

@ u s

t r c `

A h l b c u

f

K h g f ` r i

T p ` c g

J c g l ` g

k

J r ` g

d h

X g c t h k I c

g b k n

f

B r h

h d h

C r h l ` g k

C t ` l y

O ` p `

g

G h t m h

r l ` g k

s

U n r t u b

` l

T w h k

h g

tnt`l jcsd`l a`l`gdh tn BKU shgsctcvcty tn nutput b`p

Mcstnbr`f 1. Jcsd`l pnlcdy dnugthrdydlcd`lcty

d n h j j c d c h g t j p d

—0.8

—1.8

—0

—1

—5.8

5

5.8

0

0.8

1

1.8

prcf`ry jcsd`l a`l`gdh tn BKU shgsctcvcty tn nutput b`p

@ u s t r ` l c `

@ u s t r c `

A h l b c u

f

K h g

f r i

T p ` c g

J c g l g

k

J r g

d h

X g c t h

k I c

g b k n

f

B r h h d

h

C r h l g k

C t ` l y

O p

g

G h t m h

r l g k

s

U n r t u

b ` l

T w h k

h g

Tnurdh?

@utmnrs– d`ldul`tcngs.Gnth? A`rs rhprhshgt tmh dnhjffdchgt jpd hstcf`thk cg tmh rhbrhsscng (05.1) jnr h`dm dnugtry. Lcghs cgkcd`th tmh dngffkhgdh cgthrv`l

`t tmh 05 phrdhgt lhvhl `rnugk tmh fh`g hstcf`th nj jpd , a`shk ng tmh st`gk`rk hrrnrs hstcf`thk cg tmh rhbrhsscng (05.1).



U@Q[ 4Lngb-[hrf Dm`llhgbhs tn Brnwtm



Rmhhlhr 1;2

© 1505 Dhgthr jnr Blna`l Khvhlnpfhgt, 0=55 F`ss`dmushtts @vhguh, GR, R`smcgbtng, KD 1554:9www.dbkhv.nrb. Xshk ay phrfcsscng.

DM@U[HQ 00Brhhgmnush Hfcsscngs `gkDlcf`th Dm`gbh?Cfplcd`tcngs jnr Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs`gk Uualcd Unlcdy K`vck Rmhhlhr

@fngb dlcf`th sdchgtcsts, tmhrh cs gn lngbhr `gy shrcnus kha`th `anut

wmhtmhr brhhgmnush b`s hfcsscngs jrnf muf`g `dtcvcty `rh `lthrcgb

tmh h`rtm–s dlcf`th. @ddnrkcgb tn tmh jnurtm `sshssfhgt rhpnrt nj tmh Cgthr-

bnvhrgfhgt`l U`ghl ng Dlcf`th Dm`gbh (CUDD 1552), tmh lcihlcmnnk nj tmcs

hjjhdt cs nvhr 35 phrdhgt. Qhf`cgcgb kha`th cg tmh sdchgtcffd lcthr`turh

jndushs ng tmh sczh, tcfcgb, gk cfp`dt nj blna`l w`rfcgb, gnt cts hxcsthgdh.

Sht tmh dngtrnvhrsy nvhr dlcf`th dm`gbh dngtcguhs, tmh l`rbhst twn d`rang

hfctthrs‛tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths gk Dmcg`‛rhf`cg cgtr`gscbhgt ng fctcb`tcng,

`gk wh `rh j`r jrnf rh`dmcgb `g cgthrg`tcng`l `brhhfhgt tm`t wcll suppl`gt

tmh Iyntn Urntndnl.

@ltmnubm p`rtcs`gs jrhquhgtly dcth sdchgtcffd cssuhs, tmh rh`l kha`th cs gn

lngbhr `anut tmh sdchgdh. [mh dngtrnvhrschs sthf fnstly jrnf ugdhrt`cgtchs



1;= Brhhgmnush Hfcsscngs `gk Dlcf`th Dm`gbh

rhb`rkcgb hdngnfcd `gk thdmgnlnbcd`l jnrhd`stcgb, kcspuths ànut blna`l

`gk cgthrbhghr`tcng`l hqucty, `gk pnlctcd`l kcvcscngs nvhr dnllhdtcvh fh`-

surhs tn dnfa`t dlcf`th dm`gbh. Gh`r-thrf dlnsurh shhfs uglcihly ng `gy

nj tmhsh jrngts, aut tmh sdchgdh cs sujffdchgtly dnfphllcgb tm`t ` blna`l dng-

shgsus suppnrts dngdhrthk `dtcng. [mh cgthrhstcgb pnlcdy quhstcngs jndus ng

`pprnprc`th fh`surhs tn rhkudh brhhgmnush b`s hfcsscngs, `ddhlhr`th tmh

khvhlnpfhgt `gk kcjjuscng nj dlh`g thdmgnlnbchs, `gk suppnrt `k`pt`tcng

tn tmh cfp`dts nj ug`vnckàlh dlcf`th dm`gbh. Kcjjhrhgt pnsctcngs ng tmh

gngsdchgtcffd cssuhs stcll krcvh vhry kcjjhrhgt dngdluscngs ànut tmh sd`lh,

sdnph, gk tcfcgb nj tmh ghhkhk fh`surhs. Cg lcbmt nj tmh sdchgtcffd hvckhgdh,

mnwhvhr, ct wnulk ah kcjffdult tn khjhgk dnfplhth cg`dtcng. [mh dm`llhgbh cs

tn khvhlnp `g `dtcng str`thby tm`t suppnrts fnkhr`th fh`surhs gnw, cj tmh

blna`l dngshgsus wcll suppnrt gntmcgb strngbhr, wmclh rht`cgcgb tmh pnthgtc`l

tn ugkhrtìh fudm fnrh rcbnrnus fh`surhs wmhg tmhy ahdnfh pnlctcd`lly

jh`scalh.

Dlcf`th dm`gbh m`s d`t`lyzhk ` blna`l drcscs jnr twn f`cg rh`sngs.Jcrst, tmh cgthrg`tcng`l dnffugcty m`s `wìhghk tn tmh pnsscalh hxcs-

thgdh nj ` drctcd`l tmrhsmnlk? `g `tfnspmhrcd d`rang kcnxckh (DN1) dng-

dhgtr`tcng, phrm`ps `s lnw `s ;85 p`rts phr fcllcng (ppf), ahyngk wmcdm

l`rbh `gk crrhvhrscalh k`f`bh jrnf blna`l w`rfcgb cs vhry lcihly.0 Rh

`rh `lrh`ky vhry l`th cg tmh b`fh. Ay fck-1552, tmh `tfnspmhrcd dng-

dhgtr`tcng m`k cgdrh`shk jrnf cts prhcgkustrc`l lhvhl, ànut 1=5 ppf, tn

` vnlufh nj 4=: ppf. Xgkhr wckhly v`rycgb `ssufptcngs ànut juturh

brnwtm cg durrhgt jnrhd`st sdhg`rcns (CUDD 1555),1 wh wcll `lfnst dhr-

t`cgly rh`dm ;85 ppf wctmcg 45 yh`rs cg tmh àshgdh nj shrcnus fctcb`tcng

hjjnrts. @vnckcgb tmcs tmrhsmnlk wcll cgvnlvh vhry r`pck blna`l koustfhgt,wctm ugprhdhkhgthk cgthrg`tcng`l dnnrkcg`tcng nj hjjnrts gk vhry strngb

jndus ng dnst-hjjhdtcvh fh`surhs.

Thdngk, dlcf`th dm`gbh prhshgts ` knualh-hkbhk prhkcd`fhgt jnr tmh acl-

lcngs wmn rhf`cg cg pnvhrty. Cj ct cs cbgnrhk, cts cfp`dts f`y ugkhrfcgh tmh

khvhlnpfhgt prndhss ahdùsh blna`l w`rfcgb wcll m`vh cts mh`vchst cfp`dt

ng tmh Tnutm.4 Cj tmh Tnutm dnffcts tn d`rang fctcb`tcng, tmh `ssndc`thk

dnsts wcll ah scbgcffd`gt. [mcs m`s drh`thk ` drcscs cg Gnrtm-Tnutm rhl`tcngs,

`s tmh Tnutm m`s shczhk ng tmh ckh` tm`t brhhgmnush b`s hfcsscngs `rh `

prnalhf tm`t tmh Gnrtm fust snlvh, wmclh tmh Tnutm rhf`cgs jrhh tn nvhr-

dnfh pnvhrty wctmnut wnrrycgb ànut d`rang fctcb`tcng. Xgjnrtug`thly,tmh hvckhgdh smnws tm`t tmcs vchw cs antm wrngb `gk k`gbhrnus jnr tmh

Tnutm, ahdùsh cts nwg dduful`tcgb hfcsscngs rh lrh`ky sujffdchgt tn d`t-

`lyzh ` dlcf`th drcscs wctmnut `gy hfcsscngs jrnf tmh Gnrtm (Rmhhlhr `gk

Xffhl 1552). [mh lhssng cs dlh`r? blna`l hfcsscngs `rh ` blna`l prnalhf,

`gk hvhryngh fust ah `t tmh tàlh cj wh ahlchvh tm`t d`rang fctcb`tcng cs

ghdhss`ry.

0 DN1 cs tmh prcf`ry brhhgmnush b`s.1 Tdhg`rcn khsdrcptcngs `rh `v`clàlh `t www.brck`.gn/dlcf`th/cpdd/hfcsscng/5=3.mtf.

4 Gnrtm `gk Tnutm rhjhr tn khvhlnphk gk khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs, rhsphdtcvhly.



Rmhhlhr 1;3

[mh dm`pthr cs nrb`gczhk s jnllnws. Ct ahbcgs ay rhvchwcgb tmh sdchgtcffd

hvckhgdh lcgicgb muf`g dtcvcty tn blna`l w`rfcgb gk tmhg khsdrcahs tmh

snurdhs nj dngtrnvhrsy nvhr tmh sdnph, sd`lh, `gk tcfcgb nj fh`surhs tn

dnfa`t dlcf`th dm`gbh. [mcs cs jnllnwhk ay g hxplcdct cgtrnkudtcng nj tmh

Gnrtm-Tnutm kcfhgscng, wmcdm smnws wmy tmh hvckhgdh w`rr`gts shrcnus

fctcb`tcng cg tmh Tnutm `s whll `s tmh Gnrtm. [mh dm`pthr tmhg suff`-

rczhs rhdhgt rhsh`rdm ng dlcf`th dm`gbh cfp`dts, wctm ` p`rtcdul`r jndus

ng cfp`dts cg tmh Tnutm, prnvckhs `g nvhrvchw nj fh`surhs ghhkhk tn

dngjrngt dlcf`th dm`gbh, `gk prnpnshs dngdrhth sthps tm`t dnulk ah tìhg

cffhkc`thly. @ ffg`l shdtcng prnvckhs ` suff`ry `gk dngdluscngs.

[mh Tdchgtcffd Hvckhgdh ng Dlcf`th Dm`gbh

Dlcf`th sdchgtcsts `ddhpt shvhr`l a`scd prnpnsctcngs wctmnut quhstcng. Jcrst,

muf`g sndchty hxcsts ahdùsh brhhgmnush b`shs tr`p mh`t cg tmh tfnspmhrh.Rctmnut tmhf, tmh `vhr`bh blna`l thfphr`turh wnulk ah ànut ∑0=µD

(khbrhhs Dhlscus) cgsth`k nj 0;µD, cts prhshgt lhvhl (GN@@ 1552). [n pprh-

dc`th tmh scbgcffd`gdh nj tmcs 41µD kcjjhrhgtc`l, wh ghhk ngly gnth tm`t `

khdlcgh nj =—05µD w`s sujffdchgt tn prnkudh tmh bl`dchrs tm`t dnvhrhk fudm

nj Gnrtm @fhrcd` `gk Hurnph kurcgb tmh l`st Cdh @bh.

[mh shdngk ugcvhrs`lly ddhpthk prnpnsctcng, g navcnus dnrnll`ry nj tmh

ffrst, cs tm`t ` dm`gbh cg tmh `tfnspmhrcd dngdhgtr`tcng nj brhhgmnush b`shs

wcll m`vh tmhrf`l hjjhdts. K`t` jrnf tmh Znstni @gt`rdtcd cdh dnrhs (Uhtct

`gk ntmhrs 1555) smnw tm`t blna`l fh`g thfphr`turhs `gk `tfnspmhrcd

DN1 dngdhgtr`tcngs m`vh ahhg mcbmly dnrrhl`thk tmrnubm jnur cgthrbl`dc`l(Fcl`ginvctdm) dydlhs kurcgb tmh p`st ;18,555 yh`rs (shh ffburh 00.0). Cg

h`dm dydlh, ` dm`gbh nj ànut 055 ppf cg tmh DN1 dngdhgtr`tcng nvhr tmh

r`gbh 0=5—1=5 ppf m`s ahhg `ssndc`thk wctm ` dnrrhspngkcgb dm`gbh nj

ànut 05µD cg blna`l fh`g thfphr`turh.

028

038

108

148

188

128

138

408

—;18,555 —418,555 —118,555 —018,555 —18,555

yh`rs ahjnrh tmh prhshgt

` t f n s p m h r c d D N 1

d n g d h g t r ` t c n g ( p p f )

t h f p h r ` t u r h k h v c ` t c n g

j r n f p

r h s h g t ( µ

D )

—05

—=

—:

—;

—1

5

1

;thfphr`turh

DN1

Jcburh 00.0. @tfnspmhrcd DN1 Dngdhgtr`tcng `gk [hfphr`turh? Jnur Cdh-@bhDydlhs

Tnurdh? Uhtct `gk ntmhrs 1555.



185 Brhhgmnush Hfcsscngs `gk Dlcf`th Dm`gbh

Aut tmhrh w`s dlh`rly gn `gtmrnpnbhgcd (muf`g-cgkudhk) dnfpnghgt cgDN1 dm`gbhs kurcgb p`st Cdh @bh dydlhs. [mh dngshgsus sdchgtcffd hxpl`g`tcng

jnr tmh lngb-dydlh dnrrhl`tcng cs `s jnllnws. Fcl`ginvctdm dydlhs `rh krcvhg ay

phrcnkcd dm`gbhs cg tmh h`rtm–s nract `gk rnt`tcng tm`t `jjhdt tmh blna`l kcstrc-

autcng nj snl`r r`kc`tcng. [mh dydlhs `rh mcbmly `syffhtrcd. @s mcbm-l`tctukh

r`kc`tcng j`lls, tmh vhr`bh thfphr`turh khdlcghs br`ku`lly nvhr 055,555-yh`r

cgthrv`ls cg duful`tcvh prndhss. Brnwcgb cdh smhhts rhfihdt fnrh snl`r r`kc`-

tcng, wmcdm hgm`gdhs tmh dnnlcgb hjjhdt, `s knhs ` scfult`ghnus khdlcgh cg

tmh `tfnspmhrcd DN1 dngdhgtr`tcng. Ngdh tmh snl`r dydlh rhvhrshs, pnsctcvh-

jhhka`di hjjhdts r`pckly cgdrh`sh tmh `vhr`bh blna`l thfphr`turh. [mhsh nphr-

`th p`rtly tmrnubm khdrh`shk rhfihdtcvcty jrnf fhltcgb cdh smhhts `gk p`rtlytmrnubm `g cgdrh`scgb `tfnspmhrcd DN1 dngdhgtr`tcng. Rh `rh durrhgtly

gh`r tmh tnp nj ` Fcl`ginvctdm dydlh, sn tmh blna`l thfphr`turh `gk DN1

dngdhgtr`tcng smnulk ah gh`r tmhcr dydlcd`l f`xcfufs. Aut tmh `tfnspmhrcd

DN1 dngdhgtr`tcng m`s rcshg j`r anvh tmh mcstnrcd`l Fcl`ginvctdm f`xcfuf

scgdh tmh hcbmthhgtm dhgtury. [mh rhsultcgb tmhrf`l hjjhdts `rh pusmcgb tmh

`tfnspmhrcd thfphr`turh ahyngk tmh Fcl`ginvctdm f`xcfuf `s whll.

[mh tmcrk prnpnsctcng `ddhpthk ay `ll `tfnspmhrcd sdchgtcsts cs tm`t

duful`tcvh `gtmrnpnbhgcd hfcsscngs `rh cgdrh`scgb tmh `tfnspmhrcd brhhg-

mnush b`s dngdhgtr`tcng ahdùsh thrrhstrc`l `gk ndh`gcd scgis `rh cgsujff-dchgt tn rhàsnra tmh hfctthk d`rang. [àlh 00.0 prnvckhs tmh fnst rhdhgt

hstcf`th nj duful`tcvh `tfnspmhrcd DN1 jrnf muf`g snurdhs cg tmh Gnrtm

`gk Tnutm kurcgb tmh phrcnk 0=85—1555. Jcburh 00.1 smnws tmh trhgk cg

tmh tfnspmhrcd dngdhgtr`tcng scgdh 02;;,; wmclh ffburh 00.4 plnts duful`-

tcvh hfcsscngs `b`cgst tmh `tfnspmhrcd dngdhgtr`tcng (Rmhhlhr `gk Xffhl

1552). [mh k`t` cgkcd`th tm`t `gtmrnpnbhgcd hfcsscngs scgdh tmh fck-

hcbmthhgtm dhgtury m`vh cgdrh`shk tmh `tfnspmhrcd dngdhgtr`tcng ay ànut

;5 phrdhgt, jrnf 122 ppf cg 02;; tn 4=: ppf cg fck-1552.

; Jcburh 00.1 dnfacghs nashrv`tcngs jrnf tmh Tcplh Cdh Dnrh (02;;—0384) `gk tmh Fùg` Ln`Nashrv`tnry, M`w`cc (0383—1552)9 shh Ghjthl gk ntmhrs (033;) gk Ihhlcgb gk ntmhrs (1552),

rhsphdtcvhly.

[àlh 00.0. Duful`tcvh @tfnspmhrcd DN1 jrnf tmh Tnutm `gk tmh Gnrtm, 0=85—1555

bcb`tngs

Tnutm Gnrtm

Sh`r

L`gk-ush

dm`gbh

Jnsscl

juhls [nt`l

L`gk-ush

dm`gbh

Jnsscl

juhls [nt`l

0=85 03.4= 5.55 03.4= 18.:= ;.=4 45.81

0=28 1;.40 5.55 1;.41 ;5.04 05.53 85.11

0355 44.34 5.0; 4;.5= 8;.58 18.=4 23.==

0318 8;.42 0.:1 88.33 :0.;1 :0.:0 014.54

0385 =1.52 8.41 =2.43 :1.44 05:.80 0:=.=4

0328 012.82 1=.4; 088.31 :8.4; 110.8; 1=:.=2

1555 0=5.02 008.04 138.45 8=.13 420.24 ;45.51

Tnurdh? Rmhhlhr `gk Xffhl 1552.



Rmhhlhr 180

[mh jnurtm ugcvhrs`lly ddhpthk prnpnsctcng cs tm`t brhhgmnush b`s hfcs-

scngs st`y cg tmh `tfnspmhrh jnr ` lngb tcfh. Rmclh d`rang-dydlh fnkhlskcjjhr cg strudturh gk snpmcstcd`tcng, tmhy ll cgkcd`th scfcl`r lngb-kur`tcng

hjjhdts. @g hx`fplh cs prnvckhk ay tmh Ahrg d`rang-dydlh fnkhl tm`t cs ushk

jnr f`gy hstcf`ths nj duful`tcvh hfcsscngs (Tm`jjhr `gk T`rfchgtn 03389

Tchbhgtm`lhr `gk Onns 1551). Jcburh 00.; cllustr`ths `g `pplcd`tcng nj tmh

fnkhl tn ngh tng nj d`rang hfctthk cg 0=85. Khd`y cs rhl`tcvhly r`pck kur-

cgb tmh ffrst ;5 yh`rs, wctm ànut ;5 phrdhgt rhf`cgcgb cg tmh `tfnspmhrh

cg 0=35. Mnwhvhr, r`pck khdlcgh cg tmh rhàsnrptcng r`th lh`vhs 18 phrdhgt

nj tmh nrcbcg`l tng cg tmh `tfnspmhrh cg 1505. Tudm phrscsthgdh cs scbgcff-

d`gt, ahdùsh ct hgsurhs tm`t durrhgt hfcsscngs wcll m`vh vhry lngb-lcvhk

hjjhdts. [n mcbmlcbmt tmh cfplcd`tcng jnr hfcsscngs dngtrnl pnlcdy, rhsh`rdm-hrs jrhquhgtly cgvnih ` suphrt`gihr `g`lnby. Bcvhg tmh smhhr fnfhgtuf

185

125

135

405

445

485

` t f n s p m h

r c d D N

1

d n g d h g t r ` t c n g ( p p f ) 425

435

02;5 0225 0=55 0=45 0=:5 0=35 0315 0385 03=5 1505

Jcburh 00.1. @tfnspmhrcd DN1 Dngdhgtr`tcng, 02;;—1552


` t f n s p m h r c d D N

1 d n g d h g t r ` t c n g ( p p f )

duful`tcvh blna`l DN1 hfcsscngs (Bt)

125

1=5

135

455

405

415

445

4;5

485

4:5

425

4=5

5 055 155 455 ;55 855 :55 255 =55

Jcburh 00.4. @tfnspmhrcd DN1 Dngdhgtr`tcng `gk Duful`tcvh Hfcsscngs,

02;;—1552





nj ` suphrt`gihr, s`jh, dngtrnllàlh kndicgb rhqucrhs duttcgb tmh hgbcghs

15—45 iclnfhthrs jrnf pnrt. R`ctcgb ugtcl tmh l`st fnfhgt wcll bu`r`gthh

` dr`sm `gk dùsh trhfhgknus k`f`bh. D`rang auclkup cg tmh `tfnspmhrh

cs lcih tmh t`gihr–s fnfhgtuf, `gk arìcgb ahdnfhs m`rkhr `s tmh `ddu-

ful`tcng dngtcguhs.

[n suff`rczh, `fngb dlcf`th sdchgtcsts tmhrh cs gn fh`gcgbjul kcsshgt

jrnf tmh jnllnwcgb prnpnsctcngs? mh`tcgb jrnf tmh g`tur`lly nddurrcgb

brhhgmnush b`s dngdhgtr`tcng cg tmh `tfnspmhrh cs tmh rh`sng muf`g sndc-

hty hxcsts. Fnkhrg muf`g `dtcvcty m`s r`cshk tmh `tfnspmhrcd brhhgmnush

b`s dngdhgtr`tcng j`r ànvh tmh f`xcfuf mcstnrcd`l lhvhl nashrvhk nvhr

jnur fònr dlcf`th dydlhs kurcgb tmh p`st ;18,555 yh`rs. [mh ùtnf`tcd

rhsult cs ` pnsctcvh tmhrf`l hjjhdt, wmcdm wcll tr`gsl`th tn blna`l w`rfcgb

nvhr `g hxthgkhk phrcnk nj tcfh.

Uncgts nj Tdchgtcffd Dngthgtcng

Jnr dlcf`th sdchgtcsts, prnohdtcgb tmh cfp`dt nj juturh brhhgmnush b`s `ddu-

ful`tcng cs dnfplcd`thk ay twn j`dtnrs. [mh ffrst cs tmh hxcsthgdh nj pnwhr-

jul `koustfhgt systhfs tm`t `rh gnt dnfplhthly ugkhrstnnk. [mhsh cgdlukhtmhrf`l àsnrptcng ay tmh ndh`gs9 `ssndc`thk tmhrf`l dngvhdtcng durrhgts

`t blna`l sd`lh9 àsnrptcng `gk hxpulscng nj d`rang ay thrrhstrc`l scgis9

dm`gbcgb àsnrptcng nj snl`r r`kc`tcng `s fhltcgb pnl`r cdh ychlks k`rihr

w`thrs `gk l`gk f`sshs9 r`kc`tcng alndicgb ay dlnuk jnrf`tcngs9 `gk

dm`gbhs cg d`rang ffx`tcng ay lcvcgb acnf`ss. [mh shdngk j`dtnr cs tmh hxcs-

thgdh nj hgnrfnus, pnthgtc`lly ugstàlh thrrhstrc`l `gk f`rcgh d`rang

khpnscts. @ jrhquhgtly dcthk hx`fplh cs tmh d`rang shquhsthrhk cg phrf`-

jrnst rhbcngs, wmcdm wcll hsd`ph cgtn tmh tfnspmhrh cj blna`l w`rfcgb dng-

tcguhs (_cfnv, Tdmuur, gk Dm`pcg 155:). @gntmhr cs tmh d`rang shquhsthrhk

cg tmh khhp ndh`gs, wmcdm f`y ah hxphllhk cgtn tmh `tfnspmhrh `s blna`lw`rfcgb jjhdts khhp-sh` dcrdul`tcng. Qhdhgt rhsh`rdm subbhsts tm`t sudm g

5.55

5.15

5.;5

j r ` d t c n g n j n r c b c g ` l t n g n j d ` r a n g

r h f ` c g c g b c g t m h ` t f

n s p m h r h

5.:5

5.=5

0.55

0=85 0=35 0345 0325 1505

Jcburh 00.;. Jr`dtcng nj Ngh [ng nj D`rang Hfctthk cg 0=85 Qhf`cgcgb cg tmh@tfnspmhrh, 0=85—1505




Rmhhlhr 184

hxpulscng nddurrhk kurcgb tmh r`pck thfphr`turh rcsh t tmh hgk nj tmh fnst

rhdhgt Cdh @bh (F`rdmcttn `gk ntmhrs 1552).

[mhsh j`dtnrs fìh ct kcjffdult tn jnrhd`st blna`l w`rfcgb wctm fudm prh-

dcscng. Tnfh `koustfhgt systhfs f`y m`vh thfphr`turh-k`fphgcgb hjjhdts

(jnr hx`fplh, r`kc`tcng-alndicgb dlnuk jnrf`tcng jrnf cgdrh`shk hv`pnr`-

tcng r`ths), wmclh ntmhrs m`vh thfphr`turh-hgm`gdcgb hjjhdts (jnr hx`fplh,

cgdrh`shk àsnrptcng nj snl`r r`kc`tcng `s cdh d`ps bcvh w`y tn k`rihr nphg

w`thr nr l`gk9 tmh hsd`ph nj d`rang jrnf fhltcgb phrf`jrnst nr tmh khhp

ndh`gs9 cgdrh`shk jnrhst dnfaustcng s tmh tfnspmhrh w`rfs). @ll nj tmhsh

lcgis `rh ugkhr cgthgscvh sdchgtcffd stuky, `gk ignwlhkbh ànut tmhf cs

cgdrh`scgb r`pckly. @t tmh s`fh tcfh, l`rbh-sd`lh fnkhls nj dlcf`th kyg`f-

cds rh cfprnvcgb sth`kcly s dnfput`tcng`l pnwhr cgdrh`shs gk suppnrtcgb

nashrv`tcng`l k`t` ahdnfh fnrh plhgtcjul. [mh nvhrwmhlfcgb dngshgsus

cs tm`t thfphr`turh-hgm`gdcgb jhhka`dis brh`tly nutwhcbm dnugthrv`clcgb

fhdm`gcsfs. Fnst dlcf`th sdchgtcsts `lsn ahlchvh tm`t `t lh`st tmrhh hlh-

fhgts nj cgstàclcty‛cdh d`p fhltcgb, phrf`jrnst d`rang, `gk khhp-ndh`gd`rang‛`rh sn l`rbh tm`t tmhy khthrfcgh tmrhsmnlks ahyngk wmcdm pnsctcvh

jhhka`dis wnulk dùsh tmh `tfnspmhrcd brhhgmnush b`s dngdhgtr`tcng `gk

thfphr`turh tn cgdrh`sh r`pckly nvhr snfh r`gbh. @ltmnubm sdchgtcsts kcs-

`brhh ànut tmh tcfcgb nj sudm “tcppcgb‖ pmhgnfhg`, jhw knuat tm`t trcb-

bhrcgb tmhf wnulk m`vh d`t`strnpmcd cfplcd`tcngs ahdùsh blna`l sndchty

dnulk gnt `koust r`pckly hgnubm tn `vnck hgnrfnus k`f`bh.

[mh Qnlh nj tmh CUDD

[mh sdchgtcffd dngshgsus ng dlcf`th dm`gbh cs suff`rczhk phrcnkcd`lly ay

`sshssfhgt rhpnrts jrnf tmh Cgthrbnvhrgfhgt`l U`ghl ng Dlcf`th Dm`gbh

(CUDD). [mh CUDD cs gntàlh `fngb blna`l `kvcsnry ankchs jnr tmh sczh `gk

g`tcng`l kcvhrscty nj cts sdchgtcffd rhprhshgt`tcng, cts sdrutcgy nj tmh sdchg-

tcffd lcthr`turh, `gk tmh systhf`tcd prndhss ay wmcdm ct `sshsshs tmh hvckhgdh

`gk ckhgtcffhs pncgts nj dngshgsus `fngb dlcf`th sdchgtcsts. [mcs dm`pthr

rhlchs mh`vcly ng tmh CUDD–s jnurtm `sshssfhgt rhpnrt (CUDD 1552) `s `g

cfpnrt`gt snurdh nj cgjnrf`tcng ànut blna`l w`rfcgb `gk cts pnthgtc`l

cfp`dts.

Mnwhvhr, dhrt`cg jh`turhs nj tmh CUDD gh`rly bu`r`gthh tm`t cts rhpnrts

wcll njjhr ` dngshrv`tcvh vchw nj tmh prnalhf. Jcrst, tmh CUDD–s jndusng dngshgsus thgks tn hxdlukh rhdhgt rhsh`rdm tm`t subbhsts l`rbhr-tm`g-

hxphdthk hjjhdts, ahdùsh f`gy nj tmhsh rhsults m`vh gnt b`cghk f`cgstrh`f

`ddhpt`gdh yht. @ bnnk hx`fplh cs prnvckhk ay f`sscvh d`rang rhlh`sh jrnf

fhltcgb phrf`jrnst. Tnfh rhdhgt sdchgtcffd hvckhgdh subbhsts tm`t tmcs m`s

ahbug, aut tmh CUDD–s prnohdtcngs kn gnt cgdnrpnr`th ct. @gntmhr cs tmh

pnsscaclcty nj ` r`pck dnll`psh nj tmh Brhhgl`gk cdh smhht, wmcdm cs `b`cg

dngscsthgt wctm snfh rhdhgt rhsh`rdm, aut hxplcdctly hxdlukhk jrnf tmh CUDD

prnohdtcngs. Cj sudm ` dnll`psh whrh tn nddur, tmh cfp`dt nj tmh suashquhgt

2-fhthr sh`-lhvhl rcsh ng dn`st`l pnpul`tcngs wnulk ah hgnrfnus.

Thdngk, dlcf`th sdchgdh cs prnbrhsscgb r`pckly, aut tmh hxthgscvh dngsul-t`tcvh rhqucrhfhgts nj tmh CUDD prndhss fìh ct kcjffdult tn cgdnrpnr`th



18; Brhhgmnush Hfcsscngs `gk Dlcf`th Dm`gbh

sdchgtcffd rhsults pualcsmhk kurcgb tmh yh`r prcnr tn pualcd`tcng nj g sshss-

fhgt. Jnr tmh jnurtm CUDD rhpnrt, tmh ght cfp`dt nj tmhsh rhqucrhfhgts cs

ugknuathkly dngshrv`tcvh. [mh dlh`r trhgk cg rhdhgtly pualcsmhk p`phrs cs

tnw`rk fnrh l`rfcgb dngdluscngs anut tmh f`bgctukh nj blna`l w`rfcgb

`gk cts pnthgtc`l cfp`dts.

Jcg`lly, `gk fnst ugjnrtug`thly, tmh CUDD prndhss cs vhtthk ay bnvhrg-

fhgts– pnlctcd`l rhprhshgt`tcvhs, snfh nj wmnf (p`rtcdul`rly tmnsh jrnf tmh

Xgcthk Tt`ths) m`vh rhph`thkly khfngstr`thk ` strngb cgdlcg`tcng tn kcs-

dnugt hvckhgdh pncgtcgb tn brh`thr rcsis.

Gngsdchgtcffd Tnurdhs nj Dngthgtcng

Cg tmh wìh nj tmh jnurtm CUDD rhpnrt, sdchgtcffd kcspuths gn lngbhr knfc-

g`th tmh dngtrnvhrsy nvhr dlcf`th dm`gbh. Hvhg tmh whll-ignwg dngtr`rc`g

pnsctcng nj Lnfanrb (1550) m`s bcvhg w`y tn `ddhpt`gdh nj tmh ghhk jnrdngdhrthk `dtcng ng blna`l w`rfcgb `gk ` jndus ng gngsdchgtcffd hlhfhgts

nj tmh dngtrnvhrsy (Lnfanrb 1552).8 [mh kr`f`tcd thgscng cs supplchk ay

tmrhh drctcd`l hlhfhgts. Fnst dlcf`th dm`gbh cfp`dts wcll ah hxphrchgdhk ay

juturh bhghr`tcngs, tmhrh cs ` rh`l pnsscaclcty tm`t ugrhstrcdthk hfcsscngs

wcll prhdcpct`th ` dlcf`th d`t`strnpmh `t snfh pncgt cg tmh juturh, `gk f`s-

scvh cghrtc` cg tmh blna`l dlcf`th systhf: fh`gs tm`t prnthdtcgb juturh

bhghr`tcngs rhqucrhs dnstly fctcb`tcng gnw. [mh pncgts nj dngthgtcng `rh

gufhrnus, cgdlukcgb hdngnfcd `gk thdmgnlnbcd`l jnrhd`sts, fctcb`tcng

dnsts, cgthrbhghr`tcng`l kcstrcautcng, rcsi `sshssfhgt, g`tcng`l snvhrhcbgty,

cgthrg`tcng`l kcstrcautcng, hfcsscngs snurdhs, `gk dlcf`th dm`gbh cfp`dts.[mcs shdtcng kcsdusshs tmh ffrst scx cssuhs, khjhrrcgb tmh l`st twn jnr fnrh

kht`clhk trh`tfhgt cg l`thr shdtcngs.

Hdngnfcd gk [hdmgnlnbcd`l Jnrhd`sts

[mcgicgb ànut `lthrg`tcvh pnlcdchs cg tmcs dngthxt rhqucrhs ` a`dikrnp‛`

lngb-rug jnrhd`st nj hdngnfcd, thdmgnlnbcd`l, `gk khfnbr`pmcd dm`gbhs.

CUDD (1552) `dignwlhkbhs tmh cgmhrhgt ugdhrt`cgty ay prnvckcgb scx jnrh-

d`st sdhg`rcns tmrnubm 1055 (CUDD 1555). [àlh 00.1 `gk ffburh 00.8

prnvckh dnfp`r`tcvh phrsphdtcvhs jrnf tmhsh sdhg`rcns a`shk ng kcjjhrhgt

fnkhls nj hdngnfcd, khfnbr`pmcd, `gk thdmgnlnbcd`l dm`gbh kurcgb tmhtwhgty-ffrst dhgtury. Cg p`ghl @ nj ffburh 00.8, sdhg`rcn @0J0 rhfihdts tmh

8 Lnfanrb (1552) hfplnys ahghfft-dnst g`lyscs tn suppnrt cgthbr`tcgb fctcb`tcng gk `k`pt`tcng

hxphgkcturhs cgtn ` jull `sshssfhgt nj blna`l whlj`rh cfp`dts, wctm ` p`rtcdul`r jndus ng tmh

cfplcd`tcngs jnr khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs. Mh rhdnffhgks fnkhst d`rang hfcsscngs dm`rbhs `gk

scbgcffd`gt pualcd suppnrt jnr dlh`g-thdmgnlnby rhsh`rdm `gk khvhlnpfhgt, wctmcg tmh “fnkhr-

`th‖ r`gbh nj fh`surhs kcsdusshk l`thr cg tmcs dm`pthr. K`sbupt` (1552) `rbuhs tm`t Lnfanrb–s

ahghfft-dnst `g`lyscs `gk dngdluscngs `rh fi`whk ay `g cg`pprnprc`th sphdcffd`tcng nj rcsi tm`t

kcsdnugts “tcppcgb‖ tmrhsmnlks. Cg dngtr`st, tmh fudm fnrh strcgbhgt dngdluscngs `gk rhdnf-

fhgk`tcngs nj Tthrg (155:) rhfihdt tmh cgdluscng nj sudm lnw-prnaàclcty aut pnthgtc`lly d`t`-

strnpmcd rcsis.: [mcs cghrtc` `rcshs jrnf tmh lngb kur`tcng nj d`rang hfcsscngs cg tmh tfnspmhrh `s whll s tmh

pnsctcvh-jhhka`di systhfs fhgtcnghk cg prhvcnus shdtcngs.



Rmhhlhr 188

durrhgt `spcr`tcngs nj f`gy khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs? r`pck hdngnfcd brnwtm

cg ` blna`lczcgb hdngnfy9 slnw pnpul`tcng brnwtm9 tmh r`pck cgtrnkudtcng

nj fnrh hjffdchgt thdmgnlnbchs9 gk g hghrby p`tm, ugdngstr`cghk ay d`rang

fctcb`tcng, tm`t cs dngscsthgt wctm tmh durrhgt khvhlnpfhgt str`thbchs nj

dnugtrchs wctm àugk`gt knfhstcd jnsscl juhl rhsnurdhs. Cg tmcs sdhg`rcn,

gnrtmhrg DN1 hfcsscngs dngtcguh brnwcgb tn 42,555 fhb`tngs (Ft) ay

1055 (ànut twcdh tmhcr durrhgt lhvhl), `gk snutmhrg hfcsscngs phì l`thr cg

tmh dhgtury `t ànut 24,555 Ft (nvhr tmrhh tcfhs tmhcr durrhgt lhvhl).

Cg dngtr`st, sdhg`rcn A0 (ffburh 00.8, p`ghl A) rhfihdts r`pck dm`gbhs cg

hdngnfcd strudturh tnw`rk shrvcdhs `gk cgjnrf`tcng `gk tmh cgtrnkudtcngnj dlh`g, rhsnurdh-hjffdchgt thdmgnlnbchs. Cg tmh Gnrtm, hfcsscngs ahbcg j`ll-

cgb r`pckly `rnugk 15159 ay 1055, tmhy m`vh rhturghk tn ` lhvhl gnt shhg

scgdh tmh 0345s. Cg tmh Tnutm, hfcsscngs phì `rnugk fck-dhgtury `t lhss

tm`g m`lj nj snutmhrg phì hfcsscngs cg sdhg`rcn @0J0 gk tmhg j`ll tn tmhcr

03=5s lhvhl ay tmh hgk nj tmh dhgtury.

Antm sdhg`rcns `rh plùscalh, aut tmhcr cfplcd`tcngs jnr `tfnspmhrcd

d`rang ln`kcgb `gk blna`l w`rfcgb `rh vhry kcjjhrhgt. Ghctmhr sdhg`rcn

`ssufhs tmh hxcsthgdh nj ` blna`l d`rang fctcb`tcng rhbcfh. @ scbgcffd`gt

p`rt nj tmh durrhgt kcsputh ànut strcgbhgdy cg dlcf`th pnlcdy sthfs jrnf

kcs`brhhfhgt ànut wmhtmhr tmh twhgty-ffrst dhgtury wcll lnni lcih @0J0,A0, nr snfhtmcgb cg ahtwhhg.

[àlh 00.1. Blna`l Turj`dh R`rfcgb cg Tcx CUDD Gngfctcb`tcng Tdhg`rcns

khbrhhs dhgtcbr`kh? 1535—33 rhl`tcvh tn 03=5—33

Tdhg`rcn Lnw Fh`g Mcbm

A0 0.0 0.= 1.3

A1 0.; 1.; 4.=

@0[ 0.; 1.; 4.=

@0A 0.2 1.= ;.;

@1 1.5 4.; 8.;

@0J0 1.; ;.5 :.;

Tnurdh? CUDD (1552? 2;3).

Gnth? A0 6 ` dngvhrbhgt wnrlk wctm tmh s`fh lnw pnpul`tcng brnwtm `s @0A, aut wctm r`pck dm`gbhs

cg hdngnfcd strudturhs tnw`rk ` shrvcdh `gk cgjnrf`tcng hdngnfy, wctm rhkudtcngs cg f`thrc`l

cgthgscty `gk tmh cgtrnkudtcng nj dlh`g `gk rhsnurdh-hjffdchgt thdmgnlnbchs. [mh hfpm`scs cs ng blna`l

snlutcngs tn hdngnfcd, sndc`l, `gk hgvcrngfhgt`l sust`cgàclcty, cgdlukcgb cfprnvhk hqucty, aut wctmnut

`kkctcng`l dlcf`th cgctc`tcvhs. A1 6 ` wnrlk cg wmcdm tmh hfpm`scs cs ng lnd`l snlutcngs tn hdngnfcd,

sndc`l, `gk hgvcrngfhgt`l sust`cgàclcty. Ct cs ` wnrlk wctm dngtcgunusly cgdrh`scgb blna`l pnpul`tcng `t

` r`th lnwhr tm`g @1, cgthrfhkc`th lhvhls nj hdngnfcd khvhlnpfhgt, `gk lhss r`pck `gk fnrh kcvhrsh

thdmgnlnbcd`l dm`gbh tm`g cg A0 `gk @0. Rmclh tmh sdhg`rcn cs `lsn nrchgthk tnw`rk hgvcrngfhgt`l

prnthdtcng `gk sndc`l hqucty, ct jndushs ng lnd`l `gk rhbcng`l lhvhls. @0 6 vhry r`pck hdngnfcd brnwtm,

blna`l pnpul`tcng tm`t phìs cg fck-dhgtury `gk khdlcghs tmhrh`jthr, `gk tmh r`pck cgtrnkudtcng nj ghw

`gk fnrh hjffdchgt thdmgnlnbchs. Fònr ugkhrlycgb tmhfhs `rh dngvhrbhgdh `fngb rhbcngs, d`p`dcty

auclkcgb, `gk cgdrh`shk dultur`l `gk sndc`l cgthr`dtcngs, wctm ` suast`gtc`l rhkudtcng cg rhbcng`l

kcjjhrhgdhs cg phr d`pct` cgdnfh. [mh @0 sdhg`rcn j`fcly khvhlnps cgtn tmrhh brnups tm`t khsdrcah

`lthrg`tcvh kcrhdtcngs nj thdmgnlnbcd`l dm`gbh cg tmh hghrby systhf. @0JC 6 jnsscl cgthgscvh.

@0[ 6 gngjnsscl hghrby snurdhs. @0A 6 ` a`l`gdh `drnss `ll snurdhs. @1 6 ` vhry mhthrnbhghnus

wnrlk, dm`r`dthrczhk ay shlj-rhlc`gdh `gk prhshrv`tcng nj lnd`l ckhgtctchs. Jhrtclcty p`tthrgs `drnss

rhbcngs dngvhrbh vhry slnwly, wmcdm rhsults cg mcbm pnpul`tcng brnwtm. Hdngnfcd khvhlnpfhgt

cs prcf`rcly rhbcng`lly nrchgthk, `gk phr d`pct` hdngnfcd brnwtm `gk thdmgnlnbcd`l dm`gbh `rh fnrh

jr`bfhgthk `gk slnwhr tm`g cg ntmhr sdhg`rcns.



18: Brhhgmnush Hfcsscngs `gk Dlcf`th Dm`gbh

Cgthrbhghr`tcng`l Kcstrcautcng

Hdngnfcsts dngtcguh tn `rbuh ànut tmh `pprnprc`th sndc`l kcsdnugt r`th‛

tmh whcbmt tm`t wh smnulk `pply tn nur khsdhgk`gts– whlj`rh cg fìcgb

ahghfft-dnst khdcscngs. [mcs cs hxtrhfhly cfpnrt`gt jnr dlcf`th dm`gbh

pnlcdy, wmcdm fust whcbm l`rbh fctcb`tcng dnsts cg tmh prhshgt `b`cgst ahg-hffts tm`t wcll `ddruh tn phnplh cg tmh kcst`gt juturh. Cg archj, tmh sndc`l kcs-

dnugt r`th m`s twn dnfpnghgts. [mh ffrst cs ` “purh‖ sndc`l r`th nj tcfh

prhjhrhgdh, wmcdm rhfihdts tmh rhspngsh tn tmh jnllnwcgb quhstcng rhb`rkcgb

v`luhs? Cj wh ignw tm`t nur br`gkdmclkrhg–s f`thrc`l st`tus wcll ah tmh s`fh

`s nur nwg, smnulk wh dnugt tmhcr whlj`rh hqu`lly wctm nur nwg cg fìcgb

khdcscngs ànut dlcf`th dm`gbh pnlcdy> Cj tmh `gswhr cs yhs, nr gh`rly yhs,

tmhg wh smnulk fìh scbgcffd`gt s`drcffdhs gnw tn prhvhgt `kvhrsh cfp`dts

ng nur br`gkdmclkrhg. Cj, mnwhvhr, wh kcsdnugt tmh jnrtughs nj suddhhkcgb

bhghr`tcngs, tmhg wh wcll ah cgdlcghk tn lht tmhf jhgk jnr tmhfshlvhs. Rh

wcll ddhpt lcttlh nr gn s`drcffdh nj dngsufptcng gnw tn cgsurh nur suddhssnrs`b`cgst lnsshs ` dhgtury nr twn mhgdh. [mh shdngk dnfpnghgt nj tmh sndc`l

Jcburh 00.8. Hfcsscngs @ttrcautàlh tn tmh Gnrtm `gk tmh Tnutm, ay CUDDTdhg`rcn, 0355—1505

@. Tdhg`rcn @0J0

A. Tdhg`rcn A0

5

15,555

;5,555

:5,555

=5,555

5

15,555

;5,555

h f c s s c n g s ( F t p h r y h ` r )

h f c s s c n g s ( F t p h r y h ` r )

:5,555

=5,555

0355 0318 0385 0328 1555 1518 1585 1528 1055

0355 0318 0385 0328 1555 1518 1585 1528 1055

Gnrtm Tnutm




Rmhhlhr 182

kcsdnugt r`th rhfihdts nur `ssufptcngs ànut juturh prnbrhss. Cj wnrlk hdn-

gnfcd brnwtm `gk thdmgcd`l prnbrhss dngtcguh `t mcstnrcd`l r`ths `gk `rh

gnt ugkhrfcghk ay blna`l w`rfcgb ctshlj, tmhg nur br`gkdmclkrhg wcll ah j`r

rcdmhr `gk ahtthr hgknwhk wctm thdmgcd`l nptcngs tm`g wh `rh. Cg tmcs d`sh,

cg j`crghss, ct fìhs shgsh jnr us tn fcgcfczh nur s`drcffdhs gnw, hvhg cj wh

v`luh juturh bhghr`tcngs– whlj`rh tmh s`fh `s nur nwg.

Fudm nj tmh rhdhgt dngtrnvhrsy nvhr dlcf`th dm`gbh pnlcdy fngb hdng-

nfcsts rhfihdts kcjjhrhgt vchws ànut tmh `pprnprc`th sndc`l kcsdnugt r`th.

Tthrg (155:) knpts vhry lnw r`th, tcltcgb tmh ahghfft-dnst d`ldulus strngbly

cg j`vnr nj juturh bhghr`tcngs, wmclh Gnrkmùs (1552`, 1552a) `gk ntmhrs

`kvnd`th ` fudm mcbmhr r`th. Pucbbcg (155:) prnvckhs ` dlh`r suff`ry nj

tmh cssuhs `gk khthrfcghs tm`t ghctmhr sckh m`s ` dngdluscvh d`sh.

Fctcb`tcng Dnst

Fctcb`tcng dnst hstcf`tcng cs kùgtcgb cg tmcs dngthxt ahdùsh nj tmh lngb

tcfh mnrczng gk ugdhrt`cgty anut tmh hdngnfcd, thdmgnlnbcd`l, gk khfn-

br`pmcd hvnlutcng nj blna`l sndchty cg tmh twhgty-ffrst dhgtury. Ct cs ushjul tn

dngsckhr tmh tnt`l dnsts nj fctcb`tcng ay hfplnycgb `g ckhgtcty tm`t cs `

fnkcffhk jnrf nj tmh Hmrlcdm hqu`tcng (Hmrlcdm `gk Hmrlcdm 03309 Hmrlcdm

`gk Mnlkrhg 0320)?

B 6 U (S/U) (B/S ), (00.0)

wmhrh B 6 brhhgmnush b`s hfcsscngs, U 6 pnpul`tcng, `gk S 6 tnt`l nutput

(cgdnfh).

Cg wnrks, tnt`l brhhgmnush b`s hfcsscngs rh hqu`l tn tmh prnkudt nj pnp-

ul`tcng (U), cgdnfh (nutput) phr d`pct` (S/U), gk brhhgmnush b`s hfcsscngsphr ugct nj nuput (B/S ). [mhrh `rh dlh`rly cgthrkhphgkhgdchs ng tmh rcbmt-

m`gk sckh nj tmcs hqu`tcng. Jnr hx`fplh, f`gy hdngnfhtrcd stukchs m`vh

`g`lyzhk tmh “Hgvcrngfhgt`l Iuzghts Durvh‖ rhl`tcngsmcp ahtwhhg (B/S )

`gk (S/U)9 shh, jnr hx`fplh, K`sbupt` `gk ntmhrs (1551)9 Tthrg (155;).

Cj hdngnfcd brnwtm (cgdrh`scgb S/U) rhf`cgs `g naohdtcvh, tmhg rhkudcgb

brhhgmnush b`s hfcsscngs rhqucrhs ` fnrh-tm`g-prnpnrtcng`th rhkudtcng

cg pnpul`tcng (U) nr hfcsscngs phr ugct nj nutput (B/S ).2 [mh l`tthr cs, cg

turg, ` jugdtcng nj tmh strudturh nj tmh hdngnfy (shrvcdhs `rh bhghr`lly lhss

d`rang cgthgscvh tm`g pnwhr bhghr`tcng nr f`guj`dturcgb, jnr hx`fplh)

`gk tmh shdtnr`l thdmgnlnbchs hfplnyhk (mykrnpnwhr bhghr`ths gn d`ranghfcsscngs, wmclh dn`l-ffrhk pnwhr cs mcbmly hfcsscngs cgthgscvh). H`dm nj

tmhsh j`dtnrs (pnpul`tcng, shdtnr`l dnfpnsctcng, thdmgnlnby) d`g ah `lthrhk

`t snfh dnst ng ` sdmhkulh tm`t cs dnugtry sphdcffd, ahdùsh tmh ugkhrlycgb

dnst jugdtcngs `rh p`rtly khthrfcghk ay lnd`l tr`khnjjs.

[mh dnfplhxctchs rh navcnus mhrh, gk tmh pnlcdy kcsdusscng m`s jndushk

ng vhry bhghr`l rhsults jnr U `gk B/S . Acrks`ll (0331) ffgks tm`t, ugkhr

dngkctcngs prhv`clcgb cg tmh h`rly 0335s, cgvhstfhgts cg slnwcgb pnpul`tcng

2 [mcs kcsdusscng scfplcffhs tmh prnalhf, scgdh cgthrkhphgkhgdchs `fngb v`rcàlhs fcbmt whll ah gcfpnrt`gt j`dtnr. Jnr hx`fplh, tmh hjjhdt nj pnlcdchs tn rhkudh pnpul`tcng fcbmt ah `lthrhk ay

tmhcr cfp`dt (pnsctcvh nr ghb`tcvh) ng cgdnfh phr d`pct` nr d`rang hfcsscngs phr ugct nj nutput.



18= Brhhgmnush Hfcsscngs `gk Dlcf`th Dm`gbh

brnwtm whrh bhghr`lly fnrh dnst-hjjhdtcvh cg rhkudcgb d`rang hfcsscngs

tm`g dngvhgtcng`l cgvhstfhgts cg fctcb`tcng. [mcs wnri ghhks upk`tcgb,

`gk ghw hfpcrcd`l rhsh`rdm ng tmh tnpcd m`s ahbug.=

Ng tmh fnrh dngvhgtcng`l fctcb`tcng jrngt (rhkudtcng cg B/S ), rhdhgt

wnri m`s dngtrcauthk ghw cgscbmts ànut pnthgtc`l dnsts nj fctcb`tcng. Aut

ct rhf`cgs jrùbmt wctm ugdhrt`cgty, ahdùsh dnfputcgb tmh lngb-rug dnst

nj `dmchvcgb `g hfcsscngs t`rbht cgvnlvhs `ractr`ry `ssufptcngs ànut hdn-

gnfcd, thdmgnlnbcd`l, gk khfnbr`pmcd trhgks. @s K`sbupt` (1552) gnths, ct

`lsn rhsts ng tmh `ssufptcng tm`t dngtcguhk `gtmrnpnbhgcd d`rang `ddufu-

l`tcng `gk mh`tcgb wcll gnt arh`dm ngh nj tmh tcppcgb tmrhsmnlks tm`t mùgt

tmh dlcf`th systhf.3

Tthrg (155:), Lnfanrb (1552), `gk Gnrkmùs (1552`, 1552a) m`vh

hstcf`thk tmh dnsts `ssndc`thk wctm v`rcnus hfcsscngs t`rbhts. Tthrg `gk

Lnfanrb jndus ng tmh dnst nj lcfctcgb tmh `tfnspmhrcd DN1 dngdhgtr`tcng

tn `pprnxcf`thly 885 ppf. Lnfanrb hstcf`ths tmh blna`l dnst `t `pprnxc-

f`thly $81 acllcng ggu`lly, nr 5.00 phrdhgt nj blna`l cgdnfh,05

wmclh Tthrghstcf`ths tmh dnst `t 0 phrdhgt nj cgdnfh. Gnrkmùs (1552a) qu`gtcffhs tmh

dnsts `ssndc`thk wctm ` v`rchty nj t`rbhts, uscgb ` sndc`l kcsdnugt r`th tm`t

cs dngsckhràly mcbmhr tm`g Tthrg–s. [àlh 00.4 kcspl`ys mcs rhsults, wmcdm,

bcvhg mcs fnkhlcgb `ssufptcngs, smnw tm`t wmhg hfcsscngs rhstrcdtcngs `rh

tcbmthghk, tmh dnsts cgdrh`sh j`sthr tm`g tmh ahghffts. Lnwhrcgb tmh `tfn-

spmhrcd dngdhgtr`tcng lcfct jrnf 255 tn ;15 ppf, jnr hx`fplh, cgdrh`shs

kcsdnugthk ahghffts (`vnckhk k`f`bhs) ay $2.; trcllcng `gk cgdrh`shs kcs-

dnugthk fctcb`tcng dnsts ay $18 trcllcng. Rmclh ght ahghffts `rh pnsctcvh jnr

tmh 255 ppf lcfct rhl`tcvh tn tmh gn-dngtrnl a`shlcgh (1.; ahghfft-dnst r`tcn),

tmh dngvhrsh cs truh jnr tmh ;15 ppf lcfct (5.8 ahghfft-dnst r`tcn). [mh s`fhfhss`bh anut cgdrhfhgt`l ahghffts gk dnsts rhdurs tmrnubmnut tàlh 00.4,

wmcdm cgdlukhs jnur thfphr`turh-cgdrh`sh lcfcts, v`rc`tcngs ng tmh Iyntn

Urntndnl, ngh vhrscng nj tmh Tthrg Qhvchw rhsults,00 `gk ` rhdhgt prnpns`l

jnr r`pck hfcsscngs rhkudtcngs ay @l Bnrh.

@t Gnrkmùs–s kcsdnugt r`th, wmcdm tclts rhsults fnrh strngbly tnw`rk

tmh prhshgt tm`g Tthrg–s r`th, gh`r-thrf dnsts lnnf fudm l`rbhr tm`g

lngb-thrf ahghffts wmhg sm`rp nfcsscngs rhkudtcngs cg tmh gh`r juturh

`rh ghhkhk tn rh`dm ` t`rbht. @s tàlh 00.4 smnws, Gnrkmùs–s `pprn`dm

ychlks ght ghb`tcvh ahghffts (ahghfft-dnst r`tcns lhss tm`g 0) jnr tmh Tthrg

= [mh Dhgthr jnr Blna`l Khvhlnpfhgt m s oust lùgdmhk ` rhsh`rdm prnbr`f cg tmcs rh`.

3 @s gnthk cg ` jnllnwcgb shdtcng, d`rang hfcsscngs jrnf l`gk dlh`rcgb `rh ` vhry cfpnrt`gt snurdh

nj blna`l w`rfcgb. Mnwhvhr, tmh dnst d`ldul`tcngs rhpnrthk cg tmcs shdtcng jndus prcgdcp`lly ng

cgkustrc`l hfcsscngs, prcf`rcly tmnsh jrnf jnsscl juhl dnfaustcng. Cgtrnkudtcng nj pnpul`tcng gk

khjnrhst`tcng hjjhdts bhghr`lly rhlchs ng tmh `ssufptcng tm`t tmh rhlhv`gt v`rcàlhs dm`gbh hxnb-

hgnusly. Jnr hx`fplh, Gnrkmùs (1552a) cfpnshs ` lnbcstcd jugdtcng ng wnrlk pnpul`tcng,

rnubmly dngscsthgt wctm fck-r`gbh Xgcthk G`tcngs prnohdtcngs, tm`t stàclczhs blna`l pnpul`tcng

`t `rnugk =.8 acllcng.

05 A`shk ng blna`l brnss knfhstcd prnkudt nj $;=.1 trcllcng.

00 Gnrkmùs–s rhsults wnulk gnt ah `ddhptàlh tn Tthrg, scgdh Gnrkmùs–s kcsdnugt r`th jnr tmh

ahghfft-dnst hv`lu`tcng cs fudm mcbmhr tm`g Tthrg–s. [mh dngshquhgdhs jnr tmh dnst hstcf`th `rhdl`rcffhk ay Gnrkmùs mcfshlj, wmn gnths tm`t mcs dnst hstcf`th jnr Tthrg–s pprn`dm (0.8 phrdhgt

nj cgdnfh) cs 85 phrdhgt mcbmhr tm`g Tthrg–s nwg hstcf`th.



Rmhhlhr 183

[àlh 00.4. Hstcf`thk Ahghffts `gk Dnsts nj Fctcb`tcng Qhl`tcvh tn Gn Unlcdchs tn

Tlnw nr Qhvhrsh Blna`l R`rfcgb

XT$ trcllcngs (1558)

Unlcdy nptcng

Ahghffts

(rhkudhk

k`f`bhs)

@a`thfhgt

dnsts

Ahghfft-

dnst r`tcn

Gnrkmùs/KCDH nptcf`l` 8.14 1.0: 1.;

Brhhgmnush b`s dngdhgtr`tcng lcfcts

;15 ppf 01.:5 12.15 5.8

8:5 ppf :.82 4.35 0.2

255 ppf 8.1; 1.0: 1.;

[hfphr`turh-cgdrh`sh lcfcts

0.8µD 01.:5 12.54 5.8

1.5µD 3.;8 00.18 5.=

1.8µD 2.11 8.1; 0.;

4.5µD 8.== 1.=: 1.0Iyntn Urntndnl

Rctm Xgcthk Tt`thsa 0.02 5.8; 1.1

Rctmnut Xgcthk Tt`thsd 5.01 5.51 8.5

Ttrhgbtmhghkk :.8; 8.=1 0.0

Tthrg Qhvchw kcsdnugtcgb h 04.84 12.25 5.8

Bnrh prnpns`lj 01.85 44.=: 5.;

Lnw-dnst a`distnpb 02.:4 5.;; 43.3

Tnurdh? Gnrkmùs 1552a.

`. S`lh KCDH fnkhl shts rugs tn f`xcfczh tmh v`luh nj ght hdngnfcd dngsufptcng, `ssufcgb

dnfplhth cfplhfhgt`tcng hjffdchgdy `gk ugcvhrs`l p`rtcdcp`tcng. [cfh kcsdnugtcgb cs `t 0.8 phrdhgt

purh tcfh prhjhrhgdh r`th plus utclcty hl`stcdcty nj 1.5.

a. Cgdnrpnr`ths tmh Iyntn Urntndnl hfcsscngs lcfcts (`t lh`st 8 phrdhgt ahlnw 0335 lhvhls) jnr 155=—01

(`ll Iyntn @gghx C dnugtrchs, cgdlukcgb tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths)9 gn hfcsscngs rhkudtcngs cg gngp`rtcdcp`tcgb

dnugtrchs.

d. T`fh `s cg gnth a, wctmnut tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths.

k. Thquhgtc`l hgtry nj tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths (1508), Dmcg` (1515), `gk Cgkc` (1545), wctm 85 phrdhgt

hfcsscngs rhkudtcngs wctmcg 08 yh`rs. Hvhry rhbcng hxdhpt Tua-T`m`r`g @jrcd` cs `ssufhk tn rhkudh

hfcsscngs scbgcffd`gtly ay 1585. [mh rhsult cs ` blna`l hfcsscngs rhkudtcng r`th nj ;5 phrdhgt jrnf tmh

a`shlcgh ay 1585 `gk ` blna`l hfcsscngs lhvhl snfhwm`t ànvh tmh lhvhl cg 0335.

h. Hfcsscngs rhkudtcng p`tm cs khthrfcghk ay tmh KCDH fnkhl uscgb tmh Tthrg sndc`l kcsdnugt r`th.

[mhg tmh fnkhl cs rhrug uscgb tmcs p`tm, d`ldul`tcgb ahghffts `gk dnsts wctm tmh st`gk`rk KCDH

kcsdnugt r`th.

j. Blna`l hfcsscngs dngtrnl r`th rcshs jrnf 08 phrdhgt cg 1505 tn 35 phrdhgt cg 15859 dnugtry

p`rtcdcp`tcng r`th rcshs jrnf `g cgctc`l 85 phrdhgt tn 055 phrdhgt ay 1585.

b. Hfhrbhgdh nj ` dlh`g-thdmgnlnby nr hghrby snurdh tm`t d`g rhpl`dh `ll jnsscl juhls `t durrhgt dnsts.

`gk Bnrh prnbr`fs wmhg tmhy `rh dnfp`rhk tn tmh a`shlcgh d`sh (gn

hxplcdct fctcb`tcng).

Ay j`r tmh ahst rhsults cg tàlh 00.4 `rh jnr ` mypntmhtcd`l lnw-dnst

a`distnp thdmgnlnby tm`t wnulk utthrly dm`gbh tmh hdngnfcd d`ldulus cj

ct hfhrbhk h`rly cg tmcs dhgtury (ahghfft-dnst r`tcn nj 43.3). @ltmnubm tmcs

rhsult cs gnt rh`lly dnfp`ràlh tn tmh ntmhrs, ct hfpm`sczhs tmh pnthgtc`l

p`ynjj jrnf fnrh dlh`g-hghrby rhsh`rdm `gk khvhlnpfhgt (Q&K), ` pncgt`lsn r`cshk ay Lnfanrb (1552).



1:5 Brhhgmnush Hfcsscngs `gk Dlcf`th Dm`gbh

Qcsi

@ prhvcnus shdtcng khsdrcahk shvhr`l “tcppcgb‖ sdhg`rcns, dngsckhrhk lcihly

ay f`gy dlcf`th sdchgtcsts, tm`t wnulk m`vh crrhvhrscalh `gk pnthgtc`lly

d`t`strnpmcd hjjhdts. Tdchgtcsts d`g `tt`dm rhl`tcvh prnaàclctchs tn tmhsh

sdhg`rcns, aut tmhy `rh cghvctàly snfhwm`t `ractr`ry. Hx`fplhs cgdlukh

kcscgthbr`tcng nj tmh pnl`r cdh smhhts wctmcg khd`khs r`tmhr tm`g dhgturchs,

wmcdm wnulk krnwg tmh wnrlk–s dn`st`l dctchs `gk cgjr`strudturh ahjnrhtmhrh cs tcfh tn `k`pt9 smutknwg nj tmh Bulj Ttrh`f, wmcdm wnulk fìh

Hurnph–s dlcf`th fudm fnrh lcih D`g`k`–s9 `gk `g upsurbh nj d`t`-

strnpmcd k`f`bh jrnf vcnlhgt “suphrstnrfs.‖ Rh wnulk ugknuathkly

cgvhst mh`vcly tn `vnck sudm d`t`strnpmhs cj wh ahlchvhk tmhy whrh cffc-

ghgt. Rmhg tmhy `rh khjhrrhk tn tmh fnrh kcst`gt juturh, mnwhvhr, tmh

d`ldulus ahdnfhs furichr.

CUDD (1552) dignwlhkbhs tmh pnsscaclcty nj sudm tmrhsmnlks, aut dngsck-

hrs tmh sdchgdh cgsujffdchgt tn cgdnrpnr`th tmhf hxplcdctly. [mhcr trh`tfhgt

cs drctcd`l jnr ahghfft-dnst g`lyscs, p`rtcdul`rly cj tmhy tmrh`thg blna`l d`t`s-trnpmh. Tthrg (155:) hxplcdctly cgdnrpnr`ths tmrhsmnlk hjjhdts, gk tmh rhsult

cs ` strngb tclt tnw`rk ` strcgbhgt (`gk dnstly) fctcb`tcng pnlcdy. Lnfanrb

(1552) knhs gnt cgdnrpnr`th sudm hjjhdts, `gk tmcs fnkhr`ths mcs dngdlu-

scngs ànut `pprnprc`th strcgbhgdy. Rmclh drctcdczcgb Lnfanrb–s `pprn`dm,

K`sbupt` (1552) rbuhs tm`t tr`kctcng`l ahghfft-dnst g`lyscs cs cll-hqucpphk

jnr sudm prnalhfs cg `gy d`sh.

G`tcng`l Tnvhrhcbgty

Brhhgmnush b`s hfcsscngs jrnf `gy snurdh fìh tmh s`fh dngtrcautcng tn

blna`l w`rfcgb, sn dngjrngtcgb dlcf`th dm`gbh wcll ultcf`thly rhqucrh dng-dhrthk `dtcng ay `ll dnugtrchs `gk snfh lcfcts ng g`tcng`l snvhrhcbgty. [mcs

hxpl`cgs fudm nj tmh pnlctcd`lly pnl`rczhk kha`th nvhr dlcf`th dm`gbh, p`r-

tcdul`rly cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths. F`gy ckhnlnbcd`l dngshrv`tcvhs dngtcguh tn

kcsdnugt blna`l w`rfcgb ahdùsh tmhy d`ggnt `ddhpt hvckhgdh tm`t lhbctc-

fczhs blna`l rhbul`tcng `gk lcfct`tcng nj @fhrcd`g snvhrhcbgty. Cg tmhcr

vchw, snfh rcsi nj ` juturh dlcf`th d`t`strnpmh cs ` sf`ll prcdh tn p`y jnr

`vnckcgb fh`surhs tm`t strhgbtmhg “dnllhdtcvcsf‖ `gk rhstr`cg phrsng`l

lcahrty. Ng tmh ntmhr sckh, f`gy lcahr`ls shhf `lfnst h`bhr tn hfar`dh

wnrst-d`sh dlcf`th-dm`gbh sdhg`rcns `gk `rbufhgts jnr blna`l rhbul`tnry

cgthrvhgtcng. Cg vchw nj tmh stìhs, tmcs smnulk ah gn fnrh surprcscgb tm`gdngshrv`tcvh cgtr`gscbhgdh.

Cgthrg`tcng`l Kcstrcautcng

[mh ahst sdchgtcffd hvckhgdh subbhsts tm`t tmh fnst shvhrh cfp`dts nj blna`l

w`rfcgb wcll ah cg lnw-l`tctukh rhbcngs wmhrh tmh fònrcty nj phnplh `rh

pnnr. Cj tmhy `rh tn ah sp`rhk tmh wnrst hjjhdts, tmh rhqucscth rhsnurdhs jnr

`k`pt`tcng tn dlcf`th dm`gbh wcll m`vh tn dnfh jrnf tmh `jfiuhgt Gnrtm. @s

tmh hgklhss kha`th nvhr jnrhcbg `ck rhvh`ls, dctczhgs nj tmh Gnrtm m`vh vhry

kcjjhrhgt vchws ànut tmh khscràclcty nr tmh hjffd`dy nj `ck `s “dm`rcty.‖

Mnwhvhr, prnvckcgb rhsnurdhs jnr `k`pt`tcng lnnis lhss lcih dm`rcty tm`g



Rmhhlhr 1:0

prhvhgtcng nj `g hpckhfcd, cj wh dngsckhr tmh pnthgtc`l jnr blna`l kcsruptcng

ay dlcf`th dm`gbh. Durrhgt pnlctcd`l turaulhgdh f`y p`lh cg dnfp`rcsng wctm

` pnsscalh juturh cg wmcdm mugkrhks nj fcllcngs nj phnplh `rh jnrdhk tn fihh

jrnf `brcdultur`l dnll`psh `gk sh`-lhvhl rcsh.

[n suff`rczh, gngsdchgtcffd dngtrnvhrschs knfcg`th tmh durrhgt kha`th

nvhr dlcf`th dm`gbh pnlcdy, `gk f`gy nj tmhf wcll gnt ah rhsnlvhk cg tmh

gh`r juturh. Aut fnvhfhgt ng tmh sdchgtcffd jrngt, suff`rczhk cg tmh CUDD–s

`sshssfhgt rhpnrt, m`s ugquhstcngàly lthrhk tmh thrfs nj tmh kha`th. Hvhg

f`gy phnplh wmn pl`y “dngshrv`tcvh‖ rnlhs cg tmh gngsdchgtcffd dngtrnvhr-

schs gnw `kvnd`th `dtcngs wmnsh strcgbhgdy wnulk m`vh ahhg ugtmcgiàlh

twn khd`khs `bn.

[mh Tnurdhs nj Blna`l R`rfcgb? Gnrtm nr Tnutm>

[mh phrdhptcng tm`t d`rang hfcsscngs rh tmh Gnrtm–s prnalhf pl`ys drctc-d`l rnlh cg tmh blna`l pnlcdy kc`lnbuh.01 Qhdhgtly, ` dnffng snutmhrg vchw

nj blna`l w`rfcgb w`s hxprhsshk cg ` Thdurcty Dnugdcl `kkrhss ay Cgkc`–s

Xgcthk G`tcngs fa`ss`knr, wmn “tnlk tmh khvhlnphk g`tcngs tm`t tmh f`cg

rhspngscaclcty jnr tìcgb `dtcng tn lhsshg tmh tmrh`t nj dlcf`th dm`gbh rhsts

wctm tmhf . . . , wmclh hjjnrts tn cfpnsh brhhgmnush b`s dnffctfhgts ng

khvhlnpcgb g`tcngs wnulk ”scfply `kvhrshly cfp`dt– tmhcr prnsphdts nj

brnwtm.‖04 [mcs vchw cfplcdctly mnlks tm`t tmh Tnutm–s dngtrcautcng tn blna`l

w`rfcgb l`bs sn j`r ahmcgk tmh Gnrtm–s tm`t tmh Tnutm smnulk khjhr wnrry-

cgb ànut cts nwg hfcsscngs ugtcl ct m`s v`gqucsmhk hxtrhfh pnvhrty.

Fudm turgs ng wmhtmhr tmh hvckhgdh suppnrts tmcs vchw, wmcdm rhf`cgsl`rbhly g rtcdlh nj ahlchj. Cj tmh gswhr cs yhs, tmhg tmh Tnutm smnulk cgkhhk

khjhr dnstly fctcb`tcng, `gk ` knualh aurkhg smnulk j`ll ng tmh Gnrtm,

wmcdm smnulk rhkudh hfcsscngs r`pckly `gk dnfphgs`th `gy fctcb`tcng

ugkhrtìhg ay tmh Tnutm. Cj tmh `gswhr cs gn, tmh dngvhrsh cs truh? snutmhrg

hfcsscngs `rh, ay tmhfshlvhs, sujffdchgt tn k`f`bh tmh Tnutm. Cg tmcs d`sh,

tmh Tnutm–s cgthrhst kcdt`ths dnst-hjjhdtcvh `dtcng tn rhkudh cts nwg hfcs-

scngs, wm`thvhr tmh Gnrtm m`s kngh nr wcll dmnnsh tn kn cg tmh juturh. @gk

tmh d`sh jnr dtcvh gnrtmhrg fh`surhs tn sscst snutmhrg fctcb`tcng ahdnfhs

`ll tmh strngbhr.

Rmhhlhr `gk Xffhl (1552) thst tmh dngvhgtcng`l snutmhrg vchw uscgbtmh fnst rhdhgt k`t` ng d`rang hfcsscngs jrnf dnfaustcng nj jnsscl juhls,

dhfhgt f`guj`dturcgb, `gk l`gk-ush dm`gbh (prcgdcp`lly khjnrhst`tcng).

[mhy shp`r`th dnugtrchs cgtn tmh Gnrtm gk Tnutm, uscgb rhbcng`l ckhgtcffhrs

01 [mcs shdtcng kr`ws mh`vcly ng Rmhhlhr `gk Xffhl (1552).

04 Urhss [rust nj Cgkc`/J`dtcv`, @prcl 15, 1552. Cg j`dt, tmh `fa`ss`knr w`s p`r`pmr`scgb tmh nrcbc-

g`l “ugkhrst`gkcgbs‖ cg tmh Iyntn Urntndnl? (0) tmh l`rbhst sm`rh nj mcstnrcd`l gk durrhgt blna`l

hfcsscngs nj brhhgmnush b`shs m`s nrcbcg`thk cg tmh Gnrtm9 (1) phr d`pct` hfcsscngs cg tmh Tnutm

`rh stcll rhl`tcvhly lnw9 (4) tmh sm`rh nj blna`l hfcsscngs nrcbcg`tcgb cg tmh Tnutm wcll brnw tn fhhtcts sndc`l `gk khvhlnpfhgt ghhks.



1:1 Brhhgmnush Hfcsscngs `gk Dlcf`th Dm`gbh

cg tmh CUDD–s prnohdtcng sdhg`rcns.0; [àlh 00.0 kcspl`ys tmhcr hstcf`ths nj

duful`tcvh `tfnspmhrcd DN1 cg tmh twn rhbcngs, shp`r`thk cgtn tmh dnf-

austcng `gk l`gk-ush dm`gbh dnfpnghgts. @s tmh tàlh smnws, tmh Gnrtm

m`s knfcg`thk duful`tcvh hfcsscngs jrnf jnsscl juhl dnfaustcng. Cg 1555,

tmh vnlufh nj duful`tcvh tfnspmhrcd DN1 jrnf jnsscl juhl hfcsscngs cg tmh

Gnrtm gk Tnutm w`s 421 gk 008 bcb`tngs (Bt, acllcng tngs), rhsphdtcvhly.

Jnr l`gk-ush dm`gbh, tmh dngvhrsh m`s ahhg truh. Hxthgscvh khjnrhst`tcng cg

tmh Tnutm r`cshk cts duful`tcvh DN1 dngtrcautcng tn 0=5 Bt ay 1555, wmclh

rhjnrhst`tcng cg tmh Gnrtm lhk tn d`rang rhàsnrptcng `gk ` khdlcgh jrnf

` phì cg tmh h`rly 03:5s tn 8= Bt ay 1555. Jnr jnsscl juhls `gk l`gk-ush

dm`gbh dnfacghk, duful`tcvh DN1 jrnf tmh Tnutm cg 1555 w`s :=.: phr-

dhgt nj duful`tcvh DN1 jrnf tmh Gnrtm? 138 Bt dnfp`rhk wctm ;45 Bt.

[n prnohdt dngkctcngs cg tmh gh`r juturh, Rmhhlhr `gk Xffhl dnfputh

`ggu`l DN1 hfcsscngs jnr tmh Gnrtm `gk Tnutm jrnf tmh CUDD–s @0J0

sdhg`rcn (CUDD 1555). @s prhvcnusly gnthk, tmh @0J0 sdhg`rcn rhfihdts

tmh durrhgt `spcr`tcngs nj f`gy khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs jnr r`pck hdngnfcdbrnwtm wctmnut hxplcdct d`rang fctcb`tcng. Jcburh 00.: dnfacghs mcstnrc-

d`l hfcsscngs jrnf tmh Tnutm `gk Gnrtm wctm sdhg`rcn-a`shk juturh hfcs-

scngs. Tnutmhrg knfcg`gdh cs `lrh`ky hfhrbcgb cg 1552, `gk ay 1518, ngly

0= yh`rs jrnf gnw, tmh Tnutm–s `ggu`l hfcsscngs `rh `rnugk 41 Bt, wmcdm

cs 41 phrdhgt mcbmhr tm`g hfcsscngs jrnf tmh Gnrtm (10 Bt). Jcburh 00.2

kcspl`ys duful`tcvh hfcsscngs. Ay 1518 duful`tcvh DN1 jrnf tmh Tnutm cs

30 phrdhgt nj tmh Gnrtm–s (888 Bt dnfp`rhk wctm :53 Bt), `gk tmh Tnutm

tìhs tmh lh`k cg ànut ffvh fnrh yh`rs.

Thp`r`tcgb duful`tcvh hfcsscngs jrnf tmh Gnrtm `gk Tnutm phrfcts

dnfputcgb tmh `tfnspmhrcd DN1 dngdhgtr`tcngs tm`t `rh `ttrcautàlh tnh`dm rhbcng. Cg tmh Tnutm, jnr hx`fplh, tmh rhsult cs tmh prhcgkustrc`l DN1

dngdhgtr`tcng, plus tmh cgdrhfhgt tm`t m`s ahhg prnkudhk ay duful`tcvh

hfcsscngs jrnf tmh Tnutm `lngh. Jcburh 00.= prnvckhs `g cllufcg`tcgb dnf-

p`rcsng ahtwhhg tmh mcstnrcd`l blna`l DN1 dngdhgtr`tcng `gk tmh prnohdthk

dngdhgtr`tcng `ttrcautàlh tn tmh Tnutm `lngh. [mh Tnutm–s csnl`thk dngdhg-

tr`tcng cg 1518 f`tdmhs tmh fh`surhk blna`l dngdhgtr`tcng cg 03=: (485

ppf). Ay 03=:, shrcnus sdchgtcffd dngdhrg ànut tmh brhhgmnush b`s hjjhdt

m`k lrh`ky bhghr`thk drcscs tfnspmhrh tm`t d`t`lyzhk tmh Xgcthk G`tcngs

Dngjhrhgdh ng Hgvcrngfhgt gk Khvhlnpfhgt cg 0331. Jcburh 00.3 rhvh`ls

tmh cfplcd`tcng nj tmh Tnutm–s dngtcguhk r`pck khvhlnpfhgt ng tmh CUDD–s@0J0 tr`di jnr tmh rhf`cgkhr nj tmh dhgtury. Jcburh 00.3 kcspl`ys tmh dng-

shquhgdhs nj khvhlnpfhgt cg tmh Tnutm `lngh, wctm gn mcstnrcd`l nr juturh

hfcsscngs jrnf tmh Gnrtm. Ay 15;5, tmh Tnutm p`sshs tmh durrhgt blna`l

dngdhgtr`tcng9 ay 15:5, ct p`sshs tmh ;85 ppf tmrhsmnlk tm`t tmh CUDD

`ssndc`ths wctm l`rbh, crrhvhrscalh cfp`dts ng khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs (CUDD

1552)9 ay 1535 ct p`sshs tmh Tthrg `gk Lnfanrb t`rbht (885 ppf)9 `gk ay

1055 ct `pprn`dmhs :55 ppf.

0; [mh Gnrtm dnfprcshs Hurnph (cgdlukcgb [urihy), tmh jnrfhr Tnvcht Xgcng, Gnrtm @fhrcd`, O`p`g, @ustr lc`, gk Ghw _h l`gk. [mh Tnutm dnfprcshs @sc (hxdlukcgb O`p g `gk tmh jnrfhr

Tnvcht Xgcng), @jrcd`, tmh Fckklh H`st, L`tcg @fhrcd`, tmh D`rcaah`g, `gk tmh U`dcffd Csl`gks.



Rmhhlhr 1:4

` g g u ` l h f c s s c n g s

( B t )

5

8

05

08

15

18

45

48

;5

;8

03:8 0328 03=8 0338 1558 1508 1518 1548

Gnrtm Tnutm

Jcburh 00.:. @ggu`l DN1 Hfcsscngs @ttrcaut`alh tn tmh Gnrtm `gk tmh Tnutm,03:8—1548


d u f u l ` t c v h D N 1

( B t )

5

055

155

455

;55

855

:55

255

=55

03:8 0328 03=8 0338 1558 1508 1518 1548

Gnrtm Tnutm

Jcburh 00.2. Duful`tcvh @tfnspmhrcd DN1 Hfcsscngs @ttrcaut`alh tn tmh Gnrtm`gk tmh Tnutm, 03:8—1548


[mhsh rhsults smnw tm`t hfcsscngs jrnf tmh Tnutm `lngh `rh hgnubm tn

d`t`lyzh ` dlcf`th drcscs jnr tmh Tnutm. Rmy smnulk tmh Tnutm m`vh j`llhg

cgtn tmcs tr`p wmhg ct rhf`cgs fudm pnnrhr tm`g tmh Gnrtm> Ng rhfihd-

tcng, tmh gswhr cs navcnus. [mh Tnutm–s pnpul`tcng cs fnrh tm`g jnur tcfhs

brh`thr tm`g tmh Gnrtm–s, sn ct m`s ahhg tr`pphk ay tmh smhhr sd`lh nj ctshfcsscngs `t ` fudm h`rlchr st`bh nj khvhlnpfhgt.



1:; Brhhgmnush Hfcsscngs `gk Dlcf`th Dm`gbh

135

405

445

485

425

435

03:8 0328 03=8 0338 1558 1508 1518 1548

` t f n s p m h r c d D N 1 d n g d h g t r `

t c n g ( p p f )

Blna`l Tnutm

Jcburh 00.=. Blna`l DN1 Dngdhgtr`tcng `gk Urnohdthk Dngdhgtr`tcng@ttrcaut`alh tn tmh Tnutm @lngh (CUDD @0J0 Tdhg`rcn), 03:8—1548


455

485

;55

;85

855

885

:55

03=5 1555 1515 15;5 15:5 15=5 1055

` t f n s p m h r c d D N 1 d n g d h g t r ` t

c n g ( p p f )

Blna`l Tnutm

Jcburh 00.3. @tfnspmhrcd DN1 Dngdhgtr`tcng @ttrcauthk tn tmh Tnutm @lngh(CUDD @0J0 Tdhg`rcn), 03=5—1055


Ay cfplcd`tcng, tmh vchw tm`t d`rang hfcsscngs `rh tmh Gnrtm–s prnalhf

cs fcsbuckhk. Duful`tcvh hfcsscngs jrnf ` d`rang-cgthgscvh Tnutm m`vh

`lrh`ky rh`dmhk lhvhls tm`t `rh k`gbhrnus jnr tmh Tnutm ctshlj ay tmh CUDD–s

sdchgtcffd drcthrc`. Tcgdh tmh Tnutm rhf`cgs pnnr, tmcs dngdluscng wcll

ugknuathkly ah p`cgjul jnr tmh khvhlnpfhgt dnffugcty. Aut ct knhs dl`rcjy

`gk scfplcjy tmh pnlcdy nptcngs, ahd`ush ct kcsdrhkcts tmh gntcng tm`t dlcf`th



Rmhhlhr 1:8

ghbntc`tcngs fust pct Tnutm `b`cgst Gnrtm. [n ush tmh `g`lnby nj ` lhìcgb

lcjhan`t, hctmhr nddup`gt cs sujffdchgtly auliy tn scgi tmh an`t uglhss tmh lhì

cs p`tdmhk, gk ghctmhr d`g kn ct lngh. Ct fìhs gn fnrh shgsh jnr tmh Tnutm

tn st`y ng d`rang-cgthgscvh p`tm tm`g ct knhs jnr tmh Gnrtm, sn tmh snutmhrg

tr`gsctcng smnulk st`rt gnw, gnt twn nr tmrhh bhghr`tcngs jrnf gnw.

[mh Blna`l Kcstrcautcng nj Dlcf`th Dm`gbh Cfp`dts

[mcs yh`r, tmh CUDD gk tmh Rnrlk Fhthnrnlnbcd`l Nrb`gcz`tcng (RFN)

cssuhk `g urbhgt wìh-up d`ll? Blna`l w`rfcgb cs gnt ` juturh tmrh`t‛ct

cs mhrh gnw. Krnubmt dngkctcngs m`vh dùshk ugprhdhkhgthk wclkffrhs gk

shrcnus `brcdultur`l lnsshs cg tmh @fhrcd`g Tnutmh`st `gk Tnutmwhst,

Tnutmhrg Hurnph, @jrcd`, `gk @ustr`lc` (RFN 1552). Rcllc`f Dlcgh, cg

mcs anni Blna`l R`rfcgb gk @brcdulturh (1552), prnvckhs tmh ahst v`cl-

àlh dnugtry prnohdtcngs jnr dm`gbhs cg `brcdultur`l prnkudtcvcty tmrnubm

15=5. Dlcgh ushs tmh CUDD–s @1 jnrhd`st, ngh nj tmh gn-fctcb`tcng sdhg`rcnskhsdrcahk cg tàlh 00.1.

Dlcgh pnrtr`ys tmh cfp`dts nj prnohdthk thfphr`turh gk r`cgj`ll dm`gbhs,

wctm `gk wctmnut dnugthrv`clcgb hjjhdts jrnf d`rang jhrtclcz`tcng (tmh

cfp`dt nj mcbmhr tfnspmhrcd DN1 ng pl`gt brnwtm r`ths). Rmclh tmh dtu`l

f`bgctukh nj tmh d`rang jhrtclcz`tcng hjjhdt rhf`cgs dngtrnvhrsc`l, antm

d`shs scbgcjy lnsshs cg tmh r`gbh nj 08—:5 phrdhgt, dnvhrcgb fudm nj tmh

snutmhrg Xgcthk Tt`ths, Dhgtr`l @fhrcd`, gnrtmhrg Tnutm @fhrcd`, @jrcd`,

tmh Fckklh H`st, Tnutm @sc`, gk @ustr`lc`. @ acllcng nj tmh wnrlk–s pnnrhst

phnplh lcvh cg tmhsh `rh`s. Jcburh 00.05 kcspl`ys tmh kcstrcautcng nj prn-

ohdthk lnsshs jnr khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs wctmnut d`rang jhrtclcz`tcng, ay dnug-

try gk suarhbcng. Dnugtrchs rh nrkhrhk jrnf brh`thst tn lh`st prnkudtcvcty

lnss9 fnst m`vh scbgcffd`gt lnsshs, gk fnrh tm`g 15 m`vh lnsshs brh`thr tm`g

45 phrdhgt.

R`rfhr sh`s `gk brh`thr `tfnspmhrcd fncsturh `rh cgdrh`scgb tmh

pnwhr nj murrcd`ghs, dnfpnugkcgb dn`st`l cfp`dts cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths

(I`trcg` ahcgb tmh fnst sphdt`dul`r hx`fplh), Dhgtr`l @fhrcd`, tmh

D`rcaah`g, H`st @sc`, `gk Tnutm @sc` (Hff`guhl 15589 Rhasthr `gk

ntmhrs 155:). [mh yh`r 1552 `lsn wctghsshk tmh ffrst kndufhgthk murrc-

d`gh l`gkj`lls cg Ar`zcl gk tmh @ràc`g Th` (RFN 1552). Dn`st`l stnrfsurbhs jrnf murrcd`gh-jnrdh wcgks `rh cgdrh`shk ay sh`-lhvhl rcsh, wmcdm

f`gy dlcf`th sdchgtcsts ahlchvh wcll ah `ddhlhr`thk ay cdh d`p fhltcgb cg

tmcs dhgtury. CUDD (1552) knhs gnt tìh dlh`r pnsctcng ng cdh d`p fhlt-

cgb, aut rhdhgt dngtrcautcngs tn tmh sdchgtcffd lcthr`turh subbhst tm`t r`pck

fhltcgb cg Brhhgl`gk dnulk r`csh tmh sh` lhvhl ay `s fudm `s 1 fhthrs cg

tmcs dhgtury (M`gg` `gk ntmhrs 15589 Lnwh `gk ntmhrs 155:9 K`sbupt`

`gk ntmhrs 15529 Q`mfsknrj 1552). Hvhg fnrh hxtrhfh pnsscaclctchs

m`vh ahhg subbhsthk ay ghw cgjnrf`tcng jrnf tmh X.T. G`tcng`l Tgnw

`gk Cdh K`t` Dhgthr, wmcdm rhpnrts tm`t tmh cdh p`di cg tmh @rdtcd Ndh`g

cs fhltcgb j`r j`sthr tm`g prhvcnusly hxphdthk (shh ffburh 00.009 GTCKD



1:: Brhhgmnush Hfcsscngs `gk Dlcf`th Dm`gbh

1552).08 K`sbupt` gk ntmhrs (1552) ush tmh l`thst kcbct`l hlhv`tcng f`ps

tn `sshss tmh hjjhdts nj sh`-lhvhl rcsh `gk mcbmhr stnrf surbhs. Jnr khvhl-npcgb dnugtrchs, tmhy hstcf`th tmh pnthgtc`l cfp`dt cg cgugk`tcng znghs

tn ah jrnf 0 tn 8 fhthrs ànvh sh` lhvhl kurcgb tmh ghxt dhgtury. Rctm

sh`-lhvhl rcsh nj 4 fhthrs, fònr jnnk-prnkudcgb khlt` `rh`s cg dnugtrchs

08 @ddnrkcgb tn GTCKD (1552), “[mh fcgcfuf Ysh` cdh dnvhrV jnr 1552 sm`tthrs tmh prhvcnus ffvh-

k`y fcgcfuf sht ng Thpthfahr 15—10, 1558, ay 0.03 fcllcng squ`rh iclnfhthrs (;:5,555 squ`rh

fclhs), rnubmly tmh sczh nj [hx`s `gk D`lcjnrgc` dnfacghk, nr gh`rly ffvh Xgcthk Icgbknfs.‖

Qh`dtcgb tn tmcs khvhlnpfhgt, F`ri Thrrhzh, `g @rdtcd sphdc`lcst `t tmh GTCKD, cs qunthk cg tmh

Bu`rkc`g (Thpthfahr 8, 1552) s s`ycgb, “Ct–s f`zcgb. Ct–s scfply j`llhg njj dlcjj, gk wh–rh stcll

lnscgb cdh . . . Cj ynu `sihk fh ` dnuplh nj yh`rs `bn wmhg tmh @rdtcd dnulk lnsh `ll nj cts cdh, tmhg

C wnulk m`vh s`ck 1055, nr 1525 f`yah. Aut gnw C tmcgi tm`t 1545 cs ` rh`sngàlh hstcf`th. Ctshhfs tm`t tmh @rdtcd cs bncgb tn ah vhry kcjjhrhgt pl`dh wctmcg nur lcjhtcfhs gk dhrt`cgly wctmcg

nur dmclkrhg–s lcjhtcfhs.‖

—08

5

08

45

;8

:5

5 15 ;5

dnugtry r`gi

p r n k u d t c v

c t y l n s t ( % )

:5 =5 055

Jcburh 00.05. Urnohdthk Lnss cg @brcdultur`l Urnkudtcvcty jrnf Dlcf`th Dm`gbhcg Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs

Tnurdh? Dlcgh 1552.

Oug Oul @ub Thp Ndt

;

:

=

05

01

h x t h

g t n j @ r d t c d N d h ` g s h ` c d h

( f c l l c n g s n j s q u ` r h i c l n f h t h r s )

1552 1558 rhdnrk lnw 0323—1555 vhr`bh

Jcburh 00.00. @rh` nj @rdtcd Ndh`g wctm @t Lh`st 08 Uhrdhgt Th` Cdh,0323—1555 @vhr`bh `gk Thpthfahr 1552

Tnurdh? GTCKD 1552.



Rmhhlhr 1:2

lcih tmh @rà Qhpualcd nj Hbypt, A`gbl`khsm, `gk Zchtg`f wnulk ahcgugk`thk. Fnrh tm`g 155 fcllcng phnplh cg khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs lcvh cg

tmh 8-fhthr cfp`dt zngh gk wnulk ahdnfh rhjubhhs jrnf dn`st`l finnk-

cgb `t ` 4-fhthr sh`-lhvhl rcsh. Jcburh 00.01 kcspl`ys tmh kcstrcautcng nj

cfp`dts ng dn`st`l khvhlnpcgb-dnugtry pnpul`tcng jnr ` 4-fhthr sh`-

lhvhl rcsh. [mh kcstrcautcng cs mcbmly sihwhk? snfh dn`st`l dnugtrchs `rh

mh`vcly `jjhdthk, aut f`gy m`vh rhl`tcvhly lnw phrdhgt`bh cfp`dts.0:

@ w`rfhr wnrlk wcll `lsn ah ` whtthr wnrlk, `s brh`thr hv`pnr`tcng

lh`ks tn fnrh fncsturh `gk fudm mh`vchr r`cgj`ll cg snfh `rh`s. @b`cg,

tmcs cs gnt ` juturh tmrh`t. @ RFN rhpnrt cssuhk cg @ubust 1552 gnths

ugprhdhkhgthk r`cgj`ll gk finnkcgb cg Rhsthrg Hurnph gk Tnutm @sc` swhll `s mh`vy finnkcgb cg Dmcg` (RFN 1552). @ltmnubm snfh khp`rturh

jrnf mcstnrcd`l p`tthrgs wcll prnaàly nddur, tmh bhghr`l hxphdt`tcng cs

tm`t juturh prnalhfs jrnf finnkcgb wcll ah lcih p`st prnalhfs, ngly fnrh

shvhrh. Cg tmcs dngthxt, rhdhgt wnri m`s qu`gtcffhk tmh rhl`tcvh shvhrcty

nj finnk-rhl`thk k`f`bh `drnss dnugtrchs (Rmhhlhr 1552). Jcburh 00.04

kcspl`ys tmh kcstrcautcng nj finnk-k`f`bh rcsis `drnss khvhlnpcgb dnug-

trchs. Ct cs trhfhgknusly sihwhk, wctm ` jhw dnugtrchs hxphrchgdcgb phr

d`pct` k`f`bhs tm`t `rh j`r ànvh tmh ntmhrs. Rmhhlhr–s rhsults `lsn cgkc-

d`th tm`t finnk-k`f`bh rcsis `rh j`r mcbmhr cg khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs, hvhg

tmnubm finnkcgb cs ngly slcbmtly fnrh jrhquhgt tm`g cg khvhlnphk dnugtrchs

(Rmhhlhr 1552).

[n suff`rczh, rhdhgt cfp`dt prnohdtcngs jnr blna`l w`rfcgb cgkcd`th

l`rbh aut mcbmly v`rcàlh lnsshs jnr khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs. Rmclh tmh rhsults

prhshgthk cg tmcs shdtcng cgdlukh scbgcffd`gtly fnrh dnugtry kht`cl tm`g tmh

rhbcng`l prnohdtcngs cg CUDD (1552), tmhy rh a`scd`lly dngscsthgt wctm tmnsh

prnohdtcngs. Urnohdtcngs m`vh smnwg tm`t w`rfcgb cg tmcs dhgtury f`y

cfprnvh brcdultur`l dngkctcngs cg snfh gnrtmhrg-l`tctukh dnugtrchs. Jnr tmh

0: Nj dnursh, rhl`tcvhly sf`ll phrdhgt`bh dm`gbhs d`g tr`gsl`th cgtn l`rbh àsnluth cfp`dts. Dmcg`prnvckhs tmh ahst hx`fplh, wctm ; phrdhgt nj tmh pnpul`tcng‛80 fcllcng phnplh‛`jjhdthk ay `

4-fhthr sh`-lhvhl rcsh.

5

8

05

08

15

% n

j p n p u l ` t c n

g k c s p l ` d h k

18

45

48

5 05 15 45 ;5

dnugtry r`gi

85 :5 25 =5 35

Jcburh 00.01. Urnohdthk Uhrdhgt`bh nj Unpul`tcng Kcspl`dhk ay ` 4-FhthrTh`-Lhvhl Qcsh cg Dn`st`l Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs

Tnurdh? K`sbupt` `gk ntmhrs 1552.



1:= Brhhgmnush Hfcsscngs `gk Dlcf`th Dm`gbh

rhst, mnwhvhr, tmh fnst lcihly prnsphdts cgdlukh cgdrh`shk krnubmts, wclk-

ffrhs, finnks, dn`st`l stnrfs gk cgugk`tcng, l`rbh-sd`lh pnpul`tcng kcspl`dh-

fhgts, `gk hgnrfnus ffg`gdc`l lnsshs. @ltmnubm tmh ahghfft-dnst `g`lyshsnj Tthrg, Gnrkmùs, `gk ntmhrs `tthfpt tn qu`gtcjy tmhsh khstrudtcvh

cfp`dts, tmh st`ri trutm cs tm`t blna`l sndchty m`s gnt hgdnugthrhk `gytmcgb

lcih tmhf scgdh Rnrlk R`r CC.

@kkrhsscgb tmh Urnalhf

[n suff`rczh tmh prhvcnus twn shdtcngs, tmh Tnutm cs fnvcgb r`pckly

tnw`rk knfcg`gt st`tus `s antm ` snurdh `gk ` vcdtcf nj blna`l w`rfcgb.

[mh hvckhgdh subbhsts tm`t tmh Tnutm–s nwg duful`tcvh hfcsscngs wcll snng

rh`dm drcscs lhvhls, rhb`rklhss nj gnrtmhrg hfcsscngs, `gk tmh dngvhrsh cs

navcnusly truh jnr tmh Gnrtm. Dngjrngtcgb dlcf`th dm`gbh tmhrhjnrh khf`gks

jull p`rtcdcp`tcng `gk dnnphr`tcng ay antm khvhlnphk `gk khvhlnpcgb

dnugtrchs.

Xltcf`thly, tmhrh smnulk ah gntmcgb tn wnrry ànut cj tmh blna`l dnf-

fugcty cs shgscalh `gk fihxcalh. Hgdnur`bcgb hvckhgdh cs prnvckhk ay Zcgnk

Imnsl`, wmn m`s ahhg d`llhk tmh ahst vhgturh d`pct`lcst cg tmh wnrlk ay

Jnrahs F`b`zcgh (Ungtcg 1552). Imnsl` gnw jndushs `lfnst hxdluscvhly ng

sd`làlh cgvhstfhgts cg snl`r pnwhr, gk ct cs h`sy tn shh wmy. [mh sug ggu-`lly a`tmhs tmh h`rtm cg =5,555 thr`w`tts nj hghrby, wmclh durrhgt muf`g

pnwhr dngsufptcng cs ànut 08 thr`w`tts. @s ffburh 00.0; smnws, durrhgt

snl`r thdmgnlnby dnulk pnwhr tmh wmnlh Xgcthk Tt`ths jrnf sf`ll pnrtcng

nj Ghv`k`.

Rm`t cs truh jnr tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths cs `lsn truh jnr tmh wnrlk. Rctm hxcst-

cgb thdmgnlnbchs, snl`r gk ntmhr rhghwàlh hghrby snurdhs d`g pnwhr fnst

dnugtrchs wctm rnnf tn sp`rh. Qhdhgtly, Auys gk ntmhrs (1552) m`vh qu`g-

tcffhk rhghwàlh hghrby pnthgtc`ls jnr 155 dnugtrchs, a`scgb tmhcr d`ldul`-

tcngs ng thdmgnlnbchs tm`t d`g ah cfplhfhgthk gnw. [mhcr rhsults smnw tm`t

rhghwàlh hghrby pnthgtc`l fhhts nr hxdhhks tnt`l hghrby khf`gk cg `lfnst

5

155

;55

:55

=55

0555

j l n n k - k ` f

` b h r c s i c g k h x

dnugtry r`gi

5 15 ;5 :5 =5 055

Jcburh 00.04. Jlnnk-K`f`bh Qcsi Cgkhx cg Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs, 03:5—1555

Tnurdh? Rmhhlhr 1552.



Rmhhlhr 1:3

hvhry dnugtry cg tmh wnrlk–s khvhlnpcgb rhbcngs, cgdlukcgb Ar`zcl, Dmcg`,

`gk Cgkc`. [mh blna`l dnffugcty d`g dnnphr`th tn m`rghss tmcs pnthgtc`l, cg

` dnllhdtcvh hxhrdcsh nj wcll, cf`bcg`tcng, `gk, gnt lh`st, lh`khrsmcp. Unlctc-

d`lly, tmcs wcll rhqucrh scbgcffd`gt, prnaàly scfult`ghnus dm`gbh nj pnsturh

ay tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths `gk Dmcg`‛tmh twn l`rbhst hfctthrs, h`dm oustcjycgb

rhd`ldctr`gdh ay al`fcgb tmh ntmhr. Dmcg` cgvnihs kcstrcautcng`l rbufhgts

ahdùsh tmh wh`ltmy Xgcthk Tt`ths rhf`cgs ng tmh sckhlcghs9 tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths

dl`cfs tm`t dnstly fctcb`tcng wnulk ah ushlhss s lngb s Dmcg` knhs gnt `dt.[mcs st`gk-njj m`s tn hgk ahjnrh blna`l dnnphr`tcng ng dlcf`th dm`gbh d`g

fnvh tn tmh ghxt lhvhl.

Q`pck dm`gbh wcll dnfh jrnf prnbr`fs tm`t drh`th strngb cgdhgtcvhs tn

rhkudh d`rang hfcsscngs, lnwhr tmh dnst nj dlh`g hghrby, lhvhr`bh prcv`th

shdtnr ffg`gdcgb jnr ` r`pck tr`gsctcng, `ddhlhr`th tmh tr`gsctcng cg khvhl-

npcgb dnugtrchs, `gk `sscst tmhf wctm `k`pt`tcng tn tmh w`rfcgb tm`t cs

`lrh`ky cghvctàlh. Fnaclczcgb tmh blna`l dnffugcty jnr j`st, hjffdchgt dtcng

wcll rhqucrh ugprhdhkhgthk dnnrkcg`tcng nj sscst`gdh9 dlh`r, hvckhgdh-a`shk

cgvhstfhgt prcnrctchs9 gk dnffctfhgt tn mnghst trc`l-`gk-hrrnr lh`rgcgb `s

cgvhstfhgts `rh sd`lhk up.

CAQK 4282=

F@QDM 1505

D @ G @ K @ D @ G @ K @

FH]CDN

X G C [ H K T [ @ [ H TGhv`k`

5 155 ;55 :55 if.

5 018 185 428 fc.

Jcburh 00.0;. @rh` cg Ghv`k` Qhqucrhk tn Unwhr tmh Hgtcrh Xgcthk Tt`ths wctmTnl`r Hghrby

Tnurdh? A`shk ng Imnsl` `gk N–Kngghll 155:.




Drh`tcgb Cgdhgtcvhs tn Qhkudh D`rang Hfcsscngs

Drh`tcgb hjjhdtcvh cgdhgtcvhs jnr d`rang rhkudtcng wcll rhqucrh snfh jnrf nj

hfcsscngs rhbul`tcng, wmcdm m`s khvhlnphk cg tmrhh “w`vhs‖ scgdh tmh 03:5s

([chthgahrb gk Rmhhlhr 15509 Rmhhlhr gk ntmhrs 1555). Cg tmh ffrst w`vh,

ugtcl tmh 03=5s jnr fnst dnugtrchs, tmh jndus w`s snlhly ng dnff`gk-`gk-

dngtrnl rhbul`tcng. Unlluthrs whrh bcvhg ffxhk rhbul`tnry lcfcts (qu`gtctchs,

w`sth-strh`f cgthgsctchs, nr rhqucrhk thdmgnlnby cgst`ll`tcngs) gk suaohdthk

tn hsd`l`tcgb phg`ltchs `s tmhy prnbrhsscvhly hxdhhkhk tmhsh lcfcts. Rmclh

tmcs m`s rhf`cghk tmh knfcg`gt `pprn`dm tn pnllutcng rhbul`tcng cg fnst

dnugtrchs, cts cgmhrhgt cghjffdchgdy m`s ahhg `ptly drctcdczhk ng shvhr`l

brnugks. Ct knhs gntmcgb tn rhw`rk pnlluthrs wmn rhkudh pnllutcng ahyngk

dnfplc`gdh gnrfs, ct p`ys gn `tthgtcng tn kcjjhrhgdhs cg pnllutcng dngtrnl

dnsts, `gk ct jrhquhgtly hgt`cls aurkhgsnfh thdmgcd`l sphdcffd`tcngs tm`t

fust ah upk`thk dngst`gtly.

Cg rh`dtcng, tmh shdngk w`vh jndushk ng f`riht-a`shk rhbul`tnry cgstru-

fhgts. Arn`kly, tmhsh cgstrufhgts `rh shp`r`thk cgtn twn dl`sshs. Unllutcngdm`rbhs cfpnsh ` dm`rbh ng h`dm ugct nj pnllutcng `gk lh`vh pnlluthrs jrhh

tn khdckh mnw fudm tn pnlluth. Dm`rbhs m`vh navcnus, khscràlh hjffdchgdy

prnphrtchs, scgdh tmhy hgàlh pnlluthrs tn trh`t tmh hgvcrngfhgt `s `gntmhr

“prcdhk cgput‖ gk nptcfczh ddnrkcgbly. [mhy m`vh dmchvhk ddhpt`gdh cg

snfh dnugtrchs, p`rtcdul`rly jnr w`thr pnllut`gts. Mnwhvhr, tmhcr cgfiuhgdh

cg f`gy sndchtchs m`s rhf`cghk lcfcthk ahdùsh nj cghvctàlh ugdhrt`cgty

ànut tmh rhl`tcngsmcp ahtwhhg tmh dm`rbh `gk pnlluthrs– rhspngsh. Jnr

k`gbhrnus pnllut`gts, `gy bcvhg dm`rbh f`y prnvh cgsujffdchgt tn cgkudh

dnllhdtcvh pnllutcng rhkudtcng sujffdchgt tn rhkudh tmh m`z`rk tn ` tnlhr`-

alh lhvhl. Cg prcgdcplh, tmcs d`g ah m`gklhk tmrnubm dngst`gt fngctnrcgb njtmh rhspngsh `gk `koustfhgt nj tmh dm`rbh tn fnvh tnt`l pnllutcng tn tmh

khscrhk lhvhl (Aùfnl `gk N`ths 0320). Cg pr`dtcdh, sudm `koustfhgt m`s

prnvhg kcjffdult ahdùsh fnst pnlctcd`l systhfs kn gnt h`scly `ddnffnk`th

tmcs icgk nj cgjnrf`tcng-krcvhg fihxcaclcty.

[mh ntmhr f`riht-a`shk pprn`dm kkrhsshs ugdhrt`cgty anut tnt`l pnl-

lutcng ay cfpnscgb g nvhr`ll lcfct ng hfcsscngs, kcstrcautcgb ugct hfcsscngs

phrfcts ay snfh fh`gs, `gk tmhg `llnwcgb pnlluthrs tn auy `gk shll tmh

phrfcts `s dngkctcngs w`rr`gt. [ypcd`lly, f`rihtàlh phrfct systhfs ahbcg

ay `ddhptcgb durrhgt tnt`l pnllutcng `gk `llnd`tcgb phrfcts tn pnlluthrs cg

prnpnrtcng tn tmhcr hfcsscngs. Jrnf `g hjffdchgdy phrsphdtcvh, ct wnulk ah

j`r ahtthr tn ùdtcng tmh phrfcts, oust `s bnvhrgfhgts ùdtcng arn`kd`st

sphdtruf, aut tmcs m`s r`rhly m`pphghk cg tmh d`sh nj pnllutcng. @jthr cgctc`l

phrfcts `rh cssuhk, tnt`l `llnwàlh pnllutcng cs phrcnkcd`lly rhkudhk, `gk

pnlluthrs rh llnwhk tn tr`kh phrfcts `s tmhcr hdngnfcd dcrdufst`gdhs w`r-

r`gt. Nvhr tcfh, tnt`l pnllutcng j`lls, `gk hdngnfcd hjffdchgdy cs hgm`gdhk

ay tmh phrfcts f`riht. [mcs `pprn`dm cs gn p`g`dh`, mnwhvhr. Qhsnlutcng

nj ugdhrt`cgty ànut tnt`l pnllutcng drh`ths ugdhrt`cgty ànut tmh prcdh nj

pnllutcgb. [mcs cs tmh prcdh nj ` ugct hfcsscngs phrfct, wmcdm wcll v`ry nvhr

tcfh cg ` dnfplhx tr`kcgb systhf. Uhrfct prcdhs f`y prnvh cgnrkcg`thlymcbm cj nvhr`ll rhkudtcngs rh tnn factcnus. Cg kkctcng, f`rihtàlh phrfct



Rmhhlhr 120

systhfs rhqucrh tmh drh`tcng nj ` ghw `gk dnfplhx tr`kcgb cgstctutcng tm`t

rhqucrhs dngst`gt nvhrscbmt.

Cg rhspngsh tn sudm kcjffdultchs, ` tmcrk w`vh nj rhbul`tcng hfhrbhk

cg tmh 0335s. [mh tmcrk w`vh cs pualcd kcsdlnsurh, cg wmcdm bnvhrgfhgts

rhqucrh ffrfs tn rhvh`l tmhcr hfcsscngs tn tmh pualcd. Uualcd kcsdlnsurh

systhfs `rnsh tn `kkrhss prnalhfs wctm antm dnff`gk-`gk-dngtrnl `gk

f`riht-a`shk systhfs. [mhy ffrst hfhrbhk tn `kkrhss tnxcd pnllutcng,

ahdùsh tmh smhhr gufahr nj tnxcd pnllut`gts hxdhhkhk tmh d`p`dcty nj

jnrf`l rhbul`tnry systhfs. [mhg tmhy sprh`k tn ntmhr pnllut`gts, p`r-

tcdul`rly cg khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs, `s tmhcr `kv`gt`bhs ahd`fh `pp`rhgt.

Jcrst, tmhcr tr`gsp`rhgdy `gk rhl`tcvh scfplcdcty hgm`gdh tmhcr `pph`l cg

whì cgstctutcng`l hgvcrngfhgts. Thdngk, tmhy cgtrnkudh fnrh fihxcaclcty

tm`g jnrf`l rhbul`tnry systhfs, ay suastctutcgb fultcplh bhgts wctm ful-

tcplh cgdhgtcvhs jnr ` scgblh jnrf`l rhbul`tnry `bhgt. Rm`thvhr tmh jnrf`l

rhqucrhfhgt (dnff`gk-`gk-dngtrnl rhbul`tcng, tr`kàlh phrfct prcdh,

ugct pnllutcng dm`rbh), f`gy stìhmnlkhrs wcll prhjhr ahtthr hgvcrng-fhgt`l phrjnrf`gdh tm`g tmh rhqucrhfhgt. Uualcd kcsdlnsurh hfpnwhrs

tmhsh stìhmnlkhrs tn fìh tmhcr cgfiuhgdh jhlt tmrnubm f`gy f`riht `gk

gngf`riht dm`gghls ([chthgahrb `gk Rmhhlhr 15509 Rmhhlhr `gk ntmhrs

1555). [mcrk, pualcd kcsdlnsurh khfngstràly wnris. Cg antm khvhlnp-

cgb `gk khvhlnphk dnugtrchs, kcsdlnsurh nj pl`gt-lhvhl pnllutcng m`s lhk tn

r`pck, scbgcffd`gt rhkudtcng nj pnllutcng jrnf f`gy j`dclctchs (K`sbupt`,

R`gb, `gk Rmhhlhr 155:).

Rmcdm rhbul`tnry `pprn`dm wcll wnri ahst jnr rhkudcgb d`rang hfcs-

scngs> Antm pnllutcng dm`rbhs `gk tr`kàlh phrfcts m`vh strngb p`rtc-

s`gs, `gk kha`th ànut tmhcr rhl`tcvh fhrcts dngtcguhs. Fh`gwmclh, tmhffrst sthp tnw`rk hjffdchgt rhbul`tcng shhfs navcnus, hfcghgtly pr`dtcd`l,

`gk mcbmly khscràlh jnr f`gy rh`sngs? blna`l, f`gk`tnry pualcd kcsdln-

surh nj hfcsscngs jrnf `ll scbgcffd`gt snurdhs `s snng `s pnsscalh, wctm

tmcrk-p`rty vhttcgb nj tmh cgjnrf`tcng. [mcs smnulk m`vh ffrst prcnrcty jnr

shvhr`l rh`sngs. Jcrst, ct cs ` scfplh scbg`l tm`t p`rtcdcp`gts `rh shrcnus.

Kcsdlnsurh cfpnshs gn acgkcgb lhb`l rhqucrhfhgts, sn ct d`g ah ugkhr-

tìhg wctmnut cfpnscgb `gy kcrhdt dnsts ng hdngnfcd `bhgts. Thdngk, ct

cs ` ghdhss`ry prhlukh tn jnrf`l rhbul`tcng. Jnr dnff`gk-`gk-dngtrnl nr

f`riht-a`shk cgstrufhgts tn wnri drhkcaly cg tmh blna`l `rhg`, tmhy wcll

m`vh tn nphr`th cg tr`gsp`rhgt, ukcthk cgjnrf`tcng hgvcrngfhgt. Tt`rt-cgb kcsdlnsurh gnw wcll wnri nut tmh icgis cg tmh cgjnrf`tcng systhf,

hstàlcsm tmh prcgdcplh nj tr`gsp`rhgdy, `gk khvhlnp bhghr`lly `ddhpthk

hfcsscngs ahgdmf`ris jnr jnrf`l rhbul`tcng. [mcrk, kcsdlnsurh ctshlj wcll

`dtcv`th f`gy stìhmnlkhrs wmn wcll, cg turg, arcgb fyrc`k prhssurhs tn

ah`r ng blna`l pnlluthrs tn rhkudh tmhcr hfcsscngs. Cj prcnr hxphrchgdh

wctm ntmhr pnllut`gts cs `gy buckh, tmh rhsultcgb hfcsscngs rhkudtcngs wcll

ah surprcscgbly l`rbh. Kcsdlnsurh njjhrs p`rtcdul`r prnfcsh `t tmh durrhgt

ougdturh, ahdùsh blna`l gnrfs `rh dlh`rly smcjtcgb tnw`rk cgscsthgdh ng

tmh lcfct`tcng nj brhhgmnush hfcsscngs. Ct smnulk ahbcg cffhkc`thly `gkdngtcguh ngdh jnrf`l rhbul`tcng ahbcgs. Ct cs hsshgtc`l jnr tr`gsp`rhgdy,




drhkcaclcty, `gk `vnck`gdh nj dnrruptcng cg rhbul`tnry fngctnrcgb `gk

hgjnrdhfhgt.

@jthr pualcd kcsdlnsurh cs whll hstàlcsmhk, ct wcll ah pnsscalh tn fìh `

drhkcalh stà t jnrf`l rhbul`tcng. Rmcdm systhf wnulk ah fnst jh`scalh gk

khscràlh> 02 [n k`th, tr`kàlh phrfct (d`p-`gk-tr`kh) systhfs m`vh knfc-

g`thk tmh blna`l kcsdusscng. [mhy m`vh tmh `kv`gt`bhs nj prhdhkhgt (tmh

Iyntn Urntndnl ushs d`p-`gk-tr`kh) `gk rhl`tcvh dhrt`cgty cg tmh khthrfcg`-

tcng nj nvhr`ll hfcsscngs, p`rtcdul`rly cj pualcd kcsdlnsurh m`s hstàlcsmhk

drhkcalh ahgdmf`ris. Mnwhvhr, blna`l d`p-`gk-tr`kh r`cshs tmh prnsphdt nj

l`rbh cgthrg`tcng`l ffg`gdc`l tr`gsjhrs cj tmh nvhr`ll hfcsscngs lcfct m`s thhtm.

[mh f`bgctukhs `rh pnthgtc`lly vhry l`rbh, `gk ct shhfs uglcihly tm`t f`gy

g`tcng`l pnlctcd`l systhfs dnulk ddnffnk`th tmhf vhry h`scly. Cg kkctcng,

tmh blna`l cgstctutcng ghhkhk tn `kfcgcsthr ` d`p-`gk-tr`kh systhf wnulk

cghvctàly ah l`rbh, dnfplhx, `gk dm`rbhk wctm arnihrcgb tmh hxdhptcngs

tm`t mùgt systhfs tm`t dngtrnl qu`gtctchs. [mhrh cs `lsn tmh prnalhf nj tmh

cgctc`l `llnd`tcng nj phrfcts. @udtcngs m`vh prnvhg kcjffdult tn cfplhfhgt,ahdùsh hxcstcgb pnlluthrs nrb`gczh tn ffbmt tmhf pnlctcd`lly. Aut bcvcgb cgc-

tc`l phrfcts tn tmnsh pnlluthrs wnulk rhw`rk tmhf wctm ` v`luàlh prnphrty

rcbmt `gk kcs`kv`gt`bh ghwdnfhrs. Cg suff`ry, ` truly blna`l d`p-`gk-

tr`kh systhf shhfs prnalhf`tcd. Cj nphr`thk hjffdchgtly, ct dnulk hgjnrdh `g

nvhr`ll hfcsscngs rhkudtcng t`rbht, aut tmh rhsultcgb phrfct prcdh dnulk gnt

ah prhkcdthk wctm `gy `ddur`dy. @ddnrkcgbly, ` pnlctcd`lly `ddhptàlh d`p-

`gk-tr`kh prnbr`f wcll m`vh tn cgdlukh rulhs jnr `koustcgb tmh supply nj

phrfcts `s tmh prcdh rhspngsh cs rhvh`lhk.0=

Hfcsscngs dm`rbhs m`vh shvhr`l pph`lcgb dm`r`dthrcstcds cg tmcs dngthxt.

Jcrst, tmhy d`g ah `kfcgcsthrhk wctmcg h`dm dnugtry ng ` ffsd`lly ghutr`la`scs. Dm`rbh rhvhguhs d`g ah ushk tn rhkudh ntmhr t`xhs, snfh nj wmcdm

f`y ah mcbmly kcstnrtcng`ry. Thdngk, dm`rbhs kn gnt rhqucrh tmh hstàlcsm-

fhgt nj ` dnfplhx cgstctutcng tn hstàlcsm ghw prnphrty rcbmts `gk fngc-

tnr hxdm`gbhs wctmcg tmh systhf. [mcrk, rhvhguhs `ddruh tn sndchty, wmclh

tr`kàlh phrfcts tm`t rh kcstrcauthk wctmnut udtcngs khlcvhr tmh pnthgtc`l

rhvhguh strh`fs tn hxcstcgb pnlluthrs. Nj dnursh, tmh prcgdcp`l whìghss nj

dm`rbh systhfs rhf`cgs? tmhcr qu`gtcty hjjhdts `rh ugdhrt`cg, `gk `koust-

fhgts wcll ah ghdhss`ry `s tmnsh hjjhdts ahdnfh `pp`rhgt.03 @gk cg snfh

sndchtchs (p`rtcdul`rly tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths), ` khhp `vhrscng tn ghw t`xhs

fcbmt gnt ah fnllcffhk ay ` bu`r`gthh nj ffsd`l ghutr`lcty. Jcg`lly, `t tmhblna`l sd`lh, ` ugcjnrf dm`rbh systhf wnulk dnllckh wctm tmh s`fh dnf-

plhxctchs tm`t fìh ` ugcjnrf d`p-`gk-tr`kh systhf prnalhf`tcd. Dnug-

trchs wctm vhry kcjjhrhgt cgctc`l dngkctcngs f`y scfply rhjush tn `ddhpt `

02 Dnbhgt suppnrt jnr dm`rbhs d`g ah jnugk cg F`gicw (1552)9 Gnrkmùs (1552d). Jnr ushjul

`sshssfhgts nj tmh Hurnph`g Xgcng d`p-`gk-tr`kh systhf jnr d`rang hfcsscngs, shh Dngvhry gk

Qhkfngk (1552)9 Hllhrf`g gk Audmghr (1552)9 Irubhr, N`ths, `gk Uczhr (1552).

0= Jnr kcsdusscng, shh FdIcaacg `gk Rcldnxhg (1551)9 Nlfsth`k `gk Tt`vcgs (155:)9 Uczhr

(1551).03 Jnr hlànr`tcng nj tmcs `pprn`dm `s `pplchk tn dngvhgtcng`l pnllut`gts, shh Aùfnl `gk N`ths

(0320).



Rmhhlhr 124

blna`lly ugcjnrf systhf tm`t cbgnrhs tmh hdngnfcd cfplcd`tcngs nj tmnsh

dngkctcngs.15

Bcvhg `ll tmhsh dnfplhxctchs, ct shhfs lcihly tm`t snfh dnugtrchs wcll prh-

jhr dm`rbhs, snfh wcll dmnnsh d`p-`gk-tr`kh, `gk snfh f`y dmnnsh cghjff-

dchgt qu`gtcty-a`shk fh`surhs jnr pnlctcd`l rh`sngs (jnr hx`fplh, prnbrhsscvh

hlcfcg`tcng nj dn`l-a`shk pnwhr tmrnubm dlnsurh nj fcghs, rhkudtcng nj

cfpnrts, gk jnrdhk dlnsurh nj dn`l-ffrhk pl`gts). Cg tmcs myarck shttcgb, cgthr-

g`tcng`l ghbntc`tcngs wcll prnaàly jndus ng t`rbht hfcsscngs jnr p`rtcdcp`t-

cgb dnugtrchs. Dngtcguhk p`rtcdcp`tcng `gk `t lh`st rnubm dnfplc`gdh wcll

ah fntcv`thk ay pualcd prhssurh, tmh tmrh`t nj s`gdtcngs cg v`rcnus hdngnfcd

`rhg`s, tmh tmrh`t nj pugctcvh k`f`bhs cg `g hvnlvcgb cgthrg`tcng`l oukcdc`l

systhf, tmh rcsi nj shvhrh pnlctcd`l turaulhgdh jrnf hgvcrngfhgt`l kcs`sthrs,

`gk tmh rcsi tm`t rhd`ldctr`gts wcll ah smugghk ay tmhcr tr`kctcng`l `llchs.

Tudm ` systhf wcll ah j`r jrnf phrjhdt, aut ct wnulk ah ugrh`lcstcd tn

hxphdt ` sfnntmly jugdtcngcgb systhf cg ` wnrlk wmhrh dnugtry stìhs cg

tmh dlcf`th dm`gbh prnalhf `rh sn kcvhrsh. Cg `gy d`sh, tmh ffrst `gk drudc`lsthp ng tmh p`tm jnrw`rk cs dlh`r, knàlh, gk ghdhss`ry jnr ll tm`t jnllnws.

Rh smnulk fnvh `s qucdily `s pnsscalh tn jull, f`gk`tnry, tmcrk-p`rty-

ùkcthk pualcd kcsdlnsurh nj brhhgmnush b`s hfcsscngs jrnf `ll scbgcffd`gt

snurdhs. Cj tmh blna`l dnffugcty d`g `ddnfplcsm tm`t cg tmh gh`r juturh, ct

wcll ah whll pnsctcnghk tn fnvh tnw`rk jnrf`l f`riht-a`shk cgstrufhgts.

Urcdcgb D`rang

Gnrkmùs (1552a), Tthrg (155:), `gk ntmhrs m`vh hstcf`thk tmh d`rang

dm`rbhs (nr udtcnghk phrfct prcdhs) dngscsthgt wctm kcjjhrhgt lhvhls nj hfcs-

scngs dngtrnl. [mh ugkhrlycgb hdngnfcd lnbcd suppnrts ` dm`rbh tm`t rcshsnvhr tcfh. @t prhshgt, fnst k`f`bhs rh cg tmh rhl`tcvhly kcst`gt juturh, gk

tmhrh `rh plhgtcjul mcbm-rhturg nppnrtugctchs jnr dngvhgtcng`l cgvhstfhgt.

Cgvhstfhgt smnulk ahdnfh fnrh cgthgscvh cg hfcsscngs rhkudtcng s dlcf`th-

rhl`thk k`f`bh rcshs, `gk rcscgb dm`rbhs wcll prnvckh tmh rhqucscth cgdhgtcvh

tn rhkudh hfcsscngs. [mh nptcf`l “r`fp‖ jnr dm`rbhs khphgks ng j`dtnrs

sudm `s tmh kcsdnugt r`th, à`thfhgt dnsts, tmh pnthgtc`l jnr thdmgnlnbcd`l

lh`rgcgb, `gk tmh sd`lh `gk crrhvhrscaclcty nj k`f`bh jrnf dlcf`th dm`gbh

(Gnrkmùs 1552`). @s wh m`vh shhg, tmhsh j`dtnrs rhf`cg dngthgtcnus. Ct cs

tmhrhjnrh gnt surprcscgb tm`t kcjjhrhgt stukchs hstàlcsm vhry kcjjhrhgt r`fps.

Gnrkmùs–s prhjhrrhk p`tm ahbcgs `t ànut $= phr tng nj DN1, rcscgb tnànut $14 phr tng ay 1585. Tthrg–s cgctc`l dm`rbh cs 05 tcfhs mcbmhr‛$=1

phr tng‛`gk mcs r`fp cs sthhphr. CUDD (1552) dcths ` v`rchty nj stukchs

wmnsh cgctc`l v`luhs `vhr`bh $01 phr tng, kcstrcauthk `drnss ` r`gbh jrnf

$4—$38 phr tng.

Rh `rh dlh`rly ` lngb w`y jrnf rh`dmcgb ` dngshgsus ng prcdcgb d`rang,

aut ct cs drctcd`l tn fìh ` st`rt, wctm `ll dnugtrchs p`rtcdcp`tcgb cj pnsscalh.

Hvhg cj cgctc`l d`rang dm`rbhs rh t tmh fnkhst hgk nj tmh r`gbh, tmh rhvhguh

15 Jnr hx`fplh, Ar`zcl–s hghrby shdtnr rhlchs mh`vcly ng mykrnpnwhr `gk acnjuhls, wmcdm m`vh zhrnght d`rang hfcsscngs, wmclh tmh X.T. hghrby shdtnr cs mh`vcly khphgkhgt ng d`rang-cgthgscvh dn`l-

ffrhk pl`gts.



12; Brhhgmnush Hfcsscngs `gk Dlcf`th Dm`gbh

cfplcd`tcngs `rh scbgcffd`gt. Gnrkmùs–s cgctc`l dm`rbh ($= phr tng nj DN1),

cj `pplchk ugcjnrfly tn durrhgt gnrtmhrg DN1 hfcsscngs (0:.8 Bt), wnulk

bhghr`th fnrh tm`g $045 acllcng. Tnfh nj tmcs rhvhguh dnulk ah h`rf`rihk

jnr ffg`gdcgb dlh`g-thdmgnlnby Q&K, r`pck `knptcng nj dlh`g thdmgnlnby

ay khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs, `gk `sscst`gdh tn tmnsh dnugtrchs jnr `k`ptcgb

tn tmh blna`l w`rfcgb tm`t cs cghvctàlh. Rctm sudm ` rhvhguh a`sh, tmh

`ggu`l dlh`g-hghrby Q&K aukbht rhdnffhgkhk ay Lnfanrb (1552)‛$18

acllcng‛dnulk h`scly ah ffg`gdhk.

Lnwhrcgb tmh Urcdh nj Dlh`g Hghrby

@g cgthrg`tcng`l dnffctfhgt tn scbgcffd`gt hfcsscngs rhkudtcng wcll prna`-

aly gnt ah sust`cgàlh wctmnut r`pck hxp`gscng nj lnw-dnst, dlh`g-hghrby

nptcngs. [n dmchvh tmcs, tmh Gnrtm smnulk prnfnth l`rbh-sd`lh, dnst-hjjhdtcvh

Q&K `gk sd`lh hdngnfchs cg tmh prnkudtcng nj dlh`g thdmgnlnbchs. [mhsh

smnulk ah ugkhrstnnk tn cgdlukh hghrby-hjffdchgt khscbgs jnr auclkcgbs, vhmc-

dlhs, `gk pnwhr tr`gsfcsscng `s whll `s kcrhdt d`rang-s`vcgb khscbgs. Ngdh

dlh`g thdmgnlnbchs m`vh ahhg khvhlnphk, dnnrkcg`thk f`ss purdm`shs d`g

rhkudh tmhcr ugct dnsts ay hxplnctcgb lh`rgcgb durvhs.

Urnfntcgb Dlh`g-Hghrby Cgvhstfhgts

Cg khvhlnphk dnugtrchs, mcbmhr d`rang prcdhs `gk lnwhr dlh`g-thdmgnlnby

prcdhs smnulk ah sujffdchgt tn prnfnth ` r`pck tr`gsctcng ahdùsh d`pct`l

f`rihts wnri whll. Jnr khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs, mnwhvhr, twn `kkctcng`l

hlhfhgts wcll ah ghdhss`ry tn prnfnth ` r`pck tr`gsctcng? hjffdchgt ffg`g-

dc`l `gk thdmgcd`l `sscst`gdh `gk `ttr`dtcvh dngkctcngs jnr prcv`th cgvhst-

fhgt. Hjjhdtcvh cgthrg`tcng`l `sscst`gdh jnr ` r`pck tr`gsctcng wcll rhqucrhugprhdhkhgthk dnnrkcg`tcng `fngb `ck `bhgdchs, cgthrg`tcng`l ffg`gdc`l

cgstctutcngs, gk gngbnvhrgfhgt`l nrb`gcz`tcngs (GBNs). @gk rhsphdtcgb

tmh hvckhgdh wcll ah drctcd`l jnr suddhss. @ ugcjnrf pprn`dm wcll gnt wnri

ahdùsh dnugtrchs m`vh v`stly kcjjhrhgt pnrtjnlcns nj rhghwàlh rhsnurdhs.

Qhdhgtly, Auys `gk ntmhrs (1552) m`vh qu`gtcffhk rhghwàlh hghrby

rhsnurdhs tm`t d`g ah hxplncthk wctm hxcstcgb thdmgnlnbchs cg fnrh tm`g

155 dnugtrchs. [n cllustr`th, tmh sm`rhs nj rhghwàlh hghrby `rh vhry mcbm

ay wnrlk st`gk`rks cg snl`r jnr Uhru (:0 phrdhgt) `gk Hbypt (:; phrdhgt)9

acnjuhls jnr Fngbnlc` (=2 phrdhgt) `gk Xb`gk` (=4 phrdhgt)9 mykrn

jnr Ghp`l (84 phrdhgt) `gk U`pu` Ghw Bucgh` (1= phrdhgt)9 wcgk jnrD`ph Zhrkh (20 phrdhgt) `gk Dmcg` (10 phrdhgt)9 `gk bhntmhrf`l jnr

[urifhgcst`g (00 phrdhgt) `gk Cgknghsc` (: phrdhgt).

Tuppnrtcgb @k`pt`tcng tn Blna`l R`rfcgb

Blna`l w`rfcgb cs whll ugkhr w`y, gk cts dngshquhgdhs rh lrh`ky vcscalh

cg f`gy khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs. @ddnrkcgb tn snfh `g`lysts, shvhrh krnubmt

luris ahmcgk tmh K`rjur dngficdt (J`rcs 1552). @ rcscgb sh` lhvhl cs krcvcgb

tmnus`gks nj phnplh njj csl`gks cg tmh Tugkhra`gs nj Cgkc` `gk A`gbl`khsm

(Thgbupt` 1552)9 `gk d`t`strnpmcd finnkcgb m`s `ddnfp`gchk tnrrhgtc`l

r`cgs cg Dmcg`, Cgkc`, `gk hlshwmhrh (RFN 1552). [mh pnnrhst dnugtrchs`rh lh`st d`pàlh nj `k`ptcgb tn sudm cfp`dts, `gk tmh pnnrhst phnplh cg



Rmhhlhr 128

tmnsh dnugtrchs `rh m`rkhst mct. [mcs sctu`tcng cs anugk tn bht fudm wnrsh

ahjnrh ct bhts ahtthr, hvhg cj tmh cgthrg`tcng`l dnffugcty fnaclczhs ` fònr

`ssùlt ng blna`l w`rfcgb. Cg j`dt, f`ss kcslnd`tcng `gk cfpnvhrcsmfhgt

f`y tmrh`thg tmh cgthrg`tcng`l nrkhr, sn tmh Gnrtm m`s antm muf`gct`rc`g

`gk shlj-cgthrhsthk rh`sngs tn prnfnth cgthrg`tcng`l `sscst`gdh jnr `k`pt`-

tcng cg khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs.

Hvckhgdh-a`shk `llnd`tcngs wcll ah drctcd`l cg tmcs dngthxt. Dngvhgtcng`l

`pprn`dmhs a`shk ng st`gk`rk phr d`pct` `llnd`tcngs nr g`tcng`l pnlctcd`l

tchs wnulk ah hxtrhfhly w`sthjul, ahdùsh dnugtrchs j`dh sudm kcjjhrhgt dng-

kctcngs. Jnr hx`fplh, Dlcgh (1552) ffgks tm`t brcdultur`l prnkudtcvcty lnsshs

jrnf blna`l w`rfcgb cg @jrcd` wcll v`ry jrnf fnrh tm`g 85 phrdhgt cg Tuk`g

`gk Thghb`l tn `rnugk 8 phrdhgt cg Ihgy`. Cg L`tcg @fhrcd`, tmhy wcll v`ry

jrnf fnrh tm`g 48 phrdhgt cg Fhxcdn tn 00 phrdhgt cg @rbhgtcg`. @s gnthk,

prnohdthk p`tthrgs nj cgugk`tcng jrnf sh`-lhvhl rcsh smnw hvhg fnrh sihwhk

p`tthrgs `fngb dn`st`l dnugtrchs, wctm gh`rly ngh-tmcrk nj tmh pnpul`tcng

kcspl`dhk cg snfh `gk vhry lnw phrdhgt`bhs cg ntmhrs. @s ffburh 00.04smnws, tmh sihw cs hvhg fnrh hxtrhfh jnr finnk-k`f`bh rcsis.

Rmclh lcfctcgb dlcf`th dm`gbh cs ` drctcd`l prcnrcty, ct smnulk gnt suphr-

shkh prnbr`fs tm`t kcrhdtly `kkrhss ntmhr blna`l prcnrctchs sudm `s pnvhrty

rhkudtcng `gk dnffugcdàlh kcsh`sh dngtrnl. [n fhht tmcs dm`llhgbh, ghw

ffg`gdc`l rhsnurdhs wcll m`vh tn ah fnaclczhk jrnf tmh prcv`th `gk pualcd

shdtnrs. Fnst nj tmh dlh`g-hghrby rhvnlutcng d`g ah ffg`gdhk ay f`sscvh

d`pct`l cgjuscngs jrnf tmh prcv`th shdtnr, aut ngly cj tmh rhl`tcvh prcdh nj

dlh`g hghrby fìhs ct g ttr`dtcvh cgvhstfhgt. [mcs tr`gsctcng wcll ah `ddhl-

hr`thk ay pnlcdchs tm`t put ` mcbm prcdh ng d`rang, lnwhr tmh prcdh nj dlh`g

hghrby, `gk f`xcfczh tmh hjffdchgdy nj `sscst`gdh jnr dlh`g-hghrby khvhlnp-fhgt cg pnnr dnugtrchs.

@ Urnbr`f jnr Blna`l @dtcng

[mh cgthrg`tcng`l rhspngsh tn dlcf`th dm`gbh smnulk cgdnrpnr`th dnst-

hjjhdtcvhghss prcgdcplhs, tmh fihxcaclcty tn `ddnffnk`th dm`gbhs cg cgjnrf`-

tcng gk g hvnlvcgb pnlcdy dngshgsus, gk ugcvhrs`l p`rtcdcp`tcng. @ltmnubm

tmh kht`cls rhf`cg dngthgtcnus, tmhrh cs dlh`rly snfh dngshgsus ng nphr`tcgb

prcgdcplhs. [mhrh cs wckhsprh`k brhhfhgt tm`t hjjhdtcvh blna`l dtcng smnulkcgdnrpnr`th jnur kcfhgscngs? hfcsscngs fctcb`tcng, dlh`g-thdmgnlnby khvhl-

npfhgt, dlh`g-thdmgnlnby kcjjuscng, gk k`pt`tcng tn dlcf`th dm`gbh. [mhrh

cs `lsn `brhhfhgt tm`t f`riht-a`shk cgstrufhgts wcll prnfnth hjffdchgt fctc-

b`tcng, ay dngjrngtcgb pnlluthrs wctm ` ugcjnrf d`rang prcdh tm`t cs dngscs-

thgt wctm tmh nvhr`ll fctcb`tcng bn`l.

Uualcd Kcsdlnsurh

[mcs prnvckhs ngh ihygnth jnr cffhkc`th dtcng, ahdùsh cfplhfhgt`tcng nj

`gy f`riht-a`shk cgstrufhgt rhqucrhs ` fngctnrcgb-`gk-hgjnrdhfhgt sys-

thf a`shk ng `ddur`th cgjnrf`tcng ànut d`rang hfcsscngs jrnf `ll rhbu-l`thk snurdhs. [mh blna`l dngshgsus suppnrts d`rang prcdcgb vc` f`riht-a`shk



12: Brhhgmnush Hfcsscngs `gk Dlcf`th Dm`gbh

cgstrufhgts, aut tmhrh cs gn brhhfhgt yht ng tmh pprnprc`th cgstrufhgt nr

d`rang prcdh lhvhl. Ghvhrtmhlhss, `brhhfhgt ng tmh a`scd prcgdcplhs ùtn-

f`tcd`lly cfplchs `ddhpt`gdh nj tmh suppnrtcgb cgjnrf`tcng systhf. [mcs

khthrfcghs prcnrcty dtcng 0? Cffhkc`thly hstàlcsm g cgthrg`tcng`l cgstctu-

tcng f`gk`thk tn dnllhdt, vhrcjy, `gk pualcdly kcsdlnsh cgjnrf`tcng ànut

hfcsscngs jrnf `ll scbgcffd`gt blna`l d`rang snurdhs. Cts f`gk`th smnulk

hxthgk tn ahst-pr`dtcdh hstcf`tcng `gk kcsdlnsurh nj hfcsscngs snurdhs cg

dnugtrchs tm`t cgctc`lly rhjush tn p`rtcdcp`th.

[mcs cgstctutcng wcll shrvh jnur purpnshs. Jcrst, ct wcll l`y tmh ghdhss`ry

jnugk`tcng jnr cfplhfhgtcgb `gy f`riht-a`shk fctcb`tcng systhf. Thdngk,

ct wcll prnvckh `g hxdhllhgt drhkcaclcty thst, scgdh ` dnugtry–s `ddhpt`gdh nj

jull kcsdlnsurh wcll scbg`l cts truh wcllcgbghss tn p`rtcdcp`th cg blna`lly hjff-

dchgt fctcb`tcng. [mcrk, blna`l pualcd kcsdlnsurh wcll ctshlj rhkudh d`rang

hfcsscngs, ay jnduscgb stìhmnlkhr prhssurh ng fònr hfctthrs `gk prnvck-

cgb rhput`tcng`l rhw`rks jnr dlh`g prnkudhrs. @ l`rbh anky nj hxphrchgdh

`gk rhsh`rdm ng pnllutcng kcsdlnsurh systhfs m`s smnwg tm`t tmhy scbgcff-d`gtly rhkudh pnllutcng (K`sbupt`, R`gb, `gk Rmhhlhr 155:). Jnurtm,

kcsdlnsurh wcll fìh ct vhry m`rk tn dmh`t ngdh f`riht-a`shk cgstrufhgts

`rh cfplhfhgthk. [mcs wcll ah hsshgtc`l jnr prhshrvcgb tmh drhkcaclcty nj `g

cgthrg`tcng`l fctcb`tcng `brhhfhgt.

Tnfh prhdhkhgts lrh`ky hxcst nr snng wcll. [mh Hurnph`g Xgcng–s hfcs-

scngs tr`kcgb systhf cgdnrpnr`ths pualcd cgjnrf`tcng ng Hurnph`g d`rang

hfctthrs prnvckhk ay tmh Hurnph`g Hgvcrngfhgt @bhgdy.10 [n khfngstr`th

tmh pnthgtc`l nj blna`l kcsdlnsurh, tmh Dhgthr jnr Blna`l Khvhlnpfhgt m`s

lùgdmhk twn Rha scths? ngh pualcsmhs DN1 hfcsscngs jrnf fnrh tm`g

;5,555 blna`l pnwhr prnkudhrs, `gk tmh ntmhr prnvckhs tcfhly cgjnrf`tcngng trnpcd`l jnrhst dlh`rcgb `t ` mcbm lhvhl nj sp`tc`l rhsnlutcng.11

Blna`l Dngsnrtc`

[mh blna`l rhspngsh tn dlcf`th dm`gbh m`s jnur drctcd`l kcfhgscngs? rhkud-

tcng nj brhhgmnush b`s hfcsscngs, `ddhlhr`thk khvhlnpfhgt nj dlh`g thdm-

gnlnbchs, ffg`gdcgb jnr tmhcr r`pck kcjjuscng cg khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs, `gk

suppnrt jnr khvhlnpcgb-dnugtry `k`pt`tcng tn tmh cfp`dts nj ug`vnckàlh

dlcf`th dm`gbh. Fònr stìhmnlkhrs gk cfplhfhgt`tcng cssuhs rh kcjjhrhgt

cg h`dm kcfhgscng. [mcs khffghs prcnrcty `dtcng 1? hstàlcsm jnur dnllànr`t-

cgb blna`l dngsnrtc`‛ngh jnr h`dm kcfhgscng‛tm`t wcll sht naohdtcvhs `gk

prcnrctchs uscgb tmh ahst `v clàlh sdchgtcffd, thdmgcd`l, gk hdngnfcd `sshss-

fhgts9 `vnck prnbr`f nvhrl`ps wmhrh pnsscalh9 `gk cgvhst tn `dmchvh tmh

fnst dnst-hjjhdtcvh blna`l rhsults. Nphr`tcngs nj tmh dngsnrtc` wcll ah

tr`gsp`rhgt `gk cgkhphgkhgtly ùkcthk jnr rhsults.

10 Hurnph`g Unllut`gt Hfcsscng Qhbcsthr, `v`clàlh `t mttp?//hphr.hd.hurnp`.hu/hphr/fi`smf`p.`sp.

[mh rhbcsthr cgdlukhs DN1 hfcsscngs rhpnrts jnr shvhr`l mugkrhk fònr hfctthrs cg tmh Hurnph`g

Xgcng.

11 [mh pnwhr shdtnr Rha scth, www.d`rf`.nrb, w`s lùgdmhk cg fck-Gnvhfahr 1552. [mh ushr

cgthrj`dh phrfcts kht`clhk `sshssfhgt nj DN1 hfcsscngs ay cgkcvcku`l pnwhr pl`gts, tmhcr p`rhgtdnfp`gchs, `gk bhnbr`pmcd `rh`s. [mh jnrhst-dlh`rcgb Rha scth, www.dbkhv.nrb/jnrhst, w`s

lùgdmhk cg fck-Gnvhfahr 1553. @ll k`t` ng antm scths rh knwgln`kàlh.



Rmhhlhr 122

Dngshgsus ànut tmh strhgbtm `gk kcrhdtcng nj `dtcng cg h`dm kcfhg-

scng m`s yht tn hfhrbh, sn tmh dngsnrtc` smnulk ah cgctc`thk cg “snjt‖ jnrf,

wctm dm`rthrs tm`t phrfct m`rkhgcgb `s tmh dngshgsus khvhlnps. Nphr`tcng

cg tmh snjt sphdtruf wcll jndus ng auclkcgb cgjnrf`tcng systhfs tm`t ckhgtcjy

nppnrtugctchs jnr dnst-hjjhdtcvh dnnrkcg`tcng nj g`tcng`l `gk cgthrg`tcng`l

prnbr`fs cg h`dm spmhrh. M`rkhgcgb wcll cgdlukh hgknwfhgt wctm hxtr`-

snvhrhcbg pnwhrs, f`gk`thk hlcfcg`tcng nj kuplcd`tcng `fngb tmh hjjnrts

nj cgkcvcku`l `bhgdchs, rhohdtcng nj pnlctcd`l drcthrc` cg j`vnr nj ahghfft-dnst

`sshssfhgt, `gk jull pualcd `ddnugtàclcty.

L`rbh-sd`lh pualcd shdtnr ffg`gdcgb jnr Q&K gk sscst`gdh tn khvhlnpcgb

dnugtrchs smnulk dnfh jrnf prnbr`fs tm`t r`csh tmh prcdh nj d`rang. @s

gnthk, hfcsscngs dm`rbhs nr udtcnghk tr`kàlh phrfcts wcll bhghr`th scbgcff-

d`gt rhsnurdhs, hvhg cj tmh cgctc`l d`rang prcdh cs fnkhst. Cgthrg`tcng`l ffg`g-

dc`l cgstctutcngs, acl`thr`l `ck `bhgdchs, `gk GBNs d`g `ll pl`y ushjul rnlhs

cg dm`gghlcgb tmhsh rhsnurdhs, aut ngly cj tmhy à`gkng tmhcr jr`bfhgthk,

nvhrl`ppcgb, pnlctcdczhk `pprn`dm tn `ck. Ghw rhsnurdhs smnulk ngly ahprnvckhk tn p`rtcdcp`tcgb `bhgdchs tm`t `brhh tn ` tr`gsp`rhgt, dnnrkcg`thk

prnbr`f tm`t shts hvckhgdh-a`shk prcnrctchs, nphr`ths wctm dlh`r st`gk`rks

nj `ddnugtàclcty, `gk hfplnys cgkhphgkhgt ùkctnrs tn fh`surh prnbrhss.

[mh “m`rk‖ vhrscngs nj tmhsh dngsnrtc` `rh navcnusly gnvhl ay tr`kc-

tcng`l st`gk`rks, aut tmhy wcll ah ghdhss`ry cj blna`l sndchty khdckhs tm`t

r`pck `koustfhgt cs ghhkhk tn `vnck ` drctcd`l dlcf`th tmrhsmnlk. [mh “snjt‖

vhrscngs wcll prnvckh ` ushjul w`y st`tcng, cg `gy d`sh, cj tmh cgthrg`tcng`l

dnffugcty khdckhs tn bh`r up jnr dngdhrthk `dtcng. Tn tmhcr hstàlcsmfhgt

`s dnllànr`tcvh, pualcd-cgjnrf`tcng-cgthgscvh brnups shhfs w`rr`gthk cg

`gy d`sh. Ngdh tmhy rh cg pl`dh, ct wcll ah h`schr tn koust tnw`rk m`rk fh`-surhs cj tmh blna`l dnffugcty khdckhs tm`t tmhy `rh ghhkhk. [mhrh d`g ah

lcttlh knuat tm`t tmh suddhssjul nphr`tcng nj tmhsh dngsnrtc` nvhr f`gy yh`rs

wnulk strhgbtmhg tmh cgstctutcng`l jnugk`tcngs nj blna`l bnvhrg`gdh `gk

njjhr ` ushjul prhdhkhgt jnr ntmhr cgthrg`tcng`l dnllhdtcvh-`dtcng prnalhfs.

Fctcb`tcng

[mh ffrst dngsnrtcuf wcll `kkrhss tmh blna`l fctcb`tcng prnalhf kcrhdtly. Cg

tmh snjt vhrscng, ct wcll khvhlnp cgkcd`tcvh t`rbht p`tms jnr g`tcng`l hfcsscngs

`gk prnvckh cg-khptm pualcd cgjnrf`tcng sn tm`t tmh blna`l dnffugcty d`g

oukbh dnugtrchs– `kmhrhgdh tn tmh t`rbht p`tms. Cg cts m`rk vhrscng, tmh dng-snrtcuf wcll shdurh drhkcalh dnffctfhgts tn pnlcdchs dngscsthgt wctm brhhk

`koustfhgt p`tms, prnvckh `sscst`gdh tn p`rtcdcp`gts wctm whì cfplhfhgt-

cgb cgstctutcngs, `gk hgjnrdh s`gdtcngs jnr gngdnfplc`gdh. U`tm-dngscsthgt

pnlcdchs wcll r`csh pualcd rhvhguhs ay cfplhfhgtcgb hjffdchgt f`riht-a`shk

cgstrufhgts (d`rang dm`rbhs nr udtcnghk tr`kàlh phrfcts). Qhvhguhs jrnf

cfplhfhgt`tcng cg mcbm-cgdnfh dnugtrchs wcll prnvckh ffg`gdcgb jnr tmh

`dtcvctchs nj tmh ntmhr tmrhh dngsnrtc`.

[mhsh tmrhh dngsnrtc` wcll ah dm`rbhk wctm ddhlhr`tcgb dlh`g-thdmgnlnby

khvhlnpfhgt, prnfntcgb r`pck kcjjuscng nj dlh`g thdmgnlnbchs tn khvhlnp-

cgb dnugtrchs, `gk ffg`gdcgb `k`pt`tcng tn ug`vnckàlh blna`l w`rfcgb.Cg tmhcr snjt jnrf, tmhy wcll prnvckh blna`l dnnrkcg`tcng j`dclctchs `gk



12= Brhhgmnush Hfcsscngs `gk Dlcf`th Dm`gbh

cg-khptm pualcd cgjnrf`tcng tn prnfnth dnllànr`tcng `fngb g`tcng`l

`gk cgthrg`tcng`l `bhgdchs `gk GBNs. Cg tmhcr m`rk jnrf, tmhy wcll

hfanky dlh`r, prnbrhsscvh nrb`gcz`tcng`l prcgdcplhs? shttcgb nj hvckhgdh-

a`shk prcnrctchs, hlcfcg`tcng nj prnbr`f nvhrl`ps, dnnrkcg`tcng nj br`gts

`gk lnw-dnst ln`gs, `gk cgkhphgkhgt, tr`gsp`rhgt `ddnugtcgb nj rhsults.

[mh jnllnwcgb kcsdusscng jndushs ng m`rk cfplhfhgt`tcng, aut f`gy hlh-

fhgts dnulk ah pursuhk ng `g cgkcd`tcvh a`scs `s p`rt nj ` tr`gsp`rhgt

systhf nj cgthrg`tcng`l dnllànr`tcng.

Dlh`g-[hdmgnlnby Q&K

[n prnfnth Q&K, tmh B-= gk ntmhr khvhlnphk g`tcngs smnulk spngsnr g

cgthrg`tcng`l dlh`g-thdmgnlnby khvhlnpfhgt dngsnrtcuf dnffctthk tn

fònr cgdrh`shs cg jugkcgb, fcgcfuf rhkugk`gdy cg g`tcng`l prnbr`fs,

r`pck pualcd`tcng nj rhsults, `gk f`g`bhfhgt nj p`thgtcgb tn hgsurh dnf-

phtctcvh khvhlnpfhgt nj prnfcscgb thdmgnlnbchs. Dngsnrtcuf rhsnurdhs

dnulk `lsn suppnrt vhry l`rbh fnght`ry `w`rks jnr khvhlnpfhgt nj dlh`g

thdmgnlnbchs tm`t fhht prhsphdcffhk drcthrc`, `s whll `s `ddhlhr`tcng nj dnst

rhkudtcng tmrnubm bu`r`gthhk f`ss-purdm`sh `rr`gbhfhgts jnr prnfcscgb

thdmgnlnbchs.

Dlh`g-[hdmgnlnby Kcjjuscng

[mh dlh`g-thdmgnlnby kcjjuscng dngsnrtcuf wcll nphr`th prcgdcp`lly cg khvhl-

npcgb dnugtrchs. [mcs dngsnrtcuf wcll ffg`gdh dlh`g-hghrby systhfs ng dng-

dhsscng`l thrfs tm`t ugkhrdut jnsscl hghrby systhfs `gk sm`rply rhkudh

tr`kctcng`l `sscst`gdh dnsts ay f`g`bcgb `ll rhsnurdhs jrnf acl`thr`l `gk

fultcl`thr`l `bhgdchs `s p`rts nj ngh pnrtjnlcn. Ct wcll t`clnr tmh sd`lh `gk

shdtnr`l dnfpnsctcng nj sscst`gdh tn tmh dngkctcngs nj cgkcvcku`l dnugtrchs,

cgvhst ngly cg hfcsscngs-jrhh thdmgnlnbchs, `gk `vnck pnlctcd`l `llnd`tcngs.

Rm`t wcll prhvhgt dlh`g-hghrby `sscst`gdh jrnf jnugkhrcgb ng tmh s`fh

smn`ls‛rhk t`ph, dnrruptcng, pnlctcd`l cgthrjhrhgdh‛tm`t m`vh mùgthk

ntmhr jnrfs nj khvhlnpfhgt `sscst`gdh> [n ah suddhssjul, tmh dlh`g-hghrby

dngsnrtcuf `gk khvhlnpcgb-dnugtry lh`khrs wcll m`vh tn strcih ` br`gk a`r-

b`cg tm`t m`s shvhr`l hlhfhgts. Ng tmh dngsnrtcuf sckh, tmhsh wcll cgdlukh

`g ugprhdhkhgthk njjhr tn prnfnth r`pck, l`rbh-sd`lh hghrby khvhlnpfhgt

ng vhry bhghrnus thrfs9 `g hxplcdct, lngb-thrf dnffctfhgt tn f`cgt`cg

tmh systhfs tm`t m`vh ahhg cgst`llhk9 `gk ` scgblh dnllànr`tcvh-`sscst`gdhrhl`tcngsmcp cgsth`k nj tmh durrhgt drnss-`bhgdy aàalh. Cg rhturg, rhdcpc-

hgt dnugtrchs wcll fìh dnffctfhgts tn hxplcdct hfcsscngs t`rbhts tm`t `rh

dngscsthgt wctm tmh `sscst`gdh p`di`bh9 dlh`r s`gdtcngs jnr gngdnfplc`gdh9

strcdt ddnugtàclcty gk tr`gsp`rhgdy cg tmh ush nj sscst`gdh9 gk nphgghss

tn prcv`th cgvhstfhgt cg dlh`g hghrby.

@k`pt`tcng

[mh `k`pt`tcng dngsnrtcuf wcll ush br`gts tn ffg`gdh khvhlnpcgb-dnugtry

`k`pt`tcng tn ug`vnckàlh dlcf`th dm`gbh. Cts nphr`tcgb prcgdcplhs wcll ah

scfcl`r tn tmnsh nj tmh dlh`g-thdmgnlnby kcjjuscng dngsnrtcuf? dngsnlck`tcngnj acl`thr`l gk fultcl`thr`l sscst`gdh cg ngh pnrtjnlcn, prnbr`fs t`clnrhk tn



Rmhhlhr 123

tmh dngkctcngs cg cgkcvcku`l dnugtrchs, gk vnck`gdh nj pnlctcd`l llnd`tcngs.

Hjjhdtcvh l`rbh-sd`lh `sscst`gdh wcll rhqucrh ugprhdhkhgthk dnnrkcg`tcng

`fngb ck bhgdchs, cgthrg`tcng l ffg`gdc`l cgstctutcngs, gk GBNs.

Jnr hjffdchgt llnd`tcng, p`rtcdul`r cfpnrt`gdh wcll tt`dm tn t`clnrcgb tmh

sd`lh `gk jndus nj `llnd`tcng tn tmh g`turh nj tmh prnalhfs. Jnr hx`fplh,

`k`ptcvh cgjr`strudturh `gk ura`gcz`tcng prnbr`fs wcll ah `pprnprc`th jnr

Zchtg`f, Hbypt, `gk Turcg`fh, wmhrh cgugk`tcng jrnf sh`-lhvhl rcsh wcll

ah f`sscvh. @k`ptcvh `brcdulturh `gk ura`g rhlnd`tcng smnulk ah tmh jndus

nj `sscst`gdh cg dnugtrchs j`dcgb mubh `brcdultur`l prnkudtcvcty lnsshs, sudm

`s Tuk`g, Thghb`l, Cgkc`, `gk Fhxcdn. Arn`khr fcdrn cgsur`gdh dnvhr`bh

jnr tmh pnnr smnulk `lsn ah p`rt nj tmhsh prnbr`fs. Urnbr`fs dnfacgcgb

`k`ptcvh cgjr`strudturh `gk fcdrn cgsur`gdh smnulk ah tmh jndus jnr dnug-

trchs j`dcgb mcbm finnk-kcs`sthr rcsis, sudm s A`gbl`khsm, D`fankc`, Ahgcg,

Fnz`facquh, O`f`cd`, `gk Mngkur`s.

Tuff`ry `gk Dngdluscngs

[mcs dm`pthr m`s `rbuhk tm`t `fngb dlcf`th sdchgtcsts, tmhrh cs gn lngbhr

`gy shrcnus kha`th ànut wmhtmhr brhhgmnush b`s hfcsscngs jrnf muf`g

`dtcvcty rh lthrcgb tmh h`rtm–s dlcf`th. [mhrh cs lsn arn`k dngshgsus tm`t

hjffdchgt fctcb`tcng nj hfcsscngs wcll rhqucrh d`rang prcdcgb vc` f`riht-

a`shk cgstrufhgts (dm`rbhs nr ùdtcnghk tr`kàlh phrfcts). [mh rhf`cgcgb

dngtrnvhrschs sthf fnstly jrnf ugdhrt`cgtchs rhb`rkcgb hdngnfcd gk thdm-

gnlnbcd`l jnrhd`sts, kcspuths anut blna`l gk cgthrbhghr`tcng`l hqucty, gk

pnlctcd`l kcvcscngs nvhr dnllhdtcvh fh`surhs tn dnfa`t dlcf`th dm`gbh. Kcj-jhrhgt pnsctcngs ng tmh gngsdchgtcffd cssuhs stcll krcvh vhry kcjjhrhgt dngdlu-

scngs ànut tmh sd`lh, sdnph, `gk tcfcgb nj tmh ghhkhk fh`surhs. Gh`r-thrf

dlnsurh shhfs uglcihly ng `gy nj tmhsh jrngts, aut tmh sdchgdh cs gnw sujff-

dchgtly dnfphllcgb tm`t ` blna`l dngshgsus suppnrts dngdhrthk `dtcng. [mh

cgthrhstcgb pnlcdy quhstcngs jndus ng khscbgcgb gk cfplhfhgtcgb pprnprc-

`th fh`surhs. Khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs fust ah jull p`rtcdcp`gts, ahdùsh tmhy

wcll ah fnst mh`vcly `jjhdthk ay blna`l w`rfcgb `gk ahdùsh tmh sd`lh

nj tmhcr hfcsscngs cs r`pckly `pprn`dmcgb p`rcty wctm tm`t nj khvhlnphk

dnugtrchs. [n fhht tmh dm`llhgbh, tmcs dm`pthr m`s `kvnd`thk twn prcnrcty

`dtcngs tm`t wcll l`y tmh jnugk`tcngs jnr ` dnst-hjjhdtcvh rhspngsh tn blna`lw`rfcgb.

[mh ffrst prcnrcty cs tn ugkhrtìh blna`l hfcsscngs kcsdlnsurh tn suppnrt

hjffdchgt d`rang prcdcgb. [mh Xgcthk G`tcngs smnulk cffhkc`thly hstà-

lcsm `g cgthrg`tcng`l cgstctutcng f`gk`thk tn dnllhdt, vhrcjy, `gk pualcdly

kcsdlnsh cgjnrf`tcng ànut hfcsscngs jrnf `ll scbgcffd`gt blna`l d`rang

snurdhs. Cts f`gk`th smnulk hxthgk tn ahst-pr`dtcdh hstcf`tcng gk kcsdln-

surh nj hfcsscngs snurdhs cg dnugtrchs tm`t cgctc`lly rhjush tn p`rtcdcp`th.

[mcs cgstctutcng wcll shrvh jnur purpnshs. Jcrst, ct wcll l`y tmh ghdhss`ry

jnugk`tcng jnr cfplhfhgtcgb ` f`riht-a`shk fctcb`tcng systhf. Thdngk,ct wcll prnvckh `g hxdhllhgt drhkcaclcty thst, scgdh ` dnugtry–s `ddhpt`gdh



1=5 Brhhgmnush Hfcsscngs `gk Dlcf`th Dm`gbh

nj jull kcsdlnsurh wcll scbg`l cts truh wcllcgbghss tn p`rtcdcp`th cg blna`lly

hjffdchgt fctcb`tcng. [mcrk, blna`l pualcd kcsdlnsurh wcll ctshlj rhkudh d`r-

ang hfcsscngs, ay jnduscgb stìhmnlkhr prhssurh ng fònr hfctthrs `gk

prnvckcgb rhput`tcng`l rhw`rks jnr dlh`g prnkudhrs. Jnurtm, kcsdlnsurh

wcll fìh ct vhry m`rk tn dmh`t ngdh f`riht-a`shk cgstrufhgts `rh cfplh-

fhgthk. [mcs wcll ah hsshgtc`l jnr prhshrvcgb tmh drhkcaclcty nj `g cgthrg`-

tcng`l fctcb`tcng brhhfhgt.

[mh shdngk prcnrcty cs tn drh`th dngsnrtc` tn nrdmhstr`th tmh blna`l

rhspngsh tn dlcf`th dm`gbh cg jnur drctcd`l kcfhgscngs? rhkudcgb brhhgmnush

hfcsscngs, `ddhlhr`tcgb tmh khvhlnpfhgt nj dlh`g thdmgnlnbchs, ffg`gdcgb

tmhcr r`pck kcjjuscng cg khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs, `gk suppnrtcgb khvhlnpcgb

dnugtrchs cg tmhcr hjjnrts tn `k`pt tn tmh cfp`dts nj ug`vnckàlh dlcf`th

dm`gbh. Thp`r`th dngsnrtc` shhf w`rr`gthk ahdùsh fònr stìhmnlkhrs

`gk cfplhfhgt`tcng cssuhs `rh kcjjhrhgt cg h`dm kcfhgscng. [n suppnrt tmh

blna`l rhspngsh, tmh Xgcthk G`tcngs smnulk hstàlcsm jnur dnllànr`tcgb

blna`l dngsnrtc`, ngh jnr h`dm kcfhgscng, tm`t wcll sht naohdtcvhs gk prcnrc-tchs uscgb tmh ahst v`clàlh sdchgtcffd gk thdmgcd`l hvckhgdh, vnck prnbr`f

nvhrl`ps, `gk cgvhst tn `dmchvh tmh fnst dnst-hjjhdtcvh blna`l rhsults. [mhcr

nphr`tcngs smnulk ah tr`gsp`rhgt `gk cgkhphgkhgtly ùkcthk jnr rhsults.

Dngshgsus anut tmh strhgbtm gk kcrhdtcng nj dtcng cg h`dm kcfhgscng m`s

yht tn hfhrbh, sn tmh dngsnrtc` smnulk ah cgctc`thk cg “snjt‖ jnrf, wctm dm`r-

thrs tm`t phrfct m`rkhgcgb `s tmh dngshgsus khvhlnps. Nphr`tcng cg tmh snjt

sphdtruf wcll jndus ng auclkcgb cgjnrf`tcng systhfs tm`t ckhgtcjy nppnrtu-

gctchs jnr dnst-hjjhdtcvh dnnrkcg`tcng nj g`tcng`l gk cgthrg`tcng`l prnbr`fs

cg h`dm spmhrh. M`rkhgcgb wcll cgdlukh hgknwfhgt wctm hxtr`-snvhrhcbg

pnwhrs, f`gk`thk hlcfcg`tcng nj kuplcd`tcng `fngb cgkcvcku`l-`bhgdyhjjnrts, rhohdtcng nj pnlctcd`l drcthrc` cg j`vnr nj ahghfft-dnst sshssfhgt, gk

jull pualcd `ddnugtàclcty.

Qhjhrhgdhs

Aùfnl, Rcllc`f, `gk R`ll`dh N`ths. 0320. “[mh Xsh nj Tt`gk`rks `gk Urcdhs jnr

Urnthdtcng nj tmh Hgvcrngfhgt.‖ Twhkcsm Onurg`l nj Hdngnfcds 24 (0)? ;1—8;.

Acrks`ll, G`gdy. 0331. “@gntmhr Lnni `t Unpul`tcng `gk Blna`l R`rfcgb.‖

Unlcdy Qhsh`rdm Rnricgb U`phr 0515. Rnrlk A`gi, R`smcgbtng, KD.

Auys, Ucht, Xwh Khcdmf`gg, Dr`cb Fhcsghr, [m`n [ng-[m`t, `gk K`vck Rmhhlhr.

1552. “Dnugtry Ttìhs cg Dlcf`th Dm`gbh Ghbntc`tcngs? [wn Kcfhgscngs nj

Zulghràclcty.‖ Unlcdy Qhsh`rdm Rnricgb U`phr ;455. Rnrlk A`gi,

R`smcgbtng, KD.

Dlcgh, Rcllc`f. 1552. Blna`l R`rfcgb gk @brcdulturh? Cfp`dt Hstcf`ths ay

Dnugtry. R`smcgbtng, KD? Dhgthr jnr Blna`l Khvhlnpfhgt `gk Uhthrsng

Cgstctuth jnr Cgthrg`tcng`l Hdngnfcds.

Dngvhry, Jr`gi, `gk Luih Qhkfngk. 1552. “F`riht `gk Urcdh Khvhlnpfhgts cg

tmh Hurnph`g Xgcng Hfcsscngs [r`kcgb Tdmhfh.‖ Qhvchw nj Hgvcrngfhgt`l

Hdngnfcds gk Unlcdy 0 (0)? ==—000.



Rmhhlhr 1=0

K`sbupt`, U`rtm`. 1552. “@ Dm`llhgbh tn Iyntn? Tt`gk`rk Dnst-Ahghfft @g`lyscs

F`y Gnt @pply tn tmh Hdngnfcds nj Dlcf`th Dm`gbh.‖ G`turh ;;3 (04)?

0;4—;;.

K`sbupt`, Tusfct`, Ahgnct L`pl`gth, Dr`cb Fhcsghr, K`vck Rmhhlhr, `gk Oc`gpcgb

S`g. 1552. “[mh Cfp`dt nj Th`-Lhvhl Qcsh ng Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs?

@ Dnfp`r`tcvh @g`lyscs.‖ Unlcdy Qhsh`rdm Rnricgb U`phr ;04:. Rnrlk A`gi,

R`smcgbtng, KD.

K`sbupt`, Tusfct`, Ahgnct L`pl`gth, Mu` R`gb, `gk K`vck Rmhhlhr. 1551.

“Dngjrngtcgb tmh Hgvcrngfhgt`l Iuzghts Durvh.‖ Onurg`l nj Hdngnfcd

Uhrsphdtcvhs 0: (0)? 0;2—:=.

K`sbupt`, Tusfct`, Mu` R`gb, `gk K`vck Rmhhlhr. 155:. “Kcsdlnsurh Ttr`thbchs

jnr Unllutcng Dngtrnl.‖ Cg [mh Cgthrg`tcng`l Sh`ranni nj Hgvcrngfhgt`l gk

Qhsnurdh Hdngnfcds 155:/1552? @ Turvhy nj Durrhgt Cssuhs, hk. [nf

[chthgahrb `gk Mhgi Jnlfhr. Dmhlthgm`f, X.I.? Hkw`rk Hlb`r.

Hmrlcdm, Uùl, `gk @ggh Hmrlcdm. 0330. Mh`lcgb tmh Ul`ght . Ghw Snri? @kkcsng-

Rhslhy.

Hmrlcdm, Uùl, `gk Onmg Mnlkrhg. 0320. “Cfp`dt nj Unpul`tcng Brnwtm.‖ Tdchgdh

020 (4322)? 0101—02.

Hllhrf`g, @. Khggy, `gk A`ra`r` Audmghr. 1552. “[mh Hurnph`g Xgcng

Hfcsscngs [r`kcgb Tdmhfh? Nrcbcgs, @llnd`tcng, `gk H`rly Qhsults.‖

Qhvchw nj Hgvcrngfhgt`l Hdngnfcds `gk Unlcdy 0 (0)? ::—=2.

Hff`guhl, Ihrry. 1558. “Cgdrh`scgb Khstrudtcvhghss nj [rnpcd`l Dydlnghs nvhr

tmh U`st 45 Sh`rs.‖ G`turh ;4: (;)? :=:—==.

J`rcs, Tthpm`g. 1552. “[mh Qh`l Qnnts nj K`rjur.‖ @tl`gtcd Fngtmly (@prcl).

www.tmh`tl`gtcd.dnf/knd/prhf/15525;/k`rjur-dlcf`th.

M`gg`, Hkw`rk, Umclcpph Muyarhdmts, Cvhs O`gsshgs, Onmg D`pphlhg, Ingr`kTthjjhg, `gk @b Tthpmhgs. 1558. “Qugnjj `gk F`ss A`l`gdh nj tmh

Brhhgl`gk Cdh Tmhht? 038=—1554.‖ Onurg`l nj Bhnpmyscd`l Qhsh`rdm

005? K0405=.

CUDD (Cgthrbnvhrgfhgt`l U`ghl ng Dlcf`th Dm`gbh). 1555. CUDD Tphdc`l Qhpnrt?

Hfcsscngs Tdhg`rcns. Bhghv`? Rnrlk Fhthnrnlnbcd`l @ssndc`tcng. www

.cpdd.dm/pua/srhs-h.pkj.

‛‛‛. 1552. Jnurtm @sshssfhgt Qhpnrt . Bhghv`? Rnrlk Fhthnrnlnbcd`l

@ssndc`tcng. www.cpdd.dm.

Ihhlcgb, Dm`rlhs, Tthpmhg Ucphr, Qnahrt A`d`stnw, F`rtcg R`mlhg, [cfntmy

Rmnrj, F`rtcg Mhcf`gg, `gk M`rrn Fhcohr. 1552. “Hxdm`gbhs nj @tfnspmhrcd

DN1 `gk 04DN1 wctm tmh [hrrhstrc`l Acnspmhrh `gk Ndh`gs jrnf 032= tn

1555.‖ Xgcvhrscty nj D`lcjnrgc`, T`g Kchbn. Xpk`thk tmrnubm 1552.

mttp?//sdrcppsdn1.udsk.hku/k`t`/k`t`.mtfl.

Imnsl`, Zcgnk, `gk Onmg N–Kngghll. 155:. “Tnl`r Jl`rh? Fìcgb Dn`l Nasnlhth.‖

www.imnsl`vhgturhs.dnf/prhshgt`tcngs/snl`rfi`rh^ffg`l.ppt.

Irubhr, Onshpm, R`ll`dh N`ths, `gk Rcllc`f Uczhr. 1552. “Khdhgtr`lcz`tcng cg tmh

HX Hfcsscngs [r`kcgb Tdmhfh `gk Lhssngs jnr Blna`l Unlcdy.‖ Qhvchw nj

Hgvcrngfhgt`l Hdngnfcds gk Unlcdy 0 (0)? 001—44.

Lnfanrb, Aonrg. 1550. [mh Tihptcd`l Hgvcrngfhgt`lcst? Fh`surcgb tmh Qh`l Tt`thnj tmh Rnrlk . D`farckbh, X.I.? D`farckbh Xgcvhrscty Urhss.



1=1 Brhhgmnush Hfcsscngs `gk Dlcf`th Dm`gbh

‛‛‛. 1552. Dnnl Ct? [mh Tihptcd`l Hgvcrngfhgt`lcst–s Buckh tn Blna`l

R`rfcgb. Ghw Snri? @ljrhk @. Ignpj.

Lnwh, O`sng, Ong`tm`g Brhbnry, Ohjj Qcklhy, Umclcpph Muyarhdmts, Qnahrt

Gcdmnlls, `gk F`ttmhws Dnllcgs. 155:. “[mh Qnlh nj Th`-Lhvhl Qcsh `gk tmh

Brhhgl`gk Cdh Tmhht cg K`gbhrnus Dlcf`th Dm`gbh? Cfplcd`tcngs jnr tmh

Ttàclcz`tcng nj Dlcf`th.‖ Cg @vnckcgb K`gbhrnus Dlcf`th Dm`gbh, hk. M`gs

Tdmhllgmuahr, Rnljb`gb Dr`fhr, Ghanos` Gìcdhgnvcd, [nf Rcblhy, `gkB`ry Snmh, 13—4:. D`farckbh, X.I.? D`farckbh Xgcvhrscty Urhss.

F`gicw, G. Brhbnry. 1552. “Ngh @gswhr tn Blna`l R`rfcgb? @ Ghw [`x.‖

Ghw Snri [cfhs, Thpthfahr 02. www.gytcfhs.dnf/1552/53/0:/

auscghss/0:vchw.mtfl>^r60&`kxggl60&nrhj6slnbcg&`kxgglx60035583

:8:-]3BbfX3_f1LZ2P2Hai;08P.

F`rdmcttn, [mnf`s, Tdntt Lhmf`g, Onshpm Nrtcz, O`dquhlcgh Jlüdicbhr, `gk

@lhx`gkhr v`g Bhhg. 1552. “F`rcgh Q`kcnd`rang Hvckhgdh jnr tmh Fhdm`gcsf

nj Khbl`dc`l @tfnspmhrcd DN1 Qcsh.‖ Tdchgdh 40: (8=45)? 0;8:—83.

FdIcaacg, R`rwcdi, `gk Uhthr Rcldnxhg. 1551. “[mh Qnlh nj Hdngnfcds cg

Dlcf`th Dm`gbh Unlcdy.‖ Onurg`l nj Hdngnfcd Uhrsphdtcvhs 0: (1)? 052—13.

Ghjthl, @., `gk ntmhrs. 033;. “Mcstnrcd`l D`rang Kcnxckh Qhdnrk jrnf tmh Tcplh

Tt`tcng Cdh Dnrh.‖ Xgcvhrscty nj Ahrg, Twctzhrl`gk. Qhpnrthk ay tmh D`rang

Kcnxckh Cgjnrf`tcng @g`lyscs Dhgthr `t mttp?//dkc`d.hsk.nrgl.bnv/jtp/trhgks/dn1/

scplh1.504. Qhpnrthk ay tmh Rnrlk Qhsnurdhs Cgstctuth `t mttp?//h`rtmtrhgks.wrc

.nrb/sh`rdmàlh^ka/cgkhx.pmp>tmhfh64&v`rcàlh^CK6=1&`dtcng6shlhdt^

dnugtrchs.

GN@@ (G`tcng`l Ndh`gcd `gk @tfnspmhrcd @kfcgcstr`tcng). 1552. Blna`l

R`rfcgb . R`smcgbtng, KD? GN@@. mttp?//lwj.gdkd.gn``.bnv/n`/dlcf`th/

blna`lw`rfcgb.mtfl#P0.

Gnrkmùs, Rcllc`f. 1552`. “[mh Dm`llhgbh nj Blna`l R`rfcgb? Hdngnfcd

Fnkhls `gk Hgvcrngfhgt`l Unlcdy.‖ Khp`rtfhgt nj Hdngnfcds, S`lh Xgcvhrscty

(Ouly 1;).

‛‛‛. 1552a. “Drctcd`l @ssufptcngs cg tmh Tthrg Qhvchw ng Dlcf`th Dm`gbh.‖

Tdchgdh 402 (Ouly 04)? 150—51.

‛‛‛. 1552d. “[n [`x nr Gnt tn [`x? @lthrg`tcvh @pprn`dmhs tn Tlnwcgb

Blna`l R`rfcgb.‖ Qhvchw nj Hgvcrngfhgt`l Hdngnfcds gk Unlcdy 0 (0)?

1:—;;.

GTCKD (G`tcng`l Tgnw `gk Cdh K`t` Dhgthr). 1552. “Nvhrvchw nj Durrhgt Th` Cdh

Dngkctcngs.‖ GTCKD, Anulkhr, DN (Thpthfahr 15). mttp?//gsckd.nrb/ghws/ prhss/1552^sh`cdhfcgcfuf/15525=05^cgkhx.mtfl.

Nlfsth`k, Tmhcl`, `gk Qnahrt Tt`vcgs. 155:. “@g Cgthrg`tcng`l Unlcdy @rdmcthdturh

jnr tmh Unst-Iyntn Hr`.‖ @fhrcd`g Hdngnfcd Qhvchw U`phrs gk Urndhhkcgbs

3: (1, F`y)? 48—4=.

Uhtct, O. Q., K. Q`ygùk, D. Lnrcus, O. Onuzhl, B. Khl`ybuh, G. C. A`rinv, `gk

Z. F. Intlyìnv. 1555. “Mcstnrcd`l Csntnpcd [hfphr`turh Qhdnrk jrnf tmh

Znstni Cdh Dnrh.‖ Cg [rhgks? @ Dnfphgkcuf nj K`t` ng Blna`l Dm`gbh.

D`rang Kcnxckh Cgjnrf`tcng @g`lyscs Dhgthr, Nì Qckbh G`tcng`l Lànr`tnry,

X.T. Khp`rtfhgt nj Hghrby, Nì Qckbh, [G. mttp?//dkc`d.nrgl.bnv/trhgks/thfp/

vnstni/onuz^thf.mtf.



Rmhhlhr 1=4

Uczhr, Rcllc`f. 1551. “Dnfacgcgb Urcdh `gk Pu`gtcty Dngtrnls tn Fctcb`th Blna`l

Dlcf`th Dm`gbh.‖ Onurg`l nj Uualcd Hdngnfcds =8 (4)? ;53—4;.

Ungtcg, O`sng. 1552. “Zcgnk Imnsl`? @ Zhthr`g Zhgturh D`pct`lcst–s Ghw Hghrby.‖

FC[ [hdmgnlnby Qhvchw (F`rdm-@prcl). www.thdmgnlnbyrhvchw.dnf/

Hghrby/0=133/.

Pucbbcg, Onmg. 155:. “Tthrg `gk tmh Drctcds ng Kcsdnugtcgb.‖ Tdmnnl nj Hdngnfcds,

Tdmnnl nj Unlctcd`l Tdchgdh `gk Cgthrg`tcng`l Ttukchs, Xgcvhrscty nj Puhhgsl`gk,

@ustr`lc` (Khdhfahr 15).

Q`mfstnrj, Tthj`g. 1552. “@ Thfc-Hfpcrcd`l @pprn`dm tn Urnohdtcgb Juturh

Th`-Lhvhl Qcsh.‖ Tdchgdh 408 (8=05)? 4:=—25.

Thgbupt`, Tnfcgc. 1552. “Th`–s Qcsh cg Cgkc` Aurchs Csl`gks `gk ` R`y nj Lcjh.‖

Ghw Snri [cfhs, @prcl 00. mttp?//shlhdt.gytcfhs.dnf/bst/àstr`dt.mtfl>rhs6J:5

D0;JJ438A5D21=KKK@K5=3;KJ;5;;=1.

Tm`jjhr, B`ry, `gk Onrbh T`rfchgtn. 0338. “Acnbhndmhfcd`l Dydlcgb cg tmh Blna`l

Ndh`g? @ Ghw, @g`lytcd`l Fnkhl wctm Dngtcgunus Zhrtcd`l Qhsnlutcng `gk

Mcbm-L`tctukh Kyg`fcds.‖ Onurg`l nj Bhnpmyscd`l Qhsh rdm 055 (D1)?1:83—21.

Tchbhgtm`lhr, X., `gk J. Onns. 1551. “Xsh nj ` Tcfplh Fnkhl jnr Ttukycgb Ndh`gcd

[r`dhr Kcstrcautcngs `gk tmh Blna`l D`rang Dydlh.‖ [hllus ;;A? 0=:—152.

Tthrg, K`vck. 155;. “[mh Qcsh `gk J`ll nj tmh Hgvcrngfhgt`l Iuzghts Durvh.‖

Rnrlk Khvhlnpfhgt 41 (=)? 0;03—43.

Tthrg, Gcdmnl`s. 155:. Tthrg Qhvchw Qhpnrt ? [mh Hdngnfcds nj Dlcf`th Dm`gbh.

Lngkng? Mhr Fòhsty–s [rh`sury.

[chthgahrb, [nf, `gk K`vck Rmhhlhr. 1550. “Hfpnwhrcgb tmh Dnffugcty?

Cgjnrf`tcng Ttr`thbchs jnr Unllutcng Dngtrnl.‖ Cg Jrngtchrs nj Hgvcrngfhgt`l

Hdngnfcds, hk. Mhgi Jnlfhr. Dmhlthgm`f, X.I.? Hkw`rk Hlb`r.

Rhasthr, Uhthr, B. Mnll`gk, O. Durry, `gk M. Dm`gb. 155:. “Jrhquhgdy, Kur`tcng,

`gk Cgthgscty nj [rnpcd`l Dydlngcd Ttnrfs cg ` R`rfcgb Hgvcrngfhgt.‖

Hcbmty-scxtm `ggu`l @fhrcd`g Fhthnrnlnbcd`l Tndchty fhhtcgb `t tmh

“Hcbmthhgtm Dngjhrhgdh ng Dlcf`th Z`rcàclcty `gk Dm`gbh,‖ @tl`gt`, B@.

O`gu`ry 1=—Jharu`ry 4.

Rmhhlhr, K`vck. 1552. “Rcll tmh Unnr Ah Jlnnkhk Nut> [mh CUDD–s Urhkcdthk

Jlnnk Kcs`sthrs `gk [mhcr Cfplcd`tcngs jnr Khvhlnpfhgt @ck.‖ DBK Gnth

(@prcl). Dhgthr jnr Blna`l Khvhlnpfhgt, R`smcgbtng, KD.

Rmhhlhr, K`vck, `gk Ihvcg Xffhl. 1552. “@gntmhr Cgdngvhgchgt [rutm?

@ D`rang-Cgthgscvh Tnutm J`dhs Hgvcrngfhgt`l Kcs`sthr, Gn F`tthr Rm`t tmh

Gnrtm Knhs.‖ Rnricgb U`phr (Thpthfahr). Dhgthr jnr Blna`l Khvhlnpfhgt,

R`smcgbtng, KD.

Rmhhlhr, K`vck, `gk ntmhrs. 1555. Brhhgcgb Cgkustry? Ghw Qnlhs jnr Dnffugc-

tchs, F`rihts, gk Bnvhrgfhgts. Nxjnrk, X.I.? Nxjnrk Xgcvhrscty Urhss.

RFN (Rnrlk Fhthnrnlnbcd`l Nrb`gcz`tcng). 1552. Rnrlk Rh`tmhr @kvcsnry

Qhpnrt . Bhghv`? RFN.

_cfnv, Thrbhy @., Hkw`rk Tdmuur, `gk J. Ttu`rt Dm`pcg CCC. 155:. “Uhrf`jrnst

`gk tmh Blna`l D`rang Aukbht.‖ Tdchgdh 401 (82=5)? 0:01 —04.



Fhgkhlsnmg 1=8

DM@U[HQ 01Dlcf`th Dm`gbh `gk Hdngnfcd BrnwtmQnahrt Fhgkhlsnmg

[mhrh cs gn quhstcng tm`t tmh dngtcguhk auclkup nj brhhgmnush b`shs wcll

dùsh tmh h`rtm tn w`rf (CUDD 1552d). Mnwhvhr, tmhrh cs dngsckhràlh

kha`th ànut wm`t cs tmh shgscalh pnlcdy rhspngsh tn tmcs prnalhf. Hdngn-

fcsts, whcbmcgb dnsts gk k`f`bhs, kvnd`th a`l`gdhk fctcb`tcng prnbr`f

tm`t st`rts slnwly gk br`ku`lly ahdnfhs fnrh strcdt nvhr tmh dhgtury. Tdchg-

tcsts `gk hgvcrngfhgt`lcsts, cg dngtr`st, `kvnd`th fnrh hxtrhfh gh`r-thrf

fctcb`tcng pnlcdchs. Rmcdm pprn`dm cs jnllnwhk wcll m`vh l`rbh ah`rcgb ng

hdngnfcd brnwtm. [mh a`l`gdhk hdngnfcd `pprn`dm tn tmh prnalhf wcll`kkrhss dlcf`th dm`gbh wctm fcgcf`l rhkudtcngs cg hdngnfcd brnwtm. [mh

fnrh bbrhsscvh tmh gh`r-thrf fctcb`tcng prnbr`f, mnwhvhr, tmh brh`thr tmh

rcsi tm`t dlcf`th dm`gbh wcll slnw lngb-thrf hdngnfcd brnwtm.

Ct smnulk ah ugkhrstnnk tm`t dlcf`th cs gnt stàlh, ugdm`gbcgb pmhgnf-

hg` hvhg wmhg lhjt tn g`tur`l jnrdhs `lngh. [mhrh m`vh ahhg shvhr`l fònr

bl`dc`l phrcnks cg oust tmh l`st fcllcng yh`rs. Fudm nj tmcs phrcnk m`s ahhg scb-

gcffd`gtly dnlkhr tm`g tmh dlcf`th cg tmh l`st 15,555 yh`rs. Cdh dnvhrhk fnst nj

D`g`k` gk Td`gkcg`vc`, gk jrnzhg tugkr` hxthgkhk whll cgtn Ghw Ohrshy

`gk tmh Brh`t Ul`cgs cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths. [mhsh dnlk phrcnks m`vh ahhg qucth

mnstclh, kcsdnur`bcgb muf`gs jrnf lcvcgb cg fudm nj tmh gnrtmhrg p`rts njtmh gnrtmhrg mhfcspmhrh. Cg kkctcng, wctmcg tmhsh lngb bl`dc`l swcgbs, tmhrh



1=: Dlcf`th Dm`gbh `gk Hdngnfcd Brnwtm

cs cgdrh`scgb hvckhgdh tm`t tmhrh m`vh ahhg f`gy phrcnks nj àrupt dlcf`th

dm`gbh (Rhcss `gk Ar`klhy 1550). [mhsh g`tur`l dm`gbhs m`vh m`k fònr

cfp`dts ng p`st dcvclcz`tcngs, dùscgb kr`f`tcd `k`pt`tcngs `gk snfhtcfhs

wmnlhs`lh fcbr`tcngs. Dlcf`th dm`gbh cs gnt ghw. Muf`g-cgkudhk dlcf`th

dm`gbh cs scfply g kkhk kcstura`gdh tn tmcs g`tur`l v`rc`tcng.

[mh mh`rt nj tmh kha`th ànut dlcf`th dm`gbh dnfhs jrnf gufhrnus

w`rgcgbs jrnf sdchgtcsts `gk ntmhrs tm`t bcvh tmh cfprhsscng tm`t muf`g-

cgkudhk dlcf`th dm`gbh cs `g cffhkc`th tmrh`t tn sndchty (CUDD 1552`,

1552d9 Tthrg 155:). Fcllcngs nj phnplh fcbmt ah vulghràlh tn mh`ltm

hjjhdts (CUDD 1552`), drnp prnkudtcng fcbmt j`ll cg tmh lnw l`tctukhs (CUDD

1552`), w`thr supplchs fcbmt kwcgklh (CUDD 1552`), prhdcpct`tcng fcbmt

j`ll cg `rck rhbcngs (CUDD 1552`), hxtrhfh hvhgts wcll brnw hxpnghgtc`lly

(Tthrg 155:), `gk ahtwhhg 15 `gk 45 phrdhgt nj sphdchs wcll rcsi hxtcgdtcng

(CUDD 1552`). Hvhg wnrsh, tmhrh f`y ah d`t`strnpmcd hvhgts sudm `s tmh

fhltcgb nj Brhhgl`gk nr @gt`rdtcd cdh smhhts, dùscgb shvhrh sh`-lhvhl rcsh,

wmcdm wnulk cgugk`th mugkrhks nj fcllcngs nj phnplh (K`sbupt` gk ntmhrs1553). Urnpnghgts `rbuh tm`t tmhrh cs gn tcfh tn w`sth. Xglhss brhhgmnush

b`shs `rh dut kr`f`tcd`lly tnk`y, hdngnfcd brnwtm `gk whll-ahcgb f`y ah

`t rcsi (Tthrg 155:).

[mhsh st`thfhgts `rh l`rbhly `l`rfcst `gk fcslh`kcgb. @ltmnubm dlcf`th

dm`gbh cs ` shrcnus prnalhf tm`t khshrvhs `tthgtcng, sndchty–s cffhkc`th

ahm`vcnr m`s g hxtrhfhly lnw prnaàclcty nj lh`kcgb tn d`t`strnpmcd dngsh-

quhgdhs. [mh sdchgdh `gk hdngnfcds nj dlcf`th dm`gbh `rh qucth dlh`r tm`t

hfcsscngs nvhr tmh ghxt jhw khd`khs wcll lh`k tn ngly fclk dngshquhgdhs.

[mh shvhrh cfp`dts prhkcdthk ay l`rfcsts rhqucrh dhgtury (nr twn, `ddnrk-

cgb tn Tthrg 155:) nj gn fctcb`tcng. F`gy nj tmh prhkcdthk cfp`dts `ssufhtm`t tmhrh wcll ah gn nr lcttlh `k`pt`tcng. [mh ght hdngnfcd cfp`dts jrnf

dlcf`th dm`gbh nvhr tmh ghxt 85 yh`rs wcll ah sf`ll rhb`rklhss. Fnst nj tmh

fnrh shvhrh cfp`dts wcll tìh fnrh tm`g ` dhgtury nr hvhg ` fcllhggcuf

tn ugjnlk, `gk f`gy nj tmhsh “pnthgtc`l‖ cfp`dts wcll ghvhr nddur ahdùsh

phnplh wcll `k`pt. Ct cs gnt `t `ll `pp`rhgt tm`t cffhkc`th `gk kr`f`tcd

pnlcdchs ghhk tn ah khvhlnphk tn tmw`rt lngb-r`gbh dlcf`th rcsis. Rm`t cs

ghhkhk `rh lngb-rug a`l`gdhk rhspngshs.

Cg j`dt, tmh fctcb`tcng pl`gs nj f`gy `l`rfcsts wnulk pnsh ` shrcnus

rcsi tn hdngnfcd brnwtm. [mh f`rbcg`l dnst jugdtcng nj fctcb`tcng cs vhry

sthhp, hsphdc`lly cg tmh smnrt rug. Kr`f`tcd cffhkc`th pnlcdchs tn rhkudhbrhhgmnush b`s hfcsscngs wnulk ah vhry dnstly. Jurtmhr, ay rusmcgb cgtn

rhbul`tcngs cg ` p`gcd, ct cs vhry lcihly tm`t ghw prnbr`fs wnulk gnt ah

khscbghk hjffdchgtly. [mh brh`thst tmrh`t tm`t dlcf`th dm`gbh pnshs tn hdn-

gnfcd brnwtm cs tm`t tmh wnrlk wcll knpt dnstly gk cghjffdchgt fctcb`tcng

pnlcdy tm`t pl`dhs ` mubh kr`b ng tmh blna`l hdngnfy.

Hjffdchgt Unlcdy

[mh ckh`l brhhgmnush b`s pnlcdy fcgcfczhs tmh suf nj tmh prhshgt v`luh njfctcb`tcng dnsts plus dlcf`th k`f`bhs (Gnrkmùs 0331). [mcs cfplchs tm`t



Fhgkhlsnmg 1=2

tmh f`rbcg`l dnst nj fctcb`tcng smnulk ah hqu`l tn tmh prhshgt v`luh nj tmh

f`rbcg`l k`f`bhs jrnf dlcf`th dm`gbh. [mh f`bgctukh `gk shvhrcty nj

fctcb`tcng prnbr`fs khphgk ng tmh f`bgctukh `gk shvhrcty nj dlcf`th

cfp`dts. Fctcb`tcng `lsn khphgks ng mnw hxphgscvh ct cs tn dngtrnl brhhg-

mnush b`s hfcsscngs.

Ahdùsh f`rbcg`l k`f`bhs rcsh s brhhgmnush b`shs dduful`th, tmh nptc-

f`l pnlcdy cs kyg`fcd, brnwcgb strcdthr nvhr tcfh (Gnrkmùs 155=). Hfcs-

scng lcfcts smnulk ah fclk `t ffrst `gk br`ku`lly ahdnfh fnrh shvhrh. Nvhr

tmh lngb rug, duful`tcvh hfcsscngs `rh strngbly durt`clhk. Aut tmcs nptcf`l

pnlcdy rhkudhs hfcsscngs cg tmh shdngk m`lj nj tmh dhgtury fnrh tm`g cg

tmh ffrst. U`rtly, tmcs kyg`fcd pnlcdy rhfihdts tmh sdchgdh nj dlcf`th dm`gbh9

k`f`bhs `rh hxphdthk tn brnw wctm tmh dngdhgtr`tcng nj brhhgmnush b`shs.

U`rtly, tmcs kyg`fcd pnlcdy rhfihdts tmh kcsdnugt r`th9 cffhkc`th dnsts `gk

k`f`bhs rh hxphdthk tn m`vh mcbmhr v`luh tm`g juturh dnsts gk k`f`bhs.

U`rtly, tmcs kyg`fcd pnlcdy rhfihdts tmh j`dt tm`t thdmgcd`l dm`gbh cs bncgb tn

cfprnvh nur àclcty tn dngtrnl brhhgmnush b`shs nvhr tcfh. Qhsnurdhs tm`t`rh s`vhk jnr tmh juturh d`g ah cgvhsthk cg ahtthr thdmgnlnbchs tm`t wcll ah

fnrh hjjhdtcvh `t rhkudcgb tngs nj hfcsscngs.

Dlcf`th Dm`gbh Cfp`dts

Hdngnfcd rhsh`rdm ng dlcf`th cfp`dts m`s lngb rhvh`lhk tm`t ngly lcfcthk

jr`dtcng nj tmh f`riht hdngnfy cs vulghràlh tn dlcf`th dm`gbh? `brcdul-

turh, dn`st`l rhsnurdhs, hghrby, jnrhstry, tnurcsf, `gk w`thr (Uh`rdh `gk

ntmhrs 033:). [mhsh shdtnrs fìh up anut 8 phrdhgt nj tmh blna`l hdngnfy,

`gk tmhcr sm`rh cs hxphdthk tn smrcgi nvhr tcfh. Dngshquhgtly, hvhg cj dlc-

f`th dm`gbh turgs nut tn ah l`rbh, tmhrh cs ` lcfct tn mnw fudm k`f`bh

dlcf`th d`g kn tn tmh hdngnfy. Fnst shdtnrs nj tmh blna`l hdngnfy rh gnt

dlcf`th shgsctcvh.

Nj dnursh, tmh hdngnfchs nj snfh dnugtrchs `rh fnrh vulghràlh tn

dlcf`th dm`gbh tm`g tmh blna`l `vhr`bh. Khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs cg bhghr`l

m`vh ` l`rbh sm`rh nj tmhcr hdngnfchs cg `brcdulturh `gk jnrhstry. [mhy

`lsn thgk tn ah lnd`thk cg tmh lnw l`tctukhs wmhrh tmh cfp`dts ng tmhsh

shdtnrs wcll ah tmh fnst shvhrh. [mh lnw l`tctukhs thgk tn ah tnn mnt jnrtmh fnst prnfftàlh `brcdultur`l `dtcvctchs, `gk `gy jurtmhr w`rfcgb wcll

jurtmhr rhkudh prnkudtcvcty. Xp tn =5 phrdhgt nj tmh k`f`bhs jrnf dlc-

f`th dm`gbh f`y ah dngdhgtr`thk cg lnw-l`tctukh dnugtrchs (Fhgkhlsnmg,

Kcg`r, `gk Rcllc`fs 155:).

Tnfh k`f`bhs jrnf dlcf`th dm`gbh wcll gnt `jjhdt tmh blna`l hdngnfy,

aut wcll scfply rhkudh tmh qu`lcty nj lcjh. Hdnsysthf dm`gbh wcll rhsult cg

f`sscvh smcjts rnugk tmh pl`ght. Tnfh nj tmhsh smcjts rh lrh`ky rhfihdthk cg

`brcdulturh gk tcfahr, aut tmhy bn ahyngk tmh cfp`dts ng tmhsh f`riht shd-

tnrs. U`ris `gk ntmhr dngshrv`tcng `rh`s wcll dm`gbh. @gcf`ls wcll dm`gbh

tmhcr r`gbh. Hgk`gbhrhk sphdchs f`y ah lnst. @ltmnubm tmhsh cfp`dts lcihlywcll lh`k tn lnsshs nj gngf`riht bnnks, ct cs m`rk tn ignw wm`t v`luh tn



1== Dlcf`th Dm`gbh `gk Hdngnfcd Brnwtm

`sscbg tn tmhsh hjjhdts. @gntmhr cfpnrt`gt sht nj gngf`riht cfp`dts cgvnlvhs

mh`ltm hjjhdts. Mh`t strhss f`y cgdrh`sh. Zhdtnr-anrgh kcsh`shs f`y hxthgk

ahyngk durrhgt r`gbhs. Hxtrhfh hvhgts dnulk tmrh`thg lcvhs. @ll nj tmhsh

dm`gbhs dnulk pnthgtc`lly jjhdt f`gy phnplh cj wh kn gnt k`pt. Mnwhvhr,

ct cs lcihly tm`t pualcd mh`ltm cgthrvhgtcngs dnulk fcgcfczh f`gy nj tmhsh

rcsis. F`gy vhdtnr-anrgh kcsh`shs `rh `lrh`ky dngtrnllhk `t rhl`tcvhly lnw

dnst cg khvhlnphk dnugtrchs. Mh`t strhss d`g ah rhkudhk wctm ` fnkcduf nj

prhvhgtcvh fh`surhs. Kh`tms jrnf hxtrhfh hvhgts d`g ah rhkudhk ay fcx-

turh nj prhvhgtcng `gk rhlchj prnbr`fs. @s tmh wnrlk khvhlnps, ct cs lcihly

tm`t tmhsh rcsis f`y cgvnlvh mcbmhr prhvhgtcng dnsts, aut gnt ghdhss`rcly

l`rbh lnsshs nj lcjh. Jurtmhr, wcgthrs lh`k tn mcbmhr fnrt`lcty r`ths tm`g suf-

fhrs, sn w`rfcgb f`y m`vh lcttlh ght hjjhdt ng mh`ltm.

@brcdultur`l stukchs cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths subbhst tm`t tmh cfp`dts nj dlcf`th

dm`gbh cg fck-l`tctukh dnugtrchs `rh lcihly tn ah ahghffdc`l jnr fnst nj tmh

dhgtury `gk tn ahdnfh m`rfjul ngly tnw`rk tmh hgk nj tmh dhgtury (@k`fs

`gk ntmhrs 03359 Fhgkhlsnmg, Gnrkmùs, gk Tm`w 033;). Cg dngtr`st, tmhrhwcll ah m`rfjul cfp`dts ng `brcdulturh cg @jrcd`g dnugtrchs (Iuruiul`surcy`

`gk Fhgkhlsnmg 155=d), L`tcg @fhrcd`g dnugtrchs (Thn `gk Fhgkhlsnmg

155=d), gk Dmcg` (R`gb gk ntmhrs 1553) st`rtcgb lfnst cffhkc`thly gk

rcscgb wctm w`rfcgb. [mh nvhr`ll sczh nj tmhsh cfp`dts cs sf`llhr tm`g h`r-

lchr `g`lyshs prhkcdthk ahdùsh nj tmh cfpnrt`gdh nj `k`pt`tcng. Crrcb`tcng

(Iuruiul`surcy` `gk Fhgkhlsnmg 155=a), drnp dmncdh (Iuruiul`surcy` `gk

Fhgkhlsnmg 155=`9 Thn `gk Fhgkhlsnmg 155=a9 R`gb `gk ntmhrs 1553),

`gk lcvhstndi sphdchs dmncdh (Thn `gk Fhgkhlsnmg 155=`) `ll pl`y ` rnlh cg

rhkudcgb dlcf`th cfp`dts. [mhsh stukchs kndufhgt tm`t j`rfhrs `rh `lrh`ky

uscgb `ll nj tmhsh fhtmnks tn `k`pt tn dlcf`th cg @jrcd`, L`tcg @fhrcd`,`gk Dmcg`.

Ntmhr shdtnrs tm`t whrh nrcbcg`lly hxphdthk tn ah k`f`bhk cgdlukh tcf-

ahr, w`thr, hghrby, dn`sts, gk rhdrh`tcng. Jnrhstry fnkhls rh gnw prnohdt-

cgb sf`ll ahghffts cg tmh tcfahr shdtnr jrnf cgdrh`shk prnkudtcvcty `s trhhs

rhspngk pnsctcvhly tn ` w`rfhr, whtthr, d`rang kcnxckh (DN1)—hgrcdmhk

wnrlk (Tnmgbhg, Fhgkhlsnmg, `gk Thkon 1551). R`thr fnkhls thgk tn

prhkcdt k`f`bh `s finws cg fònr rcvhrs khdlcgh. Mnwhvhr, tmh sczh nj tmh

hdngnfcd k`f`bhs d`g ah brh`tly rhkudhk ay `llnd`tcgb tmh rhf`cgcgb

w`thr hjffdchgtly (Murk `gk ntmhrs 03339 Lugk `gk ntmhrs 155:). Hghrby

fnkhls prhkcdt tm`t tmh cgdrh`shk dnst nj dnnlcgb wcll hxdhhk tmh rhkudhkhxphgkcturhs ng mh`tcgb (F`gsur, Fhgkhlsnmg, `gk Fnrrcsng 155=). Thv-

hr`l bhnbr`pmcd stukchs nj sh`-lhvhl rcsh m`vh `ssufhk tm`t tmhrh wcll ah

l`rbh dn`st`l lnsshs jrnf cgugk`tcng (K`sbupt` `gk ntmhrs 15539 Gcdmnlls

155;). Mnwhvhr, d`rhjul hdngnfcd stukchs nj dn`st`l `rh`s subbhst tm`t

fnst mcbm-v`luhk dn`sts wcll ah prnthdthk (Ghuf`gg gk Lcvhs`y 15509 Gb

`gk Fhgkhlsnmg 1558). [mh dnst nj m`rk strudturhs auclt nvhr tmh khd`khs

`s sh` lhvhls rcsh wcll ah lhss tm`g tmh dnst nj cgugk`tcng tn ura`g pnpul`-

tcngs. Ngly lhss-khvhlnphk dn`st`l `rh`s `rh `t rcsi nj cgugk`tcng (Gb `gk

Fhgkhlsnmg 155:). Cgctc`l stukchs nj rhdrh`tcng fh`surhk tmh lnsshs tn tmhsic cgkustry nj w`rfcgb (Tfctm `gk [crpì 03=3). Tuashquhgt stukchs nj



Fhgkhlsnmg 1=3

rhdrh`tcng, mnwhvhr, gnthk tm`t suffhr rhdrh`tcng cs suast`gtc`lly l`rbhr

tm`g wcgthr rhdrh`tcng `gk wnulk cgdrh`sh wctm w`rfcgb (Lnnfcs `gk

Drhspc 03339 Fhgkhlsnmg `gk F`rinwsic 0333). [mh ght hjjhdt ng rhdrh-

`tcng cs tmhrhjnrh lcihly tn ah ahghffdc`l.

@s hdngnfcd rhsh`rdm ng cfp`dts m`s cfprnvhk, tmh f`bgctukh nj prn-

ohdthk k`f`bhs jrnf dlcf`th dm`gbh m`s j`llhg. H`rly hstcf`ths prnohdthk

tm`t ` knualcgb nj brhhgmnush b`shs wnulk ychlk k`f`bhs hqu`l tn 1 phr-

dhgt nj brnss knfhstcd prnkudt (BKU) ay 1055 (Uh`rdh `gk ntmhrs 033:).

Fnrh rhdhgt `g`lyshs nj cfp`dts subbhst tm`t k`f`bhs `rh ànut `g nrkhr

nj f`bgctukh sf`llhr (dlnshr tn 5.1 phrdhgt nj BKU9 Fhgkhlsnmg `gk

Rcllc`fs 155;9 [nl 1551`, 1551a). [mh rh`sng tm`t k`f`bhs m`vh ahhg

smrcgicgb cs tm`t tmh h`rly stukchs (`) kck gnt `lw`ys tìh cgtn `ddnugt

snfh nj tmh ahghffts nj w`rfcgb jnr `brcdulturh, tcfahr, `gk tnurcsf,

(a) kck gnt cgthbr`th `k`pt`tcng, `gk (d) v`luhk dlcf`th dm`gbh `b`cgst

tmh durrhgt hdngnfy. @t lh`st wctm sf`ll `fnugts nj dlcf`th dm`gbh, tmh

ahghffts `pph`r tn ah nj tmh s`fh f`bgctukh `s tmh k`f`bhs. Ngly wmhgdlcf`th dm`gbh hxdhhks 1µD (khbrhhs Dhlscus) wcll tmhrh ah ght k`f`bhs.

F`gy h`rly stukchs ssufhk tm`t vcdtcfs wnulk gnt dm`gbh tmhcr ahm`vcnr

cg rhspngsh tn sust`cghk k`f`bhs. Fnrh rhdhgt stukchs m`vh smnwg tm`t

` brh`t kh`l nj `k`pt`tcng cs hgknbhgnus. Cj bnvhrgfhgt prnbr`fs `lsn

suppnrt hjffdchgt `k`pt`tcngs, tmh f`bgctukh nj k`f`bhs wcll j`ll kr`f`tc-

d`lly. Jcg`lly, ay hx`fcgcgb tmh hjjhdt nj dlcf`th dm`gbh ng tmh durrhgt

hdngnfy, h`rly rhsh`rdmhrs f`kh twn fcstìhs. Jcrst, tmhy nvhrhstcf`thk

tmh rhl`tcvh juturh sczh nj shdtnrs tm`t rh shgsctcvh tn dlcf`th, sudm s brc-

dulturh. Thdngk, tmhy ugkhrhstcf`thk tmh sczh nj tmh juturh hdngnfy cg

bhghr`l rhl`tcvh tn dlcf`th hjjhdts.Hdngnfcd `g`lyshs nj cfp`dts `lsn rhvh`l tm`t tmhy jnllnw ` kyg`fcd

p`tm, cgdrh`scgb rnubmly ay tmh squ`rh nj thfphr`turh dm`gbh (Fhgkhlsnmg

`gk Rcllc`fs 15529 [nl 1551a). [mh dm`gbhs nvhr tmh ghxt jhw khd`khs

`rh hxphdthk tn rhsult cg ngly sf`ll ght hjjhdts. Fnst nj tmh k`f`bhs jrnf

dlcf`th dm`gbh nvhr tmh ghxt 055 yh`rs wcll nddur l`th cg tmh dhgtury. [mhsh

rhsults ngdh b`cg suppnrt tmh nptcf`l pnlcdy nj st`rtcgb slnwly wctm rhbul`-

tcng nj dlcf`th dm`gbh `gk cgdrh`scgb tmh strcdtghss nj rhbul`tcng br`ku`lly

nvhr tcfh.

Cg dngtr`st tn tmh lcthr`turh ng hdngnfcd cfp`dts, tmh Tthrg rhpnrt prh-

kcdts l`rbh k`f`bhs (Tthrg 155:). Mnwhvhr, fnst nj tmh lnsshs kht`clhkcg tmh Tthrg rhpnrt wcll nddur cg tmh twhgty-shdngk dhgtury. Tthrg `rbuhs

tm`t tmhsh k`f`bhs `rh hqucv`lhgt tn lnscgb 8 phrdhgt nj BKU ` yh`r st`rt-

cgb cffhkc`thly. Mnwhvhr, tmh `rbufhgt cs a`shk ng ` j`lsh `ssufptcng

tm`t tmh kcsdnugt r`th cs gh`r zhrn. Mh `rbuhs tm`t tmh ngly rh`sng tn kcs-

dnugt jnr tcfh `t `ll cs ahdùsh tmhrh cs ` pnsscaclcty tm`t tmh h`rtm wcll ah

khstrnyhk ay g sthrnck. [mcs ssufptcng m`s ahhg mh`vcly drctcdczhk cg tmh

hdngnfcds lcthr`turh ahdùsh ct fìhs gn hdngnfcd shgsh (K`sbupt` 155=9

Gnrkmùs 1552). Tthrg `lsn t`lis ànut tmh cfpnrt`gdh nj `k`pt`tcng,

aut bcvhs lcttlh drhkhgdh tn `gy cfp`dt stukchs tm`t cgdlukh `k`pt`tcng. CgTthrg–s khjhgsh, mh knhs tìh cgtn `ddnugt ugdhrt`cgty `gk lnw-prnaàclcty,



135 Dlcf`th Dm`gbh `gk Hdngnfcd Brnwtm

mcbm-dngshquhgdh hvhgts. Mnwhvhr, cg bhghr`l, mh thgks tn nvhrhstcf`th

tmh hxphdthk v`luh nj tmhsh cfp`dts. Jnr hx`fplh, mh `ssufhs tm`t dlcf`th

dm`gbh wcll dùsh hxtrhfh hvhgts tn brnw hxpnghgtc`lly. [mcs cs ` fcscg-

thrprht`tcng nj k`t` ng mcstnrcd k`f`bhs jrnf hxtrhfh hvhgts tm`t `rh kuh

tn hdngnfcd brnwtm, gnt dlcf`th (Uchlih `gk Knwgtnwg 15559 Uchlih `gk

L`gksh` 033=).

[mh dngshquhgdhs nj d`t`strnpmcd hvhgts `rh pnsscaly qucth shvhrh. Cj

tmhrh cs l`rbh-sd`lh fhltcgb nj tmh Brhhgl`gk cdh smhhts nr Rhst @gt`rdtcd`,

sh` lhvhls wcll rcsh kr`f`tcd`lly, hsphdc`lly `jthr shvhr`l dhgturchs. [mhrh cs

gn quhstcng tm`t f`gicgk wnulk ah jnrdhk tn rhtrh`t jrnf rcscgb sh`s `gk

auclk ghw dctchs cgl`gk. Mnwhvhr, bcvhg tmh lngb tcfh jr`fh cgvnlvhk, ct cs

gnt dlh`r tm`t tmh dnst nj sudm ` f`sscvh rhlnd`tcng wnulk ah `s kr`f`tcd

`s ct fcbmt `t ffrst shhf. [mhrh cs gn quhstcng tm`t tmh l`gk `lngb tmh dn`st

wnulk ah lnst. Aut ghw dn`st`l l`gk wnulk pph`r, sn wm`t cs dtu`lly lnst cs

cgthrcnr l`gk. Auclkcgbs wnulk gnt rh`lly ah lnst, `s ghw dctchs wnulk ah auclt

cg `gtcdcp`tcng nj rcscgb sh`s. Nlkhr dctchs `lngb tmh nlk dn`st wnulk br`ku-`lly ah khprhdc`thk ugtcl tmhy rh a`gknghk. @ltmnubm tmcs f`y shhf lcih

mubh lnss, fnst nj tmh auclkcgbs auclt 855 yh`rs bn gn lngbhr hxcst. Jcg`lly,

ct cs ugdhrt`cg wmhtmhr d`t`strnpmcd hvhgts wcll nddur. [mhsh k`f`bhs fust

ah whcbmhk ay tmh lnw prnaàclcty tm`t tmhy wcll nddur.

Fctcb`tcng Dnsts

[mh lcthr`turh ng fctcb`tcng prhkcdts ` wckh r`gbh nj dnsts. Ng tmh fnrh

nptcfcstcd sckh, v`rcnus anttnf-up hgbcghhrcgb stukchs subbhst tm`t fct-cb`tcng f`y ah cghxphgscvh. Tnfh stukchs `rbuh tm`t ngh dnulk hvhg

stàclczh brhhgmnush b`s dngdhgtr`tcngs `t ghb`tcvh dnsts (CUDD 1552a).

[mh hgbcghhrcgb stukchs subbhst tm`t ngh dnulk rhkudh hfcsscngs ay 15

tn 4= phrdhgt ay 1545 jnr `s lcttlh `s $85 phr tng nj DN1 (CUDD 1552a).

@ suphr-nptcfcstcd thdmgcd`l dm`gbh d`fp hvhg `rbuhs tm`t hfcsscngs

dnulk ah dut 25 phrdhgt ay 1585 jnr `s lcttlh `s $85 phr tng nj DN 1

(Tthrg 155:).

[mh hfpcrcd`l hdngnfcd lcthr`turh subbhsts tm`t fctcb`tcng dnst jugdtcngs

`rh prcdh cghl`stcd (Rhy`gt `gk Mcll 0333). Xscgb tnk`y–s thdmgnlnby, tmh

`vhr`bh à`thfhgt dnst jnr ` 25 phrdhgt rhkudtcng cg d`rang cg tmh hghrbyshdtnr cs hstcf`thk tn ah ànut $;55 phr tng nj DN1 (@gkhrsng 155:). [mh

smnrt-rug fctcb`tcng jugdtcng cs vhry prcdh cghl`stcd. [mh lngb rug cs lhss

dlh`r. Rctm tcfh, ct cs hxphdthk tm`t tmh smnrt-rug f`rbcg`l dnst durvh jnr

fctcb`tcng wcll fi`tthg. Mnwhvhr, wmhtmhr ct hvhr bhts `s fi`t `s prnohdthk ay

tmh nptcfcstcd hgbcghhrcgb fnkhls cs gnt dlh`r.

@g cghl`stcd smnrt-rug f`rbcg`l dnst jugdtcng cfplchs tm`t l`rbh rhkud-

tcngs nj hfcsscngs cg tmh smnrt rug wcll ah vhry hxphgscvh. [mhrh scfply cs gn

cghxphgscvh w`y tn rhkudh hfcsscngs sm`rply cg tmh smnrt rug. Qhghwàlh

hghrby snurdhs sudm `s mykrnhlhdtrcdcty m`vh l`rbhly ahhg hxmùsthk. Tnl`r`gk wcgk pnwhr `rh hxphgscvh hxdhpt cg ckh`l lnd`tcngs `gk dcrdufst`gdhs.



Fhgkhlsnmg 130

Ntmhr str`thbchs sudm `s smcjtcgb jrnf dn`l tn g`tur`l b`s d`g wnri ngly cg

tmh smnrt rug, `s tmhy dùsh fnrh r`pck khplhtcng nj g`tur`l b`s supplchs.

Cg tmh smnrt rug, ` rusmhk pualcd pnlcdy cs lcihly tn ah cghjffdchgt. Ct wcll

lcihly hxhfpt fònr pnlluthrs, `s Hurnph gnw knhs wctm dn`l. Zhry jhw

g`tcng`l fctcb`tcng prnbr`fs rhbul`th hvhry snurdh nj hfcsscngs. Fnst

dnugtrchs m`vh snubmt tn rhkudh hfcsscngs cg ngly ` g`rrnw shdtnr nj tmh

g`tcng`l hdngnfy. Qusmhk prnbr`fs wcll lcihly cgvhst cg sphdcffd thdmgnln-

bchs tm`t `rh cghjjhdtcvh, sudm `s tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths m`s kngh wctm htm`gnl.

Htm`gnl prnkudhs `s fudm brhhgmnush b`s `s b`snlcgh. [mh cghl`stcdcty nj

tmh f`rbcg`l dnst jugdtcng cfplchs tm`t fctcb`tcng prnbr`fs tm`t `rh gnt

`pplchk ugcvhrs`lly wcll ah vhry w`sthjul. Qhbul`thk pnlluthrs wcll sphgk lnt

tn hlcfcg`th ` scgblh tng, wmclh ugrhbul`thk pnlluthrs wcll sphgk gntmcgb.

Xgcvhrs`l p`rtcdcp`tcng `lsn rhqucrhs tm`t `ll fònr hfcttcgb dnugtrchs ah

cgdlukhk. [mh scbg`tnry dnugtrchs tm`t lcfct hfcsscngs ugkhr tmh hxcstcgb

cgthrg`tcng`l Iyntn `brhhfhgt `rh rhspngscalh jnr ngly ànut ngh-qu`rthr

nj blna`l hfcsscngs. [mh Xgcthk Tt`ths `gk Dmcg` bhghr`th `gntmhr m`ljnj hfcsscngs, `gk `ll tmh rhf`cgcgb khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs hfct `pprnxc-

f`thly tmh ntmhr qu`rthr. Rmhrh`s Iyntn dnugtrchs `rh ahbcggcgb tn sphgk

rhsnurdhs ng fctcb`tcng, gng-Iyntn dnugtrchs sphgk lcttlh tn gntmcgb. Hvhg

wctmcg tmh Iyntn dnugtrchs, f`gy dnugtrchs rh j`clcgb tn rh`dm tmhcr t`rbhts.

Ay j`clcgb tn bht ugcvhrs`l pplcd`tcng nj rhbul`tcngs, tmh durrhgt rhbul`tcngs

`rh ugghdhss`rcly w`sthjul. Rctmnut gh`r ugcvhrs`l p`rtcdcp`tcng, tmh dnst

nj fctcb`tcng knualhs (Gnrkmùs 155=). Cg j`dt, tmh durrhgt Iyntn trh`ty

cs sn cghjjhdtcvh tm`t blna`l hfcsscngs `rh rcscgb `t tmh p`dh prhkcdthk wctm

gn fctcb`tcng `t `ll. Blna`l DN1 hfcsscngs cg 155: whrh =.; bcb`tngs nj

d`rang (BtD).Tthrg `gk ntmhr dlcf`th `kvnd`ths rhdnffhgk cffhkc`thly pl`dcgb

strcdt rhbul`tcngs ng hfcsscngs. Tthrg rhdnffhgks rhbul`tcngs tm`t wnulk

cgdrh`sh tmh f`rbcg`l dnst nj hfcsscngs tn $455 phr tng nj DN1. [mh strcdthr

rhbul`tcngs wnulk rhkudh hfcsscngs ay ;5 BtD yh`r (25 phrdhgt) ay 1585.

Cj tmh f`rbcg`l dnst knhs gnt j`ll, tmcs prnbr`f wcll dnst $0.1 trcllcng ` yh`r

ay 1585. Nj dnursh, ct cs lcihly tm`t lngb-thrf f`rbcg`l dnsts wcll ah lnwhr

`s ` rhsult nj thdmgcd`l dm`gbh. @ssufcgb tm`t dnsts j`ll ay 0 phrdhgt ` yh`r,

tmh f`rbcg`l dnst wnulk j`ll tn $155 phr tng nj DN1 ay 1585. [mh nvhr`ll

dnst nj tmh Tthrg prnbr`f wnulk ah $=55 acllcng yh`r cg 1585. [mh prhshgt

v`luh nj fctcb`tcng dnsts cg tmh Tthrg prnbr`f cs hstcf`thk tn ah $1= trcllcng(Gnrkmùs 155=).

[mh nptcf`l rhbul`tcngs tm`t fcgcfczh tmh prhshgt v`luh nj dlcf`th

k`f`bhs `gk fctcb`tcng dnsts `rh fnrh fnkhst. [mhy wnulk ahbcg wctm

prcdhs dlnshr tn $15 phr tng nj DN1 `gk tmhg rcsh tn $=8 phr tng ay

1585 (Gnrkmùs 155=). [m`t wnulk lh`k tn ` 18 phrdhgt rhkudtcng cg

brhhgmnush b`shs ay 1585 r`tmhr tm`g tmh 25 phrdhgt rhkudtcng cg tmh

Tthrg prnbr`f. [mh prhshgt v`luh nj tmh blna`l fctcb`tcng dnsts nj tmh

nptcf`l prnbr`f tmcs dhgtury cs hstcf`thk tn ah $1 trcllcng (Gnrkmùs

155=). [mhsh dnsts `rh `g nrkhr nj f`bgctukh lhss tm`g tmh dnst nj tmhTthrg prnbr`f.



131 Dlcf`th Dm`gbh `gk Hdngnfcd Brnwtm

Dngdluscngs

[mcs dm`pthr `rbuhs tm`t tmh cfp`dts jrnf dlcf`th dm`gbh `rh gnt lcihly tn

`jjhdt blna`l hdngnfcd brnwtm nvhr tmh ghxt ;5 yh`rs. [mh sczh nj dlcf`th

dm`gbh kurcgb tmcs phrcnk cs prnohdthk tn ah tnn sf`ll tn m`vh fudm nj `

blna`l ght cfp`dt. Cg tmh shdngk m`lj nj tmh dhgtury, w`rfcgb wcll ah l`rbh

hgnubm tn khthdt, aut hvhg ay 1055, tmh ggu`l ght f`riht cfp`dts rh prh-

kcdthk tn ah ahtwhhg 5.0 gk 5.8 phrdhgt nj BKU. [mhsh cfp`dts rh scfply

gnt l`rbh hgnubm tn `jjhdt hdngnfcd brnwtm tmcs dhgtury.

D`t`strnpmcd dlcf`th dm`gbh dnulk cfpnsh l`rbh ggu`l lnsshs ng sndchty.

Mnwhvhr, sudm hvhgts durrhgtly m`vh ` lnw prnaàclcty `gk wcll nddur j`r

cgtn tmh juturh. Ct cs gnt shlj-hvckhgt tm`t fnrh kr`f`tcd fctcb`tcng pnlc-

dchs `rh tmh fnst `pprnprc`th tnnl wctm wmcdm tn `kkrhss lnw-prnaàclcty,

mcbm-dngshquhgdh hvhgts. Ct cs gnt dlh`r mnw fudm fctcb`tcng wnulk dm`gbh

tmh prnaàclctchs nj tmhsh hvhgts nddurrcgb. Thdngk, ` tnnl tm`t cs fnrh fihx-

calh `gk cffhkc`th wnulk ah fnrh hjjhdtcvh. Rm`t cs ghhkhk cs ` tnnl tm`tdnulk ah cfplhfhgthk ngdh ct cs dlh`r tm`t ` d`t`strnpmcd hvhgt cs `dtu`lly

ugkhr w`y. Bhnhgbcghhrcgb‛shhkcgb tmh upphr tfnspmhrh wctm p`rtcdlhs‛

`pph`rs tn ah ` ahtthr str`thby jnr m`gklcgb d`t`strnpmcd hvhgts tm`g fctcb`-

tcng. Tndchty d`g dmnnsh tn hgb`bh cg bhnhgbcghhrcgb ngly cj ct cs dlh`r tm`t

d`t`strnpmh cs cffcghgt. Bhnhgbcghhrcgb cs rhl`tcvhly cghxphgscvh. Aut fnst

cfpnrt`gt, ct cs cffhkc`th `gk d`g rhvhrsh tmh dngshquhgdhs nj khd`khs nj

brhhgmnush b`shs cg f`tthr nj ` jhw whhis. Jcg`lly, bhnhgbcghhrcgb cs fihx-

calh. [mh p`rtcdlhs wcll j`ll tn h`rtm cg ` f`tthr nj ` jhw fngtms. [mhrh `rh,

nj dnursh, hgvcrngfhgt`l dngdhrgs wctm cgthgtcng`lly f`g`bcgb tmh h`rtm–s

dlcf`th. Rh ghhk tn lh`rg fnrh ànut wm`t tmnsh dngshquhgdhs fcbmt ah.Mnwhvhr, j`dhk wctm tmh pnsscaclcty nj ` d`t`strnpmh, ct shhfs tm`t bhnhgbc-

ghhrcgb cs scfply tnn bnnk pnlcdy tnnl gnt tn khvhlnp.

Hdngnfcd`lly nptcf`l fctcb`tcng pnlcdchs wnulk gnt pnsh ` brh`t tmrh`t

tn hdngnfcd brnwtm. Unlcdchs tm`t a`l`gdh fctcb`tcng dnsts `gk dlcf`th

k`f`bhs wnulk lh`k tn rhbul`tcngs tm`t rh gnt hsphdc`lly aurkhgsnfh. [mh

prhshgt v`luh nj fctcb`tcng dnsts nj `g nptcf`l pnlcdy wnulk ah $1 trcllcng

jnr tmh hgtcrh dhgtury.

Nj dnursh, gnt hvhry dnugtry wcll ah jjhdthk lcih. Lnw-l`tctukh dnugtrchs

wcll ah`r tmh arugt nj dlcf`th k`f`bhs (Fhgkhlsnmg, Kcg`r, `gk Rcllc`fs

155:) gk wcll lcihly shh k`f`bhs cffhkc`thly. Lnw-l`tctukh hdngnfchs wctm

l`rbh sm`rhs nj r`cg-jhk `brcdulturh `rh hsphdc`lly vulghràlh `gk f`y shh

rhkudtcngs cg `brcdultur`l cgdnfh nj :5 phrdhgt nr fnrh ay 1055 (Thn `gk

Fhgkhlsnmg 155=d). Tcfcl`rly, snfh dnugtrchs f`y j`dh mcbmhr fctcb`tcng

dnsts. Dnugtrchs tm`t rh brnwcgb fnrh qucdily, rh mh`vchr hghrby dngsuf-

hrs, `gk `rh fnrh khphgkhgt ng dn`l wcll j`dh mcbmhr dnsts.

[mh acbbhst tmrh`t dlcf`th dm`gbh pnshs tn hdngnfcd brnwtm, mnwhvhr,

cs gnt jrnf dlcf`th k`f`bhs nr hjffdchgt fctcb`tcng pnlcdchs, aut r`tmhr jrnf

cffhkc`th, bbrhsscvh, gk cghjffdchgt fctcb`tcng pnlcdchs. Cffhkc`th `bbrhs-

scvh fctcb`tcng pnlcdchs dnulk lh`k tn fctcb`tcng dnsts hqu`l tn $1= trcllcng(Tthrg 155:). [mcs cs 0; tcfhs mcbmhr tm`g tmh fctcb`tcng dnsts nj g nptcf`l



Fhgkhlsnmg 134

pnlcdy. Cj tmhsh pnlcdchs whrh gn fnrh hjffdchgt tm`g durrhgt pnlcdchs, tmh

dnsts dnulk h`scly rcsh tn $8: trcllcng. [mhsh fcsbuckhk fctcb`tcng prnbr`fs

pnsh ` shrcnus tmrh`t tn hdngnfcd brnwtm. [mhy wnulk cfpnsh mh`vy `kkc-

tcng`l dnsts ng tmh blna`l hdngnfy tm`t d`ggnt ah oustcffhk ay tmh lcfcthk

rhkudtcngs cg dlcf`th rcsi tmhy njjhr.

Qhjhrhgdhs

@k`fs, Qcdm`rk F., Dygtmc` Qnshgzwhcb, Qnahrt Uh`rt, Onh Qctdmch, Arudh

FdD`rl, O. K`vck Blyhr, Q. Arudh Durry, O`fhs Onghs, Ihgghtm Annth, `gk

L. M`rtwhll @llhg. 0335. “Blna`l Dlcf`th Dm`gbh `gk X.T. @brcdulturh.‖

G`turh 4;8 (:121)? 103—1;.

@gkhrsng, Khggcs. 155:. “Dnsts `gk Jcg`gdh nj @a`tcgb D`rang Hfcsscngs cg

tmh Hghrby Thdtnr.‖ Tuppnrtcgb Kndufhgts jnr Tthrg Qhvchw Qhpnrt. Mhr

Fòhsty–s [rh`sury, Lngkng.

K`sbupt`, U`rtm`. 155=. “Kcsdnugtcgb Dlcf`th Dm`gbh.‖ Onurg`l nj Qcsi gk

Xgdhrt`cgty 42 (1)? 0;0—:3.

K`sbupt`, Tusfct`, Ahgnct L`pl`gth, Dr`cb Fhcsghr, K`vck Rmhhlhr, `gk Oc`gpcgb

S`g. 1553. “[mh Cfp`dt nj Th`-Lhvhl Qcsh ng Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs? @

Dnfp`r`tcvh @g`lyscs.‖ Dlcf`tcd Dm`gbh 34 (4)? 423—==.

Murk, Arc`g, O. D`ll`w`y, O. Tfctm, `gk U. Icrsmhg. 0333. “Hdngnfcd Hjjhdts nj

Dlcf`th Dm`gbh ng X.T. R`thr Qhsnurdhs.‖ Cg [mh Cfp`dt nj Dlcf`th Dm`gbh

ng tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths Hdngnfy, hk. Qnahrt Fhgkhlsnmg `gk O`fhs Ghuf`gg.

D`farckbh, X.I.? D`farckbh Xgcvhrscty Urhss.

CUDD (Cgthrbnvhrgfhgt`l U`ghl ng Dlcf`th Dm`gbh). 1552`. Dlcf`th Dm`gbh1552? Cfp`dts, @k`pt`tcng, gk Zulghràclcty. D`farckbh, X.I.? D`farckbh

Xgcvhrscty Urhss.

‛‛‛. 1552a. Dlcf`th Dm`gbh 1552? Fctcb`tcng. D`farckbh, X.I.? D`farckbh

Xgcvhrscty Urhss.

‛‛‛. 1552d. Dlcf`th Dm`gbh 1552? [mh Umyscd`l Tdchgdh A`scs. D`farckbh,

X.I.? D`farckbh Xgcvhrscty Urhss.

Iuruiul`surcy`, Ur`khhp, `gk Qnahrt Fhgkhlsnmg. 155=`. “Drnp Twctdmcgb `s

`g @k`pt`tcng Ttr`thby tn Dlcf`th Dm`gbh.‖ @jrcd`g Onurg`l nj @brcdulturh

`gk Qhsnurdh Hdngnfcds 1 (0)? 058—1:.

‛‛‛. 155=a. “Fnkhlcgb Hgknbhgnus Crrcb`tcng? [mh Cfp`dt nj Dlcf`th Dm`gbh

ng J`rfhrs cg @jrcd`.‖ Unlcdy Qhsh`rdm Rnricgb U`phr ;12=. Rnrlk A`gi,

R`smcgbtng, KD.

‛‛‛. 155=d. “@ Qcd`rkc`g @g`lyscs nj tmh Cfp`dt nj Dlcf`th Dm`gbh ng @jrcd`g

Drnpl`gk.‖ @jrcd`g Onurg`l nj @brcdulturh `gk Qhsnurdh Hdngnfcds 1 (0)? 0—14.

Lnnfcs, Onmg, `gk Onmg Drhspc. 0333. “Hstcf`thk Hjjhdts nj Dlcf`th Dm`gbh ng

Thlhdthk Nutknnr Qhdrh`tcng @dtcvctchs cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths.‖ Cg [mh Cfp`dt nj

Dlcf`th Dm`gbh ng tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths Hdngnfy, hk. Qnahrt Fhgkhlsnmg `gk

O`fhs Ghuf`gg. D`farckbh, X.I.? D`farckbh Xgcvhrscty Urhss.

Lugk, O`y, [cgbou _mu, Tt`dy [`gì`, `gk F`rcng Ohgicgs. 155:. “R`thrQhsnurdh Cfp`dts.‖ Cg [mh Cfp`dt nj Dlcf`th Dm`gbh ng Qhbcng`l Tysthfs? @



13; Dlcf`th Dm`gbh `gk Hdngnfcd Brnwtm

Dnfprhmhgscvh @g`lyscs nj D`lcjnrgc`, hk. Onhl Tfctm `gk Qnahrt Fhgkhlsnmg.

Gnrtm`fptng, F@? Hkw`rk Hlb`r.

F`gsur, Hrcg, Qnahrt Fhgkhlsnmg, `gk Rhgky Fnrrcsng. 155=. “@ Kcsdrhth

Dngtcgunus Fnkhl nj Hghrby? Fh`surcgb Dlcf`th Dm`gbh Cfp`dts ng Hghrby.‖

Onurg`l nj Hgvcrngfhgt`l Hdngnfcds gk F`g`bhfhgt 88 (1)? 028—34.

Fhgkhlsnmg, Qnahrt, @rchl Kcg`r, `gk L`rry Rcllc`fs. 155:. “[mh Kcstrcautcng`l

Cfp`dt nj Dlcf`th Dm`gbh ng Qcdm `gk Unnr Dnugtrchs.‖ Hgvcrngfhgt `gk

Khvhlnpfhgt Hdngnfcds 00 (1)? 083—2=.

Fhgkhlsnmg, Qnahrt, `gk F`rl` F`rinwsic. 0333. “[mh Cfp`dt nj Dlcf`th

Dm`gbh ng Nutknnr Qhdrh`tcng.‖ Cg [mh Cfp`dt nj Dlcf`th Dm`gbh ng tmh

Xgcthk Tt`ths Hdngnfy, hk. Qnahrt Fhgkhlsnmg `gk O`fhs Ghuf`gg.

D`farckbh, X.I.? D`farckbh Xgcvhrscty Urhss.

Fhgkhlsnmg, Qnahrt, `gk L`rry Rcllc`fs. 155;. “Dnfp`rcgb Jnrhd`sts nj tmh

Blna`l Cfp`dts nj Dlcf`th Dm`gbh.‖ Fctcb`tcng gk @k`pt`tcng Ttr`thbchs jnr

Blna`l Dm`gbh 3 (;)? 408—44.

‛‛‛. 1552. “Kyg`fcd Jnrhd`sts nj tmh Thdtnr`l Cfp`dts nj Dlcf`th Dm`gbh.‖ CgMuf`g-Cgkudhk Dlcf`th Dm`gbh? @g Cgthrkcsdcplcg`ry @sshssfhgt, hk. Fcdm`hl

Tdmlhscgbhr, M`rnng Imhsmbc, Onhl Tfctm, Jr`gdcsdn kh l` Dmhsg`yh, Onmg

Qhclly, [nf Rclsng, `gk Dm`rlhs Inlst`k. D`farckbh, X.I.? D`farckbh

Xgcvhrscty Urhss.

Fhgkhlsnmg, Qnahrt, Rcllc`f Gnrkmùs, `gk K`cbhh Tm`w. 033;. “Fh`surcgb

tmh Cfp`dt nj Blna`l R`rfcgb ng @brcdulturh.‖ @fhrcd`g Hdngnfcd Qhvchw

=; (;)? 284—20.

Ghuf`gg, O`fhs, `gk G. K. Lcvhs`y. 1550. “Dn`st`l Ttrudturhs? Kyg`fcd

Hdngnfcd Fnkhlcgb.‖ Cg Blna`l R`rfcgb `gk tmh @fhrcd`g Hdngnfy?

@ Qhbcng`l @g`lyscs, hk. Qnahrt Fhgkhlsnmg. Dmhlthgm`f, X.I.? Hkw`rkHlb`r.

Gb, Rhc-Tmcuhg, `gk Qnahrt Fhgkhlsnmg. 1558. “[mh Cfp`dt nj Th`-Lhvhl Qcsh ng

Tcgb`pnrh.‖ Hgvcrngfhgt gk Khvhlnpfhgt Hdngnfcds 05 (1)? 150—08.

‛‛‛. 155:. “[mh Cfp`dt nj Th`-Lhvhl Qcsh ng Gng-F`riht L`gks cg Tcgb`pnrh.‖

@facn 48 (:)? 1=3—3:.

Gcdmnlls, Qnahrt O. 155;. “Dn`st`l Jlnnkcgb `gk Rhtl`gk Lnss cg tmh 10st

Dhgtury? Dm`gbhs ugkhr tmh TQHT Dlcf`th `gk Tndcn-Hdngnfcd Tdhg`rcns.‖

Blna`l Hgvcrngfhgt`l Dm`gbh 0; (0)? :3—=:.

Gnrkmùs, Rcllc`f K. 0331. “@g Nptcf`l [r`gsctcng U`tm jnr Dngtrnllcgb

Brhhgmnush B`shs.‖ Tdchgdh 18= (85=:)? 0408—03.

‛‛‛. 1552. “Drctcd`l @ssufptcngs cg tmh Tthrg Qhvchw Qhpnrt ng Dlcf`th

Dm`gbh.‖ Tdchgdh 402 (8=48)? 150—51.

‛‛‛. 155=. @ Puhstcng nj A`l`gdh? Hdngnfcd Fnkhlcgb nj Blna`l R`rfcgb.

Ghw M`vhg, D[? S`lh Urhss.

Uh`rdh, K`vck, Rcllc`f Dlcgh, @. @dm`gt`, T. J`gimùshr, Q. U`dmùrc, Qcdm`rk

[nl, `gk U. Zhllcgb`. 033:. “[mh Tndc`l Dnst nj Dlcf`th Dm`gbh? Brhhgmnush

K`f`bh `gk tmh Ahghffts nj Dngtrnl.‖ Cg Dlcf`th Dm`gbh 0338? Hdngnfcd `gk

Tndc`l Kcfhgscngs nj Dlcf`th Dm`gbh. Cgthrbnvhrgfhgt`l U`ghl ng Dlcf`th

Dm`gbh. D`farckbh, X.I.? D`farckbh Xgcvhrscty Urhss.



Fhgkhlsnmg 138

Uchlih, Qnbhr Or., `gk F`ry R. Knwgtnwg. 1555. “Urhdcpct`tcng `gk K`f`bcgb

Jlnnks? [rhgks cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths, 0341—32.‖ Onurg`l nj Dlcf`th 04 (15)?

4:18—42.

Uchlih, Qnbhr Or., `gk Dmrcstnpmhr R. L`gksh`. 033=. “Gnrf`lczhk Murrcd`gh

K`f`bhs cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths? 0318—38.‖ Rh`tmhr gk Jnrhd`stcgb 04 (15)?

:10—40.

Thn, Gcbbnl, `gk Qnahrt Fhgkhlsnmg. 155=`. “@g @g`lyscs nj Drnp Dmncdh?

@k`ptcgb tn Dlcf`th Dm`gbh cg L`tcg @fhrcd`g J`rfs.‖ Hdnlnbcd`l Hdngnfcds

:2 (0)? 053—0:.

‛‛‛. 155=a. “Fh`surcgb Cfp`dts `gk @k`pt`tcng tn Dlcf`th Dm`gbh? @

Ttrudtur`l Qcd`rkc`g Fnkhl nj @jrcd`g Lcvhstndi F`g`bhfhgt.‖ @brcdultur`l

Hdngnfcds 4= (1)? 085—:8.

‛‛‛. 155=d. “@ Qcd`rkc`g @g`lyscs nj tmh Cfp`dt nj Dlcf`th Dm`gbh ng Tnutm

@fhrcd`g J`rfs.‖ Dmclh`g Onurg`l nj @brcdultur`l Qhsh`rdm := (0)? :3—23.

Tfctm, Onhl, `gk Khggcs [crp`i. 03=3. Unthgtc`l Hjjhdts nj Blna`l Dlcf`th Dm`gbh

ng tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths. R`smcgbtng, KD? X.T. Hgvcrngfhgt`l Urnthdtcng @bhgdy. Tnmgbhg, Arhgt, Qnahrt Fhgkhlsnmg, `gk Qnbhr Thkon. 1551. “@ Blna`l Fnkhl nj

Dlcf`th Dm`gbh Cfp`dts ng [cfahr F`rihts.‖ Onurg`l nj @brcdultur l `gk

Qhsnurdh Hdngnfcds 1: (1)? 41:—;4.

Tthrg, Gcdmnl`s. 155:. [mh Tthrg Qhvchw Qhpnrt? [mh Hdngnfcds nj Dlcf`th

Dm`gbh. Lngkng? Mhr F`ohsty–s [rh`sury.

[nl, Qcdm`rk. 1551`. “Ghw Hstcf`ths nj tmh K`f`bh Dnsts nj Dlcf`th Dm`gbh,

U`rt C? Ahgdmf`ri Hstcf`ths.‖ Hgvcrngfhgt`l gk Qhsnurdh Hdngnfcds 10 (0)?

;2—24.

‛‛‛. 1551a. “Ghw Hstcf`ths nj tmh K`f`bh Dnsts nj Dlcf`th Dm`gbh, U`rt CC?

Kyg`fcd Hstcf`ths.‖ Hgvcrngfhgt`l gk Qhsnurdh Hdngnfcds 10 (0)? 048—:5.

R`gb, Ocgxc`, Qnahrt Fhgkhlsnmg, @rchl Kcg`r, Ociug Mu`gb, Tdntt Qnzhllh, `gk

Lcou`g _m`gb. 1553. “[mh Cfp`dt nj Dlcf`th Dm`gbh ng Dmcg`–s @brcdulturh.‖

@brcdultur`l Hdngnfcds ;5 (4)? 414—42.

Rhcss, M`rvhy, `gk Q`yfngk Ar`klhy. 1550. “Rm`t Krcvhs Tndcht`l Dnll`psh>‖

Tdchgdh 130 (885;)? :53—05.

Rhy`gt, Onmg, `gk Ohggcjhr Mcll. 0333. “Cgtrnkudtcng `gk Nvhrvchw.‖ Hghrby

Onurg`l 15 (sphdc`l cssuh? [mh Dnsts nj tmh Iyntn Urntndnl)? vcc—xlcv.



Alnnf, D`ggcgb, `gk Jcgi 132

DM@U[HQ 04Unpul`tcng @bcgb `gk Hdngnfcd BrnwtmK`vck H. Alnnf, K`vck D`ggcgb, `gk Bügtmhr Jcgi

[mh wnrlk cs hgthrcgb suast`gtc`lly ugdm`rthk w`thrs rhb`rkcgb tmh sczh nj

cts hlkhrly pnpul`tcng. Qhdhgt khdlcghs cg jhrtclcty r`ths `gk cgdrh`shs cg lcjh

hxphdt`gdy, dnfacghk wctm tmh kyg`fcd hvnlutcng nj p`st v`rc`tcngs cg

acrtm `gk kh`tm r`ths, `rh prnkudcgb ` scbgcffd`gt smcjt cg tmh blna`l `bh

strudturh. [mh gufahr nj phnplh nvhr tmh `bh nj :5 cs hxphdthk tn rh`dm

0 acllcng ay 1515 `gk `lfnst 1 acllcng ay 1585 (rhprhshgtcgb 11 phrdhgt nj

tmh wnrlk–s pnpul`tcng). [mh prnpnrtcng nj cgkcvcku`ls `bh =5 nr nvhr (tmh

sn-d`llhk nlkhst nlk) cs prnohdthk tn rcsh jrnf 0 tn ; phrdhgt nj tmh blna`lpnpul`tcng ay 1585.0

[mhrh cs `lsn fnugtcgb hvckhgdh tm`t tmh hlkhrly `rh mh`ltmchr tm`g

ahjnrh. Cg ` pmhgnfhgng rhjhrrhk tn ay khfnbr`pmhrs `gk mh`ltm sph-

dc`lcsts `s tmh “dnfprhsscng nj fnrackcty,‖ tmh lhgbtm nj mh`ltmy nlk `bh

`pph`rs tn ah cgdrh`scgb. U`rt nj tmcs cgdrh`sh cs kuh tn cgdrh`shs cg tmh

0 [mh Xgcthk G`tcngs f`ihs shvhr`l shp`r`th jnrhd`sts nj pnpul`tcng sczh, cgdlukcgb nghs a`shk nglnw-, fhkcuf-, `gk mcbm-jhrtclcty `ssufptcngs. [mcs dm`pthr ushs tmh Xgcthk G`tcngs– fhkcuf-

jhrtclcty sdhg`rcn hxdhpt wmhrh ntmhrwcsh st`thk.

[mh `utmnrs tm`gi Qnahrt Mnlzf`gg `gk @l`cg Onusthg jnr tmhcr dnffhgts9 U`trcdi Bhrl`gk `gk

Qnk [yhrs jnr tmhcr mhlpjul dnffhgts `gk `sscst`gdh9 `gk Ghcl Ahgghtt, Ondhlyg Jcgl`y, Ohggcjhr

N–Archg, L`rry Qnshgahrb, `gk F`ri Rhstng jnr tmhcr `sscst`gdh cg tmh prhp`r`tcng nj tmcs dm`pthr.



13= Unpul`tcng @bcgb `gk Hdngnfcd Brnwtm

lhgbtm nj lcjh `gk p`rt tn hvhg brh`thr cgdrh`shs cg tmh lhgbtm nj lcjh jrhh nj

dmrngcd cllghss. [mh ght hjjhdt cs ` khdlcgh cg tmh lcjhtcfh aurkhg nj cllghss

(`s fh`surhk cg yh`rs ugwhll).

Tcgdh kcjjhrhgt `bh brnups m`vh kcjjhrhgt hdngnfcd ghhks `gk prnkud-

tcvh d`p`dctchs, ` dnugtry–s hdngnfcd dm`r`dthrcstcds f`y ah hxphdthk tn

dm`gbh `s cts pnpul`tcng `bhs. @ st`gk`rk `pprn`dm tn `sshsscgb tmhsh

dm`gbhs cs tn `ssufh dngst`gt `bh-sphdcffd ahm`vcnr wctm rhsphdt tn h`rg-

cgbs, hfplnyfhgt, gk s`vcgbs gk tn sshss tmh cfplcd`tcngs nj dm`gbhs cg

tmh rhl`tcvh sczh nj kcjjhrhgt bh brnups jnr tmhsh jugk`fhgt`l dngtrcautnrs

tn g`tcng`l cgdnfh. Mnwhvhr, tmh scfplh `pplcd`tcng nj tmcs `pprn`dm cs

lcihly tn ah fcslh`kcgb. Ahm`vcnr`l dm`gbhs cgkudhk ay dm`gbcgb hxphdt`-

tcngs ànut tmh lcjh dydlh `gk ay prhkcdtàlh khfnbr`pmcd smcjts `rh lcihly

tn cgfiuhgdh tmh hdngnfcd dngshquhgdhs nj `bcgb. Jnr hx`fplh, cgkcvcku-

`ls– hxphdt`tcng nj lcvcgb lngbhr tm`g prhvcnus bhghr`tcngs f`y cgkudh

tmhf tn rhf`cg cg wnri jnr lngbhr `gk tn ahbcg tn kr`w knwg s`vcgbs

`t ` l`thr `bh. Cg `kkctcng, tmh lcgis ahtwhhg pnpul`tcng `bcgb `gk f`d-rnhdngnfcd phrjnrf`gdh `rh fhkc`thk ay tmh cgstctutcng`l dngthxt (jnr

hx`fplh, rhtcrhfhgt pnlcdy, phgscng gk mh`ltm d`rh ffg`gdh, tmh hjffdchgdy

nj lànr `gk d`pct`l f`rihts, `gk tmh strudturh nj rhbcng`l `gk blna`l

hdngnfcd systhfs). [mh pnlcdy hgvcrngfhgt f`y ctshlj ah cgfiuhgdhk ay

pnpul`tcng `bcgb, khphgkcgb ng tmh vntcgb `gk ntmhr pnlctcd`l ahm`vcnr

nj `g `bcgb hlhdtnr`th wmnsh ghhks `gk cgthrhsts f`y kcjjhr jrnf tmnsh nj

ynugbhr phnplh.

[mcs dm`pthr hx`fcghs tmh hjjhdts nj pnpul`tcng `bcgb ng hdngnfcd

brnwtm. Ct ahbcgs ay prhshgtcgb `gk `g`lyzcgb khsdrcptcvh st`tcstcds ng tmh

hxthgt `gk p`dh nj pnpul`tcng `bcgb. [mh dm`pthr tmhg hxplnrhs tmh nvhr-`ll hjjhdt nj pnpul`tcng `bcgb ng hdngnfcd brnwtm `s whll `s tmh hjjhdts

nphr`tcgb vc` twn f`cg dm`gghls? lànr supply `gk d`pct`l `dduful`tcng.

@ddnugtcgb hjjhdts nj pnpul`tcng `bcgb ng j`dtnr `dduful`tcng `gk hdn-

gnfcd brnwtm `rh kcstcgbucsmhk jrnf ahm`vcnr`l hjjhdts. [mh ffg`l shdtcng

mcbmlcbmts tmh cfpnrt`gt rnlh pl`yhk ay tmh pnlcdy `gk cgstctutcng`l hgvc-

rngfhgt cg fhkc`tcgb tmh hjjhdts nj pnpul`tcng `bcgb ng hdngnfcd brnwtm.

[mcs shdtcng lsn kcsdusshs v`rchty nj khfnbr`pmcd, ahm`vcnr`l, gk pnlcdy

jnrdhs phrtcghgt tn ugkhrst`gkcgb gk buckcgb tmh hjjhdt nj pnpul`tcng bcgb

ng hdngnfcd brnwtm.

Unpul`tcng @bcgb? J`dts, Jnrdh, `gk Juturh

Cg tmcs shdtcng, wh l`y nut snfh nj tmh ihy j`dts rhb`rkcgb p`st `gk prn-

ohdthk juturh pnpul`tcng `bcgb `gk archfiy dngsckhr snfh nj tmh pnlcdy

cfplcd`tcngs tm`t tmhsh j`dts mcbmlcbmt. [mh k`t` shrvh `s `gdmnrs jnr tmh

hdngnfcd `g`lyshs tm`t `rh khvhlnphk cg suashquhgt shdtcngs. Jcrst wh lnni

`t Xgcthk G`tcngs (XG) pnpul`tcng prnohdtcngs. Ghxt wh hx`fcgh tmh j`d-

tnrs ugkhrlycgb tmh rcsh cg tmh hlkhrly pnpul`tcng. [mhg wh tìh archj lnni`t mnw pnpul`tcng trhgks wcll `jjhdt tmh nptcngs j`dhk ay pnlcdy fìhrs.




Unpul`tcng K`t` gk Urnohdtcngs

Unpul`tcng prnohdtcngs jrnf tmh Xgcthk G`tcngs dm`gbh `s ghw hstcf`ths

`rh pualcsmhk hvhry twn yh`rs. Jnr hx`fplh, jnrhd`sts nj tmh tnt`l wnrlk

pnpul`tcng cg 1585 khdlcghk jrnf ànut 05 acllcng tn 3 acllcng phnplh

ahtwhhg 033; `gk 155:. Ngh fcbmt m`vh hxphdthk tm`t prnohdtcngs nj

tmh gufahr nj phnplh `bh :5 nr ànvh `gk =5 nr ànvh wnulk ah j`r fnrh

stàlh, scgdh ll tmnsh wmn wcll rh`dm tmnsh bhs cg tmh ghxt scx khd`khs m`vh

`lrh`ky ahhg anrg, sn ugprhkcdtàlh dm`gbhs cg jhrtclcty ghhk gnt ah tìhg

cgtn `ddnugt. Mnwhvhr, tmhsh prnohdtcngs m`vh dm`gbhk scbgcffd`gtly, hvhg

cg rhdhgt yh`rs, `s smnwg cg tàlh 04.0. Rctm h`dm XG pualcd`tcng, tmh l`t-

hst v`clàlh k`t` rh tìhg cgtn ddnugt. Cg snfh cgst`gdhs, l`rbh fnugt

nj ghw dhgsus k`t` cs `v`clàlh, wmcdm d`g lh`k tn scbgcffd`gt kcjjhrhgdhs cg

tmh hstcf`th nj juturh pnpul`tcng sczh. [mh s`fh cs truh nj upk`thk jhrtclcty

`gk fnrt`lcty k`t`. [mh brh`thst prnpnrtcng`th kcjjhrhgdhs smnwg mhrh `rh

jnr tmh jnrhd`sthk sczh nj tmh =5+ pnpul`tcng cg 1585. Jnr tmh wnrlk, khvhl-

nphk dnugtrchs, `gk khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs, tmh XG hstcf`th nj tmh sczh njtmcs `bh brnup m`s rcshg ay 15 phrdhgt nr fnrh scgdh 033;. [mhsh ffburhs

smnw tm`t pnpul`tcng k`t` `rh gnt s`drns`gdt9 `s tmh hstcf`thk sczhs nj dur-

rhgt pnpul`tcngs `gk `bh brnups wctmcg tmhf dm`gbh `gk `s jhrtclcty `gk

fnrt`lcty r`ths dm`gbh cg f`gghr tm`t cs kcjjhrhgt jrnf h`rlchr prhkcdtcngs,

hstcf`ths nj juturh pnpul`tcng sczh wcll `lsn dm`gbh.

Khfnbr`pmcd prnohdtcngs nj pnpul`tcng `bcgb subbhst tm`t tmh wnrlk cs

hxphrchgdcgb mcstnrcd`lly ugprhdhkhgthk pmhgnfhgng.1 [mh :5+ `gk =5+

`bh brnups– sm`rhs nj tmh tnt`l pnpul`tcng `rh mcbmhr tm`g `t `gy tcfh

cg mcstnry, `gk tmhcr brnwtm cs `ddhlhr`tcgb. [mh gufahr `bh :5 nr nvhr

m`s cgdrh`shk jrnf 155 fcllcng cg 0385 tn `rnugk :25 fcllcng tnk`y. Ay1585, ct cs prnohdthk tn rh`dm 1 acllcng (shh ffburh 04.0). [mh gufahr `bh

=5+ m`s rcshg jrnf 0; fcllcng cg 0385 tn gh`rly 35 fcllcng tnk`y, `gk ay

1585 ct wcll m`vh p`sshk ;55 fcllcng cj durrhgt prnohdtcngs `rh anrgh nut.

Nlkhr `bh dnmnrts, fnrhnvhr, `rh ahbcggcgb tn `ddnugt jnr ` suast`gtc`l

prnpnrtcng nj tmh tnt`l pnpul`tcng. Cgkhhk, ll dnugtrchs gk ntmhr hgtctchs

`rh jnrhd`st tn shh ` mcbmhr sm`rh nj phnplh `bh :5+ cg 1585 tm`g cg 1555,

wctm tmh phrdhgt`bh-pncgt cgdrh`sh r`gbcgb jrnf 5.4 cg Ahgcg tn 44 cg

F`d`n. (Ay dngtr`st, gufhrnus dnugtrchs hxphrchgdhk l`rbh krnps cg tmcs

jr`dtcng ahtwhhg 0385 `gk 1555.)

[mhsh prnohdtcngs `rh a`shk ng tmh XG–s fhkcuf-jhrtclcty sdhg`rcn. Cj

jhrtclcty r`ths cg tmh dnfcgb khd`khs `rh lnwhr tm`g tmh fhkcuf-sdhg`rcn

hstcf`th, tmh sm`rh nj hlkhrly cg tmh pnpul`tcng wcll rcsh. Jcburh 04.1 smnws

mnw tmcs snurdh nj ugdhrt`cgty lh`ks tn ` r`gbh nj prhkcdtcngs rhb`rkcgb

hlkhrly sm`rh. [mh v`rc`tcng cg 1585 cs ànut ngh-tmcrk nj tmh fhkcuf-

sdhg`rcn hlkhrly sm`rh. [mcs cs gnt ` mubh r`gbh, `gk `ll tmrhh sdhg`rcns

pncgt cg tmh s`fh kcrhdtcng. Aut tmcs snurdh nj ugdhrt`cgty cs cg kkctcng tn

tm`t rhfihdthk ay tmh dm`gbh nvhr tcfh cg XG hstcf`ths nj tmh juturh sczh nj

tmh hlkhrly pnpul`tcng.

1 Jnr ` kht`clhk `g`lyscs nj shvhr`l fh`surhs nj pnpul`tcng `bcgb, shh Lutz, T`gkhrsng, `gk

Tdmhranv (155=).



455 Unpul`tcng @bcgb `gk Hdngnfcd Brnwtm

[`alh 04.0. XG Jnrhd`st nj 1585 Hlkhrly Unpul`tcng, 033;—155:

acllcngs

@rh` gk jnrhd`st yh`r [nt`l :5+ =5+

Rnrlk

033; 3.=4 0.32 5.44

033: 3.42 0.3; 5.41

033= =.30 0.32 5.42

1555 3.41 0.3: 5.4=

1551 =.31 0.30 5.4=

155; 3.5= 0.32 5.43

155: 3.03 1.50 5.;5

% dm`gbh, 033;∑1555 ∑8.1 ∑5.4 0;.2

% dm`gbh, 1555∑5: ∑0.; 1.0 :.5

% dm`gbh, 033;∑5: ∑:.8 0.3 10.2

Khvhlnphk dnugtrchs

033; 0.10 5.4: 5.53

033: 0.0: 5.4: 5.53

033= 0.0: 5.4= 5.05

1555 0.0= 5.;5 5.00

1551 0.11 5.43 5.00

155; 0.1; 5.;5 5.01

155: 0.18 5.;0 5.01

% dm`gbh, 033;∑1555 ∑1.1 3.8 10.1

% dm`gbh, 1555∑5: 8.; 1.2 4.3

% dm`gbh, 033;∑155: 4.0 01.: 1:.5

Khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs

033; =.:4 0.:0 5.1;

033: =.15 0.8= 5.14

033= 2.28 0.83 5.12

1555 =.0; 0.82 5.12

1551 2.25 0.80 5.1:

155; 2.=; 0.82 5.1=

155: 2.38 0.:5 5.1=

% dm`gbh, 033;∑1555 ∑8.: ∑1.8 01.1

% dm`gbh, 1555∑5: ∑1.; 1.5 :.3

% dm`gbh, 033;∑5: ∑2.3 ∑5.8 15.5

Tnurdh? @utmnrs– d`ldul`tcngs a`shk ng k`t` cg Xgcthk G`tcngs 033;—155:.

Jcburh 04.4 cs `gntmhr w`y nj vchwcgb tmh dm`gbh cg tmh `bh strudturh

nj tmh wnrlk–s pnpul`tcng nvhr tcfh. H`dm sm`khk slcdh smnws tmh `bh

kcstrcautcng `t ngh pncgt cg tcfh. [mh hlkhrly sm`rh wcll ah fudm mcbmhr cg1585 tm`g ct cs gnw.




[mh pmhgnfhgng nj pnpul`tcng bcgb, nj dnursh, cs gnt ugcjnrf drnss

dnugtrchs. Cg kkctcng, tmh hxthgt nj bcgb v`rchs dngsckhr`aly ahtwhhg tmh

khvhlnphk `gk tmh khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs (shh t`alh 04.1 `gk ffburh 04.;)

`gk `drnss rhbcngs (shh ffburh 04.8).

Fudm nj tmh khvhlnphk wnrlk lrh`ky m`s l`rbh hlkhrly dnmnrts. Cg khvhl-

nphk dnugtrchs, 15 phrdhgt nj tmh pnpul`tcng cs nvhr `bh :5 tnk`y, `gk tmcs

wcll rcsh tn fnrh tm`g 45 phrdhgt cg tmh ghxt jnur khd`khs (shh ffburh 04.:).Cg tmh khvhlnpcgb wnrlk, lhss tm`g 05 phrdhgt nj tmh pnpul`tcng cs nvhr

5

1

;

:

=

05

0385 03:5 0325 03=5 0335 1555 1505 1515 1545 15;5 1585

p n p u l ` t c n g ( a c l l c n

g s )

=5+ :5—23 08—83 5—0;

Jcburh 04.0. Rnrlk Unpul`tcng, ay @bh Brnup, 0385—1585

Tnurdh? Xgcthk G`tcngs 155:.

Jcburh 04.1. Tm`rh nj Unpul`tcng @t Lh`st :5 Sh`rs Nlk, ay XG Jhrtclcty@ssufptcng, 1555—85


5

8

05

08

15

18

45

1555 1558 1505 1508 1515 1518 1545 1548 15;5 15;8 1585

: 5 + s m ` r h n j p n p u l ` t

c n g ( % )

lnwfhkcufmcbm

jhrtclcty ssufptcng




5

055

155

455

;55

855

:55

255

p n p u l ` t c n g ( f c l l c n g s )

5 — ;

0 5 — 0 ;

1 5 — 1 ;

4 5 — 4 ;

; 5 — ; ;

8 5 — 8 ;

: 5 — : ;

2 5 — 2 ;

= 5 — = ;

3 5 — 3 ;

0 5 5

+

0385

0328

1555

1518

1585

`bh brnup


Jcburh 04.4. Rnrlk Unpul`tcng, ay Jcvh-Sh`r @bh Brnup, 0385—1585

[`alh 04.1. @bh Ttrudturh cg Khvhlnphk `gk Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs– Unpul`tcngs,

0385—1585

fcllcngs

Qhbcng `gk `bh

strudturh (yh`rs) 0385 1558 1585

Rnrlk

5—0; =:: 0,=;8 0,=1;

08—83 0,;:; 4,332 8,4:0

:5—23 030 8=8 0,:5;

=5+ 0; == ;51

[nt`l 1,848 :,808 3,030

Khvhlnphk dnugtrchs

5—0; 114 152 035

08—83 ;3: 2:; :85

:5—23 =2 155 1=3

=5+ 3 ;; 002

[nt`l =0; 0,10: 0,1;8

Khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs

5—0; :;; 0,:4= 0,:48

08—83 3:= 4,144 ;,201

:5—23 05; 4=8 0,408

=5+ : ;4 1=;

[nt`l 0,211 8,133 2,3;:

Tnurdh? @utmnrs– d`ldul`tcngs a`shk ng k`t` cg Xgcthk G`tcngs 155:.




5

15

;5

:5

=5

055

0385 1558 1585 0385 1558 1585 0385 1558 1585

p n p u l ` t c n g s m `

r h ( % )

=5+ :5—23 08—83 5—0;

wnrlk khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchskhvhlnphk dnugtrchs

Jcburh 04.;. @bh Ttrudturh cg Khvhlnphk `gk Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs, 0385—1585


%

5

8

05

08

15

18

45

48

0385 03:5 0325 03=5 0335 1555 1505 1515 1545 15;5 1585

@jrcd` @sc` Hurnph L`tcg @fhrcd` gk D`rcaah`g

Gnrtm @fhrcd` Ndh`gc`

Jcburh 04.8. Tm`rh nj Unpul`tcng @bhk :5+, ay Qhbcng, 0385—1585


`bh :5. Ay 1585, mnwhvhr, tmh prnpnrtcng cs hxphdthk tn fnrh tm`g knualh,

`gk tmh :5+ `bh brnup wcll dnfprcsh 15 phrdhgt nj Cgkc`–s pnpul`tcng `gk

45 phrdhgt nj Dmcg`–s‛` tnt`l nj fnrh tm`g 2:5 fcllcng phnplh. Jcburh 04.2

njjhrs `gntmhr vchw nj tmh s`fh k`t`.

Dnugtrchs wcll `lsn ugkhrbn `bcgb `t vhry kcjjhrhgt r`ths. [`alh 04.4jndushs ng twn shts nj dnugtrchs? tmnsh tm`t `rh jnrhd`st tn m`vh tmh mcbmhst



45; Unpul`tcng @bcgb `gk Hdngnfcd Brnwtm

sm`rh nj :5+ cgkcvcku`ls cg 1585 gk tmnsh tm`t rh jnrhd`st tn m`vh tmh l`rb-

hst phrdhgt`bh-pncgt cgdrh`sh cg tm`t sm`rh ahtwhhg 1555 `gk 1585. (Ngly

dnugtrchs wctm durrhgt pnpul`tcngs brh`thr tm`g 1 fcllcng `rh dngsckhrhk.)

Jcburh 04.= smnws tmh hxphdthk brnwtm nj tmh hlkhrly pnpul`tcng jnr

jnur l`rbh khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs. Cg tmrhh nj tmhf, pnpul`tcng bcgb wcll ah` f`onr khfnbr`pmcd trhgk ahtwhhg gnw `gk 1585.

5

05

15

45

;5

85

:525

=5

35

055

0385 03:5 0325 03=5 0335 1555 1505 1515 1545 15;5 1585

p h r d h g t

=5+ :5—23 08—83 5—0;

Jcburh 04.:. Tm`rh nj Unpul`tcng cg Khvhlnphk Dnugtrchs, ay @bh Brnup,0385—1585


5

05

15

45

;5

85

:5

25

=5

35

055


5 —

;

0 5 — 0

;

1 5 — 1

;

4 5 — 4

;

; 5 — ;

;

8 5 — 8

;

: 5 — :

;

2 5 — 2

;

= 5 — =

;

3 5 — 3

;

0 5 5

+

0385

0328

1555

1518

1585

`bh brnup

Jcburh 04.2. Unpul`tcng cg Khvhlnphk Dnugtrchs, ay Jcvh-Sh`r @bh Brnup,0385—1585





[àlh 04.4. [hg Dnugtrchs wctm tmh L`rbhst Tm`rh nj Hlkhrly cg tmh Unpul`tcng cg 1585 nr tmh L`rbhst

Cgdrh`sh cg Tm`rh nj Hlkhrly Unpul`tcng jrnf 1555 tn 1585

Dnugtrchs wctm l`rbhst

hlkhrly sm`rh

Uhrdhgt`bh nj pnpul`tcng

:5+ cg 1585

Dnugtrchs wctm l`rbhst

cgdrh`sh cg hlkhrly sm`rh

Uhrdhgt`bh-pncgt cgdrh`sh

cg :5+ sm`rh, 1555—85

O`p`g ;;.5 Inrh`, Qhp. nj 45.2

Inrh`, Qhp. nj ;1.1 Tcgb`pnrh 13.4

Tlnvhgc` ;5.8 Dua` 1;.8

Aulb`rc` ;5.1 Unl`gk 11.3

Tcgb`pnrh 43.= Iuw`ct 11.4

Unl`gk 43.: Tlnvì Qhpualcd 11.1

Dua` 43.4 Xgcthk @rà Hfcr`ths 11.0

Qnf`gc` 43.0 Tlnvhgc` 10.0

Tp`cg 43.5 Dmcg` 10.5

Dzhdm Qhpualcd 4=.: O`p`g 15.2


A. Cgkc`@. Dmcg`

5

8

0508

15

18

45

48

0 3 8 5

0 3 : 5

0 3 2 5

0 3 = 5

0 3 3 5

1 5 5 5

1 5 0 5

1 5 1 5

1 5 4 5

1 5 ; 5

1 5 8 5

0 3 8 5

0 3 : 5

0 3 2 5

0 3 = 5

0 3 3 5

1 5 5 5

1 5 0 5

1 5 1 5

1 5 4 5

1 5 ; 5

1 5 8 5

0 3 8 5

0 3 : 5

0 3 2 5

0 3 = 5

0 3 3 5

1 5 5 5

1 5 0 5

1 5 1 5

1 5 4 5

1 5 ; 5

1 5 8 5

0 3 8 5

0 3 : 5

0 3 2 5

0 3 = 5

0 3 3 5

1 5 5 5

1 5 0 5

1 5 1 5

1 5 4 5

1 5 ; 5

1 5 8 5

054 fcllcng

;4= fcllcng

5

8

0508

15

18

45

48

80 fcllcng

448 fcllcng

K. Gcbhrc`D. Ar`zcl

5

8

05

08

15

18

45

48

0; fcllcng

:; fcllcng

5

8

05

08

15

18

45

48

1 fcllcng

1: fcllcng

p h r d h g t

p h r d h g t

p h r d h g t

p h r d h g t

:5+ =5+ :5+ =5+

:5+ =5+ :5+ =5+

Jcburh 04.=. Hlkhrly Tm`rh cg Thlhdt Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs, 0385—1585




45: Unpul`tcng @bcgb `gk Hdngnfcd Brnwtm

Unpul`tcng `bcgb wcll ah `ddnfp`gchk ay dm`gbhs cg tmh shx dnfpnsc-

tcng nj tmh pnpul`tcng. (Bhrl`gk 1558 gnths tm`t, cg fnst dnugtrchs, tmh

khd`khs-lngb kcvhrbhgdh cg `kult survcv`l ahtwhhg fhg `gk wnfhg m`s

khdrh`shk scgdh 03=5, “dùshk ay antm ` khdhlhr`tcng/lhvhlcgb nj jhf`lh

survcv`l `gk `g `ddhlhr`tcng nj f`lh survcv`l.‖) Fnrh f`lh tm`g jhf`lh

aàchs `rh anrg, aut tmh kh`tm r`th nj f`lh aàchs `gk `kult fhg m`s

lngb ahhg mcbmhr tm`g tm`t nj tmhcr jhf`lh dnugthrp`rts. [mcs m`s lhk tn

tmh lngb-st`gkcgb `gk wckhly rhdnbgczhk pmhgnfhgng nj tmh prhknfc-

g`gdh nj wnfhg `fngb tmh hlkhrly. Ahtthr mh`ltm `t `ll `bhs cs dùscgb

tmcs kcsp`rcty cg lngbhvcty tn kcfcgcsm. Jcburh 04.3 dnfp`rhs tmh XG–s

jnrhd`sts nj f`lh-jhf`lh r`tcns cg 1585 wctm tmh prhshgt. Cg 1585, `fngb

cgkcvcku`ls ahtwhhg tmh `bhs nj 08 `gk 83, f`lhs wcll slcbmtly nutgufahr

jhf`lhs cg antm khvhlnphk `gk khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs. @fngb tmh hlkhrly,

jhf`lhs wcll dngtcguh tn nutgufahr f`lhs, cg antm khvhlnphk `gk khvhl-

npcgb dnugtrchs.

[mh Krcvhrs nj @bcgb

[mhrh `rh tmrhh f`cg j`dtnrs ahmcgk tmh p`st `gk prnohdthk dm`gbhs cg tmh

sm`rh nj tmh blna`l pnpul`tcng `bhs :5+ `gk =5+. Jcrst, khdlcgcgb jhrtclcty

r`ths cg rhdhgt khd`khs m`vh rhkudhk tmh gufahr nj ynugb phnplh `gk

pusmhk up tmh sm`rh nj tmh hlkhrly. [mh tnt`l jhrtclcty r`th jhll jrnf `pprnxc-

f`thly 8 dmclkrhg phr wnf`g cg 0385 tn oust nvhr 1.8 cg 1558. Ct cs hxphdthk

tn j`ll tn 1 dmclkrhg phr wnf`g ay 1585 (Xgcthk G`tcngs 1558). Fnst nj

5

5.15

5.;5

5.:5

5.=5

0.55

0.15

`ll 08—83 :5+ `ll 08—83 :5+ `ll 08—83 :5+

F / J r ` t c n

1558 1585

wnrlk khvhlnphk dnugtrchs khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs

Jcburh 04.3. F`lh-Jhf`lh Q`tcn cg Khvhlnphk `gk Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs, ay@bh, 1558 `gk 1585





tmcs khdlcgh nddurrhk cg tmh khvhlnpcgb wnrlk. @s ffburh 04.05 smnws, tmcs

wcll dngtrcauth tn ` gh`r m`lvcgb nj tmh sm`rh nj dmclkrhg cg tmh pnpul`tcng

nj khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs ahtwhhg 03:8 `gk 1585.

[mh shdngk ihy j`dtnr rhl`ths tn rhdhgt cgdrh`shs cg lcjh hxphdt`gdy. Rh

d`ldul`th, jnr hx`fplh, tm`t ngh-ffjtm nj tmh prnohdthk rcsh cg Cgkc`–s :5+

pnpul`tcng ahtwhhg 1555 `gk 1585 cs kuh tn rcscgb lcjh hxphdt`gdy kurcgb

tm`t phrcnk. [mh dnrrhspngkcgb ffburh jnr Dmcg` cs ngh-shvhgtm.4

Blna`l lcjh hxphdt`gdy m`s cgdrh`shk jrnf ;2 yh`rs cg 0385 tn nvhr :8

tnk`y. Ct cs prnohdthk ay tmh XG Unpul`tcng Kcvcscng tn rh`dm 28 yh`rs ay

15;8 (Xgcthk G`tcngs 1558). Antm khvhlnphk `gk khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs `rh

shhcgb rcshs cg lcjh hxphdt`gdy, khspcth rhvhrs`ls nj tmh trhgk cg snfh lnw- gk

fckklh-cgdnfh dnugtrchs `s ` rhsult nj tmh MCZ/@CKT (muf`g cffugnkh-

ffdchgdy vcrus/`dqucrhk cffugh khffdchgdy sygkrnfh) (shh ffburh 04.00). @s

f`gy fnrh phnplh survcvh cgtn tmhcr :5s `gk ahyngk, tmh àsnluth gufahr

nj hlkhrly wcll sn`r. Dnfacghk wctm jhrtclcty khdlcghs, tmcs wcll `lsn rhsult cg

` sm`rp cgdrh`sh cg tmh sm`rh nj hlkhrly cg tmh nvhr`ll pnpul`tcng. @gk, `s

ahjnrh, ffburh 04.01 bcvhs ` tmrhh-kcfhgscng`l vchw nj tmh s`fh k`t`.[mhrh cs fudm kha`th ànut wmhtmhr tmhrh cs ` lcfct tn cgdrh`shs cg lcjh

hxphdt`gdy (Nhpphg gk Zùphl 1551). Tnfh m`vh jnrhd`st tm`t lcjh hxphd-

t`gdy cg tmh wh`ltmy cgkustrc`l dnugtrchs wcll surp`ss 055 yh`rs ahjnrh

1055 `s `gtc-`bcgb `gk fhkcd`l thdmgnlnbchs ahdnfh fnrh wckhsprh`k

4 [mcs d`ldul`tcng w`s f`kh ay dnfp`rcgb prnohdtcngs nj Cgkc`–s pnpul`tcng gk `bh kcstrcautcng

jrnf 1555 tn 1585 uscgb (`) lcgh`rly cgthrpnl`thk v`luhs nj tmh XG Unpul`tcng Kcvcscng–s `ssufp-

tcngs nj tmh tnt`l jhrtclcty r`th gk lcjh hxphdt`gdy cg 1555 gk 1585, gk (a) lcgh`rly cgthrpnl`thk

v`luhs nj tmh XG Unpul`tcng Kcvcscng–s ssufptcngs nj tmh tnt`l jhrtclcty r`th wctm lcjh hxphdt`gdy

mhlk dngst`gt `t cts 1555 lhvhl. @ scfcl`r d`ldul`tcng w`s f`kh jnr Dmcg`, hxdhpt tm`t lcjh hxphd-

t`gdy jnr wnfhg w`s ffxhk `t =5 ahyngk tmh yh`r 1548, kuh tn ` rhstrcdtcng cfpnshk ay tmhsnjtw`rh p`di`bh KhfUrno.

5

05

15

45

;5

85

:5

25

=5

35

055

0385 03:5 0325 03=5 0335 1555 1505 1515 1545 15;5 1585

p h r d h g t

=5+ :5—23 08—83 5—0;

Jcburh 04.05. Tm`rh nj Unpul`tcng cg Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs, ay @bh Brnup,0385—1585





`gk snpmcstcd`thk `gk `s lcjh stylhs ahdnfh mh`ltmchr, jnr hx`fplh, vc`

khdlcghs cg sfnicgb `gk `ldnmnl àush, cfprnvhfhgts cg kcht, ugcvhrs`l

ush nj sh`tahlts, gk sn jnrtm. Ntmhrs rh lhss nptcfcstcd, ahlchvcgb tm`t lcjh

hxphdt`gdy wcll pl`thù `t =8 yh`rs. [mh l`tthr sdmnnl nj tmnubmt mnlks

tm`t p`st cgdrh`shs `rh kuh fnstly tn khdlcghs cg cgj`gt `gk dmclk fnrt`l-

cty tm`t `rh gnt rhph`tàlh `gk tmus wcll gnt dngtrcauth tn jurtmhr cgdrh`shscg lcjh hxphdt`gdy. Ct `rbuhs tnn tm`t fònr ghw tmrh`ts, sudm `s `vc`g fiu,

;5

85

:5

25

=5

35

0385 03:5 0325 03=5 0335 1555 1505 1515 1545 15;5

l c j h

h x p h d t ` g d y

( y h ` r s )

jcvh-yh`r phrcnk ahbcggcgb

wnrlk khvhlnphk khvhlnpcgb

Jcburh 04.00. Lcjh Hxphdt`gdy cg Khvhlnphk `gk Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs,0385—15;5


5

055

155

455

;55

855

:55

255


5 — ;

0 5

— 0 ;

1 5

— 1 ;

4 5

— 4 ;

; 5

— ; ;

8 5

— 8 ;

: 5

— : ;

2 5

— 2 ;

= 5

— = ;

3 5

— 3 ;

0 5 5

+

0385

0328

1555

1518

1585

`bh brnup

Jcburh 04.01. Tm`rh nj Unpul`tcng cg Khvhlnpcgb Dnugtrchs, ay Jcvh-Sh`r @bhBrnup, 0385—1585





dlcf`th dm`gbh, `gk nahscty, wcll mnlk lcjh hxphdt`gdy knwg. @ltmnubm

tmh lcihly hxthgt nj cgdrh`shs cs kcsputhk, tmh j`dt tm`t lcjh hxphdt`gdy wcll

dngtcguh tn rcsh cs wckhly `ddhpthk.

U`st v`rc`tcngs cg acrtm gk kh`tm r`ths rh tmh tmcrk j`dtnr ahmcgk pnp-

ul`tcng `bcgb. Jnr hx`fplh, aày annfs tm`t nddurrhk cg rcdm dnugtrchs

`jthr Rnrlk R`r CC `rh gnw smcjtcgb pnpul`tcng strudturh `s tmh swnllhg

dnmnrt nj annfhrs, wmcdm rhsulthk jrnf cgdrh`shk (`gk gnt khdrh`shk)

jhrtclcty, p`sshs tmh `bh nj :5. Cg p`rts nj tmh khvhlnpcgb wnrlk tnn, wmhrh

jhrtclcty thfpnr`rcly cgdrh`shk s mh`ltm cfprnvhfhgts rhkudhk dmclk fnr-

t`lcty, hlkhrly pnpul`tcngs m`vh ahhg `gk wcll dngtcguh tn ah annsthk `s

tmnsh mcbm-jhrtclcty dnmnrts `bh.

Unlcdy Cfplcd`tcngs

Jrnf ` pnlcdy phrsphdtcvh, tmh `bcgb nj tmh wnrlk–s pnpul`tcng prhshgts

snfh fònr dm`llhgbhs. Cts ugprhdhkhgthk g`turh, fnrhnvhr, fh`gs tm`t

wh d`ggnt lnni tn h`rlchr mcstnrcd`l hpcsnkhs jnr buck`gdh ng mnw tmcskhfnbr`pmcd upmh`v`l wcll pl`y ctshlj nut nr mnw ahst tn f`g`bh ct. Mnw-

hvhr, pnpul`tcng bcgb cg fnst dnugtrchs wcll gnt ah gntcdhàlh jnr gntmhr

05 tn 15 yh`rs. @s tmh ffburhs anvh smnw, tmh fnst r`pck cgdrh`sh cg bcgb

m`s gnt yht nddurrhk. [mcs bcvhs pnlcdy fìhrs ` wcgknw nj nppnrtugcty

cg wmcdm tn prhp`rh jnr tmh dm`gbh. Cgctc`tcgb `dtcng h`rly d`g lh`vh dnug-

trchs ahtthr pnsctcnghk tn kh`l wctm tmh sndc`l, hdngnfcd, `gk pnlctcd`l

hjjhdts nj `g `lthrhk pnpul`tcng strudturh cg tmh juturh.

Uhnplh bh :5 nr anvh thgk tn m`vh kcjjhrhgt ghhks gk kcjjhrhgt ahm`v-

cnrs tm`g ynugbhr bhghr`tcngs. Nlkhr cgkcvcku`ls, jnr hx`fplh, thgk tn

wnri `gk s`vh lhss, fh`gcgb tm`t lhss lànr `gk d`pct`l wcll ah `v`clàlh tnhdngnfchs. [mhy `lsn rhqucrh fnrh mh`ltm d`rh `gk, cg f`gy dnugtrchs, rhly

ng sndc`l phgscngs jnr ` l`rbh p`rt nj tmhcr cgdnfh. Unlctcd`lly, tmhrhjnrh,

ct fcbmt ahdnfh fnrh kcjffdult tn `knpt dhrt`cg pnlcdchs, sudm `s duttcgb

mh`ltm `gk phgscng ahghffts, `s hlkhr pnpul`tcngs ahdnfh pnlctcd`lly fnrh

pnthgt. Hdngnfcd`lly, tmhrh wcll ah cgdrh`shk strhss ng wnricgb pnpul`-

tcngs, wmnsh t`xhs p`y jnr tmh mh`ltm d`rh `gk phgscngs nj tmhcr hlkhrs aut

wmnsh gufahrs rhl`tcvh tn tmnsh hlkhrs wcll ah rhkudhk.

[mnsh `bh =5 nr nvhr `lsn m`vh kcjjhrhgt ghhks. [mhcr mh`ltm cs bhghr`lly

whìhr tm`g tm`t nj phnplh ahtwhhg tmh `bhs nj :5 `gk =5, tmhy m`vh `

brh`thr ghhk jnr jull-tcfh d`rh, `gk tmhcr ffg`gdc`l ghhks f`y ah brh`thr kuhtn tmh dnsts nj d`rh `gk ahdùsh tmhy m`vh m`k lngbhr tn kr`w knwg s`v-

cgbs. @s tmhcr gufahrs cgdrh`sh, tmhy pl`dh jurtmhr khf`gks ng bnvhrgfhgt

rhsnurdhs, j`fclc`l rhsnurdhs, `gk phrsng`l s`vcgbs.

[m`t ` brh`thr sm`rh nj hlkhrly wcll put sndchtchs `gk hdngnfchs ugkhr

cgtnlhràlh str`cg cs gnt cghvctàlh, mnwhvhr. Cgdrh`shk lcjh hxphdt`gdy m`s

mcstnrcd`lly ahhg strngbly `ssndc`thk wctm cgdrh`shk phr d`pct` cgdnfh

(Urhstng 0328). Dm`gbhs cg `bh-sphdcffd mh`ltm prnfflhs `rh cfpnrt`gt jnr

dm`r`dthrczcgb tmh pmhgnfhgng nj pnpul`tcng `bcgb. Cj phnplh fnvcgb cgtn

tmhcr :5s `gk 25s `rh mh`ltmchr tm`g prhdhkcgb bhghr`tcngs, tmh khf`gksjnr mh`ltm d`rh wcll ah lhss cgthgsh, `gk f`gy wcll ah àlh tn wnri, `gk




dngtrcauth tn hdngnfchs, jnr lngbhr (Iulcsm, Tfctm, `gk Ihgt 155:). Cj tmhy

rhf`cg gn mh`ltmchr tm`g h`rlchr dnmnrts, tmhy wcll m`vh tn hgkurh fnrh

yh`rs nj pnnr mh`ltm, `gk tmhcr sndchtchs wcll ah aurkhghk wctm `kkctcng`l

yh`rs nj mh`ltm d`rh dnsts. Ttukchs ng wmhtmhr cgdrh`shk lcjh hxphdt`gdy cs

`ddnfp`gchk ay ` “dnfprhsscng nj fnrackcty,‖ wmhrh tmh rhl`tcvh nr àsn-

luth lhgbtm nj lcjh sphgt cg dmrngcd cll mh`ltm j`lls, m`vh f`cgly jndushk ng

tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths. Fnst subbhst tm`t dnfprhsscng nj fnrackcty knhs cgkhhk

nddur, fh`gcgb tm`t tmh aurkhg nj bcgb cs rhkudhk (Dnst` 15519 Drcffcgs

155;9 Drcffcgs, T`ctn, `gk Cgbhbghrc 03329 Jrchs 03=5, 03=3). [mnsh nvhr

:5 d`g wnri fnrh prnkudtcvhly jnr lngbhr `gk pl`dh jhwhr khf`gks ng

pualcd rhsnurdhs.

Drnss-dnugtry kcjjhrhgdhs cg tmh tcfcgb nj tmh `bcgb prndhss f`y `lsn

fctcb`th tmh ghb`tcvh cfp`dts. Ahdùsh rcdm dnugtrchs `rh `bcgb j`sthr tm`g

pnnr nghs, tmh jnrfhr d`g kr`w ng lànr jrnf tmh l`tthr tn dnfphgs`th jnr

tmh rhtcrhfhgt nj tmhcr nwg phnplh. [mh l`rbh dnmnrts nj wnricgb-`bh phn-

plh cg khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs, cg turg, rh lcihly tn ah ihhg tn ffll tmh v`d`gdchsdrh`thk.

Fcbr`tcng tn tmh khvhlnphk wnrlk dnulk tmhrhjnrh tmhnrhtcd`lly slnw tmh

l`tthr–s smcjt tnw`rk `g `bhk pnpul`tcng `gk h`sh tmh prhssurh ng hdngn-

fchs. Fcbr`tcng, mnwhvhr, d`g arcgb wctm ct sndc`l prhssurhs `gk ugrhst,

`gk f`gy wh`ltmy dnugtrchs rh lrh`ky br`pplcgb wctm tmh kcjffdult a`l`gdh

ahtwhhg tmh ghhk jnr lànr `gk tmh cfpnrt`gdh nj tìcgb `ddnugt nj cffc-

br`tcng–s sndc`l hjjhdts.

Tnfh m`vh nashrvhk tmh kcjjhrhgt‛aut mcbmly dnfplhfhgt`ry‛`bh strud-

turhs nj khvhlnphk `gk khvhlnpcgb rhbcngs `gk subbhsthk tm`t “rhpl`dhfhgt

fcbr`tcng‖ fcbmt shrvh tmh purpnshs nj antm shts nj rhbcngs. Hurnph, jnrhx`fplh, wctm ` mcbm phrdhgt`bh nj hlkhrly phnplh `gk jhw dmclkrhg, ghhks

wnrihrs, wmcdm Tua-T`m`r`g @jrcd` dnulk rh`kcly supply. Jcburh 04.04

smnws tmh r`tcn nj wnricgb-`bh tn gng-wnricgb-`bh phnplh cg Hurnph `gk

0.55

0.18

0.85

0.28

1.55

1.18

0385 03:5 0325 03=5 0335 1555 1505 1515 1545 15;5 1585

r ` t c n , w n r i c g b - ` b h t n

g n g - w n r i c g b - ` b h

Hurnph Tua-T`m`r g @jrcd` Hurnph gk Tua-T`m`r g @jrcd`

Jcburh 04.04. Q`tcn nj Rnricgb-@bh tn Gng-Rnricgb-@bh Unpul`tcng cg Hurnph`gk Tua-T`m`r`g @jrcd`, 0385—1585

Tnurdh? Xgcthk G`tcngs 155;.




Tua-T`m`r`g @jrcd` shp`r`thly, s whll s tmh r`tcn jnr tmh twn rhbcngs kkhk

tnbhtmhr. [mh tcfh p`tm nj tmh wnricgb-`bh r`tcn jnr tmh twn rhbcngs tìhg

tnbhtmhr cs sth`kchr tm`g tm`t nj hctmhr rhbcng `lngh.

Gntwctmst`gkcgb tmh tmhnrhtcd`l snugkghss nj tmh ckh` nj rhpl`dhfhgt

fcbr`tcng, wh d`ldul`th tm`t ct wnulk tìh fnrh tm`g ` 45-jnlk cgdrh`sh

cg tmh durrhgt lhvhl nj fcbr`tcng jrnf Tua-T`m`r`g @jrcd` tn Hurnph‛

wmcdm wnulk ghhk tn l`st jnr 18 yh`rs‛tn dmchvh tmcs sfnntmcgb (Alnnf,

D`ggcgb, `gk Thvcll` 1551). [mcs cs m`rkly rh`lcstcd, hsphdc`lly bcvhg tmh

sndc`l `gk pnlctcd`l thgscngs tm`t hvhg durrhgt r`ths nj @jrcd`g fcbr`-

tcng tn Hurnph r`csh. [mh bn`l nj “rhpl`dhfhgt fcbr`tcng‖ tmus `pph`rs

tn ah fudm fnrh cgthrhstcgb cg tmhnry tm`g cg pr`dtcdh. Bcvhg tmh f`s-

scvh cgdrh`sh cg fcbr`tcng tm`t wnulk ah ghhkhk tn `pprhdcàly njjsht tmh

cfp`dts nj pnpul`tcng `bcgb cg Hurnph, cgthrg`tcng`l fcbr`tcng njjhrs `t

ahst ` p`rtc`l snlutcng tn tmh prnalhf‛`gk ngh tm`t dnfhs wctm pnthg-

tc`lly brh`t sndc`l gk pnlctcd`l dnsts.

Cgdrh`shk d`pct`l finws `rh `g `lthrg`tcvh w`y nj `kkrhsscgb tmcs s`fhcssuh (tm`t cs, hxpnrtcgb onas cgsth`k nj cfpnrtcgb wnrihrs), `ltmnubm tmh

khf`gk jnr shrvcdhs tm`t rhqucrh pmyscd`l prnxcfcty (jnr hx`fplh, b`rkhg-

hrs, m`cr stylcsts, `gk shdurcty bu`rks, `s nppnshk tn d`ll dhgthr nphr`tnrs,

cgvhstfhgt g`lysts, gk r`kcnlnbcsts) wnulk pph`r tn pl`dh snfh lcfcts ng

tmcs f`riht-a`shk dm`gghl jnr `koustcgb tn pnpul`tcng `bcgb.

Cg tmh ghxt shdtcng nj tmh dm`pthr, wh hx`fcgh fnrh dlnshly snfh nj tmh

cfp`dts nj `bcgb kcsdusshk ànvh `gk cg p`rtcdul`r tmhcr cfplcd`tcngs jnr

hdngnfcd brnwtm.

[mh Hdngnfcd Cfp`dts nj Unpul`tcng @bcgb

[mh `d`khfcd lcthr`turh cs nvhrfinwcgb wctm fnkhls `gk phrsphdtcvhs ng

tmh khthrfcg`gts nj hdngnfcd brnwtm. Tnfh jr`fhwnris mcbmlcbmt tmh

cfpnrt`gdh nj shdtnr`l smcjt (tm`t cs, tmh rh`llnd`tcng nj lànr jrnf tmh

lnw-prnkudtcvcty `brcdultur`l shdtnr tn tmh mcbmhr-prnkudtcvcty cgkustry

`gk shrvcdh shdtnrs) `gk tmh cfprnvhfhgt nj prnkudtcvcty wctmcg `ll shd-

tnrs. Ntmhrs hfpm`sczh tmh dngtrcautcng tn brnwtm nj thdmgnlnbcd`l prnb-

rhss, muf`g d`pct`l, cgstctutcngs `gk bnvhrg`gdh, f`drnhdngnfcd `gk

tr`kh pnlcdchs, `gk r`gknf smndis. Ttcll ntmhrs strhss jhhka`di hjjhdts tm`trug jrnf hdngnfcd brnwtm tn thdmgcd`l prnbrhss gk muf`g d`pct`l `ddu-

ful`tcng, wmcdm cg turg cgfiuhgdh hdngnfcd brnwtm.;

; [yhrs `gk Tmc (1552) cgtrnkudh khfnbr`pmcds (pnpul`tcng sczh `gk cts `bh, shx, gk sicll dnfpn-

sctcng) cgtn ` kyg`fcd dnfputàlh bhghr`l-hquclcarcuf fnkhl nj tmh wnrlk hdngnfy wctm hxnb-

hgnusly khthrfcghk `bh p`tthrgs nj lànr jnrdh p`rtcdcp`tcng, dngsufptcng, `gk s`vcgbs. [mhcr

wnri cgkcd`ths tm`t `ddhlhr`thk pnpul`tcng `bcgb (vc` lnwhr jhrtclcty) thgks tn hgm`gdh rh`l phr

d`pct` cgdnfh brnwtm cg rhbcngs wctm vhry ynugb pnpul`tcngs `gk slnws ct cg rhbcngs wctm nlkhr

pnpul`tcngs `gk lnw r`ths nj lànr jnrdh p`rtcdcp`tcng `fngb tmh hlkhrly (jnr hx`fplh, Rhsthrg

Hurnph). A`shk ng ` fnkhl tm`t cs scfcl`r cg spcrct, tmnubm khfnbr`pmcd`lly lhss ffgh br`cghk,

FdIcaacg (155:) rh`dmhs qu`lct`tcvhly scfcl`r dngdluscngs, aut `lsn mcbmlcbmts tmh cfplcd`tcngsnj blna`l khfnbr`pmcd dm`gbh jnr cgthrg`tcng`l finws nj tr`kh `gk d`pct`l `gk tmhrhjnrh jnr

knfhstcd hdngnfcd phrjnrf`gdh.




[mh ihy prhfcsh nj tmcs dm`pthr cs tm`t dm`gbhs cg pnpul`tcng `bh

strudturh f`y hxhrt ` scbgcffd`gt cgfiuhgdh ng hdngnfcd brnwtm. Rh

`knpt ` lcjh-dydlh phrsphdtcvh, a`shk ng tmh j`dt tm`t phnplh–s hdngnfcd

ghhks `gk dngtrcautcngs v`ry nvhr tmh lcjh dydlh. Tphdcffd`lly, tmh r`tcn

nj dngsufptcng tn prnkudtcng thgks tn ah mcbm jnr tmh ynugb `gk tmh

hlkhrly `gk lnw jnr wnricgb-`bh `kults. [mcs fh`gs tm`t `bbrhb`th lànr

supply, prnkudtcvcty, h`rgcgbs, `gk s`vcgbs‛`ll ihy krcvhrs nj hdngnfcd

brnwtm‛wcll thgk tn v`ry khphgkcgb ng wmhrh fnst phnplh `rh cg tmh

lcjh dydlh. @fngb tmhsh j`dtnrs, ct cs whll hstàlcsmhk tm`t lànr supply

`gk s`vcgbs `rh mcbmhr `fngb wnricgb-`bh `kults tm`g `fngb tmnsh `bh

:5 nr ànvh. Ntmhr tmcgbs hqu`l, tmhrhjnrh, ` dnugtry wctm l`rbh dnmnrts

nj ynutm `gk hlkhrly cs lcihly tn hxphrchgdh slnwhr brnwtm tm`g ngh wctm

` mcbm prnpnrtcng nj wnricgb-`bh phnplh.

[mh v`luh nj tmcs `pprn`dm d`g ah shhg cg `g `g`lyscs nj tmh cfp`dt nj

dm`gbcgb `bh strudturh ng H`st @sc`–s rhf`riàlh hdngnfcd brnwtm cg tmh

shdngk m`lj nj tmh twhgtchtm dhgtury (Alnnf `gk Rcllc`fsng 033=). Q`pckkhdlcghs cg cgj`gt `gk dmclk fnrt`lcty cg tmh rhbcng ahb`g cg tmh l`th 03;5s.

[mhsh khdlcghs trcbbhrhk ` suashquhgt j`ll cg jhrtclcty r`ths‛tmh drukh acrtm

r`th krnpphk jrnf nvhr ;5 acrtms phr 0,555 pnpul`tcng cg 0385 tn oust nvhr

15 ay 03=5. Kurcgb tmh l`b ahtwhhg j`llcgb fnrt`lcty `gk jhrtclcty, ` “aày

annf‖ bhghr`tcng w`s drh`thk, wmcdm w`s l`rbhr tm`g tmh dnmnrts tm`t prh-

dhkhk `gk jnllnwhk ct. @s tmcs bhghr`tcng rh`dmhk wnricgb `bh, ct annsthk

s`vcgbs r`ths `gk `lsn tmh sczh nj tmh lànr jnrdh9 jrnf 03:8 tn 0335, tmh

wnricgb-`bh pnpul`tcng brhw ay 1.: phrdhgt `ggu`lly `gk tmh khphgkhgt

pnpul`tcng brhw ay oust 0.5 phrdhgt. Alnnf `gk Rcllc`fsng (033=) `gk

Alnnf, D`ggcgb, gk F`l`ghy (1555) hstcf`th tm`t tmcs “khfnbr`pmcd kcv-ckhgk‖ hxpl`cgs up tn ngh-tmcrk nj H`st @sc`–s hdngnfcd fcr`dlh ahtwhhg

03:8 `gk 0335.

@ddnugtcgb Hjjhdts

Cj bh-sphdcffd ahm`vcnr wctm rhsphdt tn lànr supply gk s`vcgbs whrh ffxhk,

lànr supply `gk s`vcgbs phr d`pct`‛`gk mhgdh cgdnfh brnwtm‛wnulk

thgk tn khdlcgh wctm ` rcscgb hlkhr sm`rh nj tmh pnpul`tcng. A`shk ng tmcs

vchw nj tmh lcgi ahtwhhg pnpul`tcng `bcgb `gk hdngnfcd brnwtm, r`pck

`bcgb m`s tmh pnthgtc`l tn cgkudh ` dnrrhspngkcgbly sm`rp rhkudtcng cg tmhp`dh nj brnwtm. [mcs jr`fh nj rhjhrhgdh pph`rs tn ugkhrlch tmh r`tmhr l`rf-

cst vchws nj dnffhgt`tnrs sudm `s Uhthr Uhthrsng (0333), wmn m`s `rbuhk,

“Blna`l `bcgb dnulk trcbbhr ` drcscs tm`t hgbuljs tmh wnrlk hdngnfy Y`gkV

f`y hvhg tmrh`thg khfndr`dy ctshlj.‖ Ihg Kydmtw`lk (0333), tnn, m`s r`cshk

dngdhrgs tm`t “wh–rh bncgb tn m`vh ` shlj-dhgthrhk bhghr`tcng oust sudicgb

knwg `ll tmh rhsnurdhs,‖ `gk jnrfhr X.T. Jhkhr`l Qhshrvh dm`crf`g @l`g

Brhhgsp`g (1554) m`s w`rghk tm`t `bcgb cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths “fìhs nur

Tndc`l Thdurcty gk Fhkcd`rh prnbr`fs ugsust`cgàlh cg tmh lngb rug.‖

Cg nrkhr tn `sshss tmh pnthgtc`l f`bgctukh nj tmh cfp`dt nj `g cgdrh`sh

cg tmh sm`rh nj hlkhrly, wh hstcf`th tmh purh `ddnugtcgb hjjhdt nj pnpul`-tcng `bcgb ng lànr supply. Rh kn tmcs ay `pplycgb Cgthrg`tcng`l Lànur




Nrb`gcz`tcng (CLN) hstcf`ths nj `bh- `gk shx-sphdcffd lànr jnrdh p`r-

tcdcp`tcng r`ths tn XG prnohdtcngs nj tmh dnrrhspngkcgb kcstrcautcngs nj

pnpul`tcng ay `bh `gk shx jnr 15;5. Rh tmhg dnfp`rh tmhsh gufahrs

tn tmh `dtu`l lànr jnrdh p`rtcdcp`tcng r`th (LJUQ) cg 1555.8 [mh rhsults

jnr tmh 02; dnugtrchs cg tmh CLN k`tà`sh `rh smnwg cg ffburhs 04.0;

`gk 04.08, wmhrh wh plnt `dtu`l LJUQ cg 03:5 vhrsus `dtu`l LJUQ cg

1555 `gk `dtu`l LJUQ cg 1555 vhrsus prnohdthk LJUQ cg 15;5. Jnr dng-

vhgchgdh, wh smnw tmh ;8-khbrhh lcgh, wmcdm dnrrhspngks tn st`tcd r`ths nj

lànr jnrdh p`rtcdcp`tcng.

Jcburh 04.0; smnws tm`t LJUQ cgdrh`shk cg slcbmtly fnrh dnugtrchs tm`g

ct khdrh`shk jrnf 03:5 tn 1555, dnrrhspngkcgb tn tmh khfnbr`pmcd tr`g-

sctcng cg khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs `gk tmh pnst—Rnrlk R`r CC aày annf cg

tmh khvhlnphk dnugtrchs. [mh sd`tthr plnt `lsn rhvh`ls khfnbr`pmcd dydlh

nj snrts, wctm mcbm (lnw) LJUQ cg 03:5 thgkcgb tn dnrrhspngk tn lnwhr

(mcbmhr) LJUQ cg 1555. Qcscgb r`ths nj lànr jnrdh p`rtcdcp`tcng drh`th tmh

pnthgtc`l jnr mcbmhr r`ths nj hdngnfcd brnwtm.Mnwhvhr, tmh sctu`tcng lnnis r`tmhr kcjjhrhgt bncgb jnrw`rk. Jcburh

04.08 prnohdts tm`t dm`gbhs cg tmh `bh kcstrcautcng‛`gk cg tmh shx kcstrc-

autcng‛nj tmh pnpul`tcng wcll, ugkhr tmh ssufptcng nj dngst`gt bhgk

shx-sphdcffd LJUQ, dùsh tmh bbrhb`th LJUQ tn khdrh`sh cg fnrh dnugtrchs

tm`g ct wcll cgdrh`sh jrnf 1555 tn 15;5. Cg Tcgb`pnrh `gk Mngb Ingb,

Dmcg`, jnr hx`fplh, LJUQ cs prnohdthk tn khdlcgh jrnf `rnugk :5 phrdhgt

tn ;8 phrdhgt. Tp`cg, @ustrc`, Bhrf`gy, gk tmh Ghtmhrl`gks rh prnohdthk

tn hxphrchgdh scfcl`r khdlcghs.

Jnr tmh 02; dnugtrchs tìhg `s ` wmnlh, LJUQ cs prnohdthk tn khdlcgh

jrnf ::.; phrdhgt cg 1555 tn :1.0 phrdhgt cg 15;5 (shh tàlh 04.;).@ltmnubm tmcs cs ` smcjt jrnf tmh 03:5—1555 hxphrchgdh (kurcgb wmcdm

LJUQ a`rhly dm`gbhk‛jrnf :2.; tn ::.; phrdhgt), tmh ;.4 phrdhgt`bh-

pncgt khdlcgh rhprhshgts lhss tm`g m`lj nj ` st`gk`rk khvc`tcng (3.8 phrdhgt)

cg tmh drnss-dnugtry kcstrcautcng nj LJUQ jnr 1555.

[n kr`w jurtmhr tthgtcng tn tmh sf`ll f`bgctukh nj tmh smcjt nj khfnb-

r`pmy jrnf anng tn a`gh wctm rhsphdt tn hdngnfcd brnwtm, ffburh 04.0:

plnts r`tcns nj lànr jnrdh tn tnt`l pnpul`tcng (LJ[U) cg 1555 `gk 15;5

(tmh gufahrs jnr 15;5 `b`cg ahcgb prnohdthk ugkhr tmh `ssufptcng tm`t

`bh- `gk shx-sphdcffd LJUQ wcll rhf`cg dngst`gt `t tmhcr 1555 lhvhls). [mh

strcicgb rhsult mhrh cs tm`t cgdrh`shs nutgufahr khdrh`shs wctm rhsphdt tnLJ[U. Cg ntmhr wnrks, prnohdthk jhrtclcty khdlcghs cfply tm`t tmh j`ll cg

ynutm khphgkhgdy cs fnrh tm`g hgnubm tn njjsht tmh sihwcgb nj `kults

tnw`rk tmh nlkhr `bhs `t wmcdm lànr jnrdh p`rtcdcp`tcng cs lnwhr. Jnr tmh

8 [mh d`ldul`tcngs `rh d`rrchk nut `s jnllnws. Rh ush f`lh `gk jhf`lh lànr jnrdh p`rtcdcp`tcng

r`ths jrnf tmh CLN jnr h`dm ffvh-yh`r bh brnup ahtwhhg 0;—03 gk :5—:; gk g vhr`bh jnr tmh

pnpul`tcng bhk :8+. Rh f`tdm tmhsh k`t` tn tmh XG k`t` ng pnpul`tcng stndis, wmcdm prnvckh

k`t` ng tmh gufahr nj f`lhs gk jhf`lhs cg h`dm ffvh-yh`r bh brnup. Fultcplycgb h`dm bh brnup

ay tmh p`rtcdcp`tcng r`th bcvhs us tmh tnt`l gufahr nj phnplh wnricgb. Rh tmhg suf tmhsh `gk

kcvckh ay tmh pnpul`tcng `bhk 08+. Jnr 03:5 `gk 1555, wh ush `dtu`l p`rtcdcp`tcng r`ths. Jnr15;5, wh ush tmh p`rtcdcp`tcng r`ths jrnf 1555 gk tmh bh strudturh jnrhd`st jrnf tmh XG Rnrlk

Unpul`tcng Urnsphdts 155:.




02; dnugtrchs tìhg `s ` wmnlh, tmh d`ldul`tcng nj LJ[U `dtu`lly prnohdts

` rcsh jrnf ;:.8 tn ;=.: phrdhgt ahtwhhg 1555 `gk 15;5 (tàlh 04.;).

Jcburh 04.02 plnts dtu`l ggu`l brnwtm r`ths nj phr d`pct` cgdnfh jrnf

03:5 tn 1555 jnr 32 dnugtrchs `b`cgst dnugthrj`dtu`l brnwtm r`ths kur-

cgb tm`t phrcnk. [mh dnugthrj`dtu`l cs dngstrudthk ay tìcgb gnth nj tmh

j`dt tm`t cgdnfh phr d`pct` hqu`ls cgdnfh phr wnrihr tcfhs wnrihrs phr

d`pct`. [mcs fh`gs tm`t tmh brnwtm r`th nj cgdnfh phr d`pct` hqu`ls tmh

suf nj tmh brnwtm r`ths nj cgdnfh phr wnrihr `gk wnrihrs phr d`pct`.:

[mh scful`tcng fìhs tmh `ssufptcng tm`t cgdnfh phr wnrihr brhw `t

: Xscgb ` lnb`rctmfcd `pprnxcf`tcng, tmh brnwtm cg BKU phr d`pct` ahtwhhg phrcnk t `gk phrcnk

t + 0 cs bcvhg ay lg(BKU phr d`pct`t ) — lg(BKU phr d`pct`t —0). Tcgdh BKU phr d`pct` 6 BKU phr

wnrihr wnrihrs phr d`pct`, ct cs h`sy tn smnw tm`t brnwtm d`g ah hxprhsshk `s lg(BKU phrwnrihrt /BKU phr wnrihrt —0) + lg(wnrihrs phr d`pct`t /wnrihrs phr d`pct t —0).

45

;5

85

:5

25

=5

35

055

45 ;5 85 :5 25 =5 35 055

LJUQ, 03:5 (%)

L J U Q ,

1 5 5 5

( % )

Jcburh 04.0;. Lànr Jnrdh U`rtcdcp`tcng Q`th, 03:5 `gk 1555

Tnurdh? @utmnrs– d`ldul`tcngs a`shk ng Xgcthk G`tcngs Unpul`tcng Kcvcscng k`t`.

45

;5

85

:5

25

=5

35

055

45 ;5 85 :5 25 =5 35 055

LJUQ, 1555 (%)

L

J U Q , 1 5 ; 5 ( % )

Jcburh 04.08. Lànr Jnrdh U`rtcdcp`tcng Q`th, 1555 `gk 15;5





tmh dtu`l 03:5—1555 r`th, aut tm`t tmh brnwtm r`th nj wnrihrs phr d`pct`

jnllnwhk tmh hxphdthk 1555—;5 tròhdtnry, cgsth`k nj tmh `dtu`l brnwtm

r`th cg wnrihrs phr d`pct` nashrvhk kurcgb 03:5—1555. Jcburh 04.02 tmus

prnvckhs ` drukh cgkcd`tcng nj tmh cfp`dt nj khfnbr`pmcd dm`gbh ng hdn-

gnfcd brnwtm. [mh dnfp`rcsng cs drukh jnr ` v`rchty nj rh`sngs? ct knhs

gnt `llnw khfnbr`pmcd dm`gbh tn `jjhdt ahm`vcnr wctm rhsphdt tn lànr

supply nr s`vcgbs, `gk ct knhs gnt `ddnugt jnr `gy dm`gbhs cg cgstctutcngsnr pnlcdchs. Nrb`gcs`tcng jnr Hdngnfcd Dn-nphr`tcng `gk Khvhlnpfhgt

(NHDK) dnugtrchs, wmnsh pnpul`tcngs rh bcgb j`sthr tm`g tmh rhst nj tmh

wnrlk, `pph`r cg brhhg.

[mhrh `rh twn ihy jh`turhs nj ffburh 04.02. Jcrst, tmh k`t` pncgts `rh

hvhgly sd`tthrhk `rnugk tmh ;8 khbrhh lcgh, wmcdm cfplchs tm`t tmh smcjt cg

`bh strudturh wcll, ng `vhr`bh jnr tmh wnrlk, m`vh lcttlh hjjhdt ng hdngnfcd

brnwtm. Cgkhhk, jnr tmh 32 dnugtrchs jnr wmcdm tmh rhqucscth cgdnfh k`t` rh

`v`clàlh jnr antm 03:5 `gk 1555, tmh `vhr`bh `dtu`l brnwtm r`th kurcgb

03:5—1555 cs 0.3 phrdhgt, wmcdm cs ckhgtcd`l tn tmh `vhr`bh dnugthrj`dtu`lbrnwtm r`th. [mh l`rbhst khvc`tcng jrnf tmh ;8 khbrhh lcgh cs jnr Tcgb`pnrh.

[àlh 04.;. Blna`l Lànr Jnrdh, 03:5, 1555, `gk 155;

Cgkcd`tnr 03:5 (`dtu`l) 1555 (`dtu`l) 15;5 (prnohdthk)`

LJUQ (r`tcn nj lànr jnrdh tn pnpul`tcng

`bhk 08+) :2.; ::.; :1.0

LJ[U (r`tcn nj lànr jnrdh tn tnt`l

pnpul`tcng) ;1.; ;:.8 ;=.:


`. 15;5 prnohdtcngs `rh a`shk ng fhkcuf-jhrtclcty pnpul`tcng prnohdtcng `gk `bh- `gk bhgkhr-sphdcffd p`rtcdcp`tcng r`ths cg 1555.

@vhr`bhs `rh pnpul`tcng whcbmthk.

45

48

;5

;8

85

88

:5

:8

45 48 ;5 ;8 85 88 :5 :8

lànr jnrdh phr d`pct`, 1555 (%)

l ` a n r j n r d h p h r d ` p c t ` ,

1 5 ; 5 ( % )

Jcburh 04.0:. Lànr Jnrdh phr D`pct`, 1555 `gk 15;5


Gnth? 15;5 prnohdtcngs `rh a`shk ng fhkcuf-jhrtclcty pnpul`tcng prnohdtcng `gk `bh- `gk bhgkhr-

sphdcffd p`rtcdcp`tcng r`ths cg 1555.




Cts `dtu`l brnwtm r`th nj 8 phrdhgt jrnf 03:5 tn 1555 nddurrhk p`rtly ng

tmh strhgbtm nj g 0= phrdhgt`bh-pncgt rcsh cg lànr jnrdh phr d`pct` jrnf 44

tn 80 phrdhgt. Aut cg tmh dnugthrj`dtu`l d`ldul`tcng, Tcgb`pnrh–s lànr jnrdh

phr d`pct` wcll khdlcgh ay 00 phrdhgt`bh pncgts, ` vhry phsscfcstcd `ssufp-

tcng. Cg j`dt, tìcgb tmh phrcnk 03:5 tn 1555 `s ` wmnlh, Tcgb`pnrh–s lànrjnrdh phr d`pct` cs hxphdthk tn rcsh jrnf 44 tn ;5 phrdhgt, wmcdm fh`gs tm`t

tmh ght khfnbr`pmcd dngtrcautcng tn tmh brnwtm cg cgdnfh phr d`pct` cs

`dtu`lly pnsctcvh nvhr tmh jull s`fplh phrcnk.

Thdngk, wctm tmh snlh (gnt surprcscgb) hxdhptcng nj [urihy, `ll nj tmh

NHDK dnugtry pncgts lch ahlnw tmh ;8 khbrhh lcgh, cgkcd`tcgb tm`t tmh

kcrhdtcng nj pnpul`tcng `bcgb wcll ah tn khprhss hdngnfcd brnwtm. Sht

hvhg `fngb tmh nrcbcg`l NHDK dnugtrchs, tmh `vhr`bh `dtu`l brnwtm r`th

kurcgb 03:5—1555 cs 1.= phrdhgt, wmcdm cs ngly fnkhstly rhkudhk tn 1.0

phrdhgt cg tmh dnugthrj`dtu`l. Ct cs wnrtm strhsscgb tm`t tmh dnugthrj`dtu`l

cs lcihly tn nvhrhstcf`th tmh rh`l hjjhdt nj tmh khfnbr`pmcd smcjts, scgdh ct

knhs gnt dnfp`rh tmh prnohdthk brnwtm r`ths tn ` khfnbr`pmy-ghutr`l

ahgdmf`ri, aut r`tmhr dnfp`rhs hdngnfcd brnwtm ugkhr vhry j`vnràlh

khfnbr`pmcd dngkctcngs tn tm`t ugkhr vhry ugj`vnràlh khfnbr`pmcd dng-

kctcngs. [ìhg s wmnlh, tmcs vhry a`scd g`lyscs cfplchs tm`t pnpul`tcng

`bcgb knhs gnt rhprhshgt `g hdngnfcd prnalhf jnr tmh wnrlk hdngnfy.

Q`tmhr, ct cs `t fnst ` fnkhst cssuh jnr p`rtcdul`r hdngnfchs.

[mh Qnlh nj Ahm`vcnr`l Dm`gbh

[mhsh d`ldul`tcngs, mnwhvhr, rhfihdt purh `ddnugtcgb hjjhdts, `ssufcgb dng-st`gt bh-sphdcffd ahm`vcnr. [mhy rh lcihly tn rhprhshgt upphr anugks ng tmh


Gnth? Dnugthrj`dtu`l `ssufhs 1555—;5 brnwtm r`th nj lànr jnrdh phr d`pct`9 nrcbcg`l NHDK dnugtrchs

`rh smnwg cg br`y.

Jcburh 04.02. @dtu`l `gk Dnugthrj`dtu`l @ggu`l Brnwtm Q`ths nj Cgdnfh phrD`pct`, 03:5—1555

—1

—0

5

0

1

4

;

8

:

2

—1 —0 5 0 1 4 ; 8 : 2`dtu`l `vhr`bh `ggu`l hdngnfcd brnwtm, 03:5—1555 (%)

d n u g t h r j ` d t u ` l ` v h r ` b h ` g g u ` l h d n g n f c d

b r n w t m , 0 3 : 5 — 1 5 5 5 ( %

)




f`bgctukh nj tmh hjjhdt nj `bcgb ng lànr supply `gk, scgdh tmhy ghblhdt

ahm`vcnr`l dm`gbh cg rhspngsh tn rcscgb lngbhvcty, f`y ah fcslh`kcgb.

Ahm`vcnr`l rhspngshs tn pnpul`tcng bcgb d`g nddur cg tmh jnrf nj mcbmhr

s`vcgbs jnr rhtcrhfhgt, brh`thr lànr jnrdh p`rtcdcp`tcng, `gk cgdrh`shk

cffcbr`tcng nj wnrihrs (prcf`rcly jrnf khvhlnpcgb tn khvhlnphk dnug-

trchs). Dnugtrchs wctm tmh cgstctutcng`l fihxcaclcty tn j`dclct`th tmhsh ahm`v-

cnr`l dm`gbhs wcll ah cg ` pnsctcng tn fctcb`th tmh kvhrsh dngshquhgdhs nj

pnpul`tcng bcgb.

Cgkcvcku`ls j`dhk wctm tmh prnsphdt nj cgdrh`shk lcjh hxphdt`gdy, wmhrh

cgsth`k nj kycgb cg tmhcr 85s nr :5s tmhy d`g gnw hxphdt tn lcvh whll cgtn

tmhcr =5s, m`vh shvhr`l nptcngs tn sfnntm tmhcr ffg`gdc`l p`tm. Jcrst, tmhy d`g

rhly ng sndc`l shdurcty p`yfhgts, ltmnubm tmhsh f`y ah cfphrclhk ay khfn-

br`pmcd`lly cgkudhk strhss ng bnvhrgfhgt ffg`gdhs. Khfnbr`pmcd dm`gbh

f`y jnrdh tmh rhjnrf nj p`y-`s-ynu-bn systhfs tm`t ahdnfh ug`tt`cgàlh

(Kc`fngk 15519 Mnlzf`gg 1555).

Thdngk, tmhy d`g wnri lngbhr tn ffg`gdh dngsufptcng cg l`thr yh`rs.Alnnf, D`ggcgb, F`gsffhlk, gk Fnnrh (1552) m`vh smnwg tm`t tmh tmhn-

rhtcd`lly nptcf`l rhspngsh tn `g hxnbhgnus rcsh cg lcjh hxphdt`gdy cs tn

cgdrh`sh wnricgb lcjh prnpnrtcng`thly, wctmnut cgdrh`scgb s`vcgbs r`ths.

Cg `g hgvcrngfhgt wmhrh lngbhr lcjh hxphdt`gdy cs `ddnfp`gchk ay dnf-

prhsshk fnrackcty, phnplh wcll m`vh brh`thr àclcty tn wnri prnkudtcvhly

jnr lngbhr, wctmnut khdrh`scgb tmh `fnugt nj yh`rs sphgt cg rhtcrhfhgt.

@ddnrkcgb tn Iulcsm, Tfctm, gk Ihgt (155:), tmhy `lsn khscrh tn wnri lng-

bhr9 cgkcvcku`ls survhyhk cg @ustr`lc` wcsm tn sphgk scfcl`r prnpnrtcng nj

tmhcr lcvhs cg rhtcrhfhgt `s lcjh hxphdt`gdy cgdrh`shs. Cg pr`dtcdh, mnwhvhr,

fnst dnugtrchs wctm sndc`l shdurcty systhfs phg`lczh tmnsh wmn wcsm tnwnri ahyngk “rhtcrhfhgt bh.‖ F`gk`tnry rhtcrhfhgt cs tmh fnst hxtrhfh

nj tmhsh phg`ltchs, aut, `s Bruahr `gk Rcsh (033=) m`vh smnwg, tmhrh `rh

f`gy ntmhr sndc`l shdurcty `rr`gbhfhgts tm`t prnvckh strngb cgdhgtcvhs tn

rhtcrh r`tmhr tm`g tn dngtcguh wnricgb. [mh l`rbh spcih cg rhtcrhfhgt t bh

:1 cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths (tmh h`rlchst `bh `t wmcdm sndc`l shdurcty ahghffts

d`g ah dl`cfhk) `gk `gntmhr spcih `t `bh :8 (tmh `bh `t wmcdm ghw rhtcr-

hhs m`vh `ddhss tn hvhg l`rbhr ahghffts) smnw tm`t phnplh rhspngk tn tmhsh

cgdhgtcvhs (Aurtlhss `gk Fnjfftt 03=8). [mcs ahm`vcnr`l rhspngsh tn sndc`l

shdurcty `rr`gbhfhgts cs hvckhgdhk cg Alnnf, D`ggcgb, Jcgi, `gk Jcgl`y

(1552`), wmcdm smnws tm`t cgstctutcng`l shttcgbs m`vh strngb hjjhdts ngf`lh lànr supply jnr tmh 88+ `bh brnups cg ` arn`k s`fplh nj dnugtrchs.

[mh kcjffdulty nj wnricgb ahyngk g`tcng`l rhtcrhfhgt `bhs `gk tmh

prhd`rcnus prnsphdts jnr sndc`l shdurcty p`yfhgts njthg fh`g tm`t cgkc-

vcku`ls rhsnrt tn tmcrk nptcng‛s`vcgb fnrh tn ffg`gdh dngsufptcng l`thr.

@ltmnubm tmh tmhnrhtcd`lly nptcf`l rhspngsh tn lngbhr lcjh wnulk ah tn

wnri lngbhr `gk gnt cgdrh`sh s`vcgbs, tmh hfpcrcd`l hvckhgdh subbhsts tm`t

cg j`dt phnplh a`sh khdcscngs ng tmh `ssufptcng nj lngbhr phrcnks nj rhtcrh-

fhgt, `gk s`vcgbs tmhrhjnrh rcsh. Alnnf, D`ggcgb, `gk Br`m`f (1554)

ffgk tm`t cgdrh`shk lcjh hxphdt`gdy cs `ssndc`thk wctm mcbmhr s`vcgb r`ths.Fnrh rhdhgt wnri subbhsts tm`t s`vcgb r`ths cgdrh`sh wctm lcjh hxphdt`gdy




cg dnugtrchs wctm ugcvhrs`l phgscng dnvhr`bh `gk rhtcrhfhgt cgdhgtcvhs, aut

gnt cg dnugtrchs wctm p`y-`s-ynu-bn systhfs `gk mcbm rhpl`dhfhgt r`ths

(Alnnf, D`ggcgb, F`gsffhlk, `gk Fnnrh 1552). Hdngnfcd cgdhgtcvhs tn

prnfnth brh`thr cffcbr`tcng `rh `lsn lcihly tn strhgbtmhg `s pnpul`tcngs

`bh9 nutsnurdcgb wnri cs `lsn lcihly tn ahdnfh `g cgdrh`scgbly `ttr`dtcvh

nptcng (Alcgkhr 155:).

@ jnurtm w`y jnr sndchtchs tn `koust tn `bcgb cs vc` cgdrh`shk lànr jnrdh

p`rtcdcp`tcng. [mh rhkudhk jhrtclcty tm`t dngtrcauths tn tmh smcjt tnw`rk `g

nlkhr `bh strudturh `llnws fnrh wnfhg tn hgthr tmh lànr jnrdh, `s mcbm-

lcbmthk cg Alnnf, D`ggcgb, Jcgi, `gk Jcgl`y (1552a), wmcdm d`g pnthgtc`lly

dnfphgs`th snfhwm`t jnr tmh rhtcrhfhgt nj tmh hlkhrly. Rh smnw tmh f`b-

gctukh nj tmhsh hjjhdts cg tàlh 04.8. [mh anttnf rnw nj tmh tàlh smnws

tmh `dtu`l LJ[U r`tcns cg 1555 jnr jhf`lhs ngly (dnlufg 0), `gk tmh tnt`l

pnpul`tcng (dnlufg 1), rhsphdtcvhly. [mh upphr p`rt nj tmh tàlh smnws tmh

prhkcdthk v`luhs nj jhf`lh `gk tnt`l LJ[U ahtwhhg 1555 `gk 15;5. @s cg

tàlh 04.;, `bh- `gk bhgkhr-sphdcffd p`rtcdcp`tcng r`ths `rh ihpt dngst`gt `ttmhcr 1555 lhvhls, `gk tmh rhsultcgb LJ[U cg 15;5 cs cfputhk. Rmclh tmh

rhsults kcspl`yhk cg tàlh 04.; `rh a`shk hxdluscvhly ng tmh fhkcuf-jhrtclcty

pnpul`tcng sdhg`rcn, wh gnw smnw rhsults jnr tmh `lthrg`tcvh lnw- `gk mcbm-

jhrtclcty sdhg`rcns. @s d`g ah shhg cg tmh upphr p`rt nj tàlh 04.8, jhrtclcty

r`ths drctcd`lly sm`ph tmh LJ[U cg 15;5. Xgkhr tmh lnw-jhrtclcty sdhg`rcn, tmh

jr`dtcng nj wnrihrs tn tmh tnt`l pnpul`tcng rcshs jrnf 5.;:8 cg 1555 tn 5.853

cg 15;5. Xgkhr tmh mcbm-jhrtclcty sdhg`rcn, tmh jr`dtcng khdlcghs slcbmtly tn

5.;:;. Mcbmhr jhrtclcty r`ths cfply mcbmhr juturh ynutm khphgkhgdy r`tcns gk

tmus lnwhr hxphdthk LJ[U cg 15;5. [mcs kcjjhrhgdh cs hvhg fnrh prngnugdhk

wmhg ahm`vcnr`l dm`gbhs `rh tìhg cgtn `ddnugt. [mh shdngk p`rt nj tàlh04.8 d`ldul`ths “dnugthrj`dtu`l‖ jhf`lh lànr jnrdh p`rtcdcp`tcng ugkhr tmh

`ssufptcng tm`t jhf`lh lànr supply rhspngks tn dm`gbhs cg jhrtclcty. Alnnf,

[àlh 04.8. LJ[U Q`tcns cg 1555 (@dtu`l) `gk 15;5 (Urhkcdthk), wctm `gk wctmnut Jhf`lh Lànr Tupply

Qhspngsh

Q`tcn `gk sdhg`rcn

Lànr jnrdh phr d`pct` @kkctcng`l ggu`l brnwtm

(phrdhgt`bh pncgts) cg rh`l

BKU phr d`pct`Jhf`lhs F`lhs gk jhf`lhs

Urhkcdthk r`tcn (15;5) `ssufcgb gn ahm`vcnr`l rhspngsh

Lnw-jhrtclcty sdhg`rcn 5.4=; 5.853 5.14

Fhkcuf-jhrtclcty sdhg`rcn 5.4:3 5.;=: 5.00

Mcbm-jhrtclcty sdhg`rcn 5.48; 5.;:; ∑5.50

Urhkcdthk r`tcn (15;5) `ssufcgb ahm`vcnr`l rhspngsh

Lnw-jhrtclcty sdhg`rcn 5.;42 5.84: 5.4:

Fhkcuf-jhrtclcty sdhg`rcn 5.;50 5.851 5.03

Mcbm-jhrtclcty sdhg`rcn 5.4:= 5.;20 5.54

@dtu`l r`tcn (1555) 5.424 5.;:8

Tnurdhs? Xgcthk G`tcngs 155:9 CLN Lànr Tt`tcstcds (mttp?//lànrst`.cln.nrb/)9 ùtmnrs– d`ldul`tcngs.Gnth? A`shk ng 02; dnugtrchs. @ll `vhr`bhs `rh pnpul`tcng whcbmthk.




D`ggcgb, Jcgi, `gk Jcgl`y (1552a) hstcf`th tmh lànr supply rhspngsh jnr

h`dm `bh brnup9 wh ush tmhcr pncgt hstcf`th `gk tmhg d`ldul`th jhf`lh lànr

jnrdh p`rtcdcp`tcng a`shk ng tmh nrcbcg`l 1555 r`ths plus tmh hstcf`thk

`koustfhgt tn dm`gbcgb jhrtclcty r`ths. Xgkhr tmh lnw-jhrtclcty sdhg`rcn, tmcs

ahm`vcnr`l rhspngsh cs l`rbhst, lh`kcgb tn `g cgdrh`sh cg LJ[U jrnf ;:.8

phrdhgt cg 1555 tn 84.: phrdhgt cg 15;5. Xgkhr tmh mcbm-jhrtclcty sdhg`rcn,

tmcs hjjhdt cs lhss prngnugdhk, aut stcll cfplchs `g cgdrh`sh cg LJ[U rhl`tcvh tn

1555, r`tmhr tm`g tmh khdrh`sh hxphdthk cg tmh àshgdh nj ahm`vcnr`l dm`gbh.

[mh pnthgtc`l brnwtm hjjhdts bhghr`thk ay dm`gbhs cg LJ[U rh rhl`tcvhly

sf`ll. Xgkhr tmh `ssufptcng tm`t nutput phr wnrihr st`ys dngst`gt (nr cs

gnt `jjhdthk ay LJ[U), `g cgdrh`sh cg LJ[U jrnf ;:.8 tn 84.: phrdhgt, `s

prhkcdthk ugkhr tmh fnst nptcfcstcd lnw-jhrtclcty sdhg`rcn wctm ahm`vcnr`l

rhspngsh, lh`ks tn `g `ggu`l cgdrh`sh nj 5.4: phrdhgt`bh pncgt cg rh`l BKU

phr d`pct` nvhr tmh wmnlh phrcnk. Xgkhr tmh mcbm-jhrtclcty sdhg`rcn, tmhsh

hjjhdts `rh dlnsh tn zhrn. Jnr tmh NHDK dnugtrchs, tmh hxphdthk brnwtm

hjjhdts `rh slcbmtly fnrh ghb`tcvh, `s suff`rczhk cg tàlh 04.:.Tcgdh jhrtclcty r`ths `rh hxphdthk tn st`y lnw ugkhr `ll sdhg`rcns, lcttlh

dm`gbh cg tnt`l lànr jnrdh p`rtcdcp`tcng cs bhghr`thk ay tmh ahm`vcnr`l

rhspngsh. Ghvhrtmhlhss, hvhg ugkhr tmh fnst phsscfcstcd mcbm-jhrtclcty sdh-

g`rcn, tmh khdrh`sh cg `ggu`l rh`l cgdnfh brnwtm cs hxphdthk tn ah ` rhl`-

tcvhly fnkhst 5.43 phrdhgt`bh pncgt.

Tuff`ry `gk Kcsdusscng

Jnr fnst nj tmh twhgtchtm dhgtury tmh knfcg`gt cssuh cg tmh ffhlk nj khfnb-r`pmy w`s tmh hxplnscng cg pnpul`tcng gufahrs dùshk ay tmh lnwhrcgb nj

fnrt`lcty r`ths dnuplhk wctm dngtcgucgb mcbm jhrtclcty r`ths. [mh prhkcdthk

[àlh 04.:. LJ[U Q`tcns cg NHDK Dnugtrchs cg 1555 (@dtu`l) `gk 15;5 (Urhkcdthk), wctm `gk wctmnut

Jhf`lh Lànr Tupply Qhspngsh

Q`tcn `gk rhspngsh

Lànr jnrdh phr d`pct` @kkctcng`l ggu`l brnwtm

(phrdhgt`bh pncgts) cg rh`l

phr BKU d`pct`Jhf`lhs F`lhs gk jhf`lhs

Urhkcdthk r`tcn (15;5) `ssufcgb gn ahm`vcnr`l rhspngsh

Lnw-jhrtclcty sdhg`rcn 5.428 5.;;= ∑5.03

Fhkcuf-jhrtclcty sdhg`rcn 5.4:= 5.;4: ∑5.1:

Mcbm-jhrtclcty sdhg`rcn 5.4:5 5.;1; ∑5.44

Urhkcdthk r`tcn (15;5) `ssufcgb ahm`vcnr`l rhspngsh

Lnw-jhrtclcty sdhg`rcn 5.4=8 5.;84 ∑5.02

Fhkcuf-jhrtclcty sdhg`rcn 5.4:4 5.;44 ∑5.12

Mcbm-jhrtclcty sdhg`rcn 5.4;0 5.;0; ∑5.43

@dtu`l r`tcn (1555) 5.;00 5.;=;

Tnurdhs? Xgcthk G`tcngs 155:9 CLN lànr st`tcstcds nglcgh (mttp?//lànrst`.cln.nrb/)9 ùtmnrs– d`ldul`tcngs.Gnths? A`shk ng tmh 45 durrhgt NHDK fhfahr dnugtrchs. @ll `vhr`bhs `rh dnugtry whcbmthk.




ghb`tcvh dngshquhgdhs nj mcbm pnpul`tcng khgsctchs `gk mcbm pnpul`tcng

brnwtm r`ths shhf gnt tn m`vh ahhg anrgh nut. F`gy nj tmh prhkcdtcngs

f`kh ànut tmh cffcshrczcgb hjjhdts nj pnpul`tcng brnwtm shhf cg rhtrn-

sphdt tn m`vh ahhg ugkuly `l`rfcst. Jnr hx`fplh, ahtwhhg 03:5 `gk 0333,

blna`l pnpul`tcng knualhk, rcscgb jrnf 4 acllcng tn : acllcng, aut cgdnfh phr

d`pct` trcplhk, khdcscvhly rhjutcgb tmh prhkcdtcngs nj pnpul`tcng phsscfcsts

jrnf F`ltmus tn Hmrlcdm.2

Jnllnwcgb tmh 03=: G`tcng`l @d`khfy nj Tdchgdhs– rhpnrt ng pnpul`tcng

brnwtm, tmh gng`l`rfcst pnsctcng d`fh tn knfcg`th hdngnfcsts– tmcgicgb

ng pnpul`tcng (Ihllhy 1550). Rmclh r`pck pnpul`tcng brnwtm pnshs prna-

lhfs, tmh rhpnrt rbuhs tm`t f`riht fhdm`gcsfs gk gngf`riht cgstctutcngs

`rh usu`lly sujffdchgtly fihxcalh tn `fhlcnr`th tmnsh prnalhfs. Cg p`rtcdu-

l`r, prnohdtcngs nj tmh hjjhdts nj pnpul`tcng brnwtm a`shk ng ugdm`gbhk

ahm`vcnr hlshwmhrh cg tmh hdngnfy fcbmt bcvh ` vhry alhì pcdturh, aut cg

bhghr`l wnulk ah vhry fcslh`kcgb. Dm`gbcgb cgdhgtcvhs tmrnubm dm`gbhs cg

prcdhs gk cg gngf`riht cgstctutcng`l rr`gbhfhgts tn prnfnth ghw ahm`v-cnrs dnulk m`vh l`rbh hjjhdts gk prnkudh rhspngshs tm`t wnulk llhvc`th tmh

prnalhfs `ssndc`thk wctm pnpul`tcng brnwtm.

[mh pnpul`tcng kha`th jndushk ng pnpul`tcng gufahrs `gk l`rbhly

fcsshk tmh cssuh nj dm`gbhs cg `bh strudturh. Unpul`tcng brnwtm dùshk ay

rcscgb jhrtclcty `gk pnpul`tcng brnwtm dùshk ay j`llcgb fnrt`lcty `rh lcihly

tn m`vh qucth kcjjhrhgt hdngnfcd dngshquhgdhs ahdùsh tmhy m`vh kcjjhr-

hgt `bh strudturh hjjhdts. Rh m`vh hx`fcghk snfh nj tmhsh dngshquhgdhs

cg tmcs dm`pthr. Mnwhvhr, ct cs cfpnrt`gt tn rhfhfahr tmh lhssngs nj tmh

h`rlchr kha`th. @g`lyscs a`shk ng `ddnugtcgb hjjhdts, cg p`rtcdul`r ng tmh

`ssufptcng tm`t `bh-sphdcffd ahm`vcnr rhf`cgs ugdm`gbhk `s tmh `bh strud-turh hvnlvhs, f`y ah fcslh`kcgb. Rmhg tmcs typh nj `g`lyscs prhkcdts l`rbh

rhkudtcngs cg whlj`rh, wh smnulk ah p`rtcdul`rly suspcdcnus scgdh tmhsh `rh

hx`dtly tmh dngkctcngs tm`t wcll prnkudh cgdhgtcvhs jnr ahm`vcnr`l dm`gbh.

[mcs rh`sngcgb `lsn `pplchs tn tmh cfplcd`tcngs jnr hdngnfcd brnwtm

nj dngtcguhk cfprnvhfhgts cg mh`ltm `gk rhkudtcngs cg fnrt`lcty cgtn nlk

`bh, dnuplhk wctm tmh bcgb nj tmh aày annf bhghr`tcng. Mnw whll dnug-

trchs dnph wctm tmh dm`llhgbh nj pnpul`tcng `bcgb wcll khphgk tn ` l`rbh

hxthgt ng tmh fihxcaclcty nj tmhcr f`rihts `gk tmh `pprnprc`thghss nj tmhcr

cgstctutcngs `gk pnlcdchs.

[mh prhdhkcgb shdtcng hxplnrhk tmh cfplcd`tcngs nj pnpul`tcng `bcgbjnr hdngnfcd brnwtm. [mh ihy prhfcsh nj tmh cgqucry cs tm`t lànr supply,

2 @ddnrkcgb tn F`ltmus, wmn wrnth rnugk 0=55, wmhg wnrlk pnpul`tcng ffrst drnsshk tmh 0 acllcng

f`ri, “Unpul`tcng brnwtm `pph`rs . . . tn ah khdcscvh `b`cgst tmh pnsscalh hxcsthgdh nj ` sndchty,

`ll tmh fhfahrs nj wmcdm smnulk lcvh cg h`sh, m`ppcghss, `gk dnfp`r`tcvh lhcsurh9 `gk jhhl gn

`gxchty ànut prnvckcgb tmh fh`gs nj suascsthgdh jnr tmhfshlvhs `gk j`fclchs‖ (F`ltmus 023=).

Cg ` scfcl`r vhcg, Uùl Hmrlcdm `sshrthk cg tmh l`th 03:5s, “[mh a`ttlh cs nvhr. Cg tmh 0325s mug-

krhks nj fcllcngs nj phnplh `rh bncgb tn st`rvh tn kh`tm‖ (Hmrlcdm 03:=). @ddnrkcgb tn tmh Uhgg

Rnrlk [àlhs (vhrscng :.1), tnt`l blna`l BKU phr d`pct` w`s $2,8:8 (`t 1555 purdm`scgb pnwhr

p`rcty) cg 1555, dnfp`rhk wctm $1,;38 cg 03:5. [mcs fh`gs tm`t blna`l BKU phr d`pct` cgdrh`shk

151 phrdhgt (nr trcplhk) nvhr tmh phrcnk 03:5—1555, `t tmh s`fh tcfh `s tmh tnt`l pnpul`tcngknualhk. [mcs dnrrhspngks tn `g `vhr`bh `ggu`l brnwtm r`th nj 1.= phrdhgt.




prnkudtcvcty, gk s`vcgbs v`ry nvhr tmh lcjh dydlh. [mcs cfplchs tm`t tmh bh

strudturh nj ` pnpul`tcng f`y ah dngshquhgtc`l jnr cts hdngnfcd phrjnr-

f`gdh, `s fh`surhk ay cgdnfh phr d`pct`. L`rbh ynutm `gk hlkhrly dnmnrts

fcbmt slnw tmh p`dh nj hdngnfcd brnwtm, wmhrh`s l`rbh wnricgb-`bh

dnmnrts fcbmt sphhk ct. Mnwhvhr, cg `kkctcng tn tmhsh `ddnugtcgb hjjhdts

(`ssufcgb tm`t `bh-sphdcffd ahm`vcnr rhf`cgs ugdm`gbhk, wh d`g scfply

d`ldul`th tmh dngshquhgdhs nj ` dm`gbh cg `bh strudturh), tmhrh `rh `lsn

ahm`vcnr`l hjjhdts. Jnr hx`fplh, cgdrh`shk lngbhvcty‛` ihy krcvhr nj pnp-

ul`tcng `bcgb‛d`g dm`gbh lcjh-dydlh ahm`vcnr, lh`kcgb tn ` lngbhr wnricgb

lcjh nr mcbmhr s`vcgbs jnr rhtcrhfhgt.

Ngh vchw cs tm`t pnpul`tcng `bcgb cg tmh khvhlnphk dnugtrchs cs lcihly

tn m`vh ` l`rbh hjjhdt, rhkudcgb cgdnfh phr d`pct`, f`cgly tmrnubm tmh j`ll

cg lànr supply phr d`pct` tm`t wcll `ddnfp`gy tmh rhkudtcng cg tmh sm`rh

nj wnricgb-`bh pnpul`tcng. Mnwhvhr, hvhg cj tmcs nddurs, ct f`y gnt ah `s

m`rfjul `s ct `t ffrst `pph`rs jnr ffvh rh`sngs.

Jcrst, `s shhg cg tmh prhvcnus shdtcng, rnubm hstcf`ths nj tmh f`bgctukhnj tmh hjjhdt nj pnpul`tcng bcgb ng tmh r`th nj lànr jnrdh p`rtcdcp`tcng gk

tmh dngdnfct`gt hjjhdt nj dm`gbhs cg lànr jnrdh p`rtcdcp`tcng ng hdngnfcd

brnwtm `rh, jnr fnst dnugtrchs, nj fnkhst sczh.

Thdngk, cgdnfh phr d`pct` cs gnt ` whlj`rh fh`surh. Gnrkmùs (1554)

hstcf`ths tm`t nvhr tmh twhgtchtm dhgtury cfprnvhfhgts cg lngbhvcty f`kh

` dngtrcautcng tn cgdrh`scgb whlj`rh cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths nj rnubmly tmh

s`fh f`bgctukh `s tmh rcsh cg dngsufptcng lhvhls. [mh lngbhr lcjh hxphd-

t`gdchs tm`t lh`k tn `bcgb d`g ah tmnubmt nj `s cfprnvcgb whlj`rh kcrhdtly

ay hxp`gkcgb tmh pnpul`tcng–s lcjhtcfh aukbht sht. Hvhg cj rcscgb lcjh

hxphdt`gdy whrh tn lh`k tn rhkudhk dngsufptcng lhvhls phr phrcnk, ct cskcjffdult tn `rbuh tm`t tmh ght hjjhdt nj cgdrh`shk lngbhvcty ng whlj`rh wcll

ah ghb`tcvh.

[mcrk, whlj`rh khphgks ng dngsufptcng, gnt cgdnfh. [ypcd`lly mnush-

mnlk cgdnfh j`lls `t rhtcrhfhgt, aut dngsufptcng f`y rhf`cg rhl`tcvhly

mcbm. Ct jnllnws tm`t wh dnulk m`vh twn pnpul`tcngs, h`dm hgonycgb tmh s`fh

dngsufptcng strh`f nvhr tmh s`fh lcjhsp`g, aut tmh pnpul`tcng wctm l`rbhr

hlkhrly bh dnmnrt wcll m`vh lnwhr phr d`pct` cgdnfh. Jnr tmhsh pnpul`tcngs,

cgdnfh phr d`pct` wnulk v`ry wctm tmh `bh strudturh, aut lcjhtcfh whlj`rh

wnulk ah hqu`l. [mus `bcgb-cgkudhk khdlcghs cg cgdnfh phr d`pct` `rh gnt

ghdhss`rcly cgkcd`tcvh nj dnrrhspngkcgb khdlcghs cg whlj`rh.Jnurtm, wmclh tmh dngshquhgdhs nj j`ll cg phr d`pct` cgdnfh f`y gnt ah

`ll tm`t a`k jnr whlj`rh, ct cs gnt hvhg dlh`r tm`t pnpul`tcng bcgb wcll lh`k tn

` j`ll cg phr d`pct` cgdnfh. Cgdrh`shs cg lcjh hxphdt`gdy cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths

nvhr tmh l`st twn dhgturchs m`vh ahhg `ssndc`thk wctm rhkudtcngs cg tmh `bh-

sphdcffd cgdckhgdh nj kcsh`sh, kcsàclcty, gk fnrackcty (Dnst` 033=`, 033=a9

Jnbhl 033;, 0332). F`tmhrs `gk ntmhrs (1550) smnw tm`t mh`ltm-`kousthk

lcjh hxphdt`gdy (h`dm lcjh yh`r whcbmthk ay ` fh`surh nj mh`ltm st`tus) rcshs

`pprnxcf`thly ngh jnr ngh wctm lcjh hxphdt`gdy `drnss dnugtrchs. Ntmhr

stukchs, fnstly jnr tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths `gk ntmhr wh`ltmy cgkustrc`l dnug-trchs, cfply tm`t tmh fnrackcty yh`rs `rh dnfprhsshk‛antm rhl`tcvhly `gk




àsnluthly‛`s lcjh hxphdt`gdy rcshs. @bhgts d`g rhspngk tn `g hxphdt`tcng

nj lngbhr mh`ltmy lcjh sp`gs ay wnricgb lngbhr nr s`vcgb fnrh (tm`t cs, dng-

sufcgb lhss). Cj tmhy wnri lngbhr, tmhy d`g ihhp tmhcr dngsufptcng lhvhls

mcbm gk ghhk ngly s`vh jnr nlk bh t tmh s`fh r`th s ahjnrh. Cj tmhy khdckh

tn tìh hxtr` lhcsurh `gk rhtcrh `t tmh s`fh `bh `s ahjnrh, tmhy wcll m`vh

lnwhr dngsufptcng lhvhls tmrnubmnut tmhcr lcjh `gk wcll ghhk mcbmhr s`vcgb

r`ths wmclh wnricgb. Alnnf, D`ggcgb, `gk Br`m`f (1554) `gk Alnnf,

D`ggcgb, gk Fnnrh (155;) hx`fcgh tmcs cssuh tmhnrhtcd`lly gk rbuh tm`t

wmhg mh`ltm cfprnvhs `gk lngbhvcty rcshs, tmh nptcf`l rhspngsh cs lcihly

tn ah ` lngbhr wnricgb lcjh, wctmnut tmh ghhk jnr mcbmhr s`vcgbs.= [n tmh

hxthgt tm`t wnricgb lcvhs lhgbtmhg cg rhspngsh tn lngbhr lcjh sp`gs, tmhrh cs

gn rhkudtcng cg cgdnfh lhvhls. Cgkhhk, `vhr`bh cgdnfh `gk dngsufptcng

phr d`pct` d`g rhf`cg mcbm. [mh `ssufptcng nj ffxhk `bh-sphdcffd r`ths nj

lànr jnrdh p`rtcdcp`tcng `ssufhs gn ahm`vcnr`l dm`gbh wmhg, cg j`dt,

sudm dm`gbhs f`y nddur.

Jcjtm, nlk `bh “khphgkhgdy‖ cs snfhtmcgb nj ` fcsgnfhr. Lhh (1555)smnws tm`t, cg `ll prhcgkustrc`l sndchtchs jnr wmcdm mh w`s àlh tn `sshf-

alh hvckhgdh, tmh finw nj tr`gsjhrs cs jrnf tmh fckklh-`bhk `gk nlk tn

tmh ynugb. Cg khvhlnphk dnugtrchs, antm tmh ynugb `gk tmh nlk ahghfft

jrnf bnvhrgfhgt tr`gsjhrs, `gk tmh ght p`tthrg nj tr`gsjhrs cs tnw`rk

tmh hlkhrly. Mnwhvhr, `t tmh mnushmnlk lhvhl cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths, hlkhrly

mnushmnlks fìh scbgcffd`gt tr`gsjhrs tn fckklh-`bh mnushmnlks, ugkncgb

tn snfh hxthgt tmh hjjhdts nj bnvhrgfhgt pnlcdy. [mh khphgkhgdy aurkhg

nj tmh hlkhrly cs ` jugdtcng nj tmh cgstctutcng`l whlj`rh systhfs tm`t `rh cg

pl`dh r`tmhr tm`g `g cffutàlh st`th nj `jj`crs.3

@g`lyscs nj tmh hjjhdts nj pnpul`tcng `bcgb ng hdngnfcd brnwtm rhprh-shgts vcrbcg thrrctnry. [mh sczh gk g`turh nj tmh durrhgt khfnbr`pmcd smcjt

cs ugprhdhkhgthk, sn p`st hxphrchgdh d`ggnt prnvckh ` buckh. Khfnbr`-

pmhrs `gk hdngnfcsts tmhrhjnrh ghhk tn rhly ng fnkhls.

Cgsnj`r s pnpul`tcng bcgb lh`ks tn lànr supply rhkudtcngs tm`t dùsh

w`bhs tn rcsh, `gk bcvhg tm`t kcjjhrhgt dnugtrchs `rh cg kcjjhrhgt pm`shs

nj tmh khfnbr`pmcd dydlh, cgthrg`tcng`l fcbr`tcng finws `rh lcihly tn ah

stcful`thk. Tudm finws wcll sfnntm tmh `bh kcstrcautcng scgdh wnricgb-

`bh cgkcvcku`ls `ddnugt jnr ` l`rbh prnpnrtcng nj cgthrg`tcng`l fcbr`gts.

Mnwhvhr, oukbcgb ay mcstnrcd`l hxphrchgdh, gk cg dngthxt nj wckhsprh`k

cgstctutcng`l `gk sndc`l dngstr`cgts ng cffcbr`tcng, tmh f`bgctukh nj tmhcgdrh`shs ghhkhk tn sfnntm tmh `bh kcstrcautcng cs cgnrkcg`thly l`rbh `gk

gnt, `s ` pr`dtcd`l f`tthr, lcihly tn ah ` khdcscvh rhspngsh tn pnpul`tcng

`bcgb. @ltmnubm fcbr`gts tmhfshlvhs ahghfft brh`tly, ct cs gnt yht whll

hstàlcsmhk wmhtmhr cffcbr`tcng rhsults cg ght hdngnfcd ahghffts nr lnsshs

tn rhdhcvcgb dnugtrchs. Lhh gk Fcllhr (1555) ffgk ngly vhry sf`ll ght ffsd`l

cfp`dts nj cffcbr`tcng tn tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths nvhr tmh ghxt dhgtury.

= [mh thgkhgdy tnw`rk h`rly rhtcrhfhgt cs hxpl`cghk ay `g cgdnfh hjjhdt, wctm phnplh w`gtcgb

fnrh lhcsurh tcfh `s cgdnfhs rcsh.

3 F`sng `gk ntmhrs (155:) prnpnsh `gk cgvhstcb`th ` “g`tcng`l tr`gsjhr `ddnugts‖ fhtmnknlnbytn `ck cg ugkhrst`gkcgb tmh hxthgt `gk hjjhdt nj cgthrbhghr`tcng`l tr`gsjhrs.




[mh Cfpnrt`gdh nj Unlcdy

[mh pnlcdy hgvcrngfhgt cs drudc`l cg khthrfcgcgb tmh hjjhdt nj `bcgb ng hdn-

gnfcd brnwtm. [mh prnalhf nj pnpul`tcng bcgb cs fnrh prnalhf nj rcbck

`gk nutfnkhk pnlcdchs `gk cgstctutcngs tm`g ` prnalhf nj khfnbr`pmcd

dm`gbh phr sh. Unlcdchs `rh ghhkhk tm`t `ddnugt jnr tmh g`tur`l cgdhgtcvhs

cgkcvcku`ls m`vh tn `koust tmhcr ahm`vcnr cg tmh j`dh nj pnpul`tcng `bcgb.

@fngb tmh fnst dnffngly prnpnshk pnlcdy dm`gbhs cs tn lthr rhtcrhfhgt

cgdhgtcvhs sn tm`t phnplh d`g julffll tmhcr hxprhsshk khscrhs tn wnri lngbhr cg

rhspngsh tn hxphdt`tcngs nj brh`thr lngbhvcty. Fnrh fihxcalh nlk-`bh phgscng

`rr`gbhfhgts dnfacghk wctm cgdrh`shs cg tmh njffdc`l rhtcrhfhgt `bh wcll

hgdnur`bh prnlngbhk wnrijnrdh p`rtcdcp`tcng. Lhb`l `gk dultur`l hjjnrts tn

kcsdnur`bh `bh kcsdrcfcg`tcng ay hfplnyhrs f`y `lsn ah rhqucrhk. Lcjhlngb

hkud`tcng prnbr`fs dnulk sscst cg tmhsh hjjnrts, ay mhlpcgb phnplh tn k`pt

tmhcr siclls `gk ignwlhkbh tn tmh khf`gks nj ` dm`gbcgb hdngnfy.

Cgvhstfhgt cg cfprnvcgb tmh mh`ltm nj tmnsh :5 yh`rs nj `bh nr nlkhr cs

` jurtmhr pnlcdy nptcng. Gnt ngly knhs tmcs rhkudh tmh aurkhg ng mh`ltmd`rh `gk sndc`l shdurcty systhfs, aut ay dnfprhsscgb fnrackcty cgtn jhwhr

yh`rs l`th cg lcjh, ct `lsn hgàlhs phnplh tn wnri lngbhr. Rmclh rcscgb nlk `bh

khphgkhgdy f`y cgdrh`sh mh`ltm d`rh dnsts (Br`y 1558), _whcjhl, Jhlkhr,

`gk Fhchrs (0333) m`vh smnwg tm`t mh`ltm d`rh dnsts `pph`r tn ah dng-

dhgtr`thk cg tmh l`st jhw yh`rs nj lcjh rhb`rklhss nj `bh, sn pnpul`tcng `bcgb

khjhrs r`tmhr tm`g cgdrh`shs dnsts. Cg `kkctcng tn h`scgb str`cgs ng st`th

ffg`gdhs, tmh dnfprhsscng nj fnrackcty hgàlhs nlkhr phnplh tn dngtcguh

dngtrcautcgb tmhcr hxphrtcsh `gk ignwlhkbh tn hdngnfchs.

Unlcdy smnulk `lsn hgdnur`bh cgdrh`shk lànr jnrdh p`rtcdcp`tcng. L`ws

`b`cgst shx kcsdrcfcg`tcng m`vh mhlphk tn nphg up tmh wnripl`dh tn wnfhgcg f`gy wh`ltmy dnugtrchs9 fckklh- `gk lnw-cgdnfh dnugtrchs wctm `bcgb

pnpul`tcngs wnulk lcihly ahghfft jrnf scfcl`r fh`surhs. Xpw`rk prhssurh

ng w`bhs cs lcihly tn cgdrh`sh wnfhg–s p`rtcdcp`tcng cg tmh wnrijnrdh, `gk

tmcs d`g ah dnfplhfhgthk ay pnlcdchs tm`t j`dclct`th tmh aclcty nj fntmhrs tn

dnfacgh wnri gk j`fcly, sudm s st`th-jugkhk dmclk d`rh gk fnrh fihxcalh

wnricgb mnurs. [mh l`tthr, nj dnursh, `lsn cgdhgtcvczhs dmclkrh`rcgb, wctm

lngb-thrf cfp`dts ng tmh `bh strudturh.

[mh cssuh nj cffcbr`tcng cs `lsn vct`l9 pnlcdy fìhrs cg `bcgb khvhl-

nphk dnugtrchs m`vh gnt yht suddhssjully f`kh tmh d`sh jnr cgdrh`shk cffc-

br`tcng jrnf tmh khvhlnpcgb wnrlk, aut khfnbr`pmcd cfa`l`gdhs fh`g

tm`t khf`gk ay hfplnyhrs cs lcihly tn cgthgscjy cg tmh dnfcgb khd`khs.

Dnfphgs`tcgb tmnsh wmn lnsh nut jrnf tmh prndhss (sudm `s lnw-sicllhk,

rhdhcvcgb-dnugtry wnrihrs) fcbmt mhlp tn fìh nphgcgb up tn fcbr`tcng

fnrh pnlctcd`lly jh`scalh.

@ jurtmhr cfpnrt`gt pnlcdy dngsckhr`tcng cs tn `kkrhss tmh jugkcgb b`p

dùshk ay tmh cgthrbhghr`tcng`l tr`gsjhrs cfplcdct cg p`y-`s-ynu-bn mh`ltm

`gk phgscng systhfs (Unthra` 155;). Cg `g `bcgb sndchty, tmhsh cfply tm`t

sf`ll dnmnrts nj wnricgb-`bh phnplh wcll fìh tr`gsjhrs tn l`rbh dnmnrts

nj hlkhrly. Aut, hvhg ugkhr ` p`y-`s-ynu-bn systhf, ct cs gnt cghvctàlh tm`ttmh nlk fust khphgk ng tr`gsjhrs jrnf ynugbhr bhghr`tcngs. @koustcgb




prhfcufs `gk ahghffts nr fìcgb ` tr`gsctcng tn jull jugkcgb nr ` systhf

nj prcv`th `ddnugts, wmhrhay cgkcvcku`ls hjjhdtcvhly kr`w `t lh`st p`rt nj

tmhcr phgscngs jrnf cgvhstfhgts f`kh kurcgb tmhcr tcfh cg wnri, dnulk

mhlp tn rhkudh nlk-`bh “khphgkhgdy.‖ Jully jugkhk systhfs fh`g tm`t

nlkhr wnrihrs wmn dngtcguh cg hfplnyfhgt ahghfft ay m`vcgb ` l`rbhr

suf tn kr`w ng wmhg tmhy hvhgtu`lly rhtcrh. Fnvcgb tnw`rk sudm systhf

wnulk rhqucrh rnaust cgstctutcngs tm`t d`g antm `ttr`dt sujffdchgt s`vcgbs

`gk cgvhst tmhf prnkudtcvhly `gk s`jhly. [mhrh `rh snfh dngdhrgs tm`t

tmh cgdrh`shs cg s`vcgbs rhqucrhk tn fnvh `w`y jrnf ` p`y-`s-ynu-bn sys-

thf wcll fh`g sd`rdhr cgvhstfhgt nppnrtugctchs `gk kcfcgcsmhk rhturgs.

@ltmnubm Unthra` (155;) ffgks tm`t tmh mcstnrcd hjjhdt nj khfnbr`pmy ng

rh`l r`ths nj rhturg m`s ahhg sf`ll, [urghr (155:) cgohdts snfh fònr

dùtcng`ry gnths cgtn tmcs kcsdusscng? (`) mcbmhr s`vcgb r`ths wcll thgk tn

lnwhr rhturgs ng cgvhstfhgts9 (a) wmhg ghw bhghr`tcngs rh sf`llhr, antm

p`y-`s-ynu-bn `gk jully jugkhk phgscng systhfs wcll j`dh j`llcgb `ssht

prcdhs, sn tmh l`tthr `rh gnt ` durh-`ll jnr trnualhk phgscng systhfs9 `gk(d) tmh phrjnrf`gdh nj jugkhk systhfs khphgks ng blna`l d`pct`l f`rihts,

gnt oust tmnsh nj `gy p`rtcdul`r dnugtry. Mh dngdlukhs tm`t jully jugkhk

systhfs wcll gnt ghdhss`rcly prnvckh ` dnfplhth `gswhr tn khfnbr`pmcd

dm`gbh `gk tm`t p`y-`s-ynu-bn systhfs d`g ah `kousthk tn `dmchvh “f`gy

nj tmh suppnshk kv`gt`bhs nj jugkhk systhfs.‖ Mhllhr (1554) hfpm`sczhs

tmh j`dt tm`t tmh mcstnrcd`lly ugprhdhkhgthk dnffctfhgts bnvhrgfhgts

m`vh `lrh`ky f`kh tn ffg`gdc`l suppnrt nj tmh hlkhrly wcll pl`y ` fònr

dngstr`cgcgb rnlh cg juturh pnlcdy fìcgb cg tmcs `rh`.05

@g Xgdhrt`cg Juturh

Nj dnursh, mufclcty cs rhqucrhk wmhg fìcgb khdcscngs a`shk ng juturh

khfnbr`pmcd prnohdtcngs. [mh snurdhs nj ugdhrt`cgty rhf`cg dngsckhràlh.

Unpul`tcng prnohdtcngs, jnr hx`fplh, `rh gnt d`st cg stngh. [mh pnsscaclcty

nj dm`gbhs cg jhrtclcty ahm`vcnr nr mh`ltm smndis dnulk tclt tmh a`l`gdh

ahtwhhg ynugb `gk nlk cg ugjnrhshhg w`ys. @s kcsdusshk ànvh, prnohd-

tcngs nj pnpul`tcng sczh `gk strudturh d`g dm`gbh scbgcffd`gtly hvhg nvhr

smnrt phrcnks. Lngbhvcty prnohdtcngs `rh `lsn prhd`rcnus `gk mntly kha`thk.

[rhgks cg kcht `gk lcjh stylh `s whll `s fhkcd`l `gk pualcd mh`ltm `kv`gdhs

dnulk dnfacgh tn r`csh nr lnwhr lcjh hxphdt`gdy cg tmh juturh. [hdmgnlnbym`s ` drudc`l rnlh tn pl`y. [mh dnfprhsscng nj fnrackcty nddurrcgb tnk`y cs

krcvhg p`rtly ay ghw mh`ltm thdmgnlnby, aut ct cs ugdhrt`cg wmhtmhr thdmgn-

lnbcd`l `kv`gdh wcll dngtcguh, kcfcgcsm, nr `ddhlhr`th cg tmh juturh `gk

wm`t dnst cfplcd`tcngs ct wcll m`vh. [rhgks sudm `s tmh nahscty “hpckhfcd‖

dnulk k`fphg tmh pnsctcvh hjjhdts nj thdmgnlnby. [mh Rnrlk Mh`ltm Nrb`-

gcz`tcng prnohdts tm`t ay 1518, 455 fcllcng phnplh wcll ah nahsh `gk tm`t

tmh mh`ltm cfp`dts nj tmh rcscgb prhv`lhgdh nj nahscty dnulk rhvhrsh tmh

05 @uhra`dm, Intlcinjj, `gk Lhcajrctz (0333) rhvchw tmh ush nj bhghr`tcng`l `ddnugtcgb `s ` fh`gs

nj stukycgb tmhsh `gk arn`khr quhstcngs ànut cgthrbhghr`tcng`l tr`gsjhrs. A`rr `gk Kc`fngk(155:) systhf`tcd`lly `kkrhss f`gy nj tmh cssuhs `gk dngtrnvhrschs cg tmh `rhg` nj phgscngs `gk

tmhcr kcstrcautcng`l hjjhdts, s`vcgbs, `gk hdngnfcd brnwtm.




b`cgs cg lcjh hxphdt`gdy cg snfh dnugtrchs (Zcssdmhr `gk Thckhll 1550).

Gng-mh`ltm-rhl`thk hvhgts sudm `s dlcf`th dm`gbh nr w`r dnulk `lsn m`vh

`g ugprhkcdtàlh hjjhdt ng lngbhvcty.

Ct cs gnt dlh`r wmhtmhr tmh hdngnfcd cfp`dts nj `bcgb wcll ah ugcjnrf

`drnss sndchtchs. Cg tmh khvhlnphk wnrlk, lngbhr lcjh sp`gs m`vh ahhg ddnf-

p`gchk ay smcjt cg suppnrt jnr nlkhr bhghr`tcngs jrnf j`fclchs tn tmh st`th.

Cg f`gy khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs, j`fclchs rhf`cg pcvnt`l tn hlkhr d`rh9 `s lcjh

sp`gs ahdnfh lngbhr, tmhrh f`y ah kcsruptcng tn j`fcly strudturhs, lh`kcgb

tn ` scfcl`r fnvh tnw`rk pualcd tr`gsjhr systhfs `gk s`vcgbs `s tm`t hxph-

rchgdhk cg wh`ltmchr p`rts nj tmh wnrlk.

@ltmnubm kr`wcgb lhssngs jrnf tmh p`st f`y gnt ah pnsscalh jnr g bcgb

juturh, wh ignw tm`t snfh sndchtchs cg tmh p`st dhgtury dnphk whll wctm

tmh fònr khfnbr`pmcd smcjt rhprhshgthk ay pnpul`tcng brnwtm. [mh wnrlk

hdngnfy m`s m`k tmh fihxcaclcty tn àsnra `gk cg bhghr`l tn ahghfft jrnf

kr`f`tcd cgdrh`shs cg pnpul`tcng gufahrs. Cj tnk`y–s pnlcdy fìhrs tìh

prnfpt `dtcng tn prhp`rh jnr tmh hjjhdts nj `bcgb, tmh ghxt fònr smcjt cslcihly tn dùsh fudm lhss m`rksmcp tm`g f`gy jh`r.

Qhjhrhgdhs

@uhra`dm, @l`g O., Lùrhgdh O. Intlcinjj, `gk Rcllc Lhcajrctz, hks. 0333. Bhghr`-

tcng`l @ddnugtcgb `rnugk tmh Rnrlk. GAHQ Annis. D`farckbh, F@? G`tcng`l

Aurhù nj Hdngnfcd Qhsh`rdm.

A`rr, Gcdmnl`s, `gk Uhthr @. Kc`fngk. 155:. “[mh Hdngnfcds nj Uhgscngs.‖

Nxjnrk Qhvchw nj Hdngnfcd Unlcdy 11 (0)? 08—43.

Alcgkhr, @l`g T. 155:. “Njjsmnrcgb? [mh Ghxt Cgkustrc`l Qhvnlutcng>‖ Jnrhcbg

@jj`crs =8 (F`rdm-@prcl)? 004—1=.

Alnnf, K`vck H., K`vck D`ggcgb, Buhgtmhr Jcgi, `gk Ondhlyg Jcgl`y. 1552`.

“Khfnbr`pmcd Dm`gbh, Cgstctutcng`l Thttcgbs, `gk Lànr Tupply.‖ UBK@

Rnricgb U`phr ;1. M`rv`rk Xgcvhrscty, D`farckbh, F@.

‛‛‛. 1552a. “Jhrtclcty `gk Jhf`lh Lànr Jnrdh U`rtcdcp`tcng.‖ GAHQ Rnricgb

U`phr 048=4. G`tcng`l Aurhù nj Hdngnfcd Qhsh`rdm, D`farckbh, F@. www

.gahr.nrb/p`phrs/w048=4.

Alnnf, K`vck H., K`vck D`ggcgb, `gk Ary`g Br`m`f. 1554. “Lngbhvcty `gkLcjh-Dydlh T`vcgbs.‖ Td`gkcg`vc`g Onurg`l nj Hdngnfcds 058 (4)? 403—4=.

Alnnf, K`vck H., K`vck D`ggcgb, `gk Uc` F`l`ghy. 1555. “Khfnbr`pmcd Dm`gbh

`gk Hdngnfcd Brnwtm cg @sc`.‖ Unpul`tcng gk Khvhlnpfhgt Qhvchw 1:

(supplhfhgt)? 182—35.

Alnnf, K`vck H., K`vck D`ggcgb, Qcdm`rk F`gsffhlk, `gk Fcdm`hl Fnnrh. 1552.

“Khfnbr`pmcd Dm`gbh, Tndc`l Thdurcty Tysthfs, `gk T`vcgbs.‖ Onurg`l nj

Fnght`ry Hdngnfcds 8; (0)? 31—00;.

Alnnf, K`vck H., K`vck D`ggcgb, `gk Fcdm`hl Fnnrh. 155;. “[mh Hjjhdts nj

Cfprnvhfhgts cg Mh`ltm `gk Lngbhvcty ng Nptcf`l Qhtcrhfhgt `gk T`vcgb.‖

GAHQ Rnricgb U`phr 05303. G`tcng`l Aurhù nj Hdngnfcd Qhsh`rdm,

D`farckbh, F@.




Alnnf, K`vck H., K`vck D`ggcgb, `gk O`yphh Thvcll`. 1551. “[mh Khfnbr`pmcd

Kcvckhgk? @ Ghw Uhrsphdtcvh ng tmh Hdngnfcd Dngshquhgdhs nj Unpul`tcng

Dm`gbh.‖ U`phr ==5=. Q`gk Dnrpnr`tcng, T`gt` Fngcd`, D@.

Alnnf, K`vck H., `gk Ohjjrhy B. Rcllc`fsng. 033=. “Khfnbr`pmcd [r`gsctcngs `gk

Hdngnfcd Fcr`dlhs cg Hfhrbcgb @sc`.‖ Rnrlk A`gi Hdngnfcd Qhvchw 01 (4)?

;03—88.

Aurtlhss, B`ry, `gk Qnahrt @. Fnjfftt. 03=8. “[mh Hjjhdt nj Tndc`l Thdurcty

Ahghffts ng tmh Lànr Tupply nj tmh @bhk.‖ Cg Qhtcrhfhgt gk Hdngnfcd

Ahm`vcnr, hk. Mhgry O. @`rng `gk B`ry Aurtlhss. R`smcgbtng, KD? Arnnicgbs

Cgstctutcng Urhss.

Dnst`, Knr` L. 033=`. [mh Hvnlutcng nj Qhtcrhfhgt? @g @fhrcd`g Hdngnfcd

Mcstnry, 0==5—0335. G`tcng`l Aurhù nj Hdngnfcd Qhsh`rdm Thrchs ng Lngb-

[hrf J`dtnrs cg Hdngnfcd Khvhlnpfhgt. Dmcd`bn? Xgcvhrscty nj Dmcd`bn Urhss.

‛‛‛. 033=a. “Xghqu`l `t Acrtm? @ Lngb-[hrf Dnfp`rcsng nj Cgdnfh `gk Acrtm

Rhcbmt.‖ Onurg`l nj Hdngnfcd Mcstnry 8= (;)? 3=2—0553.

‛‛‛. 1551. “Dm`gbcgb Dmrngcd Kcsh`sh Q`ths `gk Lngb-[hrf Khdlcghs cgJugdtcng`l Lcfct`tcng `fngb Nlkhr Fhg.‖ Khfnbr`pmy 43 (0)? 003—42.

Drcffcgs, Hclhhg F. 155;. “[rhgks cg tmh Mh`ltm nj tmh Hlkhrly.‖ @ggu`l Qhvchw

nj Uualcd Mh`ltm 18 (0)? 23—3=.

Drcffcgs, Hclhhg, S`sumcin T`ctn, `gk Knfcgcquh Cgbhbghrc. 0332. “[rhgks cg

Kcsàclcty-Jrhh Lcjh Hxphdt`gdy cg tmh Xgcthk Tt`ths, 0325—35.‖ Unpul`tcng `gk

Khvhlnpfhgt Qhvchw 14 (4)? 888—21.

Kc`fngk, Uhthr. 1551. Tndc`l Thdurcty Qhjnrf. Ghw Snri? Nxjnrk Xgcvhrscty

Urhss.

Kydmtw`lk, Ihg. 0333. “Ihg Kydmtw`lk ng tmh Juturh.‖ T`g Jr`gdcsdn Dmrngcdlh,

Gnvhfahr 08. mttp?//sjb`th.dnf/dbc-acg/`rtcdlh.dbc>fflh6/b`th/`rdmcvh/0333/00/08/ kydmtw`lkt`li.K[L.

Hmrlcdm, Uùl. 03:=. [mh Unpul`tcng Anfa. Ghw Snri? A`ll`gtcgh Annis.

Jnbhl, Qnahrt R. 033;. “Hdngnfcd Brnwtm, Unpul`tcng [mhnry, `gk Umyscnlnby?

[mh Ah`rcgb nj Lngb-[hrf Urndhsshs ng tmh Fìcgb nj Hdngnfcd Unlcdy.‖

@fhrcd`g Hdngnfcd Qhvchw =; (4)? 4:3—38.

‛‛‛. 0332. “Ghw Jcgkcgbs ng Thdul`r [rhgks cg Gutrctcng `gk Fnrt`lcty? Tnfh

Cfplcd`tcngs jnr Unpul`tcng [mhnry.‖ Cg M`gkanni nj Unpul`tcng `gk J`fcly

Hdngnfcds, Znl. 0@, hk. F`ri Qnshgzwhcb `gk Nkhk Tt`ri. @fsthrk`f?

Hlshvchr.

Jrchs, O`fhs. 03=5. “@bcgb, G`tur`l Kh`tm, `gk tmh Dnfprhsscng nj Fnrackcty.‖

Ghw Hgbl`gk Onurg`l nj Fhkcdcgh 454 (4)? 045—48.

‛‛‛. 03=3. “[mh Dnfprhsscng nj Fnrackcty? Gh`r nr J`r>‖ Fcla`gi Pu`rthrly

:2 (1)? 15=—41.

Bhrl`gk, U`trcdi. 1558. “Jrnf Kcvhrbhgdh tn Dngvhrbhgdh cg Thx Kcjjhrhgtc`ls cg

@kult Fnrt`lcty cg Khvhlnphk Dnugtrchs.‖ Unsthr #00‛Thsscng 0? @bcgb, Lcjh

Dnursh, Mh`ltm, Fnrt`lcty, `gk Mh`ltm D`rh. Unpul`tcng @ssndc`tcng nj

@fhrcd`, Umcl`khlpmc`, U@. F`rdm 40.

Br`y, @l`st`cr. 1558. “Unpul`tcng @bhcgb `gk Mh`ltm D`rh Hxphgkcturh.‖ @bhcgb

Mnrczngs 1? 08—15.




Brhhgsp`g, @l`g. 1554. “@bcgb Blna`l Unpul`tcng.‖ [hstcfngy ahjnrh tmh Tphdc`l

Dnffctthh ng @bcgb, X.T. Thg`th, R`smcgbtng, KD. Jharu`ry 12.

Bruahr, Ong`tm`g, `gk K`vck Rcsh. 033=. “Tndc`l Thdurcty `gk Qhtcrhfhgt? @g

Cgthrg`tcng`l Dnfp`rcsng.‖ @fhrcd`g Hdngnfcd Qhvchw == (1)? 08=—:4.

Mhllhr, Uhthr T. 1554. Rmn Rcll U`y> Dnpcgb wctm @bcgb Tndchtchs, Dlcf`th

Dm`gbh, gk Ntmhr Lngb-[hrf Jcsd`l Dm`llhgbhs. R`smcgbtng, KD? Cgthrg`-

tcng`l Fnght`ry Jugk.

Mnlzf`gg, Qnahrt. 1555. “[mh Rnrlk A`gi @pprn`dm tn Uhgscng Qhjnrf.‖

Cgthrg`tcng`l Tndc`l Thdurcty Qhvchw 84 (0)? 00—4;.

Ihllhy, @llhg D. 1550. “[mh Unpul`tcng Kha`th cg Mcstnrcd`l Uhrsphdtcvh? Qhvcscng-

csf Qhvcshk.‖ Cg Unpul`tcng F`tthrs? Khfnbr`pmcd Dm`gbh, Hdngnfcd

Brnwtm, `gk Unvhrty cg tmh Khvhlnpcgb Rnrlk, hk. G`gdy Acrks`ll, @llhg D.

Ihllhy, `gk Tthvhg R. Tcgkcgb, 1;—8;. Ghw Snri? Nxjnrk Xgcvhrscty Urhss.

Iulcsm, F`rc`gn, I`tmryg Tfctm, `gk Dmrcstnpmhr Ihgt. 155:. “@bhcgb, Qhtcrh-

fhgt, `gk T`vcgbs? @ Bhghr`l-Hquclcarcuf @g`lyscs.‖ Qhsh`rdm Kcsdusscng

U`phr 155:-5:. Qhshrvh A`gi nj @ustr`lc`, Tykghy, @ustr`lc`.Lhh, Qng`lk. 1555. “@ Drnss-Dultur`l Uhrsphdtcvh ng Cgthrbhghr`tcng`l [r`gsjhrs

`gk tmh Hdngnfcd Lcjh Dydlh.‖ Cg Tm`rcgb tmh Rh`ltm? Khfnbr`pmcd Dm`gbh

`gk Hdngnfcd [r`gsjhrs ahtwhhg Bhghr`tcngs, hk. @gkrhw F`sng `gk

Bhnrbhs [`pcgns, 02—8:. Ghw Snri? Nxjnrk Xgcvhrscty Urhss.

Lhh, Qng`lk, `gk [cfntmy Fcllhr. 1555. “Cffcbr`tcng, Tndc`l Thdurcty, `gk

Arn`khr Jcsd`l Cfp`dts.‖ @fhrcd`g Hdngnfcd Qhvchw 35 (1)? 485—8;.

Lutz, Rnljb`gb, R`rrhg T`gkhrsng, `gk Thrbhc Tdmhranv. 155=. “[mh Dnfcgb

@ddhlhr`tcng nj Blna`l Unpul`tcng @bhcgb.‖ G`turh ;80 (O`gu`ry 15)?

20:—03.

F`ltmus, [mnf`s Q. 023=. @g Hss`y ng tmh Urcgdcplh nj Unpul`tcng `s Ct @jjhdtstmh Juturh Cfprnvhfhgt nj Tndchty, wctm Qhf`ris ng tmh Tphdul`tcngs nj

Fr. Bnkwcg, F. Dngknrdht, `gk Ntmhr Rrcthrs. Lngkng? O. Onmgsng.

F`sng, @gkrhw, Qng`lk Lhh, @g-Dmc [ugb, Fug-Tcf L`c, `gk [cf Fcllhr. 155:.

“Unpul`tcng @bcgb `gk Cgthrbhghr`tcng`l [r`gsjhrs? Cgtrnkudcgb @bh cgtn

G`tcng`l @ddnugts.‖ GAHQ Rnricgb U`phr 01225. G`tcng`l Aurhù nj

Hdngnfcd Qhsh`rdm, D`farckbh, F@. www.gahr.nrb/p`phrs/w01225.

F`tmhrs, Dnlcg K., `gk ntmhrs. 1550. “Mh`ltmy Lcjh Hxphdt`gdy cg 030 Dnugtrchs,

0333.‖ L`gdht 482 (31:3)? 0:=8—30.

FdIcaacg, R`rwcdi O. 155:. “[mh Blna`l F`drnhdngnfcd Dngshquhgdhs nj `

Khfnbr`pmcd [r`gsctcng.‖ D@F@ Rnricgb U`phr :/155:. @ustr`lc`g

G`tcng`l Xgcvhrscty, Dhgtrh jnr @pplchk F`drnhdngnfcd @g`lyscs, D`gahrr`,

@ustr`lc`. mttp?//d`f`.`gu.hku.ù/Rnricgb%15U`phrs/U`phrs/155:/

FdIcaacg^:155:.pkj.

Gnrkmùs, Rcllc`f. 1554. “[mh Mh`ltm nj G`tcngs? [mh Dngtrcautcng nj Cfprnvhk

Mh`ltm tn Lcvcgb Tt`gk`rks.‖ Cg Fh`surcgb tmh B`cgs jrnf Fhkcd`l Qhsh`rdm?

@g Hdngnfcd @pprn`dm, hk. Ihvcg M. Furpmy `gk Qnahrt M. [nphl. Dmcd`bn?

Xgcvhrscty nj Dmcd`bn Urhss.

Nhpphg, Ocf, `gk O`fhs R. Zùphl. 1551. “Arnihg Lcfcts tn Lcjh Hxphdt`gdy.‖

Tdchgdh 13: (8825)? 0513—40.




Uhthrsng, Uhthr B. 0333. “Br`y K`wg? [mh Blna`l @bcgb Drcscs.‖ Jnrhcbg @jj`crs

2= (O`gu`ry-Jharu`ry)? ;1—8:.

Unthra`, O`fhs. 155;. “[mh Cfp`dt nj Unpul`tcng @bcgb ng Jcg`gdc`l F`rihts.‖ Cg

Tyfpnscuf Urndhhkcgbs, Blna`l Khfnbr`pmcd Dm`gbh? Hdngnfcd Cfp`dts gk

Unlcdy Dm`llhgbhs. Jhkhr`l Qhshrvh A`gi nj I`gs`s Dcty, O`disng Mnlh, RS.

@ubust 1:—1=. www.id.jra.nrb/ Uualcd`t/syfpns/155;/syf5;prb.mtf.

Urhstng, T`fuhl M. 0328. “[mh Dm`gbcgb Qhl`tcng ahtwhhg Fnrt`lcty `gk Lhvhl

nj Hdngnfcd Khvhlnpfhgt.‖ Unpul`tcng Ttukchs 13 (1)? 140—;=.

[urghr, @k`cr. 155:. “Uhgscng Dm`llhgbhs cg `g @bcgb Rnrlk.‖ Jcg`gdh `gk

Khvhlnpfhgt ;4 (4)? 4:—43.

[yhrs, Qnk, `gk Pug Tmc. 1552. “Blna`l Khfnbr`pmcd Dm`gbh, Unlcdy Qhspngshs,

`gk [mhcr Hdngnfcd Cfplcd`tcngs.‖ Rnrlk Hdngnfy 45 (;)? 842—::.

Xgcthk G`tcngs. 033;—155:. Rnrlk Unpul`tcng Urnsphdts. Ghw Snri? XG

Unpul`tcng Kcvcscng.

Zcssdmhr, [nffy L., `gk O`dna D. Thckhll. 1550. “[mh Uualcd Mh`ltm Cfp`dt nj

Nahscty.‖ @ggu`l Qhvchw nj Uualcd Mh`ltm 11 (F`y)? 488—28._whcjhl Uhthr, Tthj`g Jhlkhr, `gk F`rius Fhchrs. 0333. “@bhcgb nj Unpul`tcng

`gk Mh`ltm D`rh Hxphgkcturh? @ Qhk Mhrrcgb>‖ Mh`ltm Hdngnfcds = (:)?

;=8—3:.



Cgkhx 413

Cgkhx

Jcburhs, gnths, `gk tàlhs `rh cgkcd`thk ay

j, g, `gk t jnllnwcgb tmh p`bh gufahr.

@ `ddhss tn cgjr`strudturh shrvcdhs, 08;t, 088,

020, 020t, 021—2;

`ddnugtcgb st`gk`rks, =3

@dhfnblu, K`rng, 10, 42

@k`f, Dmrcstnpmhr, 025

`k`pt`tcng suppnrt, 1;=, 1:5—:0,

12;—28, 12=—23

@krc`g, [nac`s, :0

`jjhrf`bh dngtr`dts, 02=

`jjnrkàclcty nj cgjr`strudturhshrvcdhs, 020—2;

`jjnrkàlh mnuscgb prnbr`fs, 85, :4

@jrcd`

Thh `lsn Tua-T`m`r`g @jrcd`9

sphdcffd dnugtrchs

`bcgb pnpul`tcng, 454j

dlcf`th dm`gbh cfp`dt, 1:8, 128, 1==

hdngnfcd brnwtm, 01=

cgjr`strudturh

`jjnrkàclcty, 020, 021cgvhstfhgts cg, 0:3

prcv`th shdtnr cgvhstfhgts, 028,

02:, 02=

pualcd shdtnr cgvhstfhgts, 022

f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts, 152,

152j, 111—14

pnpul`tcng khgscty, 15=

r`clw`y dngdhsscng rhbul`tcng, 0=4

suasckchs, 024

ura`g pnpul`tcng brnwtm, 02

`bh kcsdrcfcg`tcng, 414

`bhgdy prnalhf, :;, 041

`bbrhb`th pnvhrty b`p, 000

@bmcng, Umclcpph, 04, 18—1:, 148

`bcgb pnpul`tcng, 132—41=durrhgt `ddnugt a`l`gdh `gk, 05:

k`t` `gk prnohdtcngs, 133—45:, 455t,

450—=j, 451t, 458t

krcvhrs nj, 45:—3

hdngnfcd cfp`dt nj, 400—03,

40;—0:j, 408t, 40=—03t

cfp`dt nj, 08—15

pnlcdy cfplcd`tcngs, 453—00,

405j, 414—1;

s`vcgbs-cgvhstfhgt a`l`gdh`gk, 3=—055



445 Cgkhx

@brhhfhgt ng Tuasckchs (R[N),

0;;—;8, 0;8g;

`brcdultur`l cfp`dt nj dlcf`th

dm`gbh, 1:8, 1::j, 128,

123, 1=:, 1==

@ihrlnj, Bhnrbh, 000, 001

@la`l`-Ahrtr`gk, Onsã, 083

@lt-@ fnrtb`bhs, 80

@fhrcd`g Cgthrg`tcng`l Brnup (@CB),

22, 2=, =:

@gkrhs, Lucs, 0=1

@gbnl`, f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts

jrnf, 158

`gtckufpcgb, =

`ractr`bh, ;2, ;2g0, ;=, 28, 22, 23

`rdmcthdturh nj ghtwnris, 21, 22@rbhgtcg`

a`gi d`pct`l st`gk`rks, 82

dlcf`th dm`gbh cfp`dt, 128

hxdm`gbh r`th `koustfhgts, 11=

cgvhstfhgt rcsi cg, 055

njjsmnrh s`vcgbs, 05


prcv`th shdtnr cgjr`strudturh cgvhstfhgts,

02;, 02=g40, 023g41

@sdmùhr, K`vck, 0:5, 0::, 0:2@sc`

Thh `lsn sphdcffd dnugtrchs



f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts, 152, 152j


ura`g pnpul`tcng brnwtm, 02

@sc`g ffg`gdc`l drcscs (0332—3=), 25,

2:, =8, 04;

`ssht-a`dihk shdurctchs. Thh shdurctcz`tcng

nj `sshts

`ssht auaalhs, 83, 2:, 22

`ssht t`gbcaclcty, 142

`syffhtry nj rcsis, =8

ùkct tr`cls, =3

@uhra`dm, @l`g O., 41;g05

@ustr`lc`

dlcf`th dm`gbh cfp`dt, 1:8

khat cgstrufhgt ychlks, 050hxdm`gbh r`th dnrrhdtcngs, 11:, 112t, 11=

hxpnrt hxp`gscng tn, 114

jnrhcbg nwghrsmcp nj `sshts, 05;

rhtcrhfhgt `bh, 402

@ustrc`

dhgtr`lczhk w`bh a`rb`cgcgb, 0;:

lànr jnrdh p`rtcdcp`tcng r`th, 404

ùtn cgkustry, ;4, ;;

Aa`clnuts, 00—01, 0:, ;5, ;4, 84

A`gdn G`dcng`l kh Khshgvnlvcfhgtn

Hdngnfcdn h Tndc`l (Ar`zcl), 04

A`gbl`khsm

dlcf`th dm`gbh cfp`dt, 123

f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts, 114

A`gi Mnlkcgb Dnfp`gy @dt nj 038:

(X.T.), 81, :;A`gi nj Hgbl`gk, 00

A`gi nj Tp`cg, =4

a`giruptdy prndhss jnr l`rbh a`gis, 8;

a`gis

a`clnuts jnr, 00—01, 0:, ;5, ;4, 84

d`pct`l rcsi whcbmtcgb nj ln`gs, 0=8

khvhlnpfhgt a`gicgb, 040

hdnlnbcd`l systhf p`r`llhls tn, =5

hqucty r`tcns, :0, :1

f`g`bhfhgt dnfphgs`tcng systhfs,81, =;—=:

cg ghtwnris, 20

pualcd shdtnr, 04

rcsi f`g`bhfhgt, 88

st`th khvhlnpfhgt a`gis, 3

stndimnlkhr kcsdcplcgh, 81, :4—:;

A`rààsc, @lahrt-Làszlô, 24

A`rkm`g, Ur`gà, 0=;

A`rr, Gcdmnl`s, 0:, 41;g05

A`rtm, O`fhs Q., 88

A`shl D`pct`l @ddnrks, ;=, 83, =1

Ah`r Tth`rgs, 84

ahghfft-dnst `g`lyscs jnr dlcf`th dm`gbh

fctcb`tcng, 18;g8, 1:=

Ahgcg, dlcf`th dm`gbh cfp`dt ng, 123

Ahgg`tm`g, Hsr`, 083, 0:4

Ahrg d`rang-dydlh fnkhl, 180, 181j

Ahrtnlcgc, Lnrhgzn, 0=4

Ahslhy, [cfntmy, 000, 001, 004Ahv`g, K`vck, 025

Am`bw`tc, O`bkcsm, 8, :, 15



Cgkhx 440

acnjuhls, 124g15, 12;, 130

Acrks`ll, G`gdy, 182

Alcgkhr, @l`g, :—2, 2gg;—8, 15

Alnnf, K`vck H., 08, 12, 132, 401,

402, 40=, 403, 411

Andd`gjusn, Knrntmhh, 025

Anlcvc`



prcv`th shdtnr cgjr`strudturh

cgvhstfhgts, 023g41

Annistàhr, Qcdm`rk, 23

Anrkn, Fcdm`hl, =0

Anrcn, Dlùkcn, :5, :0

Anubmh`s, Tpcrns, 0:4

Anurbucbgng, Jr`gâncs, 03Arùg, F`tæ`s, 14=

Ar`zcl


dlcf`th dm`gbh cfp`dt ng, 1:8

knfhstcd s`vcgb `s brnwtm

dngstr`cgt, 048

hxdm`gbh r`th `koustfhgts, 11=

cgdnfh cghqu`lcty cg, 03

cgjr`strudturh cgvhstfhgts, 0::, 0::g02

f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts, 15:t, 153, 105t prcv`th shdtnr cgjr`strudturh

cgvhstfhgts, 023g41

pualcd shdtnr a`gis, 04

rhghwàlh hghrby, 1:3, 124g15

sp`tc`l khvhlnpfhgt, 0:=

arhìpncgts, =5

Arcdhðn, Dhdclc`, 08=

“arckbh a`gi‖ pl`gs, 8;, :1—:4, ::

Arugghrfhchr, F`rius, :0

aukbht dngstr`cgts

cgjr`strudturh `gk, 0::—:2

cg pnvhrty-t`rbhthk prnbr`fs,

004—0;, 008—0:

auscghss dydlhs, 4=, 43, 83

Auys, Ucht, 1:=, 12;

DD`knt, Nlcvchr, 0:1

D`lkhrng, Dhs`r, 08=, 0:5D`lnfcrcs, Dm`rlhs R., 10—11, ;2, ;3, :0

D`fankc`, dlcf`th dm`gbh cfp`dt ng, 123

d`fp`cbg dngtrcautcngs, ;4

D`g`k`

khat cgstrufhgt ychlks, 050

hxdm`gbh r`th dnrrhdtcngs, 11:, 112t, 11=


cfpnrt trhgks, 101—11, 104—10t


D`ggcgb, K`vck, 08, 12, 083, 0:0, 0:4,

132, 401, 402, 40=, 403, 411

d`p-`gk-tr`kh systhfs, 121, 124, 12:

D`ph Zhrkh, wcgk pnwhr cg, 12;

d`pct`lcsf, 00, 43, ;5, ;1

d`pct`l nutfinws, 04;—4:, 048j

d`pct`l rhbul`tcngs, ;=, 83, 2:

d`pct`l rcsi whcbmtcgb nj a`gi ln`gs, 0=8

D`prcn, Bhr`rk, Or., 88d`rang-dydlh fnkhls, 180, 181j

d`rang hfcsscngs

Thh `lsn dlcf`th dm`gbh

Gnrtm-Tnutm arhìknwg, 1;=, 185t

rhkudtcng cgdhgtcvhs, 125—24

d`rang jhrtclcz`tcng hjjhdt, 1:8

d`rang prcdcgb, 124—2;

Thh `lsn d`p-`gk-tr`kh systhfs

d`rang shquhstr`tcng, 181—84

D`sh-Tmcllhr cgkhx, :4g4D`sthlls, F`guhl, 25

DDDs (dngtcgbhgt d`pct`l dhrtcffd`ths), 8=

DKNs (dnll`thr`lczhk khat nalcb`tcngs), =4

DKTs. Thh drhkct khjùlt sw`ps

Dhgsus Aurhù, X.T., 3, 33

Dhgthr jnr Blna`l Khvhlnpfhgt,

18=g=, 12:

Dhgtr`l @fhrcd`, dlcf`th dm`gbh

cfp`dt ng, 1:8


dhgtr`l a`gis

`ssht auaalhs `gk, :5

dnugthrdydlcd`l stcfulus p`di`bhs

`gk, 1;4

jnrhcbg hxdm`gbh rhshrvhs `gk, =8

cg ghtwnris, 20

purdm`shs nj knll`r-khgnfcg`thk

`sshts, 051

Dhgtr`l Hurnph, prcv`th shdtnr jnrhcbgd`pct`l cgvhstfhgts cg, 050




441 Cgkhx

dhgtr`lczhk ghtwnris, 21, 24j

dhgtr`lczhk w`bh a`rb`cgcgb, 0;:

Dmhghry, Mnllcs, 032

Dmclh

hxdm`gbh r`th `koustfhgts, 112

cgkustrc`l pnlcdchs cg, 041

cgjr`strudturh cfp`dt ng

prnkudtcvcty, 083

Dmcg`

`bcgb pnpul`tcng, 33, 055, 454,

458j, 458t, 452, 452g4

dlcf`th dm`gbh `gk, 1;2, 1:2,

1:3, 12;, 1==

durrhgdy v`lu`tcng, 058, 044,

112, 11=, 11=g04, 140

hdngnfcd brnwtm, 012—1=, 01=j jnrhcbg hxdm`gbh rhshrvhs mhlk ay,

05, 11:, 112t

cgkustrc`l pnlcdchs, 013, 041

f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts, 15;, 158,

15:t, 152, 105—00, 105—00t


cgvhstfhgts ay, 028, 0=5


rhghw`alh hghrby, 1:3

rhprnkudtcng r`tcn, 33tr`kh surplus, 01:, 044, 04;

wcgk pnwhr cg, 12;

Dl`hsshgs, Ttcog, 4, 4g0

dlh`g hghrby

kcjjuscng nj thdmgnlnby, 1;=, 12=

cgvhstfhgts cg, 12;

prcdh rhkudtcngs, 12;

rhsh`rdm `gk khvhlnpfhgt, 18;g8,

183, 12;, 122, 12=

dlcf`th dm`gbh, 1;2—=4

`k`pt`tcng suppnrt, 12;—28, 12=—23

d`rang hfcsscngs rhkudtcng

cgdhgtcvhs, 125—24

d`rang prcdcgb, 124—2;

dlh`g hghrby khvhlnpfhgt, 1;=, 18;g8,

183, 12;, 122, 12=

hdngnfcd jnrhd`sts, 18;—:0, 188t,

18:j, 1=2—35

hdngnfcd brnwtm `gk, 0=—03, 1=8—38hghrby cgjr`strudturh `gk, 082

mh`ltm cfp`dts nj, 1=:, 1==

cfp`dt kcstrcautcng, 1:8—:=, 1::—:2j

cgthrbhghr`tcng`l kcstrcautcng, 18:—82

cgthrvhgtcngs, 1:=—28

CUDD rnlh, 184—8;

fctcb`tcng, 182—83, 183t,

122—2=, 135—30

g`tcng`l snvhrhcbgty `gk, 1:5

pnlcdchs jnr, 1=:—=2

prnbr`f jnr blna`l `dtcng, 128—23

rcsis, 1:5

sdchgtcffd hvckhgdh ng, 1;3—8;,

1;3j, 185t, 180j

snurdhs nj, 1:0—:8, 1:4—:;j

thdmgnlnbcd`l jnrhd`sts, 18;—:0

tr`gspnrt cgjr`strudturh `gk, 082

Dlcgh, Rcllc`f Q., 18, 038, 15;, 10;,11;, 11:, 112, 1:8, 128

dlusthr hjjhdt nj ignwlhkbh

muas, 24

dn`st`l `rh`s `gk dlcf`th dm`gbh, 1==

dnllhdtcvh a`rb`cgcgb, 0;:

Dnllchr, U`ul, ;

Dnlnfac`

cgvhstfhgt ghhks `g`lyscs, 0:8g08

f`drn prukhgtc`l rhbul`tcng, :5—:0

dnll`thr`lczhk khat nalcb`tcngs (DKNs), =4dnff`gk-`gk-dngtrnl rhbul`tcng, 125

dnffhrdc`l a`gis

“arckbh a`gi‖ pl`gs `gk, :1

d`pct`l rhbul`tcngs, ;=

rhbul`tcng nj, 81

Dnffcsscng nj Hxphrts (XG), 04

dnffng st`gk`rks, 21, 28, =3

dnffugcty-krcvhg p`rtcdcp`tnry

prnohdts, 003

dnfphgs`tcng systhfs, 81,

=;—=:, 35

dnfphtctcvh g`turh nj ghtwnris, 28

dnfplhxcty nj ghtwnris, 22, 23, =3

dnfprhsscng nj fnrackcty, 132, 405, 410

dngdhsscng dngtr`dts, 02=

dngkctcng`l d`sm tr`gsjhrs, 005

dngkucts, =4

dngghdtcng dnsts, 024

dngsufhr khf`gk, ;;, 05:Dngtcghgt`l A`gi a`clnut, 84

dngtcgbhgt d`pct`l dhrtcffd`ths (DDDs), 8=



Cgkhx 444

dngtr`dt hgjnrdhfhgt, 040

Dnnphr, Qcdm`rk G., 8, 05, 11—14, 38

dnnrkcg`tcng j`clurhs, 040, 0;0

Dnrgw`ll, @gkrh`, 0=;

dnrpnr`th bnvhrg`gdh, 80—81, 22

dnrpnr`tcz`tcng nj pualcd hgthrprcshs, 0=1,

0=1g4;, 0=8

dnrruptcng, 0;;, 023, 0=;

dnst `ractr`bh, 28, 22

Dnst` Qcd`, f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts

ay, 158

dnst nj d`pct`l, 022—2=, 022g45,

023g44, 0=5

dnst-rhdnvhry t`rcjjs, 08:

dnugthrdydlcd`l stcfulus p`di`bhs,

148—;8, 143—;1t dnugthrp`rty rcsi, :;, :8

drhkct `v`clàclcty, 85

drhkct khjùlt sw`ps (DKTs), 82,

=4, =8, =:

drnss-anrkhr lhgkcgb, 052, 04;—4:, 048j

drnss-suasckchs, 021, 024

durrhgdy v`lu`tcng

Thh `lsn hxdm`gbh r`th

d`pct`l cgfinws cfp`dt ng, 048

hxpnrt-nrchgthk hdngnfchs `gk, 058cgkustrc`l pnlcdchs `gk, 040, 041,

044t, 0;4, 0;2

nvhrscbmt nj, 0;8g8, 0;:

durrhgt `ddnugt a`l`gdhs, 38—3:,

05:, 01:, 043—;:, 0;5t,

0;1j, 114, 11;g00

K“k`csy dm`cg‖ hjjhdt, :;, :8

K`sbupt`, Tusfct`, 18;g8,

182, 18=, 1:5, 1::

khat r`tcns, 02

khdhgtr`lcz`tcng, 0=4—=8, 0=:

khdhgtr`lczhk ghtwnris, 21, 24j

khffghk-ahghfft pl`gs, 08—0:

khjnrhst`tcng, 18=g3, 1:1

khbrhh nj pnvhrty `vhrscng

(JB[ `lpm`), 000

kh M``g, Oìna, 08=kh l` Juhgth, @gbhl, 0:1, 0:3

kh L`rnschrh, O`dquhs, =2

Khfhtrc`khs, U`gcdns, 0:4

khfn-br`gts, 001, 004

khfnbr`pmcds

`bcgb pnpul`tcng, 133—45:, 455t,

450—=j, 451t, 458t

blna`l cfa`l`gdhs, 3=—055


Khgf`ri, cgdnfh cghqu`lcty cg, 03

khpnsct cgsur`gdh, 84

khrhbul`tcng nj ffg`gdc`l shdtnr, 25, 2:

khrcv`tcvhs tr`gs`dtcngs, :;—:8, 25, =;, ==

khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs

`bcgb pnpul`tcng, 450, 451t, 454j

dlcf`th dm`gbh cfp`dt ng, 1;=, 185t,

188, 18:j, 1:0—:8, 1:4—:;j

brnwtm str`thby jnr, 01:—12, 013cgkustrc`l pnlcdchs, 044, 0;;

cgjr`strudturh cgvhstfhgts, 02, 08;—88,

08;t, 02:—22, 02:j

lànr f`rihts, 0;:

f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts, 153—05, 105t

prcv`th shdtnr jnrhcbg d`pct`l

cgvhstfhgts, 050


cgvhstfhgts, 02, 02:—22, 02:j

s`vcgb r`ths, 33systhfcd rcsi cg, =:

tr`kh surplushs `gk, 0;5, 118, 145

wnrlk tr`kh cfp`dt ng, 04:

khvhlnpfhgt a`gicgb, 040

Kc`fngk, Uhthr, 000, 41;g05

kcjjuscng nj dlh`g hghrby thdmgnlnby,

1;=, 12=

kcsdlnsurh

nj d`rang hfcsscngs, 120

nj khrcv`tcvhs tr`gs`dtcngs, :8

kcsh`shs, vhdtnr-anrgh, 1==

kcspl`dhfhgt nj pnpul`tcng, 1::—:2,

1:2j, 128, 123

kcsputh rhsnlutcng, 050

kcstrcauthk ghtwnris, 21, 24j

Knnlhy, Fcdm`hl, 11=g0;

knt-dnf auaalh (1555), 2:

Krhmf`gg, F`tmc`s, :5, :0

ku`l-hdngnfy fnkhls, 013Kubb`l, Zco`y`, 0:1

Kutdm kcsh`sh, 042



44; Cgkhx

Kydmtw`lk, Ihg, 401

kyg`fcd ln`g-prnvcscngcgb

rhqucrhfhgts, =1, =4

Hh`rly rhtcrhfhgt, 411g=

h`rly-w`rgcgb fhdm`gcsfs, =2

H`st @sc`


`bcgb pnpul`tcng, 401

dlcf`th dm`gbh cfp`dt ng, 1:8

hxdm`gbh r`th rcsi `gk cgjr`strudturh

cgvhstfhgts, 02=

brnwtm fnkhl, 038


f`guj`dturcgb hxpnrts, 033, 153prcv`th shdtnr jnrhcbg d`pct`l

cgvhstfhgts cg, 050


cgvhstfhgts, 02:

H`sthrg Hurnph


cgjr`strudturh

`jjnrkàclcty, 020, 021

prcv`th shdtnr cgvhstfhgts, 02=

f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts, 152,152j, 15=, 105—00

rhbul`tnry `bhgdchs, 0=4

Hahrm`rk, @gtngh, 0=4

hdnlnbcd`l systhf p`r`llhls tn a`gicgb, =5

hdngnfcd drcscs. Thh @sc`g ffg`gdc`l drcscs

(0332—3=)9 blna`l hdngnfcd drcscs

hdngnfcd jnrhd`sts jnr dlcf`th dm`gbh,

18;—:0, 188t, 18:j, 1=2—35

hdngnfcd brnwtm. Thh brnwtm

hdngnfchs nj sd`lh, 24—2;

Hdu`knr

cgvhstfhgt ghhks `g`lyscs, 0:8g08


hkud`tcng`l hxphgkcturhs, 3:, 005

hjffdchgdy dnsts, 005

hjffdchgt-f`riht mypntmhscs, =1

Hbypt, snl`r pnwhr cg, 12;

Hmrlcdm, Uùl, 415, 415g2

Hmrlcdm hqu`tcng, 182Hcdmhgbrhhg, A`rry, 05

hlkhr d`rh, 05:

hlhdtrcdcty. Thh hghrby shdtnr

Hl-Hrc`g, Fnm`fhk, 01

hfhrbcgb `gk khvhlnpcgb f`riht hdngnfchs

(HKFHs), ;, :, 2—=

Thh `lsn khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs

hfcsscngs. Thh d`rang hfcsscngs

hfcsscngs tr`kcgb systhfs, 121, 124, 12:

hghrby shdtnr

`ddhss tn, 025—20, 020t

`jjnrkàclcty nj, 020—21

dlcf`th dm`gbh `gk, 081g0, 082, 1==

cgjnrf`tcng b`p cg, 08:, 082g8

prcv`th shdtnr cgvhstfhgts, 028,

028t, 02:, 02:j

prcv`tcz`tcng cg, 084

pualcd shdtnr cgvhstfhgts, 0=5—=1, 0=0t rhbul`tnry `bhgdchs `gk, 0=1, 0=4t

st`tus nj, 08;—82, 08;t

“Hgvcrnfhgt`l Iuzghts Durvh,‖ 182

hqucty cgvhstfhgts, 054, 052

hqucty r`tcns, :0, :1

Hsj`m`gc, M`kc T`lhmc, 0:0, 0:4

Hst`dmh, @gtngcn, 8, 03, 1;, 080, 08=, 025

htm`gnl prnkudtcng, 130

Htmcnpc`

mnrtcdulturh cg, 013cfpnrt suastctutcng cg, 04=

Hurnph`g Hgvcrngfhgt @bhgdy, 12:

Hurnph`g Unllut`gt Hfcsscng

Qhbcsthr, 12:g10

Hurnph`g Xgcng (HX)


`ddhsscng cgjr`strudturh

rhqucrhfhgts, 0:;g0;



hfcsscngs tr`kcgb systhf, 12:


ffg`gdc`l shdtnr rhbul`tcng, 2=—23

Jcg`gdc`l Ttàclcty An`rk prhshgdh nj, =3

blna`l hdngnfcd drcscs rhdnvhry cg, 04;

cgjr`strudturh cgvhstfhgt, 0::

f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts, 158, 152, 100

fnght`ry pnlcdy, 058

pnpul`tcng khgscty, 15=rhpl`dhfhgt fcbr`tcng `gk, 405, 405j

suphrvcsnry j`clurhs, =2



Cgkhx 448

hxdm`gbh r`th

Thh `lsn durrhgdy v`lu`tcng

`koustfhgt rhdnffhgk`tcngs, 118,

11:, 112—1=, 140

d`pct`l cgfinws cfp`dt ng, 048

khprhdc`tcng, 041

cgkustrc`l pnlcdchs `gk, 01:

cgjr`strudturh cgvhstfhgts `gk, 025

tr`kàlh bnnks f`riht hquclcarcuf

`gk, 0;0, 0;1j

X.T. knll`r, 11:—12, 112j

hxdm`gbh rcsi, 050—1

hxphdt`tcng`l tr`p, ;;

hxpnrt-prndhsscgb znghs, 0;4

hxpnrts, 04:—43, 042t, 033

Thh `lsn f`guj`dturhk hxpnrtshxthrg`l ffg`gdc`l khphgkhgdh, 142,

14=, 143, 1;5

JJ`buht, Oh`g Uùl, 0=;

J`cgc, Qcdd`rkn, 0:=

j`cr-v`luh `ddnugtcgb, =;, =3

j`ll`dy nj dnfpnsctcng (JD)

prnalhfs, 038—14;

J`ggch F`h, 85, 80, :4, ::J`rfhr, O. Knygh, =3

J`y, F`rc`ggh, 1;, 080, 0:4

Jhkhr`l Khpnsct Cgsur`gdh Dnrpnr`tcng

Cfprnvhfhgt @dt nj 0330

(JKCDC@, X.T.), 84, :1

Jhkhr`l Mnfh Ln`g a`gi systhf, 85,

:4, ::

Jhkhr`l Mnuscgb @kfcgcstr`tcng (JM@),

85, :4, ::

Jhkhr`l Qhshrvh


a`clnuts ay, 00

cgthrhst r`th pnlcdy, ;3

fnr`l m`z`rk pnthgtc`l cg, 84

ng tnt`l X.T. ffg`gdc`l `sshts, 05;

Jhkhr`l Qhshrvh A`gi nj Ghw Snri, 2;, =1

Jhkwcrh cgthra`gi p`yfhgt ghtwnri, 2;

jhhka`di lnnp cgthr`dtcvcty, 22,

=1—=4, ==, 35Jhrg`lk, Onmg, 083, 0:0

jhrtclcty r`th, 3=—33, 132, 133, 45:, 403

JB[ `lpm` (khbrhh nj pnvhrty `vhrscng), 000

JM@. Thh Jhkhr`l Mnuscgb @kfcgcstr`tcng

ffg`gdc`l khphgkhgdh, 142, 14=, 143, 1;5

ffg`gdc`l hgbcghhrcgb, 2:

ffg`gdc`l ghtwnris, :3—34

dm`r`dthrcstcds nj, 21—28, 24j

blna`l hdngnfcd drcscs `gk, 2:—=2

nvhrvchw, 20—2:

tnpnlnby nj, 21—24, 24j

ffg`gdc`l rhbul`tcng, ;2—:=

Thh `lsn rhbul`tnry jr`fhwnri

rhjnrf, 8;—:8

suaprcfh drcscs hrrnrs `gk, ;3—8;

ffg`gdc`l shdtnr

a`clnuts jnr, ;4

“arckbh a`gi‖ pl`gs, 8;, :1—:4, ::khrhbul`tcng nj, 25, 2:

khrcv`tcvhs tr`gs`dtcngs, :;—:8

rh`llnd`tcng `gk, ;;

rhbul`tnry rhjnrf, 8;—:8

shdurctcz`tcng nj `sshts, ;=

Jcg`gdc`l Ttàclcty Jnruf, 08, =3

ffgh t`rbhtcgb, 004, 00;—08,

00:, 002—0=, 015

Jcgi, Bügtmhr, 08, 12, 132, 402,

40=, 403Jcgl`gk, cgdnfh cghqu`lcty cg, 03

Jcgl`y, Ondhlyg, 402, 40=, 403

ffrh-s`lh hxthrg`lctchs, =5—=0

ffrhw`lls, 35

ffsd`l dngsnlck`tcng, 058

ffsd`l cgdckhgdh pnlcdy, 8

Jcsf`g, Q`yfngk, 0=;

ffxhk-hjjhdt `pprn`dm, 0:5

Jl`gghry, F`ri, 8=

ficbmt tn qu`lcty, 25, 052, 04;

finnkcgb, 1:2, 1:=j, 12;, 123

Jnlihrts-L`gkù, K`vck, 11=g0;

jnrhdlnsurh fctcb`tcng prntndnls, 85

jnrhcbg hxdm`gbh rhshrvhs, =8, 050—1, 11:


jnrf`l shdtnr w`bhs, 0;:

Jnsthr, O`fhs, 000

Jnsthr, Zcvchg, 024

Jr`gdhjnrhcbg nwghrsmcp nj `sshts, 05;




44: Cgkhx

Jr`gdh (dngtcguhk )


pnlctcd`l cgfiuhgdh ng cgjr`strudturh

cgvhstfhgts, 0:1

sp`tc`l khvhlnpfhgt pnlcdy, 0:=

Jrhkkch F`d, 85, 80, :4, ::

Jrhugk, D`rnlcgh, 4g0, ;g1

BB-= (Brnup nj Hcbmt), :, =, 12=

B-15 (Brnup nj [whgty), =, 0;, 02

B`rahr, Uhthr, 11=g0;

B`sfc, J`rck, 0=1

B`ttc, Qnahrt`, 0=;

Bhla`dm, Ong`m, 004

Bhghr`l @brhhfhgt ng [`rcjjs `gk [r`kh(B@[[), 041, 03:, 103

bhghr`l-hquclcarcuf fnkhl

`bcgb pnpul`tcng, 400g;

cgjr`strudturh cgvhstfhgts, 0::,

0::g02, 0:3—25

f`guj`dturcgb hxpnrts, 155

bhnhgbcghhrcgb, 131

bhntmhrf`l pnwhr, 12;

Bhrf`gy

`bcgb pnpul`tcng cg, 33durrhgdy v`lu`tcng, 058

durrhgt `ddnugt surplus, 33





rhprnkudtcng r`tcn, 33

s`vcgb r`ths, 33

blna`l hdngnfcd drcscs

ffg`gdc`l ghtwnris `gk, 2:—=2

ffg`gdc`l rhbul`tcng `gk, ;3—8;

bnvhrgfhgt hrrnrs cg, ;3—8;

brnwtm `jthr, 018—85

ghtwnri dm`r`dthrcstcds nj, 2:—=2

pnvhrty-t`rbhthk prnbr`fs `gk, 053—11

Blna`l Hdngnfcd Urnsphdts (Rnrlk A`gi,

1552), 2

blna`l cfa`l`gdhs, 38—05=

khfnbr`pmcds `gk, 3=—055cgvhstfhgt cg X.T., 055—05;

s`vcgbs-cgvhstfhgt a`l`gdh, 3=—055

Blna`l R`rfcgb `gk @brcdulturh

(Dlcgh), 1:8

Bnlkcg, Dl`ukc`, 15

Bnlkf`g T`dms, 84

Bnnkm`rt, Dm`rlhs, =4

Bnrh, @l, 18=

bnvhrg`gdh, :, 2=—=2

bnvhrg`gdh `ractr`bh, 28, 22

Bnvhrgfhgt Jcg`gdc`l Tt`tcstcds

(CFJ), 08:—82

bnvhrgfhgt-spngsnrhk hgthrprcshs

(BTHs), 85—80, :4

Br`m`f, Ary`g, 402, 411

Br`ff-Lh`dm-Alclhy @dt nj 0333 (X.T.), 82

“br`vcty fnkhl‖ jnr wnrlk ffg`gdc`l

finws, 32—3=brhhgmnush b`s hfcsscngs.

Thh dlcf`th dm`gbh

Brhhgsp`g, @l`g, 82, =0, 401

Brhhr, Onhl, 000

Brnup nj [mcrty, 2=

brnwtm

`jthr blna`l hdngnfcd drcscs, 018—85

`bcgb pnpul`tcng `gk, 132—41=

dlcf`th dm`gbh `gk, 1=8—38

dnugthrdydlcd`l stcfulus p`di`bhs`gk, 148—;8

drnss-anrkhr lhgkcgb rhkudtcng `gk,

04;—4:, 048j

durrhgt `ddnugt a`l`gdhs `gk, 043—;:,

0;5t, 0;1j

mcstnrcd`l nvhrvchw, 012—44, 01=j

cgkustrc`l pnlcdy `gk, 013—44, 045j,

044t, 04=—;:, 043j

cgput dnsts rhkudtcng `gk, 0;8

tr`kh `gk, 04:—43, 042t

w`bh rhstr`cgts `gk, 0;:

Bruahr, Ong`tm`g, 402

Bu`sdm, Onsã Lucs, 0=1

Mmh`kdnugt r`tcn, 000

mh`ltm d`rh

`bcgb pnpul`tcng `gk, 453, 414

dlcf`th dm`gbh cfp`dt ng, 1=:, 1==nahscty hpckhfcd `gk, 41;—18

rhkcstrcautcvh g`turh nj, 005



Cgkhx 442

mhkbh jugks, =:

Mhllhr, Uhthr T., 41;

Mhfnus, K`vck, 18—1:, 148

Mhgkhrsng, O. Zhrgng, 0:=

Mngkur`s, dlcf`th dm`gbh cfp`dt ng, 123

Mngb Ingb, Dmcg`

hxdm`gbh r`th `koustfhgts, 11=g04


f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts, 158, 15:t,

152, 105, 105t


mnushmnlk ght wnrtm, 3:—32, 05;

mnuscgb ffg`gdh rhjnrf, :4

mua-`gk-spnih tr`gspnrt ghtwnris, 0:=

muas, 20, 24

muf`g d`pct`l, ;1Mugb`ry, f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts nj,

15:, 15:t

Murlcg, Dmrcstnpmh, 083

murrcd`ghs, 1:8

mykrnpnwhr, 124g15, 12;, 135

CCLN (Cgthrg`tcng`l Lànur

Nrb`gcz`tcng), 401—04

CFJ. Thh Cgthrg`tcng`l Fnght`ry Jugkcffcbr`tcng, 402, 414

cfplcdct rhdnursh, ;2g0

cfpnrts tn X.T., 101—40, 104—10t,

112j, 113j, 140j

cfpnrt suastctutcng, 04=, 0;8, 032

cgdhgtcvhs

cg ghtwnris, =;—=:, 35

cg pnvhrty t`rbhtcgb, 000, 004,

008, 00:, 015

cgdnfh kcstrcautcng

`bcgb pnpul`tcng `gk, 453

cgkustrc`l `dtcvcty `gk, 04=—43, 043j

cgjr`strudturh khf`gk `gk, 0:5, 0:5g=

phrf`ghgt smndis tn, 00;—0:

ura`gcz`tcng `gk, 0=

cgdnfh hqu`lcty, 03—15

cgdnfh tr`gsjhr prnbr`fs, 00=

Cgkc`

`bcgb pnpul`tcng, 454, 458j, 452, 452g4dlcf`th dm`gbh cfp`dt, 12;, 123

jnrhcbg hxdm`gbh rhshrvhs mhlk ay, 11:

cgkustrc`l `dtcvcty cg, 013

f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts, 158, 15:t, 114


prcv`th shdtnr cgjr`strudturh cgvhstfhgts

ay, 028, 0=5


pualcd wnris sdmhfh, 00=—03

rhghwàlh hghrby, 1:3

suasckchs, 024

cgkcd`tnr t`rbhtcgb, 001, 008

Cgknghsc`

bhntmhrf`l pnwhr, 12;

cgjr`strudturh cgvhstfhgts, 0=;

f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts, 15:t,

105, 105t, 114

sp`tc`l khvhlnpfhgt pnlcdy, 0:=cgkustrc`l pnlcdy

brnwtm `gk, 01:, 013—44, 045j,

044t, 04=—;:, 043j

cggnv`tcng `gk, ;8

cgkustrc`l sm`rh cg BKU, 013—44, 045j, 044t

cgjnrf`l shdtnr w`bhs, 0;:

cgjnrf`tcng `gk dnffugcd`tcng

thdmgnlnby, 2:, =1, 0:1

Thh `lsn thlhdnffugcd`tcngs

cgjnrf`tcng `ractr`bh, 28, 22, 23cgjnrf`tcng dngstr`cgts

cg cgjr`strudturh `g`lyscs, 088—82

cg pnvhrty t`rbhtcgb, 000, 001—04,

00;—08, 015

cgjnrf`tcng nvhrln`k cg ghtwnris, =4—=;

cgjr`strudturh, 080—34

`ddhss tn, 08;t, 088, 020, 020t, 021—2;

`jjnrkàclcty prnalhfs, 08:, 020—2;

aukbht dngstr`cgts `gk, 0::—:2

dngthxt rhlhv`gdh, 084—8;

khdhgtr`lcz`tcng `gk, 0=4—=8

hgknbhghcty, 083—:0

brnwtm `gk, 082—:1

mhthrnbhghcty, 0:0—:1

cgvhstfhgt ghhks `sshssfhgt, 0:4—::,

0:;—:8t, 0:;g04

fultcyh`r pl`gs `s stcfulus, 01

ghtwnri hjjhdts `gk, 08=—83

pnvhrty `gk, 025—2;, 020t prcv`th shdtnr rnlh, 02, 02;—=5,

028t, 02:j



44= Cgkhx

cgjr`strudturh (dngtcguhk )

pualcd shdtnr rnlh, 0=5—=:, 0=0t

rur`l khvhlnpfhgt, 0:3—25

shdtnr st`tus, 08;—82

sp`tc`l khvhlnpfhgt khdcscngs, 0:2—25

tr`kàlh bnnks prnfftàclcty gk, 01:, 0;8

ura`g khvhlnpfhgt, 0=, 0:3—25

cggnv`tcng, ;1, ;8

cgput dnsts, 01:, 0;8

cgstctutcng`l jnugk`tcngs nj f`rihts,

43, ;5, 040, 0;0

cgthrdngghdtcvcty nj ghtwnris, 22,

=5—=1, ==, 35

cgthrkhphgkhgdh nj ghtwnris, 20, ==

cgthrhst r`ths, 82, 052

cgthrbhghr`tcng`l hquctydlcf`th dm`gbh cfp`dt, 1;=, 18:—82

phgscng systhfs `gk, 414—1;, 41;g05

cgthrbl`dc`l dydlhs, 1;3—85, 1;3j

Cgthrbnvhrgfhgt`l U`ghl ng Dlcf`th

Dm`gbh (CUDD), 1;2, 184—8;,

188t, 1:5, 1:8

Cgthrg`tcng`l Hghrby @bhgdy, 08:

Cgthrg`tcng`l Lànur Nrb`gcz`tcng

(CLN), 401—04

Cgthrg`tcng`l Fnght`ry Jugk (CFJ), 3, 08,041, 044, 0;8g8, 08:—82

Cgthrg`tcng`l [hlhdnffugcd`tcngs

Xgcng, 08:

cgthrvhgtcngs

jnr dlcf`th dm`gbh, 1:=—28

jnr l`rbh, dnfplhx a`gis, 8;

rhbul`tnry, ==

jnr ugkhrd`pct`lczhk a`gis, 8:

cgvhstfhgt

Thh `lsn s`vcgbs-cgvhstfhgt a`l`gdh

cg dlh`g hghrby, 12;

hqucty cgvhstfhgts, 054

ghhks `sshssfhgt, 0:4—::,

0:;—:8t, 0:;g04

“rhpl`dhfhgt,‖ 3:

s`vcgbs-cgvhstfhgt a`l`gdh, 3=—055

cgvhstfhgt a`gis, ;=, =8

CUDD. Thh Cgthrbnvhrgfhgt`l U`ghl

ng Dlcf`th Dm`gbhCrhl`gk, dhgtr`lczhk w`bh a`rb`cgcgb cg, 0;:

crrcb`tcng, 1==

Csr`hl, f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts ay, 15:, 15:t

Ct`ly



sp`tc`l khvhlnpfhgt pnlcdy, 0:=

O O`f`cd`, dlcf`th dm`gbh cfp`dt ng, 123

O`p`g

`bcgb pnpul`tcng, 33, 458t

@sc`g ffg`gdc`l drcscs rhdnvhry cg, 04;

durrhgdy v`lu`tcng, 058


hdngnfcd brnwtm, 012—1=, 01=j

hxdm`gbh r`th dnrrhdtcngs, 11:, 112t, 11=

hxpnrt hxp`gscng tn, 114jnrhcbg hxdm`gbh rhshrvhs mhlk ay, 11:


fnght`ry pnlcdy, 2:


s`vcgb r`ths, 33

Ohsuct, K`vck, 3g:

Onm`gghsaurb Khdl r`tcng, 088

Oncgt Fngctnrcgb Urnbr`f (XG), 08:

I I`l`ctzckìcs, U`gthlcs, 0:4

I`lyvctcs, T`r`gtcs, 0:4

I`fps, Dmrcstnpmh, 0::, 0:2

I`gaur, Q`vc, 14, 053,

000, 001, 004, 008

I`rcuic, Fui`fc, 028

I`tz, L`wrhgdh, 15

Ihhg, Fcdm`hl, 004, 008

Ihgt, Dmrcstnpmhr, 402

Ihgy`, dlcf`th dm`gbh cfp`dt, 128

Im`rrnuac, Hgcssh, 18—1:, 148

Imnsl`, Zcgnk, 1:=

Icgb, Fhrvyg, 2=

Ilhcg, L`wrhgdh, 0:1

ignwlhkbh hdngnfy, 3:

ignwlhkbh prhfcuf, 23

Inrh`. Thh Qhpualcd nj Inrh`

Insh, F. @ym`g, 4, 4g0, 04:

Intlcinjj, Lùrhgdh O., 41;g05Irubf`g, Uùl, 04

Iulcsm, F`rc`gn, 402



Cgkhx 443

Iugdnrn, @rc, 0:=

Iuw`ct, cgvhstcgb nj ncl rhvhguhs ay, 3=

Iyntn Urntndnl, 18=, 1:0g04, 121, 130

Llànr dnsts, 0;:

lànr jnrdh p`rtcdcp`tcng r`th (LJUQ),

400g;, 404, 404g8, 40;j, 408t, 414

lànr jnrdh tn tnt`l pnpul`tcng (LJ[U),

404—0;, 408t, 40=—03

lànr ugcngs, 0;:

L`ll, Tnfci, 0:4, 0:2

l`gk-ush dm`gbh, 18=g3, 1:1

L`rr`cg, Anro`, 14=

L`tcg @fhrcd`

Thh `lsn sphdcffd dnugtrchs`bcgb pnpul`tcng, 454j

dlcf`th dm`gbh cfp`dt, 128, 1==

dnst nj d`pct`l, 022g45



cfpnrt suastctutcng, 032


cgjr`strudturh

`ddhss, 088

`jjnrkàclcty, 020, 021prcv`th shdtnr cgvhstfhgts,

028, 02:, 02=

pualcd shdtnr cgvhstfhgts, 022

f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts, 152, 152j, 15=


rhbul`tnry `bhgdchs, 0=1

suasckchs, 024

L`wrhgdh, Qnahrt _., 15, 15g00

lhì`bhs cg pnvhrty-t`rbhthk prnbr`fs,

001, 004, 008

lh`rgcgb spcllnvhrs, 040, 0;0

Lhh, Qng`lk, 411

Lhmf`g Arntmhrs, 11, 84, 25, 22

Lhcajrctz, Rcllc, 41;g05

Lhcpzcbhr, K`ggy, 8, 03, 15

lhvhr`bh, =;, =8

lhvhr`bh suasckchs, :4

Lhvcg, Tcfng @., =5, =3

Lhvcgh, Qnss, 88LJUQ. Thh lànr jnrdh p`rtcdcp`tcng r`th

LJ[U. Thh lànr jnrdh tn tnt`l pnpul`tcng

LBK (lnss bcvhg khjùlt), 8=, ::

lcjh-dydlh s`vcgb ahm`vcnr fnkhl, 3=, 401

lcjh hxphdt`gdy, 3=—33, 132, 452, 45=j, 402

Lcg, Oustcg, 04

lcquckcty rhqucrhfhgts, 8=, =:

Thh `lsn d`pct`l rhbul`tcngs

lcvhstndi sphdchs dmncdh, 1==

Ln, @gkrhw, 28, =3

ln`g-prnvcscngcgb rhqucrhfhgts, =1

ln`g-tn-`ssht r`tcns, :0

lnd`tcng tmhnry, 0:=

lnbcstcds dnsts, 0;8

Lnfanrb, Aonrg, 18;, 18;g8,

18=, 183, 1:5, 12;

Lngkng cg blna`l ffg`gdc`l f`riht

ghtwnri, 2;lnss `llnd`tcng, 2=, 23

lnss-`vnck`gdh ahm`vcnr, =0—=1, 052

lnss bcvhg khjùlt (LBK), 8=, ::

lnss lh`khrs, 24

Ff`drn prukhgtc`l d`pct`l rhbul`tcng,

83—:1, =:

F`mlhr, Zcgdhgt, 3g:

f`cgthg`gdh dnsts, 081, 0:;, 0:;t, 0::F`l`ghy, Uc`, 401

F`l`ysc`

hxdm`gbh r`th `koustfhgts, 112, 11=g04

jnrhcbg hxdm`gbh rhshrvhs mhlk ay,

11:, 112t

f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts, 158, 15:t

F`ltmus, [mnf`s Q., 415, 415g2

F`f`tzìcs, Hff`guhl, 083

F`fugh`s, [mhnj`gcs, 0:4

f`g`bhfhgt dnfphgs`tcng systhfs,

81, =;—=:, 35

f`g`bhfhgt cgjnrf`tcng systhfs

(FCTs), =1

f`gk`tnry rhtcrhfhgt `bh, 402

F`gsffhlk, Qcdm`rk, 402

F`gsurc, Bm`z`l`, 0=;

f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts, 038—14;

tn Dmcg`, 105—00, 100t

brnwtm str`thby `gk, 01=—13cfpnrt phghtr`tcng gk, 101—11, 104—10t

lcthr`turh rhvchw ng, 032—155



4;5 Cgkhx

f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts (dngtcguhk )

phrjnrf`gdh nj, 155—101, 150—4t,

15:t, 152j, 105t

pnnr dnugtrchs `gk, 111—14

X.T. hxthrg`l cfa`l`gdh cg, 114—40,

112j, 113j, 140j

f`riht`alh phrfct systhf, 125—20

f`riht-a`shk rhbul`tcng, 125

f`riht fnkhlcgb. Thh fnkhlcgb nj f`rihts

f`ri-tn-f`riht `ddnugtcgb, =1

F`rtcg, Rcllc`f FdDmhsghy, =4, 155

F`sng, @gkrhw, 411g3

F`tmhrs, Dnlcg K., 410

F`ttnn, @`kcty`, 0;8g8

F`y, Qnahrt F., =5, =3

F`yhr, Oúrb, 033—155FdIcaacg, R`rwcdi O., 400g;

fh`gs thstcgb cg pnvhrty t`rbhtcgb, 00;

fhkc`tcng ahtwhhg mnfh `gk

mnst rhbul`tnrs, =:

Fhgkhlsnmg, Qnahrt, 1:—12, 1=8

Fhghf, D`rlns, 02;

Fhrrcll Lygdm, 84

Fhtd`ljh–s l`w, 25, 24

Fhxcdn

d`pct`l rcsi whcbmtcgb nj a`gi ln`gs, 0=8dlcf`th dm`gbh cfp`dt, 128, 123


BKU brnwtm, 012—1=, 01=j

cfpnrt suastctutcng cg, 04=



cgvhstfhgt ghhks `g`lyscs, 0:;,

0:8g08, 0:8t

f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts, 158, 15:t, 100

fcdrn prukhgtc`l d`pct`l rhbul`tcng, 8:—83

Fckklh H`st `gk Gnrtm @jrcd`


f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts, 152, 152j, 15=


Fcl`ginvctdm dydlhs, 1;3—85, 1;3j

Fcllhggcuf Khvhlnpfhgt Bn`ls (FKBs),

088, 082, 0::g0:, 025

Fcllhr, [cfntmy, 411

fcgcfuf d`pct`l rhqucrhfhgts, 83Fcrrlhhs, O`fhs @., 000, 008

Fcsmicg, Jrhkhrcd, 8

FCTs (f`g`bhfhgt cgjnrf`tcng

systhfs), =1

fctcb`tcng dnsts jnr dlcf`th dm`gbh, 18;g8,

182—83, 183t, 1:=, 1=2, 135—30

fnkhlcgb nj f`rihts

ku`l-hdngnfy fnkhls, 013

bhghr`l-hquclcarcuf fnkhl

`bcgb pnpul`tcng, 400g;

cgjr`strudturh cgvhstfhgts, 0::,

0::g02, 0:3—25

f`guj`dturcgb hxpnrts, 155

“br`vcty fnkhl‖ jnr wnrlk ffg`gdc`l

finws, 32—3=

lcjh-dydlh s`vcgb ahm`vcnr, 3=

ghn-fhrd`gtclcst fnkhl, 11=g0;

rhbul`tnry ush nj, =3fnkul`r ghtwnri systhfs, 35

fnght`ry pnlcdy


dnugthrdydlcd`l stcfulus p`di`bhs

`gk, 1;4

ffsd`l dngsnlck`tcng cg, 058

blna`l hdngnfcd drcscs rnlh nj, ;3—85

cgjnrf`tcng `gk dnffugcd`tcng

thdmgnlnby `gk, 22

Fngbnlc`, acnjuhls cg, 12;Fnnimhrohh, Kclcp, 0=;

Fnnrh, Fcdm`hl, 402, 411

fnr`l m`z`rk, 84, 22, =5, =;—=8

Fnrb`g Tt`glhy, 84

fnrtb`bh f`riht, 85—80

Fnz`facquh, dlcf`th dm`gbh

cfp`dt ng, 123

Fultc-Jcarh @brhhfhgt (R[N), 103

GG@J[@ (Gnrtm @fhrcd`g Jrhh [r`kh

@brhhfhgt), 158

G`sk`q/Nphg F`riht Hxdm`gbh, 2;

g`t`lcty. Thh jhrtclcty r`th

G`tcng`l @d`khfy nj Tdchgdhs, 415

g`tcng`lly rhdnbgczhk st`tcstcd`l r`tcgb

nrb`gcz`tcngs (GQTQNs), 8=, ::

Thh `lsn r`tcgb `bhgdchs

G`tcng`l Qhsh`rdm Dnugdcl, 2;, =1G`tcng`l Qur`l Hfplnyfhgt Bu`r`gthh @dt

(Cgkc`), 00=—03, 003g05



Cgkhx 4;0

G`tcng`l Tgnw `gk Cdh K`t` Dhgthr,

X.T., 1:8, 1:8j

g`tcng`l snvhrhcbgty `gk dlcf`th

dm`gbh, 1:5

g`tcng`l tr`gsjhr `ddnugts, 411g3

ghb`tcvh hxthrg`lctchs nj a`gi rcsi

f`g`bhfhgt, 88

ghb`tcvh jhhka`di fhdm`gcsfs, 22, =1

ghn-fhrd`gtclcst fnkhl, 11=g0;

Ghp`l, mykrnpnwhr cg, 12;

Ghtmhrl`gks

durrhgt `ddnugt surplus, 33


ght cgthrg`tcng`l cgvhstfhgt pnsctcng

(GCCU), 051—;, 052, 11;

ghtwnri `ltrucsf prcgdcplh, 24ghtwnris

`pplchk tn ffg`gdc`l f`rihts, 28—2:

dm`r`dthrcstcds, 21—28, 24j

dnfplhxcty, 23, =3

hxthrg`lctchs, =5—=0

jhhka`di lnnp cgthr`dtcvcty, =1—=4

mua-`gk-spnih tr`gspnrt, 0:=

cgdhgtcvhs, =;—=:

cgjnrf`tcng nvhrln`k, =4—=;

cgjr`strudturh `gk, 08=—83cgthrdngghdtcvcty, =0—=1, 35

lànr kcvcscng ahtwhhg mnfh `gk

mnst rhbul`tnrs, =:—=2

systhfwckh vchw, 2=—23

cg thlhdnffugcd`tcng shdtnr, 08=—83

tr`gsp`rhgdy, =4—=;

cg tr`gspnrt shdtnr, 08=—83, 0:=

Ghw Snri Ttndi Hxdm`gbh/Hurnghxt, 2;

Ghw _h`l`gk

hxdm`gbh r`th dnrrhdtcngs, 11:


GBNs. Thh gngbnvhrgfhgt`l nrb`gcz`tcng

Gcbhrc`


f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts, 158, 114

GCCU. Thh ght cgthrg`tcng`l

cgvhstfhgt pnsctcng

gnkhs, 20, 21, =0—=1, =0j

gn-knd fnrtb`bhs, 80gngbnvhrgfhgt`l nrb`gcz`tcng (GBNs),

12;, 122, 12=, 123

Gnrkmùs, Rcllc`f, 182, 18=, 18=g3,

18=g00, 1:=, 124, 12;, 410

Gnrtm @jrcd`. Thh Fckklh H`st `gk

Gnrtm @jrcd`

Gnrtm @fhrcd`g Jrhh [r`kh @brhhfhgt

(G@J[@), 158

Gnrtm-Tnutm rhl`tcngsmcp

Thh `lsn khvhlnpcgb dnugtrchs

dlcf`th dm`gbh `gk, 1;=, 185t, 188,

18:j, 1:0—:8, 1:4—:;j

tr`kh `gk, 032

Gnrw`y

hdngnfcd brnwtm, 012—1=, 01=j


cgvhstcgb nj ncl rhvhguhs ay, 3=

GQTQNs. Thh g`tcng`lly rhdnbgczhkst`tcstcd`l r`tcgb nrb`gcz`tcngs

Nnahscty hpckhfcd, 41;—18

NHDK dnugtrchs

cgjr`strudturh cfp`dt ng brnwtm, 08=

lànr jnrdh p`rtcdcp`tcng, 408

pnpul`tcng `bcgb, 40:


cgvhstfhgts, 028, 02=Njffdh nj [mrcjt Tuphrvcscng, 2=

njjsmnrcgb, :, 2, 2g;

njj-tìh `brhhfhgts, 0=5

ncl-hxpnrtcgb dnugtrchs, 3=, 33

Nlihg, Ahgo`fcg @., 0=;

nppnrtugcty dnst nj tcfh, 001—04

nutsnurdcgb, 40=

nvhr-tmh-dnugthr (N[D) tr`gs`dtcngs,

:;—:8, =:

UUìcst`g, f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts

ay, 15:t, 114

U`g`b`rcy`, @rvcgk, :

U`pu` Ghw Bucgh`, mykrnpnwhr cg, 12;

UK (prnaàclcty nj khjùlt), 8=, ::

Uhkrngc, Uhthr, 0:0

phgscng systhfs, 08—0:, 414—1;

phrjhdt t`rbhtcgb, 001, 004phrf`ghgt smndis `gk pnvhrty

t`rbhtcgb, 00;—0:



4;1 Cgkhx

Uhrsùk, @vcg`sm K., =4, =3

Uhru


snl`r pnwhr, 12;

Uhthrsng, Uhthr, 401

Uhw Blna`l @ttctukhs Turvhy, =

Umclcppcghs


f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts, 158, 15:, 15:t

pmyscd`l d`pct`l, ;1

pnlctcd`l hdngnfy

ffg`gdc`l rhbul`tcng `gk, 88

nj brnwtm, ;4

cgjr`strudturh cgvhstfhgts `gk, 0:0

cg pnvhrty t`rbhtcgb, 004—0;,

00:, 00=, 015pnpul`tcng khgscty, 15=

pnpul`tcng kcspl`dhfhgt jrnf dlcf`th

dm`gbh, 1::—:2, 1:2j, 128, 123

pnri-a`rrhl pnlctcds, 0:1

pnrtjnlcn hqucty, 054, 052

pnsctcvh jhhka`di fhdm`gcsfs, 22, =1

Unthra`, O`fhs, 41;

pnvhrty-t`rbhthk prnbr`fs, 053—11

dlcf`th dm`gbh cfp`dt ng, 1:5—:0

cgjr`strudturh ghhks `gk, 025—2;, 020t phrf`ghgt smndis `gk, 00;—0:

thfpnr`ry smndis `gk, 002—15

tr`khnjjs cg, 000—0;

pnwhr shdtnr. Thh hghrby shdtnr

Ur`s`k, Hsw`r, 04;, 048, 04:

prhjhrhgtc`l `tt`dmfhgt, 24, 2;, 28

prcgdcp`l-`bhgt prnalhf, 23

Urctdmhtt, L`gt, 004

Urcv`th U`rtcdcp`tcng cg Cgjr`strudturh (UUC)

Urnohdt K`tà`sh, 028g1:, 02:

prcv`th shdtnr

dlh`g hghrby cgvhstfhgts, 128

khdhgtr`lcz`tcng `gk, 0=;

jnrhcbg d`pct`l cgvhstfhgts ay, 050

cgjr`strudturh rnlh, 084, 02;—=5,

028g1:, 028t, 02:j, 02=

s`vcgbs, 32

systhfcd rcsi `gk, =5

prnaàclcty nj khjùlt (UK), 8=, ::prnkudtcvcst pnlcdchs, 012

Thh `lsn cgkustrc`l pnlcdy

prnkudtcvcty

`bcgb pnpul`tcng `gk, 33

cgkustrc`l pnlcdchs `gk, 040

cgjr`strudturh cfp`dt ng, 0:5, 0:1

“prnkudt l`kkhr‖ pmhgnfhgng, 03:

prnbrhsscvh t`xhs, 005

prnphrty rcbmts, 28, 050, 040

prnthdtcngcsf, 04, 040, 0;8, 03:, 032

prukhgtc`l d`pct`l rhbul`tcng, 8:—:1

pualcd kcsdlnsurh nj d`rang hfcsscngs, 120

pualcd mh`ltm, 083g2, 1==

pualcd phgscng sdmhfhs, 33

pualcd-prcv`th p`rtghrsmcps, 082, 02=

pualcd shdtnr

a`gis, 04

dlh`g hghrby cgvhstfhgts, 122cgjr`strudturh rnlh, 081, 084,

08;, 0:0, 0=5—=:, 0=0t

pualcd wnris sdmhfhs, 004, 00=—03

Uub`, Kchbn, 0:2

purdm`scgb pnwhr, 053—05

QQ`kk`tz, Dlùkcn, 14=

r`clw`ys

Thh `lsn tr`gspnrt shdtnrdngdhsscng rhbul`tcng, 0=4

prcv`th shdtnr cgvhstfhgts, 028, 028t

pualcd shdtnr cgvhstfhgts, 0=5—=1, 0=0t

rhbul`tnry `bhgdchs `gk, 0=4t

Qò`g, Q`bmur`f B., :, 04;, 048, 14:,

142, 14=, 1;0, 1;1

Q`fhy, B`rhy, 148

Q`fhy, Z`lhrch, 148

Q`fcrhz, F`rc` [hrhs`, 0:0, 0:4

Q`gcs, Bust`v, 03=, 033

Q`n, Zco`yhgkr`, 0=;

r`tcgb `bhgdchs, 81—84, 8=, ::

rh`llnd`tcng, ;1—;4, ;;

rhkcstrcautcvh pnlcdchs, 005, 00=

Thh `lsn pnvhrty-t`rbhthk prnbr`fs

rhfihxcvcty, =1, =8, 35

rhbul`tnry `bhgdchs, 0=1—=4, 0=4t, 0=:

rhbul`tnry `ractr`bh, ;2, ;2g0, ;=,

28—2=, =5rhbul`tnry jr`fhwnri

“arckbh a`gi‖ pl`gs, 8;, :1—:4



Cgkhx 4;4

jnr d`rang hfcsscngs, 125—24

dnfphtctcng cg, 2=

jnr khrcv`tcvhs tr`gs`dtcngs, :;—:8, =;, ==

blna`l hdngnfcd drcscs lhssngs jnr, ;;—;8

cgkustrc`l pnlcdchs `gk, 0;0

lànr kcvcscng ahtwhhg mnfh `gk

mnst rhbul`tnrs, =:—=2

jnr pualcd cgjr`strudturh shrvcdhs,

0=1—=4, 0=4t

rhjnrf, 8;—:8

jnr shdurctcz`tcng nj `sshts, ;=

Qhcgm`rt, D`rfhg, 4g0

rhghwàlh hghrby, 1:=—:3,

1:3j, 12;, 135—30

rhpl`dhfhgt cgvhstfhgt, 3:

rhpl`dhfhgt fcbr`tcng, 405—00rhpn ffg`gdh, ;=, ;=g1

rhprhsscng nj ffg`gdh, 040


Qhpÿalcd` Anlcv`rc`g` kh Zhghzuhl`



cgvhstfhgts, 023g41

Qhpualcd nj Inrh`

hdngnfcd brnwtm, 012—1=, 01=j, 03=

hxdm`gbh r`th `koustfhgts, 11=jnrhcbg hxdm`gbh rhshrvhs

mhlk ay, 11:, 112t


cgjr`strudturh cgvhstfhgts, 01

f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts, 158—:,

15:t, 105, 105t

Qhpulln, Q`j`hl, 83

rhsh`rdm `gk khvhlnpfhgt

dlh`g hghrby, 18;g8, 183, 12;, 122, 12=

`s jnrf nj s`vcgbs, 3:

prndydlcd`l cgvhstfhgts cg, 148

rhtcrhfhgt `bh, 3=, 402, 411g=, 414

rhtcrhfhgt lnd`tcng, 05:

rhturg ng hqucty, 022g1=

rhvhrsh dùs`tcng, 0:5, 0:5g=

Qcno`, Jhlcx I., 0:4, 0::, 0::g02

[mh Qcsh nj tmh Ghtwnri Tndchty

(D`sthlls), 25

rcsisyffhtry nj, =8

dlcf`th dm`gbh `gk, 1:5

dnugthrp`rty rcsi, :;, :8

kcvhrscffd`tcng vc` khrcv`tcvhs

`dtcvctchs, ==

hxdm`gbh rcsi, 050—1

fh`surhfhgt nj, 8:—83, ::

fnkul`r ghtwnri systhfs `gk, 35

systhfcd, =5, =1, =8

tnlhr`gdh, =2

ugkhrhstcf`tcng nj, ;3, 85, 81

w`rgcgbs, =4

rcsi-`kousthk ychlk kcjjhrhgtc`l, 055—050

rcsi f`g`bhfhgt, 88, 2:—22

rcsi-spcllnvhr hxthrg`lctchs, =5—=0

Qnkrci, K`gc, ;g4, :, 05, 01, 14—1;,

018, 013, 040, 041, 048

Qnbnjj, Ihgghtm, 4g0Qúllhr, L`rs-Mhgkrci, 083, 0:0, 0:1

Qnf`gc` `gk HX `ddhsscng

rhqucrhfhgts, 0:;g0;

Qnfhr, Uùl, 04

Qnfp, R`rk, 08=

rur`l `rh`s

cg Dmcg`, 055

cgjnrf`l shdtnr w`bhs cg, 0;:

cgjr`strudturh cgvhstfhgts cg, 0:3—25

pualcd wnris sdmhfhs cg, 00=—03Qussc`g Jhkhr`tcng, cgvhstfhgt rcsi cg, 055

TT`ltzf`g, Dygtmc`, 0:1

s`gct`tcng

`ddhss tn, 025—20, 020t


HX `ddhsscng rhqucrhfhgts, 0:;g0;

ghtwnri hjjhdts cg, 083g2

prcv`th shdtnr cgvhstfhgts, 028, 028t


rhbul`tnry `bhgdchs `gk, 0=4t

st`tus nj, 08;—82, 08;t

T`pcr, @gkrh, 3g2

T`v`rk, Lud, 025

s`vcgbs-cgvhstfhgt a`l`gdh, 2:, 38,

3=—055, 118, 402, 41;

sd`lh-jrhh ghtwnris, :3g0, 2;, 23

Tdmhllcgb, [mnf`s, 0=Tdmufphthr, Onshpm, 43

Tdmur, Fcdm`hl, 028



4;; Cgkhx

Tdmwà, Ilùs, =2

Tdmw`rtz, Onrk`g, 028

TKQs (sphdc`l kr`wcgb rcbmts), 05

Thdurctchs `gk Hxdm`gbh

Dnffcsscng (THD), ;=

shdurctcz`tcng nj `sshts, ;2—;=,

;2g0, 84, =:

Thbnvc`gn, Fcbuhl, 82

shlj-t`rbhtcgb, 001—04, 008

Thll, Jrchkrcdm, =0

Thghb`l

dlcf`th dm`gbh cfp`dt, 128, 123

w`thr utclctchs cg, 025

shquhstr`tcng nj d`rang, 181—84

Thrrhzh, F`ri, 1::g08

Thrvhg, Lucs, 08=, 0:5“sm`knw a`gicgb,‖ 2:, =:

Tm`knw Jcg`gdc`l Qhbul`tnry

Dnffctthh, 82

Tm`ffi, Ghf`t, 08=

Tmhgb, @gkrhw, 11, :3

Tmc, Pug, 400g;

Tmcg, Myug Tngb, :0

Tcgb`pnrh

`bcgb pnpul`tcng, 458t

hxdm`gbh r`th `koustfhgts, 112, 11=g04jnrhcbg hxdm`gbh rhshrvhs mhlk

ay, 11:, 112t

lànr jnrdh p`rtcdcp`tcng, 404, 408—0:

f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts, 158, 15:t


Tcrt`cgh, Tnpmch, 022g45

scx khbrhhs nj shp`r`tcng, 24

Tfctm, I`tmryg, 402

sndc`l dnsts nj systhfcd rcsi, =5

sndc`l kcsdnugt r`th, 18:—82, 18=g00

sndc`l ghtwnris, 24

Tndc`l Thdurcty systhf, X.T., 33

snl`r pnwhr, 1:=—:3, 1:3j, 12;, 135

Tnrns, Bhnrbh, =1, =8

Tnutm @jrcd`, f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts

ay, 15:t, 105, 105t

Tnutm @sc`


dlcf`th dm`gbh cfp`dt, 1:8cgjr`strudturh cgvhstfhgts

cg, 0:3, 02:

f`guj`dturcgb hxpnrts, 033, 153


cgvhstfhgts, 02:

snvhrhcbgty `gk dlcf`th dm`gbh, 1:5

Tp`cg

`bcgb pnpul`tcng, 458t

kyg`fcd ln`g-prnvcscngcgb rulhs, =4

Jcg`gdc`l Ttàclcty An`rk prhshgdh nj, =3


cgjr`strudturh cgvhstfhgts, 0:1, 0:3


f`drn prukhgtc`l rhbul`tcng, :5

pnlctcd`l cgfiuhgdh ng cgjr`strudturh

cgvhstfhgts, 0:1

sp`tc`l khvhlnpfhgt khdcscngs, 0:2—25

sphdc`l kr`wcgb rcbmts (TKQs), 05Tphgdh, Fcdm`hl, 04, 0=, 15

spcllnvhr hxthrg`lctchs, =5

Trcgcv`s`g, [. G., :

st`gk`rks cg ghtwnris, 21, 28, =3

st`r ghtwnris, 21, 24j

st`th d`pct`lcsf, 00

st`th khvhlnpfhgt a`gis, 3

st`th-nwghk hgthrprcshs, 055

Tthpm`g, @gkrh`s, 0:1

Tthrg, K`vck, 18;g8, 182,18=, 18=g00, 1:5,

1:=, 124, 1=3, 130

Ttcblctz, Onshpm, ;, :, 05, 04, 15

stcfulus p`di`bhs, 0:, ;4—;;, ;8, 148—;8

stndi hxdm`gbhs, 20

stndimnlkhr kcsdcplcgh, 81, :4—:;

Ttrùa, Ttãpm`gh, 0=1

Ttrùss-I`mg, Knfcgcquh, :

Tuàrhz, O`vchr, 83

suanrkcg`thk khat rhqucrhfhgts, 82

suaprcfh drcscs, ;3—8;

Thh `lsn blna`l hdngnfcd drcscs

suaprcfh rcsi, 85—80, 81, 8:, 22

Tuar`f`gc`g, @rvcgk, ;g4,

:, 05, 04, 04;,

048, 0;8g8

Tua-T`m`r`g @jrcd`

Thh `lsn @jrcd`9 sphdcffd dnugtrchs

cgjr`strudturh`jjnrkàclcty, 021

prcv`th shdtnr cgvhstfhgts, 02:



Cgkhx 4;8

f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts, 152,

152j, 15=, 153

rhpl`dhfhgt fcbr`tcng `gk, 405, 405j

suasckchs

drnss-suasckchs, 021, 024

mnuscgb ffg`gdh, :4

cgkustrc`l pnlcdchs `gk, 040,

0;0, 0;1j, 0;4, 0;8g;,

0;:, 0;3—85

cg pnvhrty-t`rbhthk prnbr`fs, 005, 008

Tuk`g, dlcf`th dm`gbh cfp`dt ng, 128, 123

Tubcm`r`, Bhnrbh, =5, =3

Tuffhrs, L`wrhgdh, 82

suphrvcsnry j`clurhs, =2

Twhkhg

dhgtr`lczhk w`bh a`rb`cgcgb, 0;:cgdnfh cghqu`lcty cg, 03

Twctzhrl`gk, durrhgt `ddnugt surplus cg, 33

Tyrqucg, Fncshs, 032

systhfcd rcsi

kcsdnugtcgb nj, =5

mnfh `gk mnst rhbul`tnrs jnr, =:

lhvhr`bh `gk, =8

lnss-`vnck`gdh ahm`vcnr `gk, =1

[[`cw`g, Dmcg`

hxdm`gbh r`th `koustfhgts, 11=g04

jnrhcbg hxdm`gbh rhshrvhs

mhlk ay, 11:, 112t


f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts, 158, 15:,

15:t, 152, 105, 105t

t`rcjjs

dnst-rhdnvhry lhvhls, 08:, 021, 024

khrhbul`tcng nj, 2:

cgjr`strudturh ghhks nj pnnr `gk, 025

cgput dnst rhkudtcngs `gk, 0;8

t`x`tcng `ractr`bh, 28, 22

t`xhs

cgkustrc`l pnlcdchs `gk, 040, 0;4

cgjr`strudturh ffg`gdcgb wctm, 084

nptcf`l jr`fhwnri, 000, 008

`s rhkcstrcautcvh, 005

“[`ylnr rulh‖ `pprn`dm, ;3thdmgnlnbcd`l jnrhd`sts jnr dlcf`th

dm`gbh, 18;—:0

thdmgnlnby, ;1, 2:—22

Thh `lsn cgjnrf`tcng `gk

dnffugcd`tcng thdmgnlnby

thlhdnffugcd`tcngs

Thh `lsn cgjnrf`tcng `gk

dnffugcd`tcng thdmgnlnby

`ddhss tn, 025—20, 020t

cgjnrf`tcng b`p cg, 08:, 082g8

ghtwnri hjjhdts cg, 08=—83

prcv`th shdtnr cgvhstfhgts, 02;—28,

028t, 02:, 02:j


rhbul`tnry `bhgdchs `gk, 0=1, 0=4t

st`tus nj, 08;—82, 08;t

thfpnr`ry smndis `gk pnvhrty

t`rbhtcgb, 002—15[hrrnghs, F`rdn H., 4, 4g0, 04:

[JU (tnt`l j`dtnr prnkudtcvcty), 0:5

[m`cl`gk

jnrhcbg hxdm`gbh rhshrvhs

mhlk ay, 11:

f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts, 15:, 15:t

[m`tdmhr, F`rb`rht, 02;

[mnrahdihr, Hrci, 000

tmrhsmnlks cg dnfplhx ghtwnris, =5

tcfahr cgkustry, 1==tcppcgb pncgts, =5

[nbn, f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts ay, 158

tnn-acb-tn-j`cl prnalhf, 84,

8=, :1—:4, :;, =5

tnt`l j`dtnr prnkudtcvcty ([JU), 0:5

tr`kàlh bnnks `gk shrvcdhs

cg brnwtm str`thby, 01:

cgjr`strudturh cgvhstfhgts

`gk, 025

f`riht hquclcarcuf jnr, 0;0,

0;1j, 0;3—85

prnfftàclcty nj, 01:, 048

tr`kàlh phrfct systhfs, 121, 124

tr`kh

dnsts, 0;8

khffdct, 05:, 01:, 044, 114, 118, 145

blna`l rhbul`tcng nj, 23

brnwtm `gk, 04:—43, 042t

cgkustrc`l pnlcdchs `gk, 041surplushs, 043—;5, 0;5t

tr`kh prnthdtcng, 04, 040, 0;8, 03:, 032



4;: Cgkhx

tr`cgcgb

`s jnrf nj s`vcgbs, 3:

cgput dnst rhkudtcng vc`, 0;8

tr`gs`dtcng dnsts, 21, 28

tr`gsfcsscng nj drcscs tmrnubm

ghtwnris, =0—=1, =0j

tr`gsp`rhgdy

cg d`rang hfcsscngs, 120

cg khrcv`tcvhs tr`gs`dtcngs, :;—:8

cg ghtwnris, 22, =4—=;

tr`gspnrt shdtnr

dlcf`th dm`gbh `gk, 081g0, 082

cgjnrf`tcng b`p cg, 088—8:, 082g8

cgvhstfhgt ghhks `g`lyscs, 0:8

f`guj`dturcgb cgput dnsts `gk,

0;8, 0:=, 025ghtwnri hjjhdts cg, 083

prcv`th shdtnr cgvhstfhgts,

084, 02:, 02:j

sp`tc`l khvhlnpfhgt pnlcdy `gk, 0:2—:=

[unf`l`, F`ttc, 004, 008

[urihy

knfhstcd s`vcgb `s brnwtm

dngstr`cgt, 048

f`guj`dturhk hxpnrts, 15:t

[urifhgcst`g, bhntmhrf`lpnwhr cg, 12;

[urghr, @k`cr, 41;

[yhrs, Qnk, 400g;

XXb`gk`

acnjuhls cg, 12;

cgjr`strudturh cgvhstfhgts, 025

Xffhl, Ihvcg, 1:0

ughfplnyfhgt, =

ugcgsurhk khat rhqucrhfhgt, 82, ::

ugcngs, 0;:

Xgcthk Icgbknf

a`clnuts ay, 00


hxdm`gbh r`th dnrrhdtcngs, 11:, 112t



cgkhphgkhgt anky jnr d`pct`lfngctnrcgb, =:

cgjr`strudturh prcv`tcz`tcng, 02;

Xgcthk G`tcngs

dlcf`th dm`gbh `gk, 123—=5

Dnffcsscng nj Hxphrts, 04

Dngjhrhgdh ng Hgvcrngfhgt `gk

Khvhlnpfhgt, 1:1

pnpul`tcng prnohdtcngs, 13=—33,

455t, 452

ng w`thr `ddhss, 08:

Xgcthk G`tcngs Cgkustrc`l Khvhlnpfhgt

Nrb`gcz`tcng (XGCKN), 101

Xgcthk Tt`ths

a`clnuts ay, 00

dlcf`th dm`gbh `gk, 1;2, 1:8, 1:3, 1==

dnfphgs`tcng systhf lhbcsl`tcng, 35

dnfprhsscng nj fnrackcty cg, 405

dngsufhr khf`gk jnr tr`k`alhbnnks, 044

khat cgstrufhgt ychlks, 050, 052

khfnbr`pmcd dm`gbhs, 33—055, 050

jnrhcbg cgvhstfhgt cg, 055—05;

BKU brnwtm, 012—1=, 01=j

blna`l hdngnfcd drcscs rhdnvhry cg, 04;

cg blna`l ffg`gdc`l f`riht

ghtwnri, 2;

cfpnrt trhgks, 101—11, 104—10t,

113—45, 113j, 140j cgdnfh cghqu`lcty cg, 03

cgjr`strudturh cfp`dt ng

prnkudtcvcty, 083

f`guj`dturhk cfpnrts, 100—01

fnght`ry pnlcdy, ;3—85

ght cgthrg`tcng`l cgvhstfhgt

pnsctcng, 051—;

njjsmnrcgb nj onas, :, 2, 2g;

prcv`th shdtnr jnrhcbg d`pct`l

cgvhstfhgts cg, 050


`s rhtcrhfhgt khstcg`tcng, 05:

s`vcgb-cgvhstfhgt r`th cfa`l`gdh,

2:, 38, 118

Tndc`l Thdurcty systhf, 33

suaprcfh fnrtb`bh f`riht, 22

tnt`l ffg`gdc`l `sshts, 05;

tr`kh khffdct, 05:, 01:, 044,

114, 118, 145ugcvhrs`lcsf cg pnvhrty t`rbhtcgb, 00;

ura`g `rh`s, 08, 02—0=, 055, 0:3—25



Cgkhx 4;2

Xrubu`y, prcv`th shdtnr cgjr`strudturh

cgvhstfhgts cg, 023g41

ushr jhhs, 081, 084

utclcty shrvcdhs, `ddhss tn, 08;t, 088

Thh `lsn `ddhss tn cgjr`strudturh shrvcdhs

Z vhdtnr-anrgh kcsh`shs, 1==

Zhghzuhl`. Thh Qhpÿalcd` Anlcv`rc`g`

kh Zhghzuhl`

Zchtg`f, cgdnfh cghqu`lcty cg, 03

Zcvhs, ]`vchr, 0:1

vnl`tclcty, 4=, ;1

R

w`bh `ractr`bh, 28, 22w`bh rhstr`cgts, 0;:

R`gb, M. B., 0:4, 0:2

R`gb, S`g, 04

R@TU CZ (Rchg ùtnf`tcd systhf

pl`ggcgb p`di`bh), 0:8g08

w`thr supply, 1=:, 1==

w`thr utclctchs

`ddhss tn, 025—20, 020t


HX `ddhsscng rhqucrhfhgts, 0:;g0;cgjnrf`tcng b`p cg, 08:

ghtwnri hjjhdts cg, 083g2

prcv`th shdtnr cgvhstfhgts, 084, 028,

028t, 02:, 02:j


rhbul`tnry `bhgdchs `gk, 0=4, 0=4t

st`tus nj, 08;—82, 08;t

R`vhrf`g, Lhng`rk, 083, 0:0

whlj`rh st`ths, pnvhrty t`rbhtcgb cg, 00;

Rhsthrg Hurnph, BKU brnwtm cg,

012—1=, 01=j


Rmhhlhr, K`vck, 1:, 1;2, 1:0, 1:2

RMN (Rnrlk Mh`ltm Nrb`gcz`tcng), 41;

Rchg ùtnf`tcd systhf pl`ggcgb p`di`bh

(R@TU CZ), 0:8g08

Rcllc`fsng, Ohjjrhy B., 401

Rclsng, Ahrry, :0

wcgk pnwhr, 12;, 135

“wcgghr tìhs `ll‖ g`turh nj ghtwnris, 2;

Rcsh, K`vck, 402

RFN (Rnrlk Fhthnrnlnbcd`l

Nrb`gcz`tcng), 1:8, 1:2

wnricgb `bh, 3=

Thh `lsn rhtcrhfhgt `bhRnrlk A`gi

ng f`guj`dturcgb brnwtm, 153

Urcv`th U`rtcdcp`tcng cg Cgjr`strudturh

(UUC) Urnohdt K`tà`sh, 028g1:, 02:

ng t`x pnlcdy, 0:

ng tr`kh trhgks, 2—=

Rnrlk Mh`ltm Nrb`gcz`tcng (RMN), 41;

Rnrlk Fhthnrnlnbcd`l Nrb`gcz`tcng

(RFN), 1:8, 1:2

Rnrlk [r`kh Nrb`gcz`tcng (R[N), 04,23, 044, 0;;—;8,

0;8gg;—8, 03:, 103

S Shphs, [ctn, 0:4, 024

ychlk durvh, ;3—85

__cgb`lhs, Lucbc, 14:, 142, 14=, 1;0, 1;1



H D N - @ X K C [

Hgvcrngfhgt`l Ahghffts Tt`thfhgt

[mh Rnrlk A`gi cs dnffctthk tn

prhshrvcgb hgk`gbhrhk jnrhsts `gk

g`tur`l rhsnurdhs. [mh Njffdh nj

tmh Uualcsmhr m`s dmnshg tn prcgt

Blna`lcz`tcng `gk Brnwtm ng rhdydlhk

p`phr wctm 85 phrdhgt pnst-dngsufhr

w`sth, cg ddnrk`gdh wctm tmh

rhdnffhgkhk st`gk`rks jnr p`phr

us`bh sht ay Brhhg Urhss Cgctc`tcvh‛

` gngprnfft prnbr`f suppnrtcgb

pualcsmhrs cg uscgb ffahr tm`t cs

gnt snurdhk jrnf hgk`gbhrhk

jnrhsts. Jnr fnrh cgjnrf`tcng, vcsct

www.brhhgprhsscgctc`tcvh.nrb.

T`vhk?

• 18 trhhs

• = fcllcng Arctcsm

tmhrf`l ugcts nj tnt`l

hghrby

• :=4 pnugks nj snlck

w`sth

• 00,188 b`llngs nj

w`sth w`thr

• 1,442 pnugks nj ght

brhhgmnush b`shs

(DN1 hqucv`lhgt)

Globalization and Growth: Implications for a Post-Crisis World

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