The integration of social, technological, scientific, environmental, economic, and cultural activities of nations that has resulted from increasing international contacts

“not simply a trend or a fad but is, rather, an international system. It is the system that has now replaced the Cold War system, and like that Cold War system, globalization has its own rules and logic that today directly or indirectly influence the politics, environment, geopolitics, and economics of virtually every country in the world”

…..Thomas Friedman

Modern transportation/communicationIncreased international tradeSpread of “popular” cultureSharing of international scienceInternational business

Is this new???

The Silk Road Era (200 BCE - 400 CE) The Islamic Era (600-1200) The Mongol Interlude (1200-1350) The Atlantic System (1500-1800) The Age of Global Empires (1800-1914) Globalization (1945-Present)

During each of these time periods, one sees the development of new and regular trade routes, new or improved commodities to exchange, the establishment of financial intermediaries, and commonly held customs and practices to facilitate this exchange.

GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) 1947 – unrestricted global trade signed by 23 noncommunist nations--goal: loosen barriers to free trade by decreasing tariff barriers

WTO (World Trade Organization) 1994

Consumerism – People want more than they need

“Americanization” or “McDonaldization” threatens local cultures

Cultural lines have become blurred as world becomes more connected - (cultural imperialism)

Other examples?

Pepsi in Russian

http://www.geographyalltheway.com/ib_geography/ib_globalization/what_is_globalization.htm

What enabled this to occur?

What are examples?

Why do people criticize these?

Why is it difficult for the government to regulate multinational businesses?

Japan’s 2nd “economic miracle”Post WWII, Japan had few resources and no

empireU.S. provided aid, investments, and protectionJapan’s plan = “economic tiger”

Export-oriented economyLow wagesHigh technology

Pro-business government

Little Tigers: Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and TaiwanFollowed the Japanese modelBy the 1990s, joined by Indonesia, Thailand,

and Malaysia

China after MaoLate 1970s, China was opened to foreign

investment and technologyGradual shift from a command economy to a

market/capitalist economy

FREE TRADE/liberalization of tradeFree of state imposed restrictions

Quite often within a regional trade group

What are some examples of regional trading blocs?

ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) 1967

EC (European Community) 1967EU (European Union) 1993NAFTA (North American Free Trade

Agreement) 1994AEC (African Economic Community) 1991

EU

Began in 1957 with six nations; now 27

Intended to integrate the European economy

Common currency – the Euro

OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) 1960 – Mostly Arab and Muslim members (1970s hit hard due to embargo of oil shipments to the U.S.)

Established in 1960 to control oil pricesAfter Arab-Israeli War of 1973, OPEC placed

an embargo on oil to the US because we were Israel’s ally

Price of oil quadrupled which triggered a global recession (gas was 75 cents a gallon)

What kind of monopoly is OPEC?

State a better definition of “popular culture” than what is given in the notes.

Iran’s Islamic answer to Barbie and Ken: Sara and Dara

Pepsi in Russian

Sports--Baseball in Japan--Football (soccer) and the World Cup *spread around the world via the British

*Colonial nationalists emphasized playing football to generate a national identityArt

--Other cultures represented in Western art, such as African sculpture in Pablo Picasso’s pieces and Japanese woodblock printing influence in Impressionism

Reggae--Roots in slave trade to Jamaica, Marcus Garvey’s

Pan-Africanism of the early 20th century--1930s-Ethiopians believed new leader,

Haile Selassie (originally named Ras Tafari) was the Messiah; translated this into new religion, Rastafarianism

--1960s-American styles of R&B and soul led Jamaicans to adapt/transform those styles in new ways = reggae (Bob Marley)

--Marley and The Wailers blended this with spiritual message of Rastafarianism and a political message of resistance

--Reggae spread throughout the world

20th century had a vast increase in the population b/c of advances in ag, industry, science, medicine

Developed countries’ population dropped – why?

“Warning to Humanity” 1992 – There is a finite supply of physical resources and we are on a collision course.

Reducing birth rates has become a concern in many countries (WHO - World Health Organization assists in family-planning)

Exploitation and competitionUrbanization and agricultural expansionIncrease use of fossil fuelsKyoto TreatyGreenpeace and Earth DayGreen Revolution

Causes of povertyResources distribution and accessIncome opportunities limitedEducation opportunities limited

Forced laborSlavery abolished worldwide in 1960sSlavery still existsChild labor still common

Last major pandemic – Spanish flu of 1918/1919; killed 20-40 million

Smallpox and diphtheria have been eradicated

Medical innovations: polio vaccine, antibiotics, artificial heart, transplants

HIV/AIDSIdentified in 1981 in San Franciscokills adults; leaves children orphaned;

threatens societyTreatment is expensiveIn 2000, 36.1 million people living with

HIV/AIDS worldwide; of those 21.8 are in Africa

Diseases associated with your lifestyle: diabetes, heart disease, Alzheimers

Diseases associate with poverty: malaria, TB, cholera

Define – terrorism using words other than in the notes

What is the difference between foreign and domestic terrorism?

Identify some terrorist events.

Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)Red Cross (civilians in time of war and

wounded soldiers, peacetime, rendering medical aid and other help to victims of natural disasters)

Greenpeace (preservation of the earth’s natural resources & diverse animal/plant life)

Doctors Without Borders

United NationsFounded in 1945 to “maintain international

peace and securityNot successful at preventing warsCannot legislate, but has international

influenceMore successful in health and educational

goalsEradication of smallpoxDecrease in child mortalityIncrease in female literacyWHO and UNICEF are the most successful parts

Nuremberg trials of the Nazis introduces the idea of crimes against humanity

United Nations – Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 (codification of international human rights laws: forbids slavery, torture, discrimination)

Amnesty International 1978 (over 2.2 million supporters in over 150 countries –independent and impartial)

IMFWorld BankWTO