Globalism 20 21 st century
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Transcript of Globalism 20 21 st century
GlobalismGlobalismThe information AgeChapter 15The last chapter for Intro to Humanities
ExistentialismJean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980)Basic premise: the idea that existence precedes
essence, that one’s material being exists prior to and independent of any intrinsic factors.
Each individual is the sum of his or her actions.Condemned to be free, each individual bears
the over -whelming burden of total responsibility.
Being and Nothingness 1943
The Cold WarBerlin Wall – divided East and West GermanyKorean War (1905-1953)– divided North and
South Korea, Soviet Union and United States, 3 million Koreans died, mostly civilians
Vietnam War (1964-1973)- 50 thousand Americans died, 15 million Vietnamese died, US withdrew and communist Vietnam was established.
Collapse of Soviet Union and the fall of the Berlin Wall 1989.
MAYA LIN
THE VIETNAM’S VETERANS MEMORIAL, (1982)
•Names of the 57,939 Americans who were
killed in the Vietnam
War.
End of ColonialismMohandas Gandhi (1869-1948) – Hindu, led India’s struggle for independence from Great Britain. Peaceful protests against colonial oppressionFollowers were called “Mahatma” or ”great souls”His program of nonviolent resistance, including
fasting, and peaceful demonstrations, influenced subsequent liberation movements throughout the world.
1947 India’s independence, one year later he was assassinated by a Hindu fanatic who opposed his conciliatory gestures toward India’s Muslim minority.
Racial Equality Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
(1929-1968)Protestant pastor and civil
rights activist who modeled his campaign of peaceful protest on the example of Gandhi.
As president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, King served as an inspiration to all African –Americans.
Assassinated in April 4, 1968
Oscar Graves, 1982, Dr. Martin Luther King
Detroit MI
Art and SocietyArt as a social tool used to help change
society
Social and Political issues
Art by and for minorities (issues of gender, race, sexuality)
Betye Saar
Attack on the icons of commercial white culture
Betye Saar (1926– ), The Liberation of Aunt Jemima, 1972. Mixed media
Kara WalkerUsed a more
subtle and complex approach to matters of race
She suggests that liberation is an on going process
Kara Walker (1969- ), A Work on Progress, 1998. Cut paper and adhesive, Installation
Kara Walker (1969- ), Slavery! Slavery!, 2000
Gender EqualityGermaine Greer (1939-) The Obstacle Race:
The Fortunes of Women Painters and their work (1979)
She explains the scarcity of women artists:There is……no female Leonardo, no female
Titian, no female Poussin, but the reason does not lie in the fact that women have wombs, that they can have babies, that their brains are smaller, that they lack vigor, that they are not sensual. The reason is simple that you cannot make great artists out of egos that have been damaged, with wills that are defective, with libidos that have been driven out of reach and energy diverted into neurotic channels.
Cindy Sherman, Untitled Film Still
#35, 1979, Black-and-white photograph
Sherman plays different roles in her photographs (dressed in
costume) -
Not a Self-Portrait
Feminism - Questions how women have been portrayed in movies, photography, art
Photography shows the shutter release cable on the
floor (artist took her own photograph)
Aware of the extent to which commercialism shapes identity, she creates photographs that deftly unite word and image to resemble commercial billboards. The artist calls attention to the controversial issue of abortion in contemporary society
Barbara Kruger, (b.1945)
Barbara Kruger (1945– ), Untitled ("Your body is a battleground"), 1989. Photographic silkscreen on vinyl
Barbara Kruger, Untitled (I Shop Therefore I Am),
1987, Photographic
silkscreen on vinyl
Look of Advertising
(Kruger worked as a graphic designer before
becoming an artist)
Deceptiveness of Media’s messages
“I think, therefore I am” - Philosophical
statement by Descartes
ALL VIOLENCE IS THE ILLUSTRATION OF A PATHETIC STEREOTYPE, (1991)
BARBARA KRUGER
JUDY CHICAGO
A room-sized sculpture consisting of a triangular table with 39 place settings, each symbolizing a famous woman in myth or history. The feminist counterpart of the Last Supper, pays homage to such immortals Nefertiti, Sappho, queen Elizabeth 1, and Virginia Woolf.
THE DINNER PARTY, (1974-1979), 48 x 48 x 48ft.
Sexual Identity
Aids Memorial Quilt, 1996
Represents the movement for body-conscious politics and socially responsible art that animated the last decade of the 20th century.
String TheoryBrian Greene (b.1962) describes a multidimensional
universe in which loops of strings and oscillating globules of matter unite all of creation into vibrational patterns.
Chaos TheoryFinds that universal patterns underlie all of nature and
repeat themselves in physical phenomena ranging from the formation of a snowflake to the rhythms of the human heart.
Human GenomeBy the year 2000, molecular biologists were able to
ascertain the order of nearly three billion units of DNA.Language Theory
Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951), that all forms of expression and all truths in are dominated by the modes of language used to convey ideas.
American Precursors to ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM
In western art, for the first forty years of the 20th century, the further you were away from Paris, meant the further you were from the art world. American art was far from cutting edge. It evolved sluggishly from historical paintings to landscapes and agricultural genre scenes.
Flashes of brilliance did occur here and there and the artists that provided these flashes were very influential in what was to be the art movement that changed the epicenter of the art world firmly from Paris to New York.
George Bellows, Stag at Sharkey’s, 1909
Oil on Canvas36 1/4x48 ¼”
The Cleveland Museum of Art,
Thomas Hart Benton He considered
himself to be a “Regionalist” artist. His work seems to be highly influenced by Baroque. An Illinois native, he painted his live in the Navy and daily life in the ship yards of Norfolk VA. This lead to epic scenes filled with many workers and lots of machinery.
Cut the Line 1944I really wanted to find a size for this, but couldn’t… :(
Benton hated Avante Garde art. He didn’t like anything that was going on in Europe and considered himself very conservative amongst some of his peers in the art world. Eventually became the teacher of Jackson Pollock.
Wreck of the Ol’ 97
Train 1943 29x46”
American Social Realism
American Realism came from a backlash American Impressionism, many artist wanted their art to represent their current day America.
Thomas Pollock Anshutz
The Ironworkers Noontime
1880 Oil on Canvas
Robert Henri was a teacher out of PAFA (Penn Academy of Fine Arts, Phila) who, with some other
friends, started the Ash Can School. This was a group of painters who wanted their paintings to be ‘realistically
ugly’. Street scenes and realistic urban landscapes were a cornerstone for this movement. Above is a
painting by a teacher of Henri’s named Thomas Anshutz.
Ash Can School
Everett Shinn,
The Fight
Robert Henri, Snow in New York George Bellows,
Cliff Dwellers,
1913
John French Sloan"Six o'clock, Winter" 1912
The Ash Can argued that ‘life is beautiful,
this is what life actually looks like.’
Edward Hopper
Rooftops 192612x19
Watercolor on paper
Hopper, a realist and another member of the Ash Can School is easily the most famous member to come out of the movement. Hoppers early work was in American Impressionism, but later, his palette darkened and he became intrigued with indoor painting and urban realism.
Nighthawks,1942
New York Movie 1939
Automat
Hopper
What it is…Abstract Expressionism is a
painting movement in which artists typically applied paint rapidly, and with force to their huge canvases in an effort to show feelings and emotions.non-geometrically, sometimes applying paint
with large brushes, and looks as if to be an accident but is really quite planned.
Made New York the center of the art world, and was often called the “New York School”.
•Abstract Expressionism was the first art movement to influence artists over seas, rather than vice versa.
•Artists wanted to establish their independence from European surrealists
and other art trends.
European artists began moving to America during WW II.
The main result of the new American fascination with Surrealism was the emergence of Abstract Expressionism.
Produced in New York roughly between 1940-1960.
Jackson PollackOcean Greyness
1953
History…
Arshile Gorky was the artist to put this movement into motion, because his art ideals were obtained from Surrealism, Picasso, and Miro.
Emphasized the depiction of emotion’s rather then objects.
Paintings consisted of shapes, lines, and forms meant to create a separate reality from the visual world.
“What was to go on the canvas was nota picture, but an event.”
Critic- Harold Rosenberg
Hans HoffmanRising Moon
European InfluenceEuropean Surrealists obtained their notion of
the unconscious mind, from Sigmund Freud.
Many Americans at this time, derived Carl Jung’s theory- the “collective unconscious” holds that beneath ones private memories, is a store house of feeling and symbolic thoughts.
With all the European influence, Abstract Expressionists sought universal themes within themselves.
One of the two techniques for Abstract Expressionism was known as Action Painting.
A style of painting which paint is spontaneously dripped, splashed or smeared onto the canvas, rather then being carefully applied.
Willem de Kooning- Paris Review1979
Action Painting
Jackson Pollock (1912-1956)Influenced by Mexican muralist painters,
and Surrealism.Canvases were usually on the floor, or the
wall where he dripped or poured on the paint.
Used knives, sticks, or towels instead of brushes.
Occasionally putting sand, broken glass, or other matter, into his paintings.
Resulted in direct expression and “Action Painting”.
Jackson Pollock
Shimmering Substance
1946
Jackson PollockEnchanted Forest
1947
Jackson Pollock Lavender Mist
1950
“I have no fears about making
changes, destroying the
image… because the painting has a life of its own.”
Jackson Pollock
3 Factors in work of the 1940’sIntense childhood memories of
Armenia, prime subject matter.Growing interest in Surrealism.Many discussion with colleagues
about Jungian ideas.Jungian analysis is a specialized
form of psychotherapy in which the Jungian analyst and patient work together to increase the patient’s consciousness in order to move toward psychological balance and wholeness.
Arshile Gorky (1904-1948)
Waterfall- Arshile Gorky (1943)
•The unstructured
shapes, and drips of paint hint at
the fluidity of the Waterfall.
Arshile Gorky - One Year the Milkweed
1944
Willem de KooningA pioneer in Abstract
Expressionism.Tried to capture energy
and emotion through Action Painting.
Alternated between abstract and figural painting.
Blended traditional forms, with a sense of uncertainty.
Willem de KooningWoman I
1950-1952
Willem de KooningPink Angels
1945
Willem de KooningBlack Friday
1948
Willem de Kooning
Women III1952
Willem de Kooning, Excavation, 1950
Franz Kline (1910-1962)His works around
1946 had a Cubist structure, or were abstract.
Around 1950, he made large calligraphic paintings in black and white.
In 1958, Kline introduced color in some of his works.
Franz KlineFigure Eight
1952
Franz KlineNew York, N.Y.
1952
Franz KlineUntitled
1958
Color Field PaintingThe Second Type of Abstract Expressionism
paintings.
Paintings with solid area of color covering the whole canvas.
Meant to be seen up close, so the viewer is immersed in color.
Mark Rothko(1903-1970)
Asymmetrical blocks of color, and painted the edges of his canvases, then displayed them without frames.
Titles were unimaginative leaving the interpretation up to the viewer.
Mark RothkoRed, Orange, Tan
and Purple1949
Mark Rothko Orange and Red on Red
1957
Kenneth Noland(1924-2010)
First to stain canvases with thinned paints.Appeared as pure
and saturated color.
Made concentric rings, and parallels, in relation to the size of the canvas.
Kenneth NolandHeat1958
Kenneth Noland
Back and Front1960
SculpturesDavid Smith is one of the most famous
Abstract Expressionism sculptor’sHe created large, steel geometric sculptorsHis motivations were similar to that of the
paintersHis most famous sculptors are his Cubi series
David SmithCubi XIX
1964
What it InfluencedCreated a whole new way to look at art
Influenced later art movementsPop ArtMinimalismTachisme
Once you “got” Pop, you could never see a sign the same way again. And
once you thought Pop, you could never see America the same way
again.
--Andy Warhol
Pop ArtPop Art was an art movement in the late 1950s and 1960s that reflected everyday life and common objects. Pop artists blurred the line between fine art and commercial art.
Brillo Soap Pads Box, 1964, AWF
“Pop Artists did images that anybody
walking down the street could recognize in a split second…all
the great modern things that the
Abstract Expressionists tried so hard not to notice
at all.”—Gretchen Berg.
Three Coke Bottles, 1962, AWF
The Pop artists moved away from Abstract Expressionism which was the “in” style of art in the 50s. The Abstract Expressionist evoked emotions, feelings and ideas through formal elements such as: • Line• Color• Shape• Form• Texture
Jackson Pollock, Number 4, 1950Carnegie Museum of Art;
Gift of Frank R. S. Kaplan/ARS
Pop Artists used common images from
everyday culture as their sources including:
Roy Lichtenstein, Masterpiece, 1962
• Advertisements
• Consumer goods
• Celebrities
• Photographs
• Comic strips
Pop Artists used bold, flat colors and hard edge compositions adopted from commercial designs like those found in:
•Billboards
• Murals
• Magazines
• Newspapers
Campbell's Soup II, 1969, AWF
Pop Artists reflected 60’s culture by using new materials in their artworks including:
•Acrylic Paints
• Plastics
• Photographs
• Fluorescent and
Metallic colors
Robert Rauschenberg, Retroactive II, 1963
As well as new technologies and methods:
Claes Oldenburg, Floor Burger 1962, Claes Oldenburg
• Mass production
• Fabrication
• Photography
• Printing
• Serials
Pop art was appealing to many viewers, while others felt it made fun of common people and their lives. It was hard for some people to understand why Pop Artists were painting cheap, everyday objects, when the function of art historically was to uphold and represent culture’s most valuable ideals.
Listerine Bottle, 1963, AWF
Andy Warhol was one of the most famous Pop Artists. Part of his artistic practice was using new technologies and new ways of making art including:
• Photographic Silk-Screening
• Repetition
• Mass production
• Collaboration
• Media events
Andy Warhol, Brillo Boxes installation,
Warhol appropriated (used without permission) images from magazines, newspapers, and press photos of the most popular people of his time
Silver Liz [Ferus Type], 1963, AWF
©2006 Life Inc.
Warhol used the repetition of media events to critique and reframe cultural ideas through his art
Jackie paintings, 1964, AWF
Warhol took common everyday items and gave them importance as “art” He raised questions about the nature of art:
Knives, 1981, AWF
What makes one work of art better than another?
Brillo Soap Pads Box, 1964, AWF
Pop artists stretched the definitions of what art could be and how it can be made.
“The Pop idea, after all, was that anybody could do anything, so naturally we were all
trying to do it all…” ---Andy Warhol
photo by Hervé Gloaguen
The art world today reflects many of the ideas, methods and materials initiated by the Pop Art movement.
Barbara Kruger, Untitled, 1991Courtesy: Mary Boone Gallery, NY
In Untitled, 1991, Barbara Kruger uses the iconography of the
American flag and hard edge graphics to pose a series of provocative questions about
American cultural values.
In Rabbit, 1986, artist Jeff Koons cast a mass-produced inflatable Easter bunny in highly polished stainless
steel. The sculpture became iconic of art in the 1980s.
Jeff Koons, Rabbit, 1986, Jeff Koons
New realism (Super-realism)
American Art Movement in late 1960’s – 1970’s
Extension of Pop Art (similar subjects, but different style)
Highly detailed and realistic (sometimes called Photorealism)
Audrey Flack, Marilyn, 1977, Oil over acrylic on
canvas
Influenced by realism in photography
“I studied art history, it was always the
photographs, I never saw the paintings, they
were in Europe”
Marilyn Monroe – references to her death
(clocks, hourglass)
Still Life “Vanitas” painting - symbolism
relating to “emptiness”
Airbrushed (commercial photo retouching tool)
Chuck Close, Big Self-Portrait, 1967 – 1968,
Acrylic on Canvas (8’11” x 11’2”)
Large Scale Portrait Paintings
based on Photographs
Avoided creative compositions,
flattering lighting, and facial
expressions
Duane Hanson, Supermarket Shopper,
1970, Polyester resin and fiberglass polychromed in oil with clothing, steel cart, and
groceries
Made plaster molds from real people
Stereotypical “average” Americans
“The subject matter I like best deals with the familiar lower and middle class American types of today.”
Sculptures sometimes mistaken for real people
Site-specific Art / Environmental ArtProgressive Movement developed in the 1960’s in
USA
Increased concerns about environment (pollution, litter, urban sprawl
Challenges traditional assumptions about art
Christo and Jeanne-Claude, Running Fence (California, USA), Pink woven synthetic
fabric, 1972 - 1976
5.5 meters high
40 Kilometer long nylon fence
Environmental art project
Artists claim that the art has no meaning.
Their goal is to create something beautiful
and to see the landscape in a new
way.
Money raised by selling their
preliminary drawings
Robert Smithson, Spiral Jetty, 1970,
Black rock, salt crystals, earth, red water (Utah, USA)
Manipulated the earth the create an
environmental sculpture
“enduring power of nature”
Inspired by the location and the
molecular structure of salt crystals that
coat the rocks
Spiral Jetty under water
Neo-ExpressionismMovement in 1980’s inspired by German
Expressionists and Abstract Expressionists
Reintroduced human feeling back into art
Large scale painting
Thick, encrusted surface (highly textured)
Re-examination of German History
“Nigredo” means black (symbolic meaning)
Anselm Kiefer, Nigredo, 1984, Mixed media (including natural
materials – straw and lead) on paper (11’ x 18’)
Francesco Clemente, Francesco
Clemente, Oil on Canvas, 1985
Clemente’s work draws inspiration
from Expressionism and Surrealism
Self-Portrait
Two sides of personality / “inner
self”
Francesco interested in connection of art
to spirituality
Post-PopAmerican artists in 1980’s still influenced by Pop
Art from the 1960’s
Consumerism and Popular culture
Humor
Jeff-Koons, Pink Panther, 1988,
Porcelain sculpture
Magazine centerfold with
well-known cartoon character
Commercialism / Consumerism
Kitsch (bad taste)
“everything wrong with
contemporary American society”
Keith Haring, Untitled, 1985, Mixed Media on
Canvas
Keith Haring (1958-1990) started by
drawing in NY Subways (related to Grafitti art /
Street Art)
Keith Haring friends with Andy Warhol
East-Village New York style
Art for “the people”
Keith Haring in his “Pop Shop”
in New York City
Adidas shoe with Keith Haring designs
Joseph Beuys, How to Explain Pictures to a Dead
Hare, 1965, Performance art
Performance artSacred ritual
“the condition of modern humanity”
Head coated with honey and covered
with gold leaf (spiritual power)
Laurie Anderson, O Superman,
1985, Performance Art
Anderson wrote music and lyrics
Experimentation with sound (electric
violin and synthesized voice)
Feminist art combining
elements of pop art, pop music,
World music, dada
Montri Toemsombat, Performance, 2003,
Performance at the Venice Biennale (Italy)
Art inspired by Buddhism
Critical of Thai culture
(materialism)
Ritul / Meditation
Literally wearing text (text on
clothing, text and tattoos)
Artist is interested in
relationship of fashion to art
Technology and Art Video, Digital Imagery
Artists started experimenting with video in 1960’s
Looking at an image in a video monitor / screen (related to Renaissance idea of looking through a frame into a picture)
Element of time
OriginsArtists began
experimenting with video since the invention of the television.
Wolf Vostell was the first artists to include working television sets in his 1959 assemblage “Deutscher Ausblick.”
Wolf Vostell, Deutscher Ausblick, 1959. Click on
image or copy link to view. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KJq9eh6QsBg
HistoryAndy Warhol and Nam
June Paik were the pioneers of the Video Art movement.
Warhol created films in his factory using 8mm, 16mm cameras and screened them for friends.
Warhol's films included were “Sleep”, “Eat”, “Empire”, and “Chelsea Girls” which are now considered part of the genre.
Andy Warhol
HistoryWith the invention of
the Sony Portapak in 1965, the first portable video recorder, artists were able to instantly record visual ideas for their work. Sony Portapak
1965
HistoryNam June Paik
(1932-2006) was one of the first artist to obtain a portapak, and created the first video art piece titled “Electronic Video Recorder”.
Nam June Paik
Well-known Korean-born video artist who moved to New York
Experimented with electronic music (collaborated with Japanese artist)
“Time collage” combining painting, music, Eastern philosophy, global politics, technology, etc.
Nam June Paik, Global
Groove, 1973, Video
Still
Video Art Versus Film Making Video Art before the digital age could be
recorded and played back instantly. Where film once it was shot had to be developed then edited.
Video art does not need actors, dialogue, or plot.
The video artist is concerned with exploring the medium itself, or to use it to challenge the viewer's ideas of space, time and form.
Jenny Holzer, Protect Me From What I Want, 1988, LED Electronic Signboard (Times Square, New York
City)
Social Consciousness
Uses advertising
format to deliver messages
Art in Public Spaces
JENNY HOLZER
PROTECT ME FROM WHAT I WANT, (1986)
Bill Viola, The Crossing, 1996,
Sound / Video Installation
Slow motion video with fire and water (the
elements)
Relationship to Religion (Viola interested in
World Religions)