Global Waste-to-Energy Research & Technology Council

Global Waste-to-Energy Research & Technology

Council

RECUWATT, RECYCLING & ENERGY CONFERENCE

Mataro, Spain, 04th October 2012

“THE DEVELOPMENT OF WTE AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF

SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLDWIDE”

Dr. Efstratios Kalogirou

President WTERT Greece – SYNERGIA

Vice President Global WTERT Council

WTERT-Greece, SYNERGIA

www.wtert.gr 2

Mission of the Waste to Energy Research

and Technology Council (WTERT)

WTERT was formed in 2002 EEC/CU, to promote all means of

sustainable waste management by maximizing the recovery of materials

and energy and minimizing the environmental impacts, on the basis of

the scientific knowledge of the effects of various waste treatment

technologies worldwide.

The accepted hierarchy of waste management dictates materials recovery

followed by energy recovery (waste-to-energy) by means of thermal

treatment, as used in more than 800 WTE plants worldwide (435 in Europe, 100 in USA, and the rest in Asia and other parts of the world).


www.wtert.gr 3

Hierarchy of Sustainable Waste

Management, EU directive 2008/98


www.wtert.gr 4

The Global WTERT Council (GWC)

The Global WTERT Council has recently been formed. It will assist in the

creation of new WTERT national organizations and coordinate the activities

of existing ones in achieving the common goal:

to identify the best available technologies for the treatment of various

waste materials

to conduct additional academic research as required

to disseminate this information by means of publications, the multilingual

WTERT web pages, and periodic meetings and conferences, at the national

and international levels.

GWC will consist of the heads of the national WTERT organizations. Its

first meeting will be held in conjunction with the next WTERT-U.S. bi-annual

meeting at Columbia University (October 18-19, 2012).


www.wtert.gr 5

Examples of Global WTERT Activities

Advising national policy makers regarding Waste-to-Energy

Developing new legislation (examples include China, USA, Greece)

Invited lecture in Panama City (May 2011)

www.wtert.gr/attachments/article/277/Report_Panama_2011.pdf

WTE volume in forthcoming Encyclopedia of Sustainability (Springer,

2012)

Lectures on WTE at universities in Buenos Aires and Santiago (May-June

2011)

Participation at the ISWA Waste Management Conference in Moscow, Russia

and at the 1st International Bioenergy Conference in Dalian, China (2011)

Study on Recovery of Energy from Non-recycled Plastics (NRRP) for the

American Chemistry Council

Lectures and meetings with various universities and companies in China

regarding further development of WTERT-China (see following slides)

http://www.wtert.gr/attachments/article/277/Report_Panama_2011.pdf


www.wtert.gr 6

WTERT Greece WTERT Greece – SYNERGIA

The Waste-to-Energy Research and Technology Council (SYNERGIA,

www.wtert.gr) was founded on July 2008 by the following founding members:

The Earth Engineering Center of Columbia University, New York

Members of the Thermodynamics and Transport Phenomena Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (N.T.U.A)

Members of the Laboratory of Heat Transfer and Environmental Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.TH.)

http://www.wtert.gr/

www.wtert.gr 7 7

GLOBAL WTERT COUNCIL

www.wtert.org

www.wtert.ca

www.wtert.cn

www.wtert.eu

www.wtert.com.br

www.wtert.jp

www.mater.polimi.it

/mater/

Under formation: France, Singapore

www.wtertuane.com.

mx/

http://wtert.in

www.wtert.co.uk

http://www.wtert.org/

http://www.wtert.ca/

http://www.wtert.cn/

http://www.wtert.eu/

http://www.wtert.com.br/

http://www.wtert.jp/

http://www.mater.polimi.it/

http://www.mater.polimi.it/

http://www.wtertuane.com.mx/

http://www.wtertuane.com/

http://wtert.in/

http://www.wtert.co.uk/


www.wtert.gr 8

SYNERGIA – Achievements New Renewable Energy Sources Law 3851/2010 regarding the

electricity price from WTE 87,85€/MWh, for the biodegradable fraction of MSW.This way a very competitive gate fee is achieved, which will make WtE attractive for international investors

Advising local decision makers in Brazil to apply law number 12.305/2010, which will establish WtE as a Renewable Energy Source.

SYNERGIA, in cooperation with WTERT/US and WTERT/China advised the policy makers to change the dioxin/furan emissions limit to 0.1 ng/Nm3 (EU standards), helping the country develop state of the art WTE plants.


www.wtert.gr 9

Important Actions & Participations

of SYNERGIA in Greece

29 January 2009: Presentation to the Special Permanent

Council of Environmental Protection of the Greek

Parliament


www.wtert.gr 10

Recent Participations of SYNERGIA

in Congresses worldwide

10 June 2010: 2nd SYNERGIA FORUM in Athens

www.wtert.gr 11



25-30 April 2011: 1st Annual World Congress of Bioenergy, Dalian, China

24-25 March 2011: ISWA Working Group Energy Recovery in Oslo, Norway

18 November 2010: ISWA World Congress in Hamburg, Germany

7 October 2010: Bi-Annual Meeting of WTERTs at Columbia University in New York, USA

6 October 2010: V Brazil-Japan International Forum on Environment in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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10 June 2010: 2nd SYNERGIA FORUM in Athens

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Recent participations of SYNERGIA


18-22 June 2012: 1st International Sustainable Waste

Management Workshop in Athens, coorganised by

Columbia University, SYNERGIA and AIT


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Technical Visits of SYNERGIA in

WTE Plants

Naples WTE Plant

25 – 26 February

2010: Acerra/Naples

WTE Plant in Italy

covering

electricity needs for

230,000 families

www.wtert.gr 15 15

Technical Visits of SYNERGIA in

WTE Plants

6-7 May 2010: Arnoldstein,

Austria

2-7 August 2010: Yuqiao WtE

Plant in Shanghai Pudong and

Chnogqing Tongxing WtE

Plant

20-26 August 2011: Technical

Visits& WTE Seminars in

Tsinghua & Fudan Universities

of China

Chongqing/Tongxing WTE Plant

WTE Seminar in Tsinghua University

www.wtert.gr 16 16

International WtE Technical Visits

Flue Gas Cleaning in Suzhou WTE Plant

Pudong (SHANGHAI, WTE Plant) Barcelona, Tersa WTE Plant

28-30 March 2012: Technical

Visit at WtE Plant at

Barcelona, Spain

www.wtert.gr 17 17

SYNERGIA – Achievements

New Renewable Energy Sources Law 3851/2010 regarding the electricity price from WTE 87,85€/MWh, for the biodegradable fraction of MSW. This way a very competitive gate fee is achieved, which will make WtE attractive for international investors

Advising local decision makers in Brazil to apply law number 12.305/2010, which will establish WtE as a Renewable Energy Source.

SYNERGIA, in cooperation with WTERT/US and WTERT/China advised the policy makers to change the dioxin/furan emissions limit to 0.1 ng/Nm3 (EU standards), helping the country develop state of the art WTE plants.


www.wtert.gr 18

Waste-to-Energy in Europe

Typical WTE Plant

www.wtert.gr 19 19

Thermal treatment of waste with

energy recovery (WTE)

Incineration plant producing 500-750 kWh/ton of post

recycled municipal solid waste.

30

kg

Fly

Ash

30

kg

me

tals

220 kg Bottom

Ash

720 kg Reduction of weight.

1000 kg Waste

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Methods of Thermal Treatment

Gasification: Very energy intensive, not available yet

on a large commercial scale, untested in mixed

municipal solid waste. Very few units of low capacities

operational. Plasma gasification shows much more

promise but lacks reference.

Pyrolysis: Hasn’t been used efficiently in municipal

solid waste

Incineration: Proven, dominant, tested on a large

scale (over 800 units worldwide), efficient, waste

management process

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Europe


www.wtert.gr 22


Legislation

• According to the European Union legislation for sanitary

landfills 1999/31 only residues of waste management can be

disposed to landfills, whereas by 2020 there will be a gradual

reduction of the biodegradable fraction that is landfilled

• According to the European Union directive 2000/76 (the

emission limits of Waste to Energy plants are set

• On the 19th of November 2008 according to the EU

directive 2008/98, WTE is upgraded in the hierarchy of

Solid Waste Treatment in Europe.

www.wtert.gr 23 23


• In 2009, 70 million tons of waste

were incinerated

• About 7-38 million tons of fossil fuels were substituted

• 28 millions MWh of electric energy were produced for 13

million people

• 69 million MWh of thermal energy were produced for 12

million people

www.wtert.gr 24


European Union

• Generation of more than 10-

15 million tons of bottom ash

• 2 mt ferrous and 400 kt

nonferrous metal scarp

www.wtert.gr 25 25

Waste management in

Europe (Eurostat 2010)

In the E.U., recycling is excellently combined with waste to energy,

whereas in countries where landfill is dominant, recycling and waste to

energy are lagging behind


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WTE Plants in Europe

www.wtert.gr 27 27

• Waste-to-Energy will contribute in achieving the goals set by

the European Union regarding the production of energy

from Renewable Energy Sources, as the biodegradable part

of the MSW is considered biomass (Directive 2009/28), thus

R.E.S.

• According to international practice Waste-to-Energy plants

are considered R.E.S., according to the percentage of biomass

contained in the incoming waste, i.e. its biodegradable

fraction. The examples of several countries are shown in the

following table (Data from CEWEP)

Waste-to-Energy as Renewable

Energy Source

www.wtert.gr 28 28

Austria 50% Ireland 72%

Belgium 47,78% Italy 51%

Denmark 80% Netherlands 51%

France 50% Switzerland 50%

Germany 50% Portugal Calculated

from

empirical

equation

Waste-to-Energy Plants as R.E.S.

www.wtert.gr 29

Recognition of energy from Municipal Solid

Waste (MSW) and comparable waste

as Renewable Energy Route Source of waste Abbr. Form of energy % of Energy as

Renewable

Incineration with Energy Recovery

(Waste-to-Energy)

residual waste (after

source separation)

WtE Steam -> Electr. &

Heat

Av 50

Range 48-80

Landfill Gas MSW or residual waste LFG Biogas -> Electr.

(and Heat)

100

Solid Recovered Fuel Sorted fraction from MSW

and CDW (Construction &

Demolition waste)

SRF Substituted Fuel in

cement kilns,

Power pl

Av 45

Range

30 - 55

Anaerobic Digestion Source separated

biomass fraction or

Sorted bio-fraction of

MSW

AD Biogas -> Electr.

& Heat

100

Biomass Energy Plants

incineration, gasification

Collected & sorted waste

wood

BEP Steam -> Electr. &

Heat

95 - 100


www.wtert.gr 30

Efficiency Formula R1-2008/98/EU

WF

IFP

EE

EEER

97.01

According to the 2008/98 EU directive, in order for a WTE plant to

be considered an energy recovery procedure, it should achieve an

R1>0.65, for plants constructed after 1/1/2009.

A hypothetical Greek WtE plant with a capacity of 300.000 tpa,

could produce 25 MWe, having an efficiency of 26,5% & R1 = 0,69

According to CEWEP, R1>0,65 is achievable even in WTE

Plants exclusively producing electricity

www.wtert.gr 31

Efficiency Formula R1-2008/98/EU

According to CEWEP, R1>0,65 is achievable even with

exclusive electrical production application

www.wtert.gr 32 32

Waste management in USA

www.wtert.gr 33

China


www.wtert.gr 34

Waste-to-Energy in China

China has become the fourth largest user of waste-to-energy

(WTE), after E.U., Japan, and the U.S.


www.wtert.gr 35

Waste Management in China, 2009

Composting 1% WTE

13%

Sanitary Landfills

57%

Non- Sanitary Landfills

29%

www.wtert.gr 36

Technology of WTE in China

Combustion system Number of

plants

Total capacity,

tons/day

Capacity

distribution

Stoker grate, imported 45 47,585 52%

Stoker grate, domestic 18 12,885 14%

Circulating Fluidized Bed(CFB) 37 31,920 34%

Total 100 92,390 100%


www.wtert.gr 37

Trends in MSW treatment in the

Republic of Korea (1989 – 2009)

Landfilling has been drastically reduced from 94% (26.8 million tons) to 19% (3.5

million tons).

Recycling/composting has also increased from 3% (0.8 million tons) to 61% (11.4

million tons)

Energy recovery by combustion has increased from 2% (0.5 million tons) to 20%

(3.8 million tons).


www.wtert.gr 38

Waste Incineration Plants in the Republic

of Korea

35 large incinerators (in red

symbols), mostly using

grate-type furnaces

Heat supply 4.4 million

MWh and electricity

generation 0.2 million

MWh

Waste Incineration Plants in the Republic of Korea

WTERT-Korea sister

organization is being

developed under the

leadership of Prof.

Yong-Chil Seo of Yonsei

University, Republic of

Korea.

http://www. wtert.kr

http://wtert.kr/


www.wtert.gr 40

Emission levels in Waste to Energy

Emissions from the Brescia plant, Italy All units are in mg/Nm3

The values correspond to dry air, normal

conditions, 11% O2

Plant

authorizatio

n limits

1993

Design

Plant limits

1994

European

Union

Limits

2000

Actual

Operating

Data

2005

Particulate matter 10 3 10 0,4

Sulphur Dioxide 150 40 50 6,5

Nitrous Oxides (NOx) 200 100 200 <80

Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) 30 20 10 3,5

Hydrofluoric Acid (HF) 1 1 1 0,1

Carbon Monoxide 100 40 50 15

Heavy Metals 2 0,5 0,5 0,01

Cadmium (Cd) 0,1 0,02 0,05 0,002

Merucy (Hg) 0,1 0,02 0,05 0,002

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) 0,05 0,01 0,00001

Dioxin (TCDD Teq) 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,002


www.wtert.gr 41

Comparison of Dioxin emission

Data: Prof. Berd Bilitewski

Modern Waste incineration plant: 1 0,01 ng/m³

Hazardous waste incineration plant: 1 0,01 ng/m³

Household store: 100 1,00 ng/m³

Open fire place: 1000 10,00 ng/m³

Fire works: 10.000 100,00 ng/m³

Burning landfill 100.000 1000,00 ng/m³


www.wtert.gr 42

Global warming – Climate Change

Energy recovered from thermal treatment of waste contributes

to the reduction of greenhouse gases in two ways :

1. Prevents the production of methane CH4 (21 times more

potent greenhouse gas than CO2) and other emissions from landfill

sites

2. Emits less CO2 compared to fossil fuels which it replaces

(i.e. lignite)

In thermal treatment processing plants it is possible to

co-incinerate industrial waste with similar composition to

municipal waste, sludge from biological treatment and biomass

www.wtert.gr 43

Ash Usage – International Practice

BOTTOM ASH

• Aggregate on asphalt (France, United Kingdom, USA)

• At landfills as a covering material (partial replacement of daily coverage)

FLY ASH (after stabilization/solidification)

•Filling in salt mines and quarries (soil stabilization)

• Usage in road construction (Germany)

• Neutralization of acid wastes (i.e. Titanium Industry in Norway)

• Construction material (gravel for concrete and blocks of pulverized ash

Holland)

• or disposal in sanitary landfill


www.wtert.gr 44

Recycling and WTE in 10

Metropolitan Cities of the World


www.wtert.gr 45

Singapore

Population: 5.0 million

Has no landfill space, relies completely on recycling and four WTE Plants

6.1 million tons of wastes (1.22 tons per capita)

57% Recycled, 42% Combusted, generating 0.43 MWh per ton


www.wtert.gr 46

Berlin, Germany


MSW generation of 0.46 tons per capita

Recycling 50% , composting 10% and WTE 40%

There is no landfilling. An amount of landfill gas is recovered from old landfills

WTE generates 0.39 MWh/ton of electricity, 1.08 MWh/ton of heat


www.wtert.gr 47

Metro Vancouver, Canada


The rate is 1.48 tons per capita, as high as in most metropolitan areas of the U.S.

About 51% of the MSW is recycled, 7% is composted, 8% WTE and 35% landfilled,

mostly with landfill gas recovery

The Burnaby WTE Plant generates 0.46 MWh/ton of electricity and 0.73 MWh/ton

of heat.


www.wtert.gr 48

Vienna, Austria


Has three WTE plants plus aerobic and anaerobic composting facilities

The reported generation of wastes is 0.63 tons per capita

Recycling 23% , composting 11% , WTE 63% and landfilling 3%

Relies heavily on WTE Plants for district heating

The three WTE Plants generate 0.16 MWh/ton of electricity and 1.73 MWh/ton of

heat


www.wtert.gr 49

Munich, Germany


The reported generation is 0.46 tons of MSW per capita

Recycling 44%, composting 6%, WTE 49%, landfilling 1%

The energy recovery is 0.41 MWh/ton of electricity and 2.57 MWh/ton of heating


www.wtert.gr 50

Copenhagen, Denmark

Population 0.9 million

The total amount of wastes generated is 2.1 million tons

Recycling 62%, composting 4% , WTE 25% , landfilling 9%

The reported WTE energy generated amounted to 0.49 MWh/ton of electricity

plus and 2.25 MWh/ton of heat


www.wtert.gr 51

Malmo, Sweden


Its waste management system includes re-use, recycling, composting of organic

wastes with biogas recovery, and waste to energy

Recycling 20%, composting 6% , WTE 60%, and landfilling 4%

The energy generated by the WTE is 0.46 MWh/ton of electricity plus 2.68

MWh/ton of heating.


www.wtert.gr 52

Lee County, Florida USA


WTE capacity is 524,000 metric tons per year

The generation of waste is 1.84 metric tons per year

Recycling 46%, composting 2.5% and WTE 51%

Energy recovery of 0.56 MWh per metric ton of waste

Has no landfills


www.wtert.gr 53

Zurich, Switcherland


MSW generation in the city itself is only 0.4 tons per capita

Recycling 29%, composting 9% and WTE 62%

From the total WTE amount (330,000 tons), the city’s WTE facilities recover

0.45 MWh/ton of electricity and 1.26 MWh/ton of district heating


www.wtert.gr 54

Marion County, Oregon USA


Generates 1.3 metric tons per capita which is close to the U.S. average generation

of MSW

Recycling 45% (excluding recycling residues), composting 9%, WTE 34%,

landfilling 12% most of it with landfill gas recovery

Produces 0.52 MWh/ton of electricity


www.wtert.gr 55

Conclusions


www.wtert.gr 56

Conclusions

Many efforts should be made in order to inform the society

and the policy makers that modern waste to energy technology is

the demanded step after recycling and composting at the source,

in order to be severed by the landfill sites and the illegal dumps

Green Metropolitan Capitals (Stockholm, Copenhagen,

Hamburg, Paris, London , New York) use a combination of

recycling at the source and thermal treatment with energy

recovery

Waste to energy, in harmonic cooperation with the recycling of

MSW at source, is considered to be the most efficient, dominant,

integrated and proven technology for solving the municipal solid

waste management and treatment problem of big metropolitan

cities.


www.wtert.gr 57

Photos of WTE Plants

Spittelau – Vienna, Austria


www.wtert.gr 58


Uppsala, Sweden


www.wtert.gr 59


Alkmaar WTE,

Netherlands


www.wtert.gr 60


Budapest WTE, Hungary


www.wtert.gr 61


“Isséane” Plant - Paris


www.wtert.gr 62



www.wtert.gr 63

Thank you for your attention

Dr. Efstratios Kalogirou

President SYNERGIA

AIT, Athens, Greece

19th km Markopoulou Ave.

Tel: +302106682711

web site: www.wtert.gr

E-mail: [email protected]

http://www.wtert.gr/

mailto:[email protected]

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