Ravenshaw Junior Col lege

Cuttack

Shasirekha BeheraPresented By:-

Dr. Pragyan Pal +d2 arts 1st year

Guided By:-

Certificate

Declaration

Preface

Acknowledgement

What is global warming

How global warming works

Causes of global warming

The greenhouse effect and example

Deforestation

Global warming causes

Animal’s thought towards global warming

Observed and expected effects of global warming

Major consequence

Who is the culprit and proof

When did global warming start

Global atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide

Interesting facts

Control of global warming

Response to global warming and goal

Conclusion

I Do here by certified that this project titled

“GLOBAL WARMING” is done by “SHASIREKHA

BEHERA” of “RAVENSHAW JUNIOR COLLEGE ” is an

original work and have been submitted under by

supervision and guidance.

Acknowledgement and believe this project work

is completed from every aspect which can help the

study in various ways.

“I wish all success in future life”.

I “ SHASIREKHA BEHERA ” declared that I

tried my best to do this project work,

“GLOBAL WARMING” and the project is

completed by myself under the guidance of

my family,my friends and college teachers.

SHASIREKHA BEHERA

Global warming is considered an average increase in the Earth’s temperature due

to greenhouse effect as a result of both natural and human activities. In common

usage, “global warming” often refers to the warming that can occure as a result of

increased emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities, e.g., carbon

dioxide, methane, water vapor, and fluorinated gases, which act like a greenhouse

around the earth, trapping the heat from the sun into the earth’s atmosphere and

increasing the Earth’s temperature.

Global average temperature and sea level have increased due to

human activities. such as consuming fossil energy sources, e.g., oil, coal, and

natural gas. In the solution of global warming, engineering approaches play a key

role. These approaches are linked to many areas including energy and

environment policies, energy conversion technologies, energy management and

conservation, energy saving, energy security, renewable and sustainable energy

technologies, emission reduction, sustainable development, pollution control and

measures, policy development, global energy stability and sustainability, carbon

tax, and waste management. Innovative engineering solutions are needed to

reduce the effects of global warming and also to obtain better efficiency, better cost

effectiveness, better use of energy and resources, better energy security, better

environment, and better sustainability.

I, SHASIREKHA BEHERA, owe a great many thanks to a great many people

who helped and supported me during the writing of this project. My deepest thanks

to my guider DR. PRAGYAN PAL and to my brothers PRASANT KUMAR BEHERA

and KALYANA BRATA SAHOO for guiding and correcting various documents of

mine with attention and care.

They have taken pain to go through the project and make necessary correction as

and when needed.I express my thanks to my teachers and my principal for extending

their support.Finally I extend my heartfelt thanks to my family,friends,seniors and

my well wishers for their encouragement and cooperation without whom this project

would have been a distant reality.

THANK YOU ALL

Global warming and Climate change are two linked terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Climatechange is a broader term that refers to long term changes in climate including average temperature and precipitation whereas Global warming is the increase of the Earth’s average surface temperature due to a build-up of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere which started to increase in the late 19th century and is projected to keep going up.Since the early 20th century, Earth’s average surface temperature increased by about 0.8°c,with about two thirds of the increase occuring since 1980.warming of the climate system is unequivocal and scientists are more than 90% certain that most of it is caused by increasing concentration of greenhouse gases produced by human activities such as deforestation and burning fossil fuels.These findings are recognized by the national science academies of all the industrialised nations.

Detailed researches of climatic events of the past 150 years have revealed that the temperatures have risen all over the globe, with the warming occurring in two phases. The first phase was from 1919 to 1940, with an average temperature gain of 0.35°C, and the second phase was from 1970 to the present, exhibiting temperature gains of 0.55°C. Records show that the past 25 years have been the warmest time of the past 5 centuries. The global warming has resulted in the warming of the oceans, rising of the sea levels, melting of glaciers, diminished snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere.In future it will cause probable expansion of subtropical deserts,extreme weather events including heat waves,droughts,heavy rain fall,species extinction etc. if it increases in this rate.

Greenhouse gases

Pollution from coal , natural gases and oil

Deforestation

Industrialization

Burning of fossil fuels

Decay of dead organisms

Population increase

Respiration/breathing of living organisms

Pollution of automobiles and rockets

Thermal power plant

Eruption of volcanoes etc…

The sun’s energy passes through the car’s wind.

This energy(heat) is trapped inside the car and cannot pass back through the windshield causing the inside of the car to warm up.

•Melting of glaciers•Polar bear extinction

•Warmer waters and more hurricanes•Melting of polar ice caps

•Drought •Decreased crop yield

•Floods•Loss of biodiversity

•Increased temperature•Fire due to excess heat

1.EXTREME WEATHER

Changes in regional climate are expected to include greater warming over land, with most warming at high northern latitudes, and least warming over the Southern Ocean and parts of the North Atlantic Ocean.About 18% of the moderate daily precipitation extremes over land are attributable to the observed temperature increase since pre-industrial times, which in turn primarily results from human influence. For 2 °C of warming the fraction of precipitation extremes attributable to human influence rises to about 40%. Likewise, today about 75% of the moderate daily hot extremes over land are attributable to warming. It is the most rare and extreme events for which the largest fraction is anthropogenic, and that contribution increases nonlinearly with further warming.

2.SEA LEVEL RISE

The sea level rise since 1993 has been estimated to have been on average 2.6 mm and 2.9 mm per year ± 0.4 mm. Additionally, sea level rise has accelerated from 1995 to 2015Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects for a high emissions scenario, that global mean sea level could rise by 52–98 cm. Warming beyond the 2 °C target would potentially lead to rates of sea-level rise dominated by ice loss from Antarctica. Continued CO2 emissions from fossil sources could cause additional tens of meters of sea level rise, over the next millennia and eventually ultimately eliminate the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 meters of sea level rise.

3.ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

In terrestrial ecosystems, the earlier timing of spring events, as well as poleward and upward shifts in plant and animal ranges, have been linked with high confidence to recent warming.Future climate change is expected to affect tundra, mangroves, coral reefs and caves.It is expected that most ecosystems will be affected by higher atmospheric CO2levels, combined with higher global temperatures.Overall, it is expected that climate change will result in the extinction of many species and reduced diversity of ecosystems.

Increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in ocean acidity.Dissolved CO2 increases ocean acidity,

Ocean deoxygenation is projected to increase hypoxia by 10%, and triple

suboxic waters for each 1 °C of upper ocean warming.

4.LONG TERM EFFECTS

Long-term effects also include a response from the Earth's crust, due to ice melting and deglaciation, in a process called post-glacial rebound, when land masses are no longer depressed by the weight of ice. This could lead to landslides and increased seismic and volcanic activities. Tsunamis could be generated by submarine landslides caused by warmer ocean water thawing ocean-floor permafrost or releasing gas hydrates.Some world regions, such as the French Alps, already show signs of an increase in landslide frequency.Some abrupt climate change are the rapid release of methane and carbon dioxide from permafrost, which would lead to amplified global warming, or the shutdown of thermohaline circulation.

I am that Earth who is the silent spectator of my destruction due to global warming.Only I can see but can do nothing.....

BUTWho is the CULPRIT ????

??????????????YOU,THE HUMAN BEINGS

You need PROOF ‼Okay,then SEE………

SO,HERE IS YOUR PROOF

OF MELTING GLACIERS

The earth has always had heating and cooling cycles that are

natural.The industrial revolution(at the turn of the century –

1890-1910) is often taken to be the beginning of humans

influencing global warming.

The industrial revolution denotes the period when humans

began to introduce terms using power driven machines.To

power these machines energy was derived from burning wood

and coal.This increased the amount of carbon dioxide among

other gases present in the atmosphere.

The industrial revolution also denotes a period of increased

deforestation and pollution due to human activities.

In far northern canada,thenative inulthave noticed the sun rise significantly earlier in the year(2 months).This has been caused by the warming of the layer of air above the snow.Thisdistorts the sun’s light literally causing it to rise earlier.This is due to global warming.

PLANT TREES RECYCLE USE LESS ENERGY

SPREAD AWARENESS

USELESS AC

USEBICYCLE

REDUCEFOSSIL FUEL

USE

CONTROLHUMAN

POPULATION

1.MITIGATION :-Mitigation of climate change are actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, or enhance the capacity of carbon sinks to absorb GHGs from the atmosphere.There is a large potential for future reductions in emissions by a combination of activities including energy conservation and increased energy efficiency,the use of low carbon energy technologies, such as renewable energy, nuclear energy and carbon capture and storage and enhancing carbon sinks through, for example, reforestation and preventing deforestation.

2.ADAPTATION:- Adaptation to climate change may be planned, either in reaction to or anticipation of climate change, or spontaneous, i.e., without government intervention.Planned adaptation is already occurring on a limited basis.The barriers, limits, and costs of future adaptation are not fully understood. Unmitigated climate change (i.e., future climate change without efforts to limit greenhouse gas emissions) would, in the long term, be likely to exceed the capacity of natural, managed and human systems to adapt.

3.CLIMATE ENGINEERING :-It is the deliberate modification of the climate. It has been investigated as a possible response to global warming, e.g. by NASA and the Royal Society.Techniques under research fall generally into the categories solar radiation management and carbon dioxide removal, although various other schemes have been suggested. A study from 2014 investigated the most common climate engineering methods and concluded they are either ineffective or have potentially severe side effects and cannot be stopped without causing rapid climate change.

Global warming is a term,first used by Wally Broacher in journal science.After that it came to sight due to the increased carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases in air due to pollution caused by human and it is predicted that it will cause variety of negative effects.In 1988 NASA climate scientist James Hansen said, "global warming has reached a level such that we can ascribe with a high degree of confidence a cause and effect relationship between the greenhouse effect and the observed warming.“So scientists tried to solve global warming problem through many steps.

Thus to reduce global warming we should develop some steps for the prevention.we must avoid unnecessary use of automobiles,plant plenty trees and recycle the objects and make absolute use of non conventialenergy sources.

Apart fro that we should organize self-awareness programmes,planexhibitions in different parts of countries to create awareness on global warming.Also to slow down global; warming,adaptation schemes must be forwarded.Constructing flood defences,banning buildings close to sea are some of the measures we can adapt.

ShasirekhaBehera