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GLOBAL SYSTEMSGLOBAL SYSTEMS

UrbanizationR. Rosenberg

Spring 2018

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Where are we?Where are we?

* Environment

* Economics

* Engineered Systemso Energy

o Water

o Food

o Urbanizationo Internet

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Our agenda

�The global trend toward urbanization

�Major urban life-support systems

�Negative impact of rapid urbanization

�Response: sustainable (“smart”) cities

�Cities of the future: ‘greening’ the urban environment

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The global trend toward urbanization

Why do we want to live in cities?

• EconomicEconomicEconomicEconomic centralization and specialization (jobs!)

• PoliticalPoliticalPoliticalPolitical power centralization

• Major religiousreligiousreligiousreligious centers

• Cultural Cultural Cultural Cultural and information centers

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Largest cities through history

3100 BCE Memphis, Egypt 30,000+

2030 BCE Ur, Babylonia 65,000

200 BCE Xian, China 400,000

25 BCE Rome 450,000

1500 CE Beijing 672,000

1825 CE London 5+ mil

1925 CE New York 10+ mil

1965 CE Tokyo 20+ mil

2015 CE Tokyo 37.8 mil

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Where Do We Live Now?

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Largest urban environments

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Global Urbanization

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Largest urban environments by continent

Africa: Cairo, Lagos

Asia: Tokyo, Seoul, Delhi, Shanghai

Australia: Sydney

Europe: Moscow, Paris, Istanbul

N America: New York, Los Angeles, Mexico City

S America: Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires

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Urban boundaries

Pop: 15,000,000

Area: ~ 5000 sq mi

Where does the city end?

Los Angeles, CA

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Major urbanlife-support systems

� Air - quality

� Food – input/output

� Shelter – buildings, homes

� Transportation

� Communication systems

� Energy to support needs above

� Water – sanitation, drinking

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Rapid global population shifts

• 7.3 billion people and increasing

• More than half already live in urban areas.

• Rapid rate of urbanization is overwhelming response efforts.

• Population shifts affect economic and environmental systems.

• Population size and distribution can affect socio-political stability.

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Negative impact of rapid urbanization on shelter

• Inadequate planning, poor housing and slum conditions

• Poor sanitation and limited access to clean water

• Vulnerability to natural disasters

• Safety and security are poor

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Negative impact of rapid urbanization on road traffic

In 2013, traffic congestion robbed the US economy of$124 billion$124 billion$124 billion$124 billion. Without significant action to alleviate congestion, this cost is expected to increase 50 percent to $186 $186 $186 $186 billionbillionbillionbillion by 2030.

First Study to Assess

Economic and Environmental

Costs of US Traffic Reveals

the Necessity of Intelligent

Transportation Solutions,

INRIX, Oct.14,2014.

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Negative impact of rapid urbanization on air quality

• 1/3 of green-house gas emissions come from buildings

• 1/3 come from urban transportation

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Sustainable cities

• Examples of good planning

• Sustainable (“smart”) cities

• Cities of the future� Creation of new planned cities

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An Early Example of Urban Planning in US

PhiladelphiaThe City of

Brotherly Love,

founded in 1682

by William

Penn, a Quaker

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London Tube System

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Sao Paolo Underground

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Sustainable cities

� Sustainable cities are sometimes called ‘smart cities’.

� What will a sustainable city look like?

• Redeveloped from an existing city?

• Planned from scratch?

� World Cities Summits

http://www.worldcitiessummit.com.sg/mayorsforum/

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Smarter Cities:rankings criteria

� Transport and Mobility

� Sustainability

� Governance

� Innovation Economy

� Digitalization

� Living Standard

� Expert Perception

https://easyparkgroup.com/smart-cities-index/

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Key to building a smarter city

• What’s happening?

• How can we view/understand the situation?

• What do we want to happen?

• Issue change/maintenance instructions

• Follow-up to see effect

Information and Communication Technology

(sometimes referred to as ‘command and control’)

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Some benefits of using ICT

• Improved management and delivery of city

services

• Better communication and decreased travel by

workers

• Increased environmental efficiency

• Catalyzing a local knowledge economy

• Increased safety in catastrophic circumstances

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A look at some urban

ICT

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IBM’s Intelligent Operations Center

https://www.ibm.com/us-

en/marketplace/city-

insights

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Portland,ORtransportation

�Full-access bus system

�Light rail

�Biking

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Sao Paolo Bus System

• Driven by the terrible congestion of 18 million people

• Bus-only lanes

• Privatized bus companies

• Electronic pay-once passes

Digital modeling and tracking

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Transportation future: bubbles?

Schweebpersonal bubble

SIKA bubbles and beams

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China straddling bus

https://www.theverge.com/2017/7/3/15916032/teb-elevated-bus-china-investigation-scam

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Green Building Design: LEED

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

consists of a suite

of rating systems

for the design,

construction and

operation of high

performance green

buildings, homes

and

neighborhoods.

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Passive building technology

Green roofs

Passive solar water heaters

Passive Geothermal

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Improving urban food systems

• Urban farms

Vertical-growth greenhouses

• Local farmers markets

• Biogenetics

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Smart Grid for electricity

• Uses many sources for generation

• Tracks usage in great detail

• Can provide most efficient source

• High density of use and local generation offer big efficiency gains

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Urban Pollution Abatement

• Higher-density cities

• Carbon caps on car emissions

• More efficient mass transit

• LEED certified buildings / Green buildings

• Green roofs

• Renewable-energy municipal buildings

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Masdar, Abu Dhabi, UAE

Masdar City is a planned city built by the Mubadala

Development Company, with the majority of seed capital

provided by the Government of Abu Dhabi.

The city relies on solar energy and other renewable

energy sources.

Masdar City will host the headquarters of the International

Renewable Energy Agency. The city is designed to be a

hub for cleantech companies.

Its first tenant is the Masdar Institute of Science and

Technology, which has been operating in the city since it

moved into its campus in September 2010.

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Masdar highpoints

• Solar, wind and geothermal sources

• Desalination on-site

• Wind towers to cool the city

• Electrical pod

transportation

underground

• Critique of intent

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Mayors Conference (USA)

Standing Committees� Children, Health and Human Services

� Community Development and Housing

� Criminal and Social Justice

� Energy

� Environment

� International Affairs

� Jobs, Education and the Workforce

� Membership

� Metro Economies

� Tourism, Arts, Parks, Entertainment and Sports

� Transportation and Communication

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Thanks For Listening!Thanks For Listening!Thanks For Listening!Thanks For Listening!

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Sources1. http://www.smartgrowth.org/about/default.asp

2. http://www.ecocitycleveland.org/ecologicaldesign/whatcities/america.html

3. http://www.metromodemedia.com/features/GreenUrbanism0022.aspx

4. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/05/science/earth/05bloomberg.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=bloomberg%20drops%20measure%20to%20cut%20newyork's%20greenhouse%20gases&st=cse

5. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB120424591916201491.html

6. http://vector1media.com/spatialsustain/urban-living-cuts-greenhouse-gas-emissions.html

7. http://www.growingsensibly.org/cmapdfs/Comparing%20High%20and%20Low%20Resedential%20Density%20-%20Life%20Cycly%20Analysis%20of%20Energy%20Use%20and%20Greenhouse%20Gas%20Emmissions.pdf

8. http://www.ourclimate.net/conservation.htm

9. http://www.eukn.org/binaries/eukn/eukn/research/2009/10/greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-global-cities.pdf

10.http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/nattrans/ntuseland/essays/citsubs.htm

11.http://www.wfp.org/hunger/stats

12.http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article4743.html

13.http://www.unhabitat.org/categories.asp?catid=9

14.Spectrum: Megacities Special Report. June 2007. IEEE.

15.Century of the City: No Time to Lose. The Rockefeller Foundation. 2008.