Global Stratification Part5
-
Upload
elshaviona-aprillya -
Category
Documents
-
view
123 -
download
0
Transcript of Global Stratification Part5
![Page 1: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Global Stratification
![Page 2: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Global Stratification Theories of Global Stratification Consequences of Global Stratification
Outline
![Page 3: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Until recently, global stratification was depicted by using a simple model consisting of First (industrialized capitalist nations), Second (communist nations) and Third (all the rest of the nations) Worlds. With the collapse of communism, these terms became outdated.
Global Stratification: Three Worlds
![Page 4: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
A more neutral framework is to talk about degrees of industrialization and to depict on a global level the three primary dimensions of social stratification: property, power, and prestige.
![Page 5: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Most Industrialized Nations are the United States, Canada, Great Britain, France, Germany, Switzerland, and other industrialized nations of western Europe, as well as, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand; they are capitalist, although variations exist in economic systems. Their wealth is enormous, and the poor in these countries live better and longer than the average citizens of the Least Industrialized Nations.
![Page 6: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Industrializing Nations include the former Soviet Union and its former satellites in Eastern Europe. People in these countries have considerably lower income and a poorer standard of living than people in the Most Industrialized Nations but better than those living in the Least Industrialized Nations.
![Page 7: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The Least Industrialized Nations are those where most people live on farms or in villages with low standards of living; the majority of the world's population lives in these nations. Included among this groups are countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Cambodia, Laos, etc.
![Page 8: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Some measures of well-being used: Income (i.e. proportion people live in
poverty) Life expectancy Infant mortality Access to health Education level Etc
Global Stratification
![Page 9: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Example: Human Poverty IndexMeant to indicate the degree of deprivation in 4 basic dimensions of human life: ◦A long and healthy life◦Knowledge◦Economic well-being◦Social inclusion (i.e. social/political participation)
![Page 10: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Human Poverty Index: Industrialized Countries In industrialized countries, the following
indicators are used: ◦ proportion of people not expected to live to age
60◦ the adult functional illiteracy rate◦ the incidence of income poverty◦ long-term unemployment rates
![Page 11: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Human Poverty Index: Developing Countries In developing countries, the following
indicators are used:◦% of people not expected to live to age
40◦adult literacy rate◦proportion of people lacking access to
health services and safe water◦% of children under 5 who are
moderately or severely underweight
![Page 12: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Rich and Poor (World Bank, 2004)
![Page 13: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Factory Wages: Airing the Dirty Laundry
![Page 14: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Measures the total output of goods and services produced by residents of a country each year plus the income from nonresident sources, divided by the size of the population.
This does not truly reflect what individuals or families receive in wages or pay; it is simply each person’s annual share of their country’s income were the proceeds shared equally.
Per Capita Gross National Income
![Page 15: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The Rich and the Poor: A World View
![Page 16: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Global Gender Gap
![Page 19: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
There is no country that achieved gender equality in income. In most countries, women’s income is between ¼ or ¾ of men’s. Sweden, Australia and Kenya are among few states that are close to gender equality in income. The most far from such equality is found in countries like Palestine, Saudi Arabia, and Oman.
![Page 20: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
In most countries, men always outnumbered women in Parliament.
![Page 21: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Theories on Global Inequality
![Page 22: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
To develop, countries must embrace new technologies (i.e. industrialization, high technology) and market driven values (i.e. export-oriented economy, investment, international capital/TNC).
Poverty results from adherence to traditional values and customs that prevent competition in a modern global economy (i.e. less saving, inward-looking).
Modernization Theory
![Page 23: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Developed in early 60-s by Paul Prebish (Director of The United Nations Commission for Latin America).
Criticize the failures of economic growth approach in global equality.
Dependency theory
![Page 24: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Exploits the least powerful nations to the benefit of wealthier nations (poor countries supplied natural/mineral sources, agriculture products, and cheap labor, used the technology bought from rich countries, and bought products from the rich in which the materials were supplied from the poor nations).
Poverty of low-income countries is a direct result of their political and economic dependence on the wealthy countries (i.e. capital, loans, technology). Development in this area is highly influenced by the external forces (economic and political system and policies of the rich states/global economic institutions dominated by the rich nations, i.e. IMF, WB)
Dependency Theory
![Page 25: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
According to world system theory (as espoused by Immanuel Wallerstein), countries are politically and economically tied together.
1. There are four groups of interconnected nations: - core nations, where capitalism first developed; - semi-periphery nations (Mediterranean area), which
are highly dependent on trade with core nations; - periphery nations (eastern Europe), which are mainly
limited to selling cash crops to core nations, with limit! - external area nations (most of Africa and Asia), which
are left out of growth of capitalism, with few economic ties to core nations.
World system theory
![Page 26: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Economic development is explained by understanding each country’s place and role in the world economic system.
Poverty is the result of core nations extracting labor and natural resources from peripheral nations.
World Systems Theory
![Page 27: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
2. A capitalist world economy (capitalist dominance) results from relentless expansion; even external area nations are drawn into commercial web.
3. Globalization (the extensive interconnections among nations resulting from the expansion of capitalism) has speeded up because of new forms of communication and transportation. The consequence is that no nation is able to live in isolation
World systems theory
![Page 28: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
John Kenneth Galbraith argued that some nations remain poor because they are crippled by a culture of poverty, a way of life based on traditional values and religious beliefs that perpetuates poverty from one generation to the next and keeps some of the Least Industrialized Nations from developing.
Most sociologists prefer colonialism, world system, and dependency theory explanations to the culture of poverty theory because the last places the blame on the victim, but each theory only partially explains global stratification.
![Page 29: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
60% of people live in countries with an average income of less than $760/year.
The richest countries have only 15% of the world’s population.
As countries develop, fertility levels decrease and population growth levels off.
Consequences of Global Stratification: Population
![Page 30: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Quality of Life: A Comparative Perspective
LifeExpectancy
Access to safe water
Afghanistan 43 13%
Iran 69 95%
Mexico 73 86%
U.S. 77 years 100%
![Page 31: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
High income countries have: Lower childhood death rates. Higher life expectancies. Fewer children born underweight. Clean water and adequate sanitation.
Consequences of Global Stratification: Health
![Page 32: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
AIDS: A Problem for Women and Children
![Page 33: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Who Uses the World’s Energy?
![Page 34: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Access to Safe Water and Sanitation
![Page 35: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
In the richest nations, education and literacy are almost universal.
18% of the world’s nations have literacy rates below 50%.
6% report a school enrollment rate below 50%.
Consequences of Global Stratification: Education
![Page 36: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Consequences of Global Stratification: HealthHigh income countries have: Lower childhood death rates. Higher life expectancies. Fewer children born underweight. Clean water and adequate sanitation.
![Page 37: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Around the world, women feel poverty more than men do.
Women in wealthier countries have better health and education than women in poorer countries.
Consequences of Global Stratification: Gender
![Page 38: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
28% of the world’s population live in extreme poverty.
Women constitute 60% of the word’s population, perform 2/3 of all working hours, receive 1/10 of the income, and own less than 1% of the world’s wealth.
Who Are the World’s Poor?
![Page 39: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
The Digital Divide
![Page 41: Global Stratification Part5](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061107/5449e2b5b1af9f42558b4b52/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Child Poverty in Wealthier Nations