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From Thought to Action

Earthquakes and HousingHow to Develop a Survival StrategyEarthquakes and HousingEarthquakes and HousingHow to Develop a Survival StrategyHow to Develop a Survival Strategy

Recent research by Recent research by David AlexanderDavid Alexander

Damage level 1:minimum

Damage level 1:Damage level 1:minimumminimum

Damage level 2:mainly non-structural

Damage level 2:Damage level 2:mainly nonmainly non--structuralstructural

Damage level 3:architectural

Damage level 3:Damage level 3:architecturalarchitectural

Damage level 4:serious structuralDamage level 4:Damage level 4:serious structuralserious structural

Damage level 5:collapse

Damage level 5:Damage level 5:collapsecollapse

Character-isation ofdamage forassessmentof personalrisk level

CharacterCharacter--isation ofisation ofdamage fordamage forassessmentassessmentof personalof personalrisk levelrisk level

Poor buildingquality

(low seismicresistance)

Poor buildingPoor buildingqualityquality

(low seismic(low seismicresistance)resistance)

Proximityto epicentreand faultrupture

ProximityProximityto epicentreto epicentreand faultand faultrupturerupture

TopographicamplificationTopographicTopographicamplificationamplification

SedimentaryamplificationSedimentarySedimentaryamplificationamplification

QQQ EEE

TTT SSSConcentrationof casualties

C

ConcentrationConcentrationof casualtiesof casualties

CC

C = f { E,Q,S,T }C = C = f f { E,Q,S,T }{ E,Q,S,T }

The 2009 L'Aquila (Italy) earthquakeThe 2009 L'Aquila (Italy) earthquakeThe 2009 L'Aquila (Italy) earthquake

03.32 hrs, Monday 6 April 2009Magnitude Mw

6,3

Duration 25 secondsAcceleration on hard rock 0,3g

Acceleration on sediments 0,7-1,0gPart of an earthquake swarm from

October 2008 to July 2009308 deaths, 1500 injuries.

03.32 hrs, Monday 6 April 200903.32 hrs, Monday 6 April 2009Magnitude MMagnitude Mww

6,36,3

Duration 25 secondsDuration 25 secondsAcceleration on hard rock 0,3gAcceleration on hard rock 0,3g

Acceleration on sediments 0,7Acceleration on sediments 0,7--1,0g1,0gPart of an earthquake swarm fromPart of an earthquake swarm from

October 2008 to July 2009October 2008 to July 2009308 deaths, 1500 injuries308 deaths, 1500 injuries..

6-25 deaths 3-5 deaths 1-2 deaths

Clustersof multiple

deaths

ClustersClustersof multipleof multiple

deathsdeaths

n=202

L'Aquila city

One or two individualsOne or two individualsOne or two individuals

No deathsNo deathsNo deaths

No deaths:housing stock wasin relatively good

condition anddamage was limited

No deaths:No deaths:housing stock washousing stock wasin relatively goodin relatively good

condition andcondition anddamage was limiteddamage was limited

Damage/riskscale: 1-2

Damage/riskDamage/riskscale: 1scale: 1--22

One or two individuals:people rushed outsideand were killed byfalling masonry

One or two individuals:One or two individuals:people rushed outsidepeople rushed outsideand were killed byand were killed byfalling masonryfalling masonry

Damage/riskscale: 3-4

Damage/riskDamage/riskscale: 3scale: 3--44

... or inthe collapseof stairwells.

... or in... or inthe collapsethe collapseof stairwells.of stairwells.

Clusters of multiple deaths:

spectacular collapsesof multi-occupancybuildings with up

to 25 deaths each:topographic

amplification was anadditional factor.

Clusters of Clusters of multiple deaths:multiple deaths:

spectacular collapsesspectacular collapsesof multiof multi--occupancyoccupancybuildings with upbuildings with up

to 25 deaths each:to 25 deaths each:topographictopographic

amplification was anamplification was anadditional factoradditional factor..

Damage/riskscale: 5

Damage/riskDamage/riskscale: 5scale: 5

Mid-floor damage to multi-occupancy bldg:Mid-floor damage to multi-occupancy bldg:

Intertia effectIntertia effectIntertia effect

Basal accelerationBasal accelerationBasal acceleration

Interaction = damageInteraction = damageInteraction = damage

Lack of stiffness in frameLack of stiffness in frameLack of stiffness in frame

Models of typical Models of typical vernacular housingvernacular housing

building typesbuilding types

Analysis ofAnalysis ofcharacteristiccharacteristicfailure modesfailure modes

DeterminationDeterminationof appropriateof appropriatecrisis behaviourcrisis behaviour

Education andEducation andtraining oftraining ofhouseholdshouseholds

Culture ofCulture ofprotectionprotection

and resilienceand resilience

emergency-planning.blogspot.comwww.slideshare.net/dealexander

D.Alexander@alice.it

emergency-planning.blogspot.comwww.slideshare.net/dealexanderwww.slideshare.net/dealexander

D.Alexander@alice.it