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COMPANION & WORKINGANIMALS UNIT
Global Companion Animal Ownership and Trade:Project Summary, June 2008Amber Batson BVetMed MRCVS
Aim: [Outline the aim of the document in a few sentences. Keep this paragraph indented]
www.wspa-international.org
INTR
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Contents
1. Overview
2. Information Collation Methods Further detailed information sourcing
3. Results 3.1 Distribution of returned questionnaires 3.2 Pet population statistics 3.3 Welfare and registration legislation 3.4 Pet acquisition Reasons for acquisition / ownership Methods of acquisition Age at acquisition Rescue Centre acquisition statistics 3.5 Basic pet husbandry Living arrangements Diet 3.6 Basic pet health Vaccination trends Neutering trends Life expectancy Common mortality causes Zoonoses 3.7 Pet relinquishment Reasons for relinquishment Methods of relinquishment 3.8 Veterinary Presence Global veterinary departments Global vet to pet ratio Neutering practices Euthanasia agents
4. Summary Scoring system and results Critique
1. OverviewThe project began in January 2008 with the intention to collect as much data as possible regarding pet trade and pet ownership across the globe.
During the initial brief, it was decided to leave aside investigations into a small number of countries that WSPA were already familiar with and were known to have limited companion animal welfare issues or issues that were being addressed through the presence of numerous active animal welfare associations. These included USA, Canada, Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand.
2. Information collation methodsInitial investigations began with obtaining as many pet population statistics globally as possible alongside sourcing human demographics that may be related to pet ownership. Statistics including the percentage of urbanisation, ageing population and married population as well as the economic status and death rates, have been linked to pet ownership figures and trends within each country. The intention was to compare these human demographics within known pet ownership status countries and then use these figures where necessary to predict pet ownership trends in countries where pet statistics were unavailable.
Such information was obtained from a variety of sources including Euromonitor (records for approx. 40 countries dog/cat population figures and trends since 2000), OIE (WAHID interface), World Bank global economy records (July 2007), Population Reference Bureau data sheet 2007 and Collins World Atlas 2007.
An initial pet trade and responsible pet ownership questionnaire was designed (Appendix I) to gather basic facts on pet population figures, welfare and registration laws, pet acquisition methods and general pet care and potential welfare issues and was sent to more than 100 countries. Contacts were WSPA member societies or animal welfare group contacts located using the internet.
Several attempts to gather responses to these initial questionnaires continued from early February until late April 2008.
Further detailed information sourcing
Following initial pet population figures and basic companion animal welfare and responsible pet ownership (RPO) information collection (Phase 1), 66 countries were selected for further detailed information sourcing (Phase 2). These countries were selected on several criteria: pet population size >0.5 million (or no pop data available with concerns regarding rapidly increasing pet population), known existing welfare issues including meat/fur farming, problems with feral populations, lack of veterinary facilities with existing medical concerns, lack of welfare legislation or poor enforcement, human population size and economic status that would support future pet populations.
Additional contacts were sourced in each of these countries so that initial questionnaires could be sent to such new contacts to generate more replies.
Where possible, each country’s veterinary departments were also contacted with a separate veterinary based questionnaire (Appendix II). In cases where vet departments were limited, did not exist or were un-contactable, local small animal veterinary practices were contacted individually.
Several attempts between April and end of May 2008 were made to recover questionnaire answers.
3. Results3.1 Distribution of returned questionnaires
88 questionnaires were returned in total covering 64 countries.
Africa12 Countries (out of 53) replied to questionnaires 8 Countries returned General Pet Information (GPI) questionnaires 8 Countries returned veterinary questionnaires Additional figures were available on 4 other countries courtesy of OIE (WAHID)
Asia and the Middle East24 Countries (out of 50) replied to questionnaires 17 Countries returned GPI questionnaires 14 Countries returned veterinary questionnaires Additional info / figures were available on 6 other countries courtesy of published material or com-ments from WSPA member societies / regional offices
Europe13 Countries (out of 24 contacted vs 43 countries in total) replied to questionnaires 11 Countries returned GPI questionnaires 3 Countries returned veterinary questionnaires Additional figures were available on 20 other countries courtesy of Euromonitor / Internet research including ESAVA/CVA
North America10 Countries (out of 25) replied to questionnaires 10 Countries returned GPI questionnaires 1 Country returned a veterinary questionnaire Additional figures were available on 2 other countries courtesy of OIE (WAHID)
South America3 Countries (out of 12) replied to questionnaires 3 Countries returned GPI questionnaires 0 Countries returned veterinary questionnaires Additional figures were available on 4 other countries courtesy of OIE (WAHID) / Euromonitor
Oceania2 Countries (out of 14) replied to questionnaires (and Cook Islands – territory of NZ) 1 Country returned a GPI questionnaire 1 Country (and Cook Islands territory) returned veterinary questionnairesAdditional figures were available for 2 other countries courtesy of OIE (WAHID), basic RPO info available for 5 further countries courtesy of local veterinarians or web based information e.g. CVA.
USA 67085.1
Brazil 30334.8
China 26800
Mexico 17500
Japan 13179
Russia 12325
France 8360
Philippines 8088.5
Indonesia 8000
South Africa 7440
Poland 7050
Italy 6965
Ukraine 6870
United Kingdom 6734
Argentina 6594.4
India 6480.4
Spain 5498.5
Germany 5245
Canada 5002
Ethiopia 5000
Tanzania 5000
Papua New Guinea 5000
Thailand 4905
Colombia 4331.6
Romania 4312
Vietnam 3650
Australia 3484
Chile 3148.1
Czech Republic 3074.8
Kenya 3000
3.2 Pet population statistics
Dog population figures 2007 (93 countries)- numbers given in 000’s
Nigeria 2500
Sri Lanka 2500
Venezuela 2425
Korea South 2362.5
Guatemala 2000
Hungary 1919
Portugal 1876.4
Taiwan 1835
Netherlands 1808
Morocco 1755
Zimbabwe 1500
Costa Rica 1500
Turkey 1405
Belgium 1309
Greece 1175.5
Samoa 1000
Bulgaria 983
Serbia 900
Puerto Rico 800
Sweden 742
Ireland 728.5
New Zealand 650
Austria 637.5
Finland 631
Denmark 593
Slovakia 504.5
Switzerland 498.9
Norway 435
Jamaica 400
Israel 359
Croatia 350
Lithuania 350
Armenia 300
Malaysia 285.6
Namibia 275
Slovenia 260
Gambia 250
Nepal 200
Barbados 200
Swaziland 180
Macedonia 120
Singapore 107
Botswana 100
Afghanistan 100
Estonia 100
Bahamas 100
Congo, DemocraticRepublic of 90
Egypt 71.5
Cameroon 50
Lebanon 50
Malta 50
Saudi Arabia 31.8
Grenada 30
Chad 25
Cyprus 11
United Arab Emirates 10
Kuwait 7
Palau 6
Qatar 3
Dominica 3
Guyana 200 only
Cat population figures 2007 (81 countries)- numbers given in 000’s
USA 83884.3
Russia 17850
Indonesia 15000
Brazil 14770
Panama 12000
China 10700
France 10085
United Kingdom 9887
Japan 9788
Ukraine 8520
Canada 8300
Germany 7800
Italy 7390
Poland 5500
Spain 4130
Argentina 3683.4
Netherlands 3356
Romania 3310
Turkey 2877
Vietnam 2540
Australia 2450
South Africa 2000
Tanzania 2000
Hungary 1727
Belgium 1725.1
Chile 1703.6
Czech Republic 1696
Thailand 1620
Austria 1480.7
Philippines 1455.5
Switzerland 1395
Venezuela 1353.2
Sweden 1263
New Zealand 1095
Kenya 1000
Nigeria 1000
Zimbabwe 1000
Papua New Guinea 1000
Portugal 993
Greece 964
Colombia 925.6
Bulgaria 770
India 733.7
Norway 715
Denmark 690
Ireland 595
Finland 564
Malaysia 506.3
Sri Lanka 500
Serbia 500
Jamaica 500
Morocco 440
Croatia 320
Slovakia 319
Barbados 300
Taiwan 298.5
Israel 274
Lithuania 270
Ethiopia 250
Gambia 250
Mexico 250
Iran 200
Estonia 200
Puerto Rico 200
Egypt 106.9
Korea South 100.1
Samoa 100
Afghanistan 85
Saudi Arabia 77.7
Qatar 60
Slovenia 50
Singapore 45.6
Lebanon 40
Grenada 25
Congo Dem Repub of 20
United Arab Emirates 20
Bahamas 20
Botswana 18
Kuwait 15
Dominica 2
Guatemala 2
Global total pet population figures 2007 (85 countries)
USA 1.51E+08
Brazil 45104800
China 37500000
Russia 30175000
Indonesia 23000000
Japan 22967000
Panama 21000000
France 18445000
Mexico 17750000
United Kingdom 16621000
Ukraine 15390000
Italy 14355000
Canada 13302000
Germany 13045000
Poland 12550000
Argentina 10277800
Spain 9628500
Philippines 9544000
South Africa 9440000
Romania 7622000
India 7214100
Tanzania 7000000
Thailand 6525000
Vietnam 6190000
Papua New Guinea 6000000
Australia 5934000
Colombia 5257200
Ethiopia 5250000
Netherlands 5164000
Chile 4851700
Czech Republic 4770800
Turkey 4282000
Kenya 4000000
Venezuela 3778200
Hungary 3646000
Nigeria 3500000
Belgium 3034100
Sri Lanka 3000000
Portugal 2869400
Zimbabwe 2500000
Korea South 2462600
Morocco 2195000
Greece 2139500
Taiwan 2133500
Austria 2118200
Sweden 2005000
Guatemala 2002000
Costa Rica 2000000
Switzerland 1893900
Bulgaria 1753000
New Zealand 1745000
Serbia 1400000
Ireland 1323500
Denmark 1283000
Iran 1200000
Finland 1195000
Norway 1150000
Samoa 1100000
Puerto Rico 1000000
Jamaica 900000
Slovakia 823500
Malaysia 791900
Croatia 670000
Israel 633000
Lithuania 620000
Gambia 500000
Barbados 500000
Armenia 350000
Namibia 325000
Slovenia 310000
Estonia 300000
Nepal 200000
Afghanistan 185000
Egypt 178400
Singapore 152600
Bahamas 120000
Botswana 118000
Congo, Dem Repub of 110000
Saudi Arabia 109500
Lebanon 90000
Qatar 63000
Grenada 55000
United Arab Emirates 30000
Kuwait 22000
Cyprus 16000
Dominica 5000
1 Thailand 52%
2 Vietnam 47%
3 Morocco 34%
4 Finland 29%
5 Turkey 29%
6 Japan 26%
7 India 23%
8 Argentina 23%
9 Indonesia 22%
10 Venezuela 18%
11 Ukraine 18%
12 Colombia 17%
13 Israel 17%
(17 Ireland 14%)
(21 Singapore 12.5%)
1 Vietnam 81%
2 Indonesia 66%
3 Thailand 44%
4 Israel 44%
5 Saudi Arabia 43%
6 Turkey 38%
7 Ireland 37%
8 Japan 34%
9 UK 32%
10 Venezuela 32%
11 Chile 31%
12 Taiwan 31%13 Spain 29%
(16 Morocco 23%)
(21 Brazil 18%)
Highest cat population increaseHighest dog population increase
Estimated global dog and cat figures (based on 194 countries)
In a crude attempt to estimate global dog and cat figures, the average pet population as a percentage of the human population was calculated. These figures varied greatly with the most obvious connecting factor being economic status.
The World Bank Economic Status figures categorise each country into one of four categories: 1 = low economy 2 = low mid economy 3 = high mid economy 4 = high economy
Taking a random sample of countries from each economic status the following averages were obtained: Crude pet pop as % human pop in EC 1/2/3 = 8% Crude dog pop as % human pop in EC 1/2/3 = 4.8% Crude pet pop as % of human pop in EC 4 = 25% Crude dog pop as % of human pop in EC 4 = 15% Total pets across globe using this estimation = 704 M Total dogs across globe using this estimation = 432 M Total cats across the globe using this estimation = 272 M
Population change over the last 5 years (based on information from 58 countries)
Key:Red Country appears in both dogs and cat top 20 or in both dogs and cat bottom 20
Blue Country appears in either top dog and bottom cat 20 or top cat and bottom dog 20
Yellow Country only appears on one list.
Lowest cat population increase
1 Slovakia -16%
2 Saudi Arabia -16%
3 S.Korea -8%
4 Romania -6%
5 France -5%
6 Bulgaria -3%
7 Germany -3%
8 Belgium -0.1%
9 N.Zealand 0.3%
10 Brazil 0.9%
11 Italy 0.9%
12 Switzerland 1.4%
13 Hungary 1.5%
14 Greece 2%
15. Spain 3%
16 Poland 3%
17 Austria 3.5%
18 Denmark 4%
19 Portugal 4%
1 Portugal -1%
2 Singapore -0.9%
3 Australia 0%
4 Poland 0.6%
5 Hungary 0.7%
6 Belgium 1.2%
7 Italy 1.2%
8 Slovakia 1.3%
9 N. Zealand 1.3%
10 Finland 1.4%
11 Austria 1.7%
12 Ukraine 2%
13 Bulgaria 3%
14 France 4%
15 S.Korea 4%
16 Sweden 4.5%
17 Switzerland 5.2%
Lowest dog population increase
Feral/ stray populations
Information on feral/stray companion animal (cat/dog) populations was available from 65 countries although the format it was offered in varied between descriptive phrases such as constant / increasing / decreasing to actual figures and to estimated percentages of the total population.
Global stray dog populations: Ranged from <1% (Japan) to 80% (several countries) Average % of dog population was approximately 41% Global stray / feral cat populations: Ranged from 20% to 100% (Afghanistan) Average % of cat population was approximately 58% Based on global population figures above this would suggest: 20.7 million stray dogs 19.2 million stray / feral cats
The difficulties with this particular statistic are both the reliability of data (see critique) and also the definitions of stray and feral animals.
For some returned questionnaires, respondents suggested that stray populations were without legal owners whereas others noted an obvious difference between ‘un-owned animals’ and ‘probably owned but free to roam’.
This is likely to suggest that this category of data is a rather crude estimate at best.
AFRICA
AMERICA
ASIA
3.3 Welfare and registration legislation
Presence of welfare laws (based on information from 93 countries)
Congo, Dem Repub of No
Ethiopia No
Gambia Yes
Kenya Yes
Morocco No
Nigeria No
South Africa No
Tanzania Yes (not enf)
Zimbabwe Yes?
Antigua and Barbuda Yes
Argentina No
Bahamas No
Barbados Yes (notenf)
Belize No
Canada Yes
Costa Rica Yes (notenf)
Dominica Yes (notenf)
Grenada Yes (notenf)
Jamaica No
Mexico No
Panama Yes
Puerto Rico Basic (noeenf)
St Kitts and Nevis Yes (notenf)
USA Yes
Peru Yes
Venezuela Yes
Afghanistan No?
China No
India Yes
Indonesia Yes
Iran No
Israel Basic (2000)
Japan Yes
Korea South Yes (new)
Kuwait Yes?(enf?)
Lebanon Basic (enf?)
Malaysia Yes
Nepal No (draft)
Oman Yes?
Pakistan No
Philippines Yes?(enf?)
Qatar No?
Saudi Arabia Yes?
Singapore Yes
Sri Lanka Yes
Taiwan Yes (enf?)
United Arab Emirates Yes
Vietnam Yes
Yemen No
AUSTRALASIA/OCEANIA
Australia Yes
Fiji No
Marshall Islands No
New Zealand Yes
Papua New Guinea Yes
Samoa No
Tonga No
Vanuatu Basic
Albania No
Armenia No
Azerbaijan No
Belarus Yes (enf?)
Belgium Yes
Bosnia Herzegonia Yes
Bulgaria Yes (enf?)
Croatia Yes (enf?)
Cyprus Yes (not enf)
Czech Republic Yes renewed
Denmark Yes
Estonia Yes (ltd)
Finland Yes
France Yes
Germany Yes
Greece Yes
Hungary Yes (enf?)
Ireland Yes
Italy Yes?
Lithuania Yes (enf?)
Macedonia Yes(new)
Malta Ltd (enf?)
Moldova No?
Netherlands Yes
Norway Yes ltd
Poland Yes (enf?)
Portugal Yes (enf?)
Romania Yes?
Russia No
Serbia Yes (enf?)
Slovenia Yes (enf?)
Spain Yes (enf?)
Sweden Yes
Switzerland Yes (newsocial)
Ukraine Yes ltd
United Kingdom Yes
EUROPE
Presence of welfare laws
Botswana No
Congo, Dem Repub of No
Egypt No
Ethiopia No
Gambia No
Kenya Yes (some areas)
Lesotho No
Morocco No
Namibia Yes
Nigeria No
South Africa No
Tanzania No
Zimbabwe Yes
Antigua and Barbuda Yes dogs
Argentina No
Bahamas Yes
Barbados Yes (dogs)
Belize No
Canada No
Costa Rica No
Dominica No
Grenada Yes (dog enf)
Guatemala No
Jamaica No
Mexico No
Panama No
Puerto Rico No
St Kitts and Nevis No
Peru Some areas (dogs)
Venezuala Yes (both)
Based on information from 95 countries
AFRICA AMERICA
Registration laws
Afghanistan No
Armenia Vol
Azerbaijan No
China Yes (some areas)
Cyprus No
India Yes
Indonesia Yes
Iran No
Jordan Yes
Kazakhstan No
Korea South Yes
Kuwait No
Lebanon No
Malaysia No
Nepal No
Oman No
Pakistan No
Philippines Yes (07)
Qatar No (new law soon)
Saudi Arabia Yes (dogs)
Singapore Yes (07)
Taiwan Yes
Thailand No
United Arab Emirates No
Yemen No
Albania No
Belarus Yes
Belgium Yes
Bosnia Herzegonia Yes
Bulgaria No
Croatia Vol
Czech Republic Yes (dogs)
Denmark Yes comp
Estonia Yes (enf?)
Finland Vol
France Yes (id not reg)
Germany Yes
Greece Yes (dogs)
Hungary Yes
Ireland Yes
Italy Yes
Lithuania Yes
Malta Yes
Moldova vol
Netherlands No
Norway Vol
Poland Yes (dog)
Portugal Yes
Romania Yes
Russia No
Serbia Yes ( dogs)
Slovakia No
Slovenia Yes ( dog)
Spain Yes
Sweden Yes
Switzerland Yes
Ukraine Yes
United Kingdom No
Australia Yes
Federated State of Micronesia No
Fiji Yes (dogs)
Guam No
New Zealand No
Samoa No
Tuvalu No
ASIA
AUSTRALASIA/OCEANIA
EUROPE
3.3 Pet acquisition
Pet acquisition: Reasons for acquisition/ownership
Africa
GuardHuntHerdCompanionEat
Asia
CompanionGuardEatHerd
Europe
CompanionGuardHuntWork (assistance/herd)
N America
GuardCompanionEatHerd
S AmericaCompanionGuardBreed for commercial gain
Oceania
CompanionHerdGuardEat
Based on information from 63 countries
List of most common reasons for ownership by continent:
List of countries reported as using dogs/cats as food source:
AfricaCongo, Democratic Republic ofNigeriaZimbabwe
Asia
ChinaVietnamNorth KoreaSouth KoreaIndonesia PhilippinesCambodia (small %)(Taiwan – history although recently banned)
Europe Russia
North America Guatemala(Mexico – historical? No longer a food source?)
South America Peru
Oceania
Marshall IslandsPalauCook IslandsPapua New Guinea
Africa EthiopiaUganda
Possible ritual use as religious sacrifice:
Pet acquisition: Methods of acquisition
Based on information from 62 countries
Pet acquisition: Age at acquisition - dogs
Region Range (weeks of age) Average (weeks of age)
Africa 5 -20 7 (not incl. Egypt fig as seems too high compared to other available data)
Asia 4-12 7.5
Europe 6-12 8.6
Americas 4.5-8 6
South America 7-11 9 (only three countries)
Oceania 6-9 7.5 (only two countries)
Global 4 weeks (Ethiopia MS quoted 2 weeks but meant months?) - 20 weeks (Egypt)
7.5
Pet acquisition: Age at acquisition - cats
Region Range (weeks of age) Average (weeks of age)
Africa 3-12 7.8 (incl. Egypt)
Asia 4-14 8.3
Europe 6-12 8.5
Americas 5-8 6.25
South America 8-11 9.33 (only three countries)
Oceania 6-9 7.5 (only two countries)
Global 3-14 7.76
Pet acquisition: Rescue Centre Acquisition
Region Average % dogs acquired from rescue centre (%)
Average % cats acquired from rescue centre (%)
Global stats 4.7 4.3
Africa 2.5 1.5
Asia 2.3 2.3
Europe 6.6 5.6
N America 6 5.5
S America 5.83 5.83
Oceania 5 5
3.4 Basic pet husbandryBasic pet husbandry: Living arrangements - dogs
Basic pet husbandry: Living arrangements - cats
Basic pet husbandry: Diet trends - dogs
Global Diet Trends for dogs – based on information from 54 countries
Basic pet husbandry: Diet trends - cats
Global Diet Trends for cats – based on information from 51 countries
3.5 Basic pet health
Basic pet health: Vaccination trendsVaccination trends across the globe were very variable depending on continent, country and urban vs rural location.It was also apparent that it was difficult for most questionnaire respondents to answer depending on whether the country routinely vaccinated against rabies – several countries reported free government rabies vaccination schemes, and whether or not veterinary clinics were able to privately offer additional vaccinations against such infectious diseases such as distemper, parvo, lepto, feline panleucopaenia, chlamydia, herpes, feline leukaemia virus etc.
The following ranges of numbers routinely vaccinated were offered (based on 44 replies)
Africa Dogs 0.5 – 45% Cats 0 – 10%Asia Dogs 0.25 – 80% Cats 0 – 60%Europe Dogs <10 – 70% Cats <5 – 40%N America Dogs 45% (Panama only) Cats 1% (Panama only)S America Dogs <5 - <10% Cats <5 - <10%Oceania Dogs 0 - <5% Cats 0 - <5%
Country Dogs Cats%
Ethiopia 0.5 0
Kenya 25 5
Nigeria 20 <5
South Africa 10 <10
Tanzania <10 <5
Uganda 30 5
Zimbabwe 45 10
Afghanistan 0.25% 0
Armenia 80 30
China >20 >20
India 40
Indonesia 20 10
Israel 60 30
Japan 80% 60%
Korea South >50
Lebanon 70%? <30%?
Country Dogs Cats%
Nepal <5 <5
Oman <50% <50%
Pakistan 30% 20%
Palau <5 <5
Philippines >75% <5%
Qatar 50 50
Saudi Arabia <10 <10
Singapore 80 50
Sri Lanka 60% 10%
Thailand <80% Low
United Arab Emirates 50 40
Belarus 40 40
Bulgaria <10 <5
Czech Republic >30 <5
Country Dogs Cats%
Lithuania 70 25
Poland <10 <10
Russia >10 10
Serbia 20 10
Slovenia >30 >30
Panama 45% 1%
Argentina <10 <10
Venezuela <5 <5
Papua New Guinea 0 0
Samoa 0 0
Tonga 0 0
Vanuatu <5 <5
Samoa 0 0
Tonga 0 0
Vanuatu <5 <5
Veterinary questionnaires returned by 27 countries suggested that vaccines covering:• rabies were available in 89% of countries replying• ristemper, Hepatitis, Parvo, Parainfluenza, Lepto (DHPPi L) were available in 85% countries replying• distemper and Parvo only (irrespective of rabies) were available in 15% countries replying.• feline flu (panleucopaenia, herpes, chlamydia) were available in 89% countries replying• feline leukaemia were available in 26% of countries replying
Basic pet health: Neutering trends
The following information was available on neutering trends across the globe after receiving replies to the related questions from 37 countries in total.
Africa (replies 9)Male Dog Range 0 – 30% Av 6% Female dog range 0 – 20% Av 5%Male Cats Range 0 – 30% Av 5.25% Female cat range 0 -10% Av 3%
Information based replies (12) suggest that in the more economically developed countries eg. South Africa Egypt Tanzania Morocco Zimbabwe Kenya, neutering is generally considered beneficial but often owners lack education about the process or the procedure is inaffordable or unavailable due to a lack of vetsIn less economically developed countries or largely pastural based communities, neutering is not considered ben-eficial as although dogs may be considered pets, they still work as well eg hunt or guard, and therefore it was sug-gested that increasing dog numbers is considered beneficial. Also some cultural reasons were raised eg Uganda – dogs may be worshipped which precludes removal of body parts. Some countries where dogs, or more often cats, are eaten, eg Dem Congo breeding is considered beneficial to increase animals available for meat. Nigeria stated that people are against neutering as they want more animals to sell for financial gain. A lack of veterinary facilities was also a common inhibitory factor.
Asia (replies 14)Male Dog Range 0 – 40% Av 17% Female dog range 0 – 75% Av 30% Male Cats Range 0 – 80% Av 30% Female cat range 0 -90% Av 30%
Comments were provided on neutering by 27 countries in Asia, suggesting in the main that there were limited vet problems (particularly in the larger pet dense, more economically developed countries in the Middle East (Saudi Arabia, Oman), Japan etc). There were some cultural reasons for not neutering and these were often linked to religion – eg reports that Muslims do not like to neuter.
Europe (4 replies)Male Dog Range 1 – 10% Av 5.25% Female dog range 5 – 30% Av 17.5% Male Cats Range 5 – 70% Av 25% Female cat range 5 -70% Av 31.25%
Information replies were given by 11 countries and mainly suggested some cultural reasons for not neutering eg against operating on animals (religious) and also owner perceptions that neutering is bad for behavioural develop-ment. A lack of owner education, inaffordability and a lack of veterinary services were also suggested as reasons for low neutering percentages. Some reports of veterinary services also suggested a higher number of post operative complications including wound breakdowns, haemorrhage and infection in countries such as Armenia, Romania and Ukraine. Serbia reported intra operative problems as a result of injectable anaesthesia.Romania and Ukraine specifically requested assistance in training vets to neuter animals.
North America (7 replies)Male Dog Range 5 – 25% Av 8.35% Female dog range 5 – 45% Av 14% Male Cats Range 5 – 40% Av 11.5% Female cat range 5 -45% Av 12.5%
Information replies from 7 countries suggest the most common reason for low neutering percentages is a lack of small animal veterinary presence. In some countries cultural attitudes preclude neutering as does affordability.
South AmericaNo figs available on South America
Oceania (3 replies)Male Dog Range 0 – 5% Av 2.5% Female dog range 0 –1% Av 0.5% Male Cats Range 0 – 5% Av 2.5% Female cat range 0 -1% Av 0.5%
Based on information available from 5 countries, the main reason for a lack of neutering is the complete lack of veterinary services on many islands accompanied by their low economic status.
Basic health care: Life expectancy - dogs
Region Range (years of age) Average (years of age)
Africa (10 replies) 5-15 9
Asia (20 replies) 2-15 10.5
Europe (10 replies) 8-13 10
North America (6 replies) 3-10 4.6
South America (2 replies) 10 weeks to 10 years 10
Oceania (2 replies) 3-6 4.5
Global (50 countries provided information on average dog age)
0-20 8.1
This appeared to be a difficult category for respondents to answer as figures would be markedly skewed depending on number of feral/stray animals and animals used in farming. A number of respondents commented that they were unable to estimate the average age of feral or stray cats / dogs although they were likely to be much lower than animals under complete owner control. Also many replies from Asia stated that they were not including dogs/cats kept for meat/fur as again the average age was much lower with these animals often being slaughtered between the ages of 6 months – 2 years.
The majority of replies stated that for these reasons they were not including stray / feral or farmed dogs/cats in their answers – if these had of been included – as many of these countries suggested ranges for stray / farmed dogs of 1 -3 yrs, the overall figures would have been much lower.
Basic health care: Life expectancy - cats
Region Range (years of age) Average (years of age)
Africa (9 replies) 4-10 6.7
Asia (17 replies) 4-15 9.35
Europe (10 replies) 5-15 7.5
North America (4 replies) 2.5-13 6.75
South America (2 replies) 8-12 10
Oceania (2 replies) 3-10 6.5
Global (44 countries provided information on average dog age)
0-15 7.8
Basic health care: common mortality causes - dogs(Information not available from North or South America)
Basic health care: common mortality causes - cats(Information not available from North or South America)
Basic pet health: ZoonosesThe following diseases were listed as the most commonly occurring zoonoses within the continent
Most commonly reported infections
DOG: • Rabies • Parvo virus • Endo parasites • Leptospirosis • Distemper
CAT: • FeLV • FIV • Endo parasites • Cat flu • Toxoplasmosis
RingwormRabiesHydatid cystsScabies
RabiesLeptospirosisToxocara / TaeniaToxoplasmosisRingwormScabies
RabiesHydatid cystsLeishmaniasisToxocaraToxoplasmosisRingwormScabies
Unknown
ToxocaraToxoplasmosisRingwormScabies
Unknown
3.6 Pet relinquishmentPet relinquishment: primary reason for relinquishment - dogs
Pet relinquishment: primary reason for relinquishment - cats
Oceania – information not available
Pet relinquishment: Methods of relinquishment - dogs
Pet relinquishment: Methods of relinquishment - cats
Pet relinquishment: Main reported methods of owner euthanasia:
• Poison• Blow to head• Shoot• Drown
36%75%
48% 80%
57%
15%
104 countries have vet depts.
3.7 Veterinary Presence Veterinary presence: Global veterinary departments
Veterinary faculties were confirmed in 104 countries across the globe.
Region %age of countries confirmed with at least one veterinary faculty
Africa 36%
Asia 57%
Europe 80%
N America 48%
S America 75%
Oceania 15%
(Information obtained through returned questionnaires, WVA website, WSPA education department)
Country No. of practicing SA/mixed vets Total pets M Pets per vet
Botswana 16 118000 7375
Congo Dem Repub of 10 110000 11000
Ethiopia 5 5250000 1050000
Gambia 5 500000 100000
Kenya 350 4000000 11429
Morocco 800 2195000 2744
Nigeria 700 3500000 5000
Zimbabwe 50 2500000 50000
Veterinary presence: Global vet to pet ratioInformation was available regarding the number of small animal or mixed practice veterinary surgeons providing some level of small animal (dog/cat) care within the country.
AFRICA
Country No. of practicing SA/mixed vets Total pets M Pets per vet
Afghanistan 5 185000 37000
Armenia 25 350000 14000
Cyprus 75 16000 213
India 1600 7214100 4509
Indonesia 6000 23000000 3833
Israel 1200 633000 528
Japan 15,000 22967000 1531
Kuwait 10 22000 2200
Malaysia 336 791900 2357
Nepal 50 205000 4100
Philippines 3500 9544000 2727
Qatar 7 63000 9000
Singapore 60 152600 2543
Sri Lanka 700 3000000 4286
United Arab Emirates 6 30000 5000
ASIA
ASIA
Country No. of practicing SA/mixed vets Total pets M Pets per vet
Canada 9680 13302000 1374
Dominica 4 5000 1250
Panama 140 21000000 150000
USA 49130 150969000 3072
Puerto Rico 100 1000000 10000
EUROPE
Country No. of practicing SA/mixed vets Total pets M Pets per vet
Bulgaria 2250 1753000 779
Croatia 1100 670000 609
Czech Republic 1500 4770800 3180
Denmark 1000 1283000 1283
Estonia 450 300000 666
Finland 1000 1195000 1195
France 10000 18445000 1844
Germany 12000 13045000 1087
Greece 1000 2139500 2139
Hungary 500 3646000 7292
Ireland 300 1323500 4411
Italy 10000 14355000 1435
Lithuania 1000 620000 620
Macedonia 20 180000 9000
Netherlands 2000 5164000 2582
Norway 500 1150000 2300
Poland 5000 12550000 2510
Portugal 440 2869400 6521
Romania 1548 7622000 4924
Russia 5000 30175000 6035
Serbia 1400 1400000 1000
Slovakia 300 823500 2745
Slovenia 230 310000 1348
Spain 10000 9628500 963
Sweden 500 2005000 4010
Switzerland 1200 1893900 1578
Ukraine 10000 15390000 1539
United Kingdom 7000 16621000 2374
Country No. of practicing SA/mixed vets Total pets M Pets per vet
Australia 6000 5935000 990
Cook Islands 1 5000 5000
New Zealand 1750 1745000 1000
Papua New Guinea 5 6000000 1200000
Samoa 10 1100000 110000
OCEANIA
Unknown
38,924(4 replies)
2,713(28 replies)
154,694(8 replies)
6,255(15 replies)
327,997(4 replies)
Global Average48,899(59 replies)
Veterinary presence: Neutering practicesVeterinary schools and some veterinary practices answered questions on neutering techniques within their country.
Most popular method of reproductive control (27 replies)
Use of analgesic agents during neutering procedures (27 replies)
Average ‘Pets per vet’ by continent
Most common agents reported:• NSAID’s (carprofen, ketoprofen, meloxicam, fluinixin)• Alpha 2 agonists alongside ketamine GA (xylazine)• Opioids (pethidine)• Local anaesthesia
Anaesthetic Complications (19 replies)• Anaesthetic deaths ranged from 0% to 10% (no significant difference between cats and dogs reported)• Average risk of anaesthetic death was 2.3%• Most common reasons given for death was older patients reacting badly to anaesthesia and haemorrhage• Post operative complications included infection, wound breakdown, poor client post operative care and diaphragmatic hernia.
Veterinary presence: Euthanasia agentsVeterinary schools and some veterinary practices answered questions on euthanasia techniques by veterinary professionals within their country (24 countries)
4. SummaryScoring system and resultsIn order to summarise all of the above data and general information gathered during the project time, it was decided to attempt to set up a scoring system in which each phase 2 country would have an overall score to evaluate current welfare concerns. The scoring system was drafted based on 22 questions that covered many of the subjects outlined above.Questions were organised so that a specific answer could be given to each with a possible 4 outcomes, each of which awarded a specific number of points. The number of points awarded was higher for certain questions than others to allow fair weighting of the most important welfare issues. For example the question regarding whether dogs/cats were regularly eaten within the country had higher scores per answer than a question on the general diet of the pet population, as it was felt that cultural attitudes and practicalities of pet farming and slaughter were likely to raise more welfare issues than the percentage of a population fed commercial diets given that home-cooked diets do not necessarily cause high incidents of morbidity within a population.Such weighting was based around the previously established WSPA model of animal welfare need (derived in part from previous work by Mellor and Reid 1994) which concluded that welfare assessment should be reported as the overall scale of the severity of the welfare problem, the length of time that the animals suffer (duration) and the number of animals affected (prevalence).See Appendix III for scoring questions and weighting.In order to fairly weight each country according to the number of animals affected – prevalence, each country’s score was then multiplied by the total pet population figure to provide an overall score.
Scoring results prior to multiplication by population totalPapua New Guinea 120
Congo Dem 119
Guatemala 119
Vietnam 119
Gambia 118
Kazakhstan 115
Puerto Rica 113
Ethiopia 111
Zimbabwe 110
Barbados 109
Nigeria 108
Uganda 103
Afghanistan 103
Bahamas 99
Jamaica 99
Mexico 99
Azerbaijan 98
China 98
Samoa 98
Korea S 97
Saudi Arabia 94
Dominica 94
Belize 93
Russia 92
Kuwait 91
Lebanon 91
Tanzania 90
Pakistan 90
Grenada 87
Armenia 86
Botswana 85
Kenya 85
Peru 83
Romania 82
Morocco 80
Nepal 79
Philippines 79
Ukraine 78
Iran 75
Venezuela 75
Indonesia 73
Qatar 71
South Africa 70
India 70
Egypt 69
Argentina 69
Serbia 67
Estonia 65
Greece 65
Belarus 64
Sri Lanka 63
Cyprus 62
Poland 62
Malta 59
Malaysia 57
Bulgaria 56
Oman 51
Panama 47
Taiwan 46
Singapore 45
Israel 44
United AE 43
Lithuania 42
Macedonia 42
Antigua Barbuda 35
Czech Republic 27
Slovenia 10
Japan 7
Scoring results following multiplication by population total(not including countries with total pet popn. Under 1M)
Country Initial score Population (M) Final score
China 98 37 3626
Russia 92 30 2760
Mexico 99 18 1782
Indonesia 73 23 1679
Pakistan 90 16.9 1521
Ukraine 78 15.5 1209
Poland 62 12.5 775
P. New Guinea 120 6 720
Vietnam 119 6 714
Philippines 79 9 711
Argentina 69 10 690
South Africa 70 9.5 665
Romania 82 8 656
Tanzania 90 7 630
Ethiopia 111 5.25 582.75
India 70 8 560
Nigeria 108 3.5 378
Kenya 85 4 340
Venezuela 75 4 300
Uganda 103 2.85 293.55
Zimbabwe 110 2.5 275
Korea S 97 2.5 242.5
Guatemala 119 2 238
Peru 83 2.8 232.4
Sri Lanka 63 3 189
Kazakhstan 115 1.5 172.5
Japan 7 23 161
Morocco 80 2 160
Greece 65 2 130
Puerto Rica 113 1 113
Bulgaria 56 1.8 100.8
Serbia 67 1.5 100.5
Czech Repub 27 3.6 97.2
Taiwan 46 2 92
Iran 75 1 75
Panama 47 1 47
Critique
A number of issues repeatedly flagged up during the project data collection and evaluation that need to be considered when interpreting the above data.
Lack of data availability: A number of countries that were flagged up during preliminary research as having potential welfare concerns, did not return any questionnaires and are therefore not included in the above data or overall scoring system. Phase 2 countries that did not reply to any questionnaires and where a lack of potentially reliable data was available includes
• Belarus • Honduras• Bosnia • Hungary• Brazil • Latvia• Chile • North Korea• Colombia • Portugal• Costa Rica • Slovakia• Croatia • Thailand• Cuba • Tunisia• Georgia • Turkey
Reliability of data: many previous projects and scientific papers have questioned the reliability of data collected through a second source (such as questionnaire usage, internet data) particularly where some of the data is poten-tially subjective. One of the main areas this may have affected was population statistics including correct evaluation of population size and %feral/stray populations. Previous WSPA work has highlighted these areas as notoriously difficult to obtain realistic data and therefore all population statistics need to be considered as potentially inaccurate.
A second area that affects data reliability appears to be the nature of the data source – such as the organisation type returning the questionnaire. In several cases where rescue centres returned questionnaires there appeared to be a tendency for them to feel that more of the population were re-homed from rescue centres than was considered the case by non rescue centre organisations within the same country. This also may have affected other topics such as neutering percentages, endoparasite control / vaccinations, diet type etc.
Urban / rural discrepancies: Many countries reported that the pet ownership trends varied tremendously between the rural and urban regions within their country as would be anticipated. It is also a concern in very large countries such as China, Russia, Kazakhstan etc where there may be marked differences from one region to another as a result of varying local cultural pockets, economic and political status etc. This makes it harder to provide an overall country summary that is reliable as a predictor of general animal welfare.
APPENDIX I General Pet Information Questionnaire - WSPA Member SocietyName of Organisation:Country:Telephone:Email:
We will keep all contact information and individual replies confidential.____________________________________________________________________________________
______Pet Ownership Statistics and Population figures
If possible please complete the following table providing approximate figures for your country.
Dogs Cats
Approx number in country
% kept as pets
% feral/stray
Average % households owning a dog/cat
Urban:Rural:
Urban:Rural:
Average number of dogs/cats per household
Urban:Rural:
Urban:Rural:
Section A Pet AcquisitionQuestion 1/ In your opinion, where do most people get their pets from?(Please rate the following from 1 to 6, where 1 is the most popular method and 6 is the least popular)
Dog Cat
Pet shop
Private breeder
Local market
Pet farm
Supermarket
Relative / friend who has bred their cat/dog Other (please state)
Question 2/ Are there any legislations requiring the registration of cats / dogs? Dogs No_______ Yes, controlled by ______________________________________________Cats No_______ Yes, controlled by ______________________________________________Notes about legislation(s) e.g. how well enforced, specific details / exclusions__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Question 3/ Are you aware of any legislations/national policies affecting the number of dogs/cats permitted per household?Dogs No_______ Yes, controlled by _________________________________________ Number per house ______Cat No_______ Yes, controlled by _________________________________________ Number per house_______ Notes about legislation____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Question 4/ In your opinion, what is the most common age at purchase (weeks old)Dogs _____________________ weeks Cats________________________weeks
Question 5/ If rescue centres / shelters are available in your country, how common is it for people to take on rescue animals’. (Please indicate the most appropriate figure for each species) Dogs CatsVery rare (less than 5%) _______ ______Uncommon (around 5%) _______ ______Relatively common (more than 10%) _______ ______
Question 6 / In your experience, are pedigree animals or mixed breed animals generally preferred? Please indicate. Dogs CatsPedigrees preferred ________ _________Mixed breeds preferred ________ _________
Question 7/ In your opinion which pedigree breeds are considered popular in your country?Dogs Cats
______________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________
Question 8/ In your opinion, what are the most common reasons for pet ownership in your country?((Please rate the following from 1 to 8, where 1 is the most popular method and 8 is the least popular)
Companionship ____________Working dog (herding) ____________Working dog (guarding) ____________Working dog (other) please state____________________________ ____________Working dog (other) please state____________________________ ____________Competition (showing/agility) ____________Food source ____________Other Please state _______________________________________ ____________
Section B Pet husbandry
Question 9/ In your opinion, what are the most common living arrangements for pets in your country?(Please rate the following from 1 to 5, where 1 is the most popular and 5 is the least popular)
Dogs Cats
Kept in house 100% time
Kept in house and allowed out / walked regularly Kept in loose yard / garden with shelterKept in outdoor kennel / outdoor tethered Other - Please state
Question 10/ Are there are legalised day / night time curfews for dogs or cats in your country? (Periods where animal must be kept indoors / not out on streets or parks)Dogs No _______ Yes _________ Please state details ___________________________________________________Cats No_______ Yes_________ Please state details ___________________________________________________
Question 11/ In your experience, how common is it for owners to allow their pets to roam freely (eg not under direct supervision) for large portions or the day or night? Please tickDogs Common ________ Uncommon _________ Rare / never _________Cats Common_________ Uncommon__________ Rare / never _________Any comments eg are there marked differences in the above depending on rural vs urban areas? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Question 12/ In your experience, where owners do allow their pets to roam freely for portions of the day / night, what are the common disadvantages to this? Eg high levels road traffic accidents / attempts at poisoning as pet assumed feral / stealing of pet for use in breeding farms or for meat etc. Please indicate which one.No obvious disadavantages / Disadvantages occur please comment below____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Question 13/ In your opinion, what is the average life expectancy of pets in your country?Dog ____________ years Range Age _____________ to _________________ yearsCat ____________ years Range Age _____________ to __________________ years
Question 14/ In your experience, as a general overview in your country, which of the following are the most common diets provided by owners for dogs / cats?(Please rate the following from 1 to 7, where 1 is the most popular and 7 is the least popular)
Dogs Cats
Commercially bought wet food
Commercially bought dry food
Commercially bought mixed wet and dry foodHomecooked meals
Commercial diets mixed with home cooked foodTable scraps
Other Please state
Question 15 / In your opinion, how common is it for owners to be aware of the benefits of basic health care such as vaccinations and anti parasite treatments? Please indicate most relevant Dogs Cats Common to be unaware _____________ ____________Common to be aware but none available/affordable locally ______________ _____________ Common to be aware and basic treatment undertaken ______________ _____________
Question 16/ In your experience, is neutering (spay / castrate / sterilising) considered beneficial by owners for their pets well being in your country?Dogs Yes / No / MaybeCats Yes / No / MaybeComments ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Question 17/ In your opinion, which of the following are the most common reasons for owners giving up on their pets(Please rate the following from 1 to 6, where 1 is the most common and 6 is the least common)
Dogs Cats
Animal Illness
Change in owners circumstances
Owner no longer wants pet
Behavioural problems
Kill for use as food source
Other Please state
Question 18/ What are the most common methods of owners giving up their pets
(Please rate the following from 1 to 5, where 1 is the most common and 5 is the least common)
Dogs Cats
Euthanasia by vet Euthanasia by owner (Please state most common methods used by owner)Giving to rescue centre / shelter
Abandonment
Other (please state)
Section C General Animal Welfare
In your opinion, are any of the following regularly occurring and therefore constitute welfare considerations for pets in this country?(Please answer yes / no / maybe for each suggestion and feel free to add comments including a rough estimate of total dog/cat population regularly affected where possible)
1. Physical abuse / death caused by government officials as part of population control methods or similarYes / No / Maybe __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Physical abuse by members of the public (such as poisoning / electrocution/ beating)Yes / No / Maybe__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Poor management conditions where dogs/cats are kept prior to sale as pets or for meat / fur etcYes / No / Maybe__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. A high % of the population contract infectious disease or parasites that cause physical suffering or deathYes / No / Maybe__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Access to veterinary care is limited / non existent as a result of lack of facilities or inaffordable pricesYes / No / Maybe__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Diseases associated with poor nutrition are common in the dog/cat populationYes / No / Maybe__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. There is a high incidence of pet abandonment as a result of costs or medical or behavioural reasonsYes / No / Maybe__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Please add any additional comments that you feel may help us understand companion animal welfare issues in your country__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Appendix II: Questionnaire: Global Pet Ownership and Responsible Care; International Veterinary Departments
Name of Organisation;Country;Telephone;Email;
We will keep all contact information and individual replies confidential.Section A Pet Ownership Statistics and Population figures
If possible please complete the following table providing approximate figures for your country.
Dogs Cats
Approx number in country
% kept as pets
% feral/stray
Average % households owning a dog/cat
Urban:Rural:
Urban:Rural:
Average number of dogs/cats per household
Urban:Rural:
Urban:Rural:
Section B Veterinary Profession StatisticsHow many Universities / colleges contain veterinary departments training veterinary qualifications 1. in your country? _______How many students graduate with veterinary qualifications each year in your country? ________2. How many qualified veterinarians are working in your country at present ? _______3.
4. How long is the training period for a veterinary qualification? ___________________5. What % of the total course is dedicated to companion animal (dog and cat) medicine / surgery? ______________________6. Does the course provide options for students to learn about practical companion animal medicine / surgery – e.g. Is spending time in dog/cat vet or neutering clinics recommended / are practical sessions related to companion animal surgery part of the course ? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Area of work vets employed in % of vets working in this area CommentsWorking for government / state departmentsWorking in farm animal only jobs
Working in companion animals
Working in mixed (farm and pet animals jobs)Retired or in unrelated careers
Working in other areas (state if possible)What % of all qualified veterinarians working in your country have undertaken their training in other countries but now practice permanently in your country?
5. What are the most common nationalities of previously qualified vets who arrive in your country to work?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Does your country have a regulating board that oversees veterinary standards? No / YesIf so, is registration of vets with regulating boards compulsory or voluntary ? ___________________What % of working vets are registered with a regulating board? __________________________%
Section C Pet health and husbandry
1. Is there a commercial breeding trade of dogs/cats in your country? What outlets do they use to sell the animals? Are there regulations for such a breeding trade? Are such places inspected by vets?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the common age at purchase of dogs and cats in your country?Dogs _________ Cats__________
3. What is the average life expectancy of dogs / cats in your country?Dogs Average age __________________________ Range from ______________ to___ Cats Average age __________________________ Range from ______________ to___
4. What % of the dog / cat population are regularly seen / registered at a local veterinary practiceDogs_____________________________ Cats________________________________
5. In your experience, what % of pets are routinely vaccinated in your country?Dogs __________ % Cats _____________%6. Are there any government organised or national vaccination programmes in place to assist with vaccination of feral / wild animal populations or to assist owners of cats / dogs with vaccination costs?No / Yes (please provide details below)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Please list diseases that pets could be vaccinated against in your country Dogs
Cats
If vaccines are rarely available please note below providing reasons if possible_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
8. Please list the most common zoonotic conditions carried within the dog / cat population Dogs
Cats
9. What % of pets are routinely neutered (spay / castration)?Dogs male ___________% female ___________%Cats male___________% female___________%
10. Are there any government funded/ national programmes carrying out neutering of feral or wild cat / dog populations within your country? No / Yes – please give details _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
11. Are there any government or privately funded neutering clinics offering free / low cost neutering to assist pet owners in your country? No / Yes – please give details _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
12. Is it common to neuter at less than 6 months? Dogs __________ Cats__________
13. What are the most common methods of neutering / sterilising pets used in your country? E.g. surgical removal of reproductive organs / Fallopian tube tying / vasectomy / chemical sterilisation / hormonal control through drugs____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
14. Is pain relief / analgesia routinely provided during neutering procedures?Dogs No / Yes Details __________________________________________________________________________Cats No / Yes Details ____________________________________________________________________________
15. Who regularly carries out neutering procedures (e.g. vet surgeons / technicians / lay people) in your country? Where do people train in order to undertake this procedure?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
16. What are the risks of anaesthetic or post operative deaths following neutering in your country?Dogs _____________________________ % dying during / following neutering procedureCats______________________________% dying during / following neutering procedureCommon reasons / comments ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
17. Are there any national / regional taboos or cultural reasons why neutering is considered inappropriate by either the veterinary professionals or animal owners?No / Yes – please comment_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
18. How common is it for owners/vets to routinely give anti-worming (anti endoparasite) medication?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
19. How common is it for owners/vets to routinely give anti-flea preparations?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Please list any other commonly provided preventative preparations and state reason for treatment_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
20. In your opinion, what are the most common reasons for owners not undertaking preventative health treatments e.g. low incomes of owners, medications unavailable, lack of available information?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
21. How common are nutritional related illnesses within the pet population?
22. How common is it for veterinary professionals / practices to recommend commercially produced complete diets for pets?
Dog CatRare (less than 5% vets recommend) -------------------------------------------------- Uncommon (less than 20 % vets recommend) ---------------------------------------------------Relatively Common (more than 20% vets recommend) ---------------------------------------------------
23. Please list the 5 most common causes of pet death in your country for each species e.g. rabies/leismaniasis/cancer/accidents/euthanasia for non illness related problems
Dogs Cats
24. What are the most usual reasons why people no longer want their pets? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How do people give up their pets?(Please rate the following from 1 to 5, where 1 is the most common and 5 is the least common)
Dogs Cats
Euthanasia by vet
Euthanasia by owner (please state most common methods used by owner) Giving to rescue centre / shelter
Abandonment
Other (please state)
25. What are the most common methods of pet euthanasia used within the veterinary profession?Please list including name of any drugs regularly used.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Any other comments that would help us to better understand pet care and trade in your country?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Appendix III Scoring System Scoring System to assess CAW phase 2 countriesTo cover – severity of welfare issue, duration (permanent vs temporary), number of animals affected
Category Description and scoresA
B Pet population dynamics
6rapid increase
3gradual incr.
1constant
0decrease
C Welfare laws 8none
5basic but no enf.
1basic & rel enf
0detailed and enf
D Cultural relationships
8Dog/cat eaten/fur farmed
5Occ eating of dog/cat or poss fur use
2Rare occurrences of eat/fur use
0Never eat / use fur
E Pet acquisition 6Regular trade in unreg commercial outlets
3Trade in unreg comm. Outlets less popular
1Trade in regulated comm. outlets
0No comm. Pet trade
F Dog acquisition age
6Less than 4 weeks
34 - 6 weeks
16 – 8 weeks
0>8 weeks
G Cat acquisition age
6Less than 4 weeks
34-6 weeks
16-8 weeks
0>8weeks
H Average life expectancy(dog)
8Less than 2 years
52 – 4 years
24 – 8 years
0>8 years
I Average life expectancy(cat)
8Less than 2 years
52 – 4 years
24 – 8 years
0>8 years
J Average diet 6Unbalanced diets with high %assoc disease
3Unbalanced diets with ltd assoc disease
1Balanced or comm. Diets commonly fed
0Balanced comm. Diets majority of pop.
K BHC: vaccines 6Vaccines rarely/never avail or min used in pop (<10%)
3Vaccines available but inafford/inaccess by much pop
1Vaccines available but <50 % pop covered
0Vaccines regularly used (>50%) pop
L BHC: Parasite control
6Prevent tx rarely used : high % pop affected by related disease
3Prevent tx occ used or discrepancy in urban/rural figs
1Prevent tx reportedly used commonly by most
0Prevent tx very common
M BHC: neutering 8Neutering rarely/not available either due to cultural effects or lack of vets (less than 5%)
5Neutering ltd in availability (less than 10%)
2Neutering generally considered beneficial but costs prohibit (<30% neutered)
0High % (>30%) pop regularly neutered
N BHC; zoonoses 8Serious zoonoses common in pet pop (o &or feral)
5Serious zoonoses exist but ltd human effects or mild zoo common
2Mild zoo common
0V ltd effects of zoonoses on human pop
O Vet care: availability
6No vet school and ltd SA vets available
3Vet school but SA vets ltd
1Low no vet schools but SA vet:pet ratio reasonable
0Vet schools and SA vet:pet ratio good
P Vet care: local availability
6Large discrepancies between urban/rural avail
3Some discreps urban/rural avail
1Most pop serviced but some lacking
0All pop well serviced
Q Vet care:quality 6SA vets non existent or lacking facilities/education
3SA vets available but facilities /edu conditions need improvement
1SA vets have reasonable facilities but temporary probs occur
0SA vets generally good edu and good facilities
R Vet care: drug availability
6Known drug availability probs affect patient care
3Some / intermittent drug availability problems
1Ltd drug availability probs
0No drug availability probs
S Vet care: euthanasia
6vet euthanasia techniques poor due to ltd drugs
3some areas with poor vet euth techniques
1rarely poor vet euth tech
0poor vet euth techs not reported
T Relinquishment 8Abandonment levels high / euth pets v common
5Abandonment common / euth common
2Some incidents abandonment / o euth
0V ltd abandonment/ o euth never occurs
U Relinquishment by non vets
8Most common euth is by o – shooting or poisoning
5Occ o euths but vets sometimes used
2Rare for o to euth tho occurs
0o euth never occurs
V Population control techniques
8Gov/local pop regularly uses shooting/poisoning to reduce pop
5Gov/local pop occ uses shoot/poison
2Gov/local pop sometimes uses kill / some local cruelty occurs
0V rare / never
W Rehoming facilities
6No RC / ltd rc with concerning conditions
3Ltd rc / occ rc with concerning conditions
1RC available, most with good conditions
0Many RC available and almost all high standards