GLOBAL ENERGY SYSTEMS NAVIGATOR: JEREMY...
Transcript of GLOBAL ENERGY SYSTEMS NAVIGATOR: JEREMY...
GLOBAL ENERGY SYSTEMS NAVIGATOR:AN INTERACTIVE MAP OF ENERGY AND CARBON FLOWS
JEREMY HUDDLESTONLJUBA MILJKOVIC
WHAT GUIDES FLOW? APPROACH GEOLOGIC SAMPLE FUTURE WORKORIGINSMULTIPLE DATA ENCODING IN NETWORK VIEW
RESULTS
COLLABORATORS
The Global Energy Systems Navigator is an interactive map of the flows of carbon and exergy – the useful portion of energy – through global human energy systems.
It is an educational tool for anyone interested in better understanding the complex mechanisms by which we convert natural energy resources into end-uses.
The data were collected from dozens of reference sources such as International Energy Agency and UN databases, scientific journals, and government reports.
CARRIERS AND TRANSFORMATIONS
STATIC VISUALIZATION
INTERACTIVE VISUALIZATION
The data that make up the navigator are of two types:
• Carriers: mediums through which exergy and carbon flow
• Transformation: processes that convert one carrier into another
Crustal Thermal Energy
Solid EarthTides
Uranium Ore
Thorium Ore
Wind
Ocean Surface Waves
ShoreWaves
Coal
Natural Gas
Petroleum
Methane Clathrate
Methane
Liquid Methane
Plastics
Ethanol
Light Hydrocarbons
Metals
Processed Food
Construction Wood
Naphtha
Nuclear Waste
Steam
Chemicals
Organic Fiber
Organic Solid Waste
Visible Radiation
Hot Water
Warm Water
Air Kinetic Energy
Cool Air
Cold Air
Human Mechanical Work
Pipeline Mechanical Work
Tidal EnergyTransfer
AtmosphericAbsorption
WaterEvaporation
Surface Heatingand Cooling
Ocean SurfaceMomentum Transfer
Wind-LandFriction
Wind Fluid Friction
Surface WaveFriction
Liquid Fluid Friction
OceanTides
Natural Plant Decay
Volcanoes
HydrocarbonFormation
Tidal Friction
Conduction,Convection and Mixing
Crust-MantleHeat Transfer
CoalMining
Oil and GasExtraction
Electricity from Coal
Natural GasProcessing
Electricity fromMethane
Liquid FuelElectricity
MethaneLiquefaction
UraniumEnrichment
Electricity fromFission
PetroleumRefining
Paper ProductionBiodiesel Production
Ethanol Production
Metal Purification
Non-metallic Mineral Processing
Hydroelectricity
Geothermal Electricity
Tidal ElectricityElectricity from Solid Biofuel
Steam Production Steam Distribution
ChemicalProduction
Solid WasteConversion
Lighting
ElectricityDistribution
Air Cooling
IndoorAir Heating
Ventilation
Water Heating
Food Cooking
Manufacturing
Refrigeration
Electronics
Appliances
Road and Rail
Metabolism
Metal Oxidation
Light Absorption
PipelinesSeawaterUranium
Coal Products
Crude Oil
Metal ore
Air Mixing
10000 TW0.03 TW
Food Processing
FissileNuclides
Uranium 238
3.7
6000
900
150
150
60
3
110
160 ZJ
32
SeawaterDeuterium
3e7 YJ
360 YJ
0.234
2.31
0.03
1.0
0.30
0.19
0.70
0.32
0.11
0.14
0.021
0.007
0.011
0.016
0.29
0.13
0.8270 ZJ
50 ZJ
110 ZJ
10000 YJ
30 EJ
0.14
0.09
0.05
0.011
0.032
0.07
0.002 0.002
0.03
0.29
Aircraft0.330.2
5000
SurfaceReflection
Diffusion
Plants30 ZJ
100Ocean Thermal
Gradient
3.5
0.0003 Solar Electricity
Wind Energy Conversion
0.04Forestry
Agriculture0.014
Biodiesel0.057
Friction
Clouds
Plants
Photosynthesis
Precipitation360
4490
Hydroelectric Conversion
Coal Transformation
0.230 0.229
0.06
0.05 0.011
0.12
0.22
0.03 0.11
Charcoal Production0.110.032
0.95
0.73
0.04
0.27
0.0510.015
0.0013
0.0003
0.02
0.19
0.20
0.07 0.07
1.28
Methane Distribution
0.04
0.16
0.045
0.17 0.07
0.52
0.08
0.21
0.06
0.040.02
0.07
0.14
0.08
0.08
0.86
0.110.04
0.310.19
0.23
0.020
0.30 Shipping
0.57
0.11
0.022
Landfill0.9
0.313
0.01
0.14
0.02 Fertilizer
Unprocessed Food0.160.021
0.017
0.035
Fluid Friction
Fluid Friction
Fluid Friction
Fluid Friction
Friction
Friction
0.05
0.02
7 EJ
Pulp
Solar Radiation
Chemical Exergy
Nuclear Exergy
Gravitational Exergy
Thermal ExergyElectromagnetic Exergy
Flow
AccumulationFlow
0.09
25 ZJ
0.17
0.44
0.20
1.00
0.83 0.007
0.005
Geothermal Exergy
Kinetic and Work Exergy
Chemical Oxidation Thermal Mixing
Radiation Absorption FrictionDestructionKEY
Pumped Storage
0.004 0.003
0.002
Seawater Lithium
15000 YJ
300 ZJ
Fluid Mixing
0.344200 ZJ
Freshwater10
7
0.010
FissionableNuclides Nuclear Fuel
Reprocessing
Uranium238
Uranium Ore
27
11
17
91
16
0.8
21
88
Nuclear Waste
200 ZJ
0.050
0.061
0.33
0.03
0.12
0.059
0.09
0.05
0.09
0.053
1.15
0.001
0.011
0.98
0.02
ApplianceMechanical Work
0.12
0.23
VehiclePropulsive Work
0.09
0.095Aircraft Propulsive Work
Ship Propulsive Work
0.12
120000 62000
Extra-solarRadiation
15000
Electricity
Solid Biofuel
1.31 1.01
1.02
FlowKEY
0.05
0.01
0.01
1.66
0.29
23 EJ3
1
Upwelling
Natural Gas
Petroleum
Methane
LiquidMethane
Plastics
Ethanol
Light Hydrocarbons
Processed Food
Construction Wood
NaphthaChemicals
Organic Fiber
Organic Solid Waste
Volcanoes
HydrocarbonFormation
Electricity from Coal
Natural GasProcessing
Electricityfrom
Methane
Liquid FuelElectricity
MethaneLiquefaction
Human Appropriated Plants
Paper Production
EthanolProduction
Metal Purification
Non-metallicMineral
Processing
Electricity fromSolid Biofuel
Steam Production
ChemicalProduction
Solid WasteConversion
Lighting
IndoorAir Heating
Water Heating
FoodCooking
Manufacturing
Metabolism
Pipelines
Coal Products
Crude Oil
100 MgC/s
Food Processing
1000 PgC
50
5.4
3.1
12
5.4
3.3
3
0.5
1.7
Aircraft
Plants
Biodiesel1.4
CoalTrans-formation
2.2
4.1
0.4
0.2
CharcoalProduction
MethaneDistribution
1.0
2.00.4
1.8
21.5
1.6
Shipping
14
2.7
Landfill
Unprocessed Food4.0
0.2
Pulp
Plant CarbonRock Carbon
Ocean Carbon
Fossil CarbonFlow
Accumulation
Carbon Dioxide
5.3
2.3
Ocean Surface
Atmosphere-OceanDiffusion
Ocean SedimentConsolidation
950
Ocean SinkingTransport
AtmosphericCarbon Dioxide
810
Net AtmosphericAccumulation
Erosion
SubsurfaceCarbon Dioxide
5.0
8
17
8.0
8.7
1.7
8.6
3.30.1
1.3 0.5
9.1
16
1.3
9.3
0.5
0.9
0.9
18
5.3
28
14
6.3
5.5
1519
1.3
830
220
9.6
500
750
1
90
16
14
RockWeathering
56
36RiverOff-gasing
44
170
25
0.5
0.6
1.8 13
2.5
6.0
2.9
2.7 1.0
0.3
0.124
0.3
7.6
18
1.8
3.44.3
2.0
7.7
3.90.3
0.4
0.7
1.40.7 2.3
0.85.7
3.4
3.9
1.36.0
1.6
1.3
1.1
7.5
5.3
3.5
4.6
1.5
2.0
0.8
0.9
4
6
RockWeathering
6
River Transport76
Limestone
CoalMining
Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide
5020
32
Paper
Charcoal
0.4
122
0.1
100 TW
1000 ZJ
Flow
Accumulation
1 TW
100 EJ
Flow
Accumulation
1.49
Paper0.07
0.06
Air Mixing
Air Mixing
Convection
Convection
FlowKEY
10 MgC/s
1 PgC
Flow
Accumulation
Photosynthesis
2250
Soils3000
Methane Clathrate3000
2300
8000Coal
37200Deep Ocean
Carbonate Rocks6.6e7
Solid Biofuel33
PetroleumRefining
42 Road and Rail
2.28
Prepared by Wes Hermann, Global Climate and Energy Project at Stanford University (http://gcep.stanford.edu), © 2007. Contact: [email protected]
Exergy is the useful portion of energy that allows us to do work and perform energy services. While energy is conserved, its exergy content can be destroyed when the energy undergoes a conversion. We gather exergy from distinct, energy-carrying substances in the natural world we call resources. These resources are converted into forms of energy calledcarriers that are convenient to use in our factories, vehicles, and buildings. This diagram traces the flow of exergy through the biosphere and the human energy system, illustrating its accumulations, interconnections, conversions, and eventual natural or anthropogenic destruction. Choices among exergy resources and exergy carriers and the manner oftheir utilization have environmental consequences. An examination of the available resources and current human exergy use places the full range of energy options available to our growing world population and economy in context. This perspective may assist in efforts to both reduce exergy use and decouple it from environmental damage.
The ability of carbon-based molecules to store a large amount of useful energy, or exergy, has made carbon an important exergy carrier in natural and human energy systems. Carbon is being reintroduced to the biosphere through the human use of fossil fuels at a rate far exceeding its natural sequestration. This large and accelerating transfer of carbonto the atmosphere and upper ocean may lead to global environmental changes that would adversely impact our quality of life. This diagram traces the flow of carbon through the subsurface, the biosphere, and the human energy system. The energy conversions that lead to the sources of anthropogenic carbon dioxide are illustrated. In conjunction with theglobal exergy diagram above, alternate energy pathways that either do not require fossil carbon or store it in reservoirs other than the atmosphere and ocean surface can be examined in the context of current exergy use and carbon flow.
Human Body Heat
1 TW = 31.54 EJ/yr
1 MgC/s = 31.54 TgC/yr
Anthropogenic andNon-plant Fixed Carbon
270
Transport to Ocean 130
1000 ZJ
Lithium Ore3100 ZJ
30000 YJ
PlantRespirationand Decay
1980
500
Biodiesel Production
ContinentalPrecipitate
Transpirationand Evaporation27
Solar Radiation
56000
31000
41000
23000
Long Chain Liquid Fuel
Coal BedFires
3CoalBed
Fires
50
54
Oil and GasExtraction
100 10076
73 66
137
86
Agriculture90
49
Forestry63
41 Methane
Long Chain Liquid Fuel3.64
3.66
5.395.39
3.11
4.07
Methane2.74
2.22
1.95
Agriculture
HumanAppropriated
Plants
9.05.5
3.5 Forestry
200 EJMetal ore
Warm Air0.09
1.96
CookingGases
Air Mixing
69116
41
3.863.96
Long Chain Liquid Fuel
Long ChainLiquid Fuel
Sankey Diagram: developed at Stanford University
Strengths:
• Displays the entire system in a single view
• Complexity and interconnectedness of the system are apparent
• Relative magnitudes are perceptible
Weaknesses:
• Presentation must be very large to be legible
• Limited ability to “drill down” and explore the data
• Layout is arbitrary and drawn by hand
• No room for additional metadata
Design Goals:
• Dynamic, intelligent computer-generated layout
• Explore broadly and “drill down” for more information
• Limit the scope of data at any given time
• Presentable on the web on standard displays
• Relative magnitudes are perceptible
We have constructed an interactive web-based visualization that combines
a node-and-end view and quantitative stacked bar graph view.
NAVIGATION BAR
DETAILS VIEW
Presents all carriers and transformations in a searchable, filterable list.
• Mouse hovering over list items highlights the corresponding node and
its connections in the network view.
NETWORK VIEW
Presents the data broadly. Users can explore the data’s interconnectedness.
• Carriers and transformations appear as nodes, connected by edges.
• Carrier nodes are circles. Transformation nodes are small bar graphs
of the transformation’s exergy efficiency.
• Nodes are arranged so that primary resources appear to the left and
final end-uses appear to the right.
• Mouse hovering highlights node connections and displays a detailed
description of the chosen node.
METHODS
We achieve a good layout by basing the nodes' X positions on a weighted
average of its minimum and maximum depths in the network and the
depths of its neighbors. The initial Y positions are random.
Next we start a physics simulation using three forces:
1. A spring force along edges that bring nodes close to their neighbors.
2. An repel force which reduces overlap of adjacent nodes.
3. A framing force which acts on nodes as they get close to the borders.
Presents quantitative view of an item with its inputs and outputs on either side.
• Hovering reveals that item’s value of exergy and carbon as well as a
detailed description of its role in the energy system.
• Clicking on an input or output item refocuses the view to center on it,
revealing its carbon and exergy inputs and outputs.
METHODS
• A stacked bar graph visualizes the proportion each input and output
contributes to the central item’s total exergy or carbon.
• Animation is used to refocus the view onto a new central item.
PATH HISTORY
BETTER INTEGRATION
Though the network view is designed to present the data broadly, we believe
more data could be encoded in the shapes, sizes, and even relative positions
of the nodes without causing distraction.
These data could be further explored by recording and comparing the
efficiency properties of various paths through the network. Users could, for
example, compare the carbon footprints of powering automobiles with
gasoline vs. electricity produced from solar power.
Smoother transitions between the network and details views are needed to
help users perceive them as part of a single interactive visualization.
Data for this project were collected at the Global Climate and Energy Project
at Stanford University.
NAVIGATION BAR
• Real-time search filters nodes to match the query.
• Buttons filter by item type (e.g. carrier, transformation) or
by position in the system (e.g. primary resource, end-use).
• Tool-tips display item’s carbon/exergy on mouse hover.
• Each time is tagged with the number of inputs and output.
DETAILS VIEW
• Central item’s exergy/carbon magnitude defines
the scale of the graph.
• Inputs and outputs are displayed as stacked on
either side in proportion to the central item.
• Clicking on an input/output refocuses the graph
and makes that item central.
• Carriers are blue. Transformations are orange.
• Tool-tips display the item’s carbon and exergy on
mouse hover.
NETWORK LAYOUT
LAYOUT BASED ON
WEIGHTED AVERAGE OF
MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM
DEPTHS IN THE NETWORK.
LAYOUT WITH SUPPLEMENTAL
PHYSICS SIMULATIONS.
Using a combination of weight averages of minimum and maximum node
depth and physics simulations, we achieve an effective layout of nodes.
REDUCED EDGE OVERLAP IN NETWORK LAYOUT
The network layout could be improved by applying algorithms to reduce edge
overlap and increase the proximity of connected nodes.
USER TESTING
As a tool intended for lay audiences, studies in usability would help determine
our designs address the needs of our target users.
DECEMBER 10, 2008. CS 264 - VISUALIZATION