THE IMPACTS OF GLOBAL AID ON EDUCATION IN GHANA, INDONESIA,

MYANMAR, AND VIETNAM2005-2014

PRESENTED BY:

Abepuoring Philip

Agnescia Clarissa Sera

Thet Zaw

Thi Thuy Linh Nguyen

OUTLINEINTRODUCTION

• Problems

• Solutions

• Impacts

CONTENT

CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION

Education in the world today has become a right and not a privilege.

But the efforts to get good education remain merely a dream for most developing countries unless supported by donor agencies through foreign aid

Partnership between donor agencies and domestic governments can contribute significantly to improvements in the educational system.

Enrolment data, adult literacy rates, school infrastructure and gender parity in the educational systems of Ghana, Indonesia, Myanmar and Vietnam from 2005 to 2014.

GHANA 2005-2015

PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED

Low enrollments: about 12% of children are not in school

Poor and inadequate educational infrastructure

High illiteracy rates: about 42% percent of Ghanaians, 15 years and above cannot read or write

Gender inequality at all levels of educationSource: Ghana Statistical Service, 2012

INTERVENTIONS

Rolling out of Free Compulsory Universal Basic Education (FCUBE)

Capitation grant and school feeding programme were instituted 2005

GETFund to provide funds for school infrastructure

Increased budgetary support

Donor supported programmes such as EFA, GESP

THE RESULTS

ENROLLMENT FIGURES ACROSS EDUCATIONAL LEVELS

• A consistent rise in enrollment across

board

• The years 2009 and 2010 recorded

the highest values for Kindergarten

and Primary school.

• Senior High School and Tertiary level

education have seen a consistent rise

although this increase appears

marginal.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Kindergarten Primary JHS SHS Tertiary

Figure 1 Enrolment across educational level

INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT

• A rise at all levels over

time, except Primary which

dipped in 2008

• Kindergarten saw the

sharpest rise0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Kindergarten Primary JHS

Figure 2 Infrastructure development

ADULT LITERACY RATES

• Data available for

2005 and 2010

• Positive impact on

literacy rates over

the period

• Significant rise in

female rate

(15.5%)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Adults Male Female

2005 2010

Figure 3 Adult Literacy Rates

INDONESIA 2005-2015

PROBLEMS

Nearly 3 % of primary aged children in rural areas do not attend school compared to 1 % in urban areas

About 45 % children do not enrol in junior secondary schools

55 % of primary school teachers hold the minimum qualifications required by the government

Still about 10 % illiteracy rates exist among the adult population

Source : unicef & bps, 2005

GLOBAL AID SUPPORTS

Teacher upgrading

Early childhood education

Library development

Books, stationery,

teaching aids

INDONESIAPRIMARY SCHOOL ENROLMENT (%)

86.788.6 89.1 89.1

90.4

95.4 94.993.7

80

90

100

2005 2007 2009 2011

Indonesia

World

Source : www.worldbank.orgFigure 4 Primary School Enrolment

INDONESIASECONDARY SCHOOL ENROLMENT (%)

54.8

66.5 66.474.8

56.759.2 61.3 64.3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

2005 2007 2009 2011

Indonesia

World

Source : www.worldbank.orgFigure 5 Secondary School Enrolment

INDONESIARATIO STUDENTS : TEACHER

18.816.6 15.9

25 24.3 23.7

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

2007 2009 2011

Indonesia

World

Source : www.worldbank.orgFigure 6 Ratio Students : Teacher

INDONESIALITERACY RATE 15+ (%)

90.91 91.87 92.58 92.44 93.92

84.3

50

60

70

80

90

100

2005 2007 2009 2011 2013

Indonesia

World

Source : www.bps.go.id, www.worldbank.org

Figure 7 Literacy Rates Aged 15 and Above

MYANMAR 2005-2015

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN MYANMAR

1. UNICEF

2. AusAID

3. Multi-Donors Education Fund (MDEF)

4. EU Aid

5. World Vision Myanmar(WV MM)

6. Save the Children (SC)

7. Japan International Cooperation Agency JICA

UNICEF

Early Childhood Care & Development

Non-Formal Primary Education program

Cont Learning & Edu Pro

Language enrichment program

Capacity Building program to teachers

Life Skills & HIV/AIDS Prevention Edu

Infrastructure development

147,446 children

614,000 children in 4046 schools

50,250 children

11,750 teachers trained in 25 towns

758,000 text, school kits- 5400 schools

25 townships

20,000 children in 80 townships

Quality basic education program

97 townships, 517 graduated

No Indicators 2005-2006 2010-2011 2013-2014

1. Net Enrolment at

▪ Primary School Level

▪ Middle School Level

▪ High School Level

84.6

47.5

31.9

86.4

63.5

32.1

2. Completion Rate by Level

▪ Primary School Level

▪ Middle School Level

▪ High School Level

68.6

65.7

30.3

73.8

74.2

31.0

3. Student-Teacher Ratio

▪ Primary

▪ Middle

▪ High

25:1

35:1

24:1

29:1

35:1

25:1

4. Adult Literacy Rate 91.0 92.7 95.1

VIETNAM 2005-2015

PROBLEMS

High percentage of out of school and dropped out school children in minority children and children with disability groups.

The academic results of them also lower than the counterparts.

(UNICEF 2013)

25

Figure 8: Percentage of out-of-school children aged 5 in 2009

(Reproduced from: UNICEF 2013)

26

Figure 9: Percentage of out-of-school children of primary school age in 2009

(Reproduced from: UNICEF 2013)

27

Figure 10 : Percentage of out-of-school children of lower secondary school

age in 2009 (Reproduced from: UNICEF 2013)

REASONS

Lacks of schools and low quality schools in remote areas

Language system in Vietnam education

Difficulties of children with disability and partly disability

▪ teaching methods are not suitable

▪ discrimination

(UNICEF 2010)

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SOLUTIONS - ~ 2.8 MILLION USD1. Building schools in remote areas

1,100 village kindergartens

1,000 primary schools

2. Pilot Mother Tongue-based Bilingual Education (MTBBE) in 3 provinces

Bilingual education materials

Bilingual trained teachers

3. Resource centres for inclusive education

4. HIV education

Booklet “Facts on Children and HIV and AIDS

Distributing the booklet to 3,000 schools in 63 provinces, andnetworks of people living with HIV

(UNICEF 2010)

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RESULTS1. Increased enrolment of children in remote areas

Millions children can enroll in new schools

2. MTBBE students has better results in both Mother tongues and Vietnamese compared to non-MTBBE students

Example:

Results in Vietnamese language listening comprehension

MTBBE students : 17/20

non-MTBBE students : 12/20

Expectation: 1600 students in 2016(UNICEF 2013)

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CONCLUSIONThese changes recorded across the areas of education assessed could therefore be attributed to the combined effects of foreign aid and increased domestic funding over the period as:

Ghana’s enrolment, literacy and educational infrastructure increased;

Global aid improved teachers’ skill as well as access to primary and secondary education in Indonesia;

Myanmar’s: literacy level at 95.1%; 256 new schools built and over 500 people trained in Child protection (all supported by UNICEF)

Vietnam recorded increased enrollment and improved school results through support from UNICEF

REFERENCES

Ministry of Education, Myanmar 2014, Education for All 2015 National Review: Myanmar, Ministry of Education, Naypyitaw.

UNICEF, Education and Youth, viewed 16 February 2015 <http://www.unicef.org/indonesia/education.html>

UNICEF 2010, UNICEF Annual Report for Vietnam 2010, UNICEF.

UNICEF 2010, Unicef annual report for Myanmar 2010, Yangon.

UNICEF 2013, Out-of-school children in Viet Nam: A country study, UNICEF, Hanoi.

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REFERENCES

UNICEF 2014, Unicef annual report for Myanmar 2013, Yangon

Statistics Indonesia, Education Indicators, viewed 15 February 2015 <http://www.bps.go.id/eng/tab_sub/view.php?kat=1&tabel=1&daftar=1&id_subyek=28&notab=1>

Worldbank, Indicators for Education in Indonesia 2004-2013, viewed 15 February 2015 <http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.PRM.ENRR/countries/ID-4E-XN?display=graph>

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THANK YOU Any

question ?