GLENCOE DIVISION - 8th Grade US...

Presentation Plus! The American The American Republic To 1877

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Chapter Introduction

Section 1 A Changing World

Section 2 Early Exploration

Section 3 Spain in America

Section 4 Competing for Colonies

Chapter Summary

Chapter Assessment

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TAR1 Gallery of Presidents.ppt#2. Splash Screen


TAR1 Reference Atlas.ppt#2. Splash Screen


TAR1 United States Facts.ppt#2. Splash Screen


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Chapter Objectives

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• Examine how technology made long sea voyages possible.

• Explore the factors that allowed great civilizations in Africa to flourish.

Section 1: A Changing World







Chapter Objectives


• Explain Portugal’s leadership roles in exploration.

• Understand Columbus’s plan for sailing to Asia.

Section 2: Early Exploration







Chapter Objectives


• Evaluate the decline of the Aztec and Inca Empires in the Americas.

• Explore how Spain governed its empire in the Americas.

Section 3: Spain in America







Chapter Objectives


• Explain how the Protestant Reformation affected North America.

• Evaluate why the activities of early traders encouraged exploration.

Section 4: Exploring North America







Why It Matters

Although the English have been the major influence on United States history, they are only part of the story. Beginning with Native Americans and continuing through time, people from many cultures came to the Americas.







The Impact Today

The Americas today consist of people from cultures around the globe. Native Americans, Spanish, Africans, and others discussed in Chapter 2 have all played key roles in shaping the culture we now call American.







Guide to Reading


New knowledge and ideas led Europeans to explore overseas.

• classical

Main Idea

Key Terms

• Renaissance

• technology

• astrolabe

• compass

• Pilgrimage

• Crusade

• mosque






Marco Polo






New Ideas, New Nations

1. The Crusades (AD 1095) opened up the European society to the wonders and riches of the Middle and Far East.

2. Marco Polo’s book “Travels” inspired Columbus and

others to go to the Far East.

2. Venice, Genoa and Pisa= Trade Centers

3. Classical work inspired the Renaissance—

4. Large nations in western Europe sparked trade and

travel.

5. Spain, Portugal, England, and France (Monarchies)

looked for power and wealth.

(pages 38–41)






Technology’s Impact

1. Maps, navigational devices ( astrolabe and compass)

improved navigation.

2. The caravel and sturdier ships allowed for better

sailing and trade.

3. New routes to Africa and the Far East are developed.

African Kingdoms

1. Ghana, Mali and Songhai = flourished

2. Ghana = gold and salt

3. Timbuktu-capital of Mali and important Islamic center

4. Songhai-largest = legal system and schools develope(pages 40–42)





Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

Checking for Understanding

__ 1. a period of intellectual and artistic creativity, c. 1300–1600

__ 2. an instrument used by sailors to observe positions of the stars

__ 3. relating to ancient Greece and Rome

__ 4. the application of scientific discoveries to practical use

__ 5. small, fast ship with a broad bow

A. classical

B. Renaissance

C. technology

D. astrolabe

E. caravel

Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

B

D

A

C

E





Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.


Reviewing Facts Name three technological advances that furthered European exploration. Describe how these advances helped explorers.

Possible answers: Mapmakers refined their methods and created more accurate maps; the astrolabe improved navigation; the three-masted caravel allowed ships to travel farther.






Reviewing Themes

Culture and Traditions How did the Islamic religion spread to the early kingdoms of Africa? What is the name of the holy book of Islam?

The Islamic religion spread to the early kingdoms of Africa through trade between African kingdoms and Arab Muslims in North Africa. The holy book of Islam is called the Quran.





Critical Thinking

Drawing Conclusions Why do you think the Renaissance began in Italy and not in another part of Europe?

Italy’s prosperity enabled citizens to pursue an interest in the region’s past.






Analyzing Visuals

Geography Skills Review the map of the African trading kingdoms on page 41 of your textbook. Which of the trading kingdoms was established earliest? In which region of Africa did the three trading kingdoms develop?

The earliest trading kingdom was Ghana. The three trading kingdoms developed in West Africa.






Science Select a technological advance that has occurred during your lifetime. Compare its effects to the effects of one of the technological advances described in Section 1. Which has had the greater impact on society?






Guide to Reading

In search of trade routes, Portuguese explorers ushered in an era of overseas exploration.

Cape

Main Idea

Key Terms

circumnavigate






Compass






Search for New Trade Routes

1. Portuguese were the early leaders of the Exploration Era.

2. Prince Henry the Navigator developed school for

navigators and sailors

3. The Portuguese trades with the Gold Coast of West

Africa.

4. In 1487 Bartholomeau Dias explored the southern tip

5. Vasco da Gama sailed around the Cape of Good Hope

of Africa. ( Cape of Good Hope )to India in 1498.

6. Cabral claims Brazil ( Americas )

(pages 43–45)





Columbus Crosses the Atlantic

1. The Vikings sailed to North America ( Vinland ) CA.

A.D. 1000

2. Columbus sailed west to find the Far East in 1492.

( Financed by the Spain------Queen Isabella )

3. Columbus lands at San Salvador on Oct. 12th, 1492.

Tierra, Tierra!!!!! Columbus was convinced that he

had found the East Indies.

4. Columbus made three more voyages to America

claiming land for Spain. ( 1493,1498, and 1502 )

(pages 45–49)






5. The Treaty of Tordesillas was signed by Spain and Portugal to clarify the “ Line of

Demarcation” splitting land in America

between the 2 countries.

6. Amerigo Vespucci explored and mapped the

coastline of South America in 1499. America

is named after him.

7. Ferdinand Magellan’s expedition made the 1st

around the world trip from 1519-1522.

(circumnavigate)

Columbus Crosses the Atlantic(cont.)

(pages 45–49)








__ 1. a narrow passageway connecting two larger bodies of water

__ 2. to sail around around the world

__ 3. an imaginary line running down the middle of the Atlantic Ocean from the North Pole to the South Pole dividing the Americas between Spain and Portugal

A. line of demarcation

B. strait

C. circumnavigate


B

C

A







Reviewing Facts Who were the first Europeans to reach the Americas and when did they arrive?

The first Europeans to reach the Americas were the Vikings (c. 1000), Christopher Columbus (1492), and Vasco Núñez de Balboa (1513).






Reviewing Themes

Geography and History What nations signed the Treaty of Tordesillas? What was the purpose of the line of demarcation? How did the treaty affect European exploration of the Americas?

Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas. The line of demarcation determined control of lands by Spain (all lands west of the line) and Portugal (all lands east of the line).





Critical Thinking

Making Inferences For years, many history books have claimed that “Columbus discovered America.” Why do you think Native Americans might disagree with the choice of the word “discovered” in this statement? What might be a better word?

Native Americans lived in the Americas before Columbus arrived. Better words may include: claimed, encountered, came upon, or reached.






Analyzing Visuals

Geography Skills Review the map of European voyages of exploration on page 48; then answer the questions that follow. When did Verrazano make his voyage? For what country did he sail? How did Cabot’s route to the Americas differ from that of Columbus?

Verrazano made his voyage in 1524. He sailed for France. Cabot traveled father north than Columbus.






Geography Draw a map of the world as you think Columbus might have seen it in 1492. Remember his error in calculating distance.






Guide to Reading

In the sixteenth century, Spain established and governed a vast empire in the Americas.

• conquistador

Main Idea

Key Terms

• immunity

• pueblo

• mission

• presidio

• plantation






Conquistador’s armor






European Explorers and Conquerors

1. Conquistadors= warriors—received land grants and settled in the Americas.

2. Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztecs in 1521.

3. Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incas in 1532.

4. Guns, cannons and horses helped the conquistadors conquer the Native Americans. (Measles and smallpox did the most damage

because of no immunity )

(pages 51–53)






1. Spanish conquistadors also explored southeastern and

southwestern parts of North America looking for

riches.

2. Juan Ponce de Leon- “ fountain of Youth”—

established the 1st Spanish settlement in the United

States---St. Augustine---oldest European city in U. S.

3. Spaniards were unsuccessful trying to find “ the

Seven citieS of ciboLa”.---( Gold )

4. Cabeza de Vaca and Narvaez explored Florida and

Mexico.

Spain in North America (cont.)

(pages 53–55)






Spain in North America (cont.)

5. In 1541 Hernando de Soto discovered the Mississippi River.

6. Francisco Vasquez de Coronado

explored and founded the Grand

Canyon.

(pages 53–55)






Life under Spanish Rule

1. The Spanish established three kinds of settlements in the Americas.

A. Pueblos or towns = centers of trade

B. Missions = religious communities

C. Presidios = forts

2. Social classes:

A. peninsulares-land owners, gov’t. officials and clergy.

B. creoles-Spanish born in America.

(pages 54–56)






Spanish Rule (cont.)

C. Mestizos-Spanish and Native Americans

born in America.

D. Native Americans

E. Enslaved African Americans

3. Spanish Plantations =intially enslaved Native Americans.

A. Bartolome de las Casas- (Priest)

condemned the actions

B. 1542-Spanish law forbade enslavement of

Native Americans.

C. Africans were brought in and enslaved. (pages 54–56)







__ 1. Spanish explorer in the Americas in the 1500s

__ 2. religious settlement

__ 3. money paid for protection

__ 4. a large estate run by an owner or manager and farmed by laborers who lived there

__ 5. home or community of homes built by Native Americans

A. conquistador

B. tribute

C. pueblo

D. mission

E. plantation


A

D

E

B

C







Reviewing Facts What three kinds of settlements did Spain establish in the Americas? How did they differ?

Spain established pueblos: centers for trade; missions: small religious communities; and presidios: forts built near a mission.






Reviewing Themes

Culture and Traditions What groups made up the class system in Spanish America?

The class system in Spanish America was made up of peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, Native Americans, and enslaved Africans.





Critical Thinking

Analyzing Primary Sources One conquistador explained, “We came to serve God and the king, and also to get rich.” In what way do you think conquistadors planned to serve “God and the king”?

The conquistadors planned to serve “God and the king” by converting people to Christianity and claiming land and riches for the king.






Analyzing Visuals

Geography Skills Review the map of Spanish exploration on page 52 of your textbook. What expedition traveled from Florida to the Mississippi River? Through what regions did the Coronado expedition travel?

De Soto’s expedition traveled from Florida to the Mississippi River. The Coronado expedition traveled through northern Mexico and present-day Arizona and New Mexico.






Geography Using cookbooks as references, create an all-American dinner menu that features only foods introduced to Europeans by Native Americans.






Guide to Reading

Rivalries between countries, the search for a Northwest Passage to Asia, and early trading activities led to increased exploration of North America.

• Reformation

Main Idea

Key Terms

• Protestantism

• Armada

• Northwest Passage

• Tenant farmer






Martin Luther






Religious Rivalries

1.Martin Luther brought about changes in Europe in the 1500s with his opposition to Catholicism.

(pages 58–59)

2.His protests began the Protestant Reformation.

3.In France, John Calvin, a Christian theologist, broke away from the Catholic Church.

4.For personal reasons, King Henry VIII established England as a Protestant nation.

5.Europeans brought different religious beliefs

to the new world.





Economic Rivalry

1.The exploration of the Americas created rivalries between European countries to acquire colonies there.

(pages 59–62)


2.These colonies provided resources and a market to sell European products.=$$$

3.”the coLumbian exchange”= two way

exchange of goods and technology---the

Americas, Europe, Asia and Africa.

4.”northweSt PaSSage”= route through

North America to the Pacific-Eng.,FR. And

the Netherlands.





• 5.) Explorers looking for the Northwest Passage

• A. John Cabot (Eng.-1497) founded New Foundland.

• B. Jacques Cartier (Fr.) St. Lawrence River

• C. Henry Hudson (Dutch) Hudson River and present day

• upstate New York. ( Half Moon )

• D. Samuel De Champlain (Fr.) Founded Quebec the 1st

• permanent French Settlement in North America

• French and Dutch Settlement

• 1. Joliet and Marquette and La Salle explored the Mississippi

• River and helped to lead to French settlements along this

• area and on the St. Lawrence River. ( Tenant Farmers )

• ( New France )

• 2. The Dutch settled in around present day New York City

• ( New Netherlands )







__ 1. water route to Asia through North America sought by European explorers

__ 2. the theory that a state’s or nation’s power depended on its wealth

__ 3. exchange of goods, ideas, and people between Europe and the Americas

__ 4. French trapper living among Native Americans

A. mercantilism

B. Columbian Exchange

C. Northwest Passage

D. coureur de bois


C

A

B

D







Reviewing Facts What were English, French, and Dutch explorers searching for while charting the coast of North America?

They were searching for a more direct water route to Asia.






Reviewing Themes

Global Connections How did French goals in the Americas differ from the goals of other European nations?

The French wanted to make profits rather than settle land.





Critical Thinking

Identifying Central Issues How did the economic theory of mercantilism influence the exploration and settlement of North America by Europeans?

A nation’s power was based on its wealth, which was increased by acquiring gold and silver and developing trade. Overseas territories were seen as potential sources of wealth.






Analyzing Visuals

Geography Skills Review the map, French Explorers, 1535–1682, on page 61 of your textbook. Which of the French explorers traveled farthest south? Along what river did Marquette and Joliet travel?

La Salle traveled farthest south. Marquette and Joliet traveled along the Mississippi River.






Persuasive Writing Write a letter to one of the explorers who searched for a Northwest Passage. In the letter, explain why it is important for your nation to find a Northwest Passage.







__ 1. Spanish explorer in the Americas in the 1500s

__ 2. an instrument used by sailors to observe positions of stars

__ 3. the theory that a state’s or nation’s power depended on its wealth

__ 4. a period of intellectual and artistic creativity, c. 1300-1600

A. Renaissance

B. astrolabe

C. caravel

D. conquistador

E. mission

F. presidio

G. mercantilism

H. Northwest Passage


D

A

G

B






Checking for UnderstandingDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

__ 5. Spanish fort in the Americas built to protect mission settlements

__ 6. small, fast ship with a broad bow

__ 7. water route to Asia through North America sought by European explorers

__ 8. religious settlement

F

C

H

E

A. Renaissance

B. astrolabe

C. caravel

D. conquistador

E. mission

F. presidio

G. mercantilism

H. Northwest Passage






Reviewing Key Facts

Why were Europeans interested in Asia?

Europeans were interested in Asia for trade.






Reviewing Key Facts

Where did the earliest Portuguese explorers sail?

Dias sailed to the southernmost part of Africa. Vasco da Gama sailed around Africa to India.






Reviewing Key Facts

What was the main reason the Spanish wanted to conquer the Aztec and the Inca?

The Spanish wanted to conquer the Aztec and the Inca for their riches, mainly gold.






Reviewing Key Facts

What movement created religious rivalries in Europe that carried over into exploration of the Americas?

The Protestant Reformation created religious rivalries in Europe that carried over into the exploration of the Americas.






Reviewing Key Facts

What were explorers searching for during their explorations of the North American coast?

Explorers were searching for a Northwest Passage.






Critical Thinking

Drawing Conclusions Why do you think the Caribbean Islands are often referred to as the West Indies?

Columbus originally believed he had landed in the East Indies near Asia. As a result, the islands were later named the West Indies.





Critical Thinking

Analyzing Information Study the feature on the Columbian Exchange on page 60 of your textbook. What foods were shipped to Europe?

Corn, potatoes, tomatoes, beans, and chocolate were shipped to Europe.






Geography and History ActivityStudy the map below and answer the questions on the following slides.





Geography and History Activity

The Spanish missions were located in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California.


Place In what present-day states were the Spanish missions located?






The northernmost Spanish mission was located near San Francisco.


Location Near what city was the northernmost Spanish mission located?






A travelerleavingMexico Cityto journey to San Diego would travel northwest.


Location In which direction would a traveler leaving Mexico City journey to reach San Diego?





Directions: Choose the best answer to the following question.

Test-Taking Tip Eliminate answers that don’t make sense. For instance, a woman could not be a prince, so B could not be the correct answer.

Juana Inés de la Cruz was an unusual woman because she was famous as a

A writer.

B prince.

C farmer.

D warrior.


Standardized Test Practice





After what explorer is the Pacific end of the Panama Canal named?

It is named after Vasco Núñez de Balboa.






Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.

Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to The American Republic to 1877 Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go tohttp://tarvol1.glencoe.com

http://www.glencoe.com/sec/socialstudies/ushistory/tar12005/index.php4

http://www.glencoe.com/sec/socialstudies/ushistory/tar12005/index.php4

Geography Drawings of sea monsters appeared on many maps of this era. Tales of bizarre monsters enlivened the study of geography during Columbus’s time. For many sailors, these monsters represented real threats and were more than flights of fancy. Sciapodeswere monsters that had only one giant foot yet could walk amazingly fast. Monoculars were giants with a single eye in the middle of their forehead, and they ate only meat and raw fish. The cynocephalus were very intelligent and gifted with great intuition.

Economics During the Age of Exploration, European nations believed that their power, and ultimately their survival, depended on their acquisition of wealth. This national economic purpose, known as mercantilism, fueled not only exploration but also colonization. European nations considered their colonies as sources of raw materials, which were used to manufacture goods.

Christopher Columbus

The Niña, Pinta, and Santa María

Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.

Christopher Columbus never referred to himself as Columbus, a name found today on cities and buildings across America. Later in life he preferred to be called Cristóbel Colón.

Columbus’s largest ship, the Santa María, hit a reef off the coast of Haiti, destroying the ship. Columbus sailed home on the Niña, with the Pinta following behind. A storm west of the Azores separated the two boats. Later the Niña encountered another large storm, ripping off its sails and forcing the boat to dock in Lisbon. The Niña finally reached its home port of Palos on March 15, 1493. The Pinta arrived later that day.

Eric the Red The Vikings told long tales, or sagas, about their adventures. One of the most popular sagas is about Eric the Red, who lived in Iceland. He led a sailing expedition that found a rich and fertile land he called Greenland. Eric the Red settled there with his family. While there, his wife gave birth to a son they named Leif. Other Viking sagas call Eric the Red’s son “Leif the Lucky” because Leif found a new land he called Vinland. Scholars believe Vinland was present-day Newfoundland.

Florida’s Flowers Ponce de León landed in present-day North America during Easter, which Spaniards also referred to as the Feast of Flowers. He called this land of luxuriant vegetation Pasqua Florida, meaning Feast of Flowers. The name was later shortened to Florida.

In the late 1500s and early 1600s, Spanish galleons carried gold and silver from the West Indies to Spain. That’s not all these ships carried, however. The threat of pirates prompted the Spanish galleons to carry weapons as part of their cargo.

Spanish Galleon

This feature can be found on page 45 of your textbook.

Two or three sails on the foremast and mainmast allowed the ship to “catch the wind.”

1

This feature can be found on page 45 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Spanish Galleon

hold

5

Crow's nest

3

sterncastle

2

foremast

1

mainmast

1

ballast

4

Elaborate living quarters for the captain were placed within the high sterncastle. The rest of the crew slept on the deck.

2


Spanish Galleon

hold

5

Crow's nest

3

sterncastle

2

foremast

1

mainmast

1

ballast

4

Strong hands were needed to climb the rigging into the crow’s nest, or lookout platform.

3


Spanish Galleon

hold

5

Crow's nest

3

sterncastle

2

foremast

1

mainmast

1

ballast

4

Stones and bricks provided ballast to keep the ship from tipping over. These stones would be replaced withcargo in the Americas. Many colonial streets and sidewalks were paved with ballast stones.

4


Spanish Galleon

hold

5

Crow's nest

3

sterncastle

2

foremast

1

mainmast

1

ballast

4


Spanish Galleon

5 Food and water were stored in the hold.

hold

5

Crow's nest

3

sterncastle

2

foremast

1

mainmast

1

ballast

4

Reading a Time Line

Why Learn This Skill?

Knowing the relationship of time to events is important in studying history. A time line is a visual way to show chronological order within a time period. Most time lines are divided into sections representing equal time intervals. For example, a time line showing 1,000 years might be divided into ten 100-year sections. Each event on a time line appears beside the date when the event took place.

This feature can be found on page 63 of your textbook.Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.


Learning the Skill

To read a time line, follow these steps:

• Find the dates on the opposite ends of the time line to know the time span. Also note the intervals between dates on the time line.

• Study the order of events.

• Analyze relationships among events or look for trends.

Reading a Time Line

Practicing the Skill

Analyze the time line of Magellan’s voyage below. Use it to answer the questions that follow.


Reading a Time Line


This feature can be found on page 63 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

1. What time span is represented?

The span from 1480 to the 1520s is represented.

2. How many years do each of the sections represent?

Each section represents 10 years.

Reading a Time Line


This feature can be found on page 63 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

3. Did Magellan’s voyage to the Spice Islands occur before or after his voyage to the Philippines?

His voyage to the Spice Islands occurred before his voyage to the Philippines.

4. How long did Magellan’s voyage around the world take?

Magellan’s voyage around the world took 3 years.

Reading a Time Line

Exploring the Americas

After viewing “Exploring the Americas,” you should:

• Know that St. Augustine, Florida, was the first permanent settlement in America.

• Understand that the Spanish and French fought for ownership of the land.

• Recognize that Native American inhabitants were either enslaved or killed.

Objectives

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click in the window above to view a preview of The American Republic to 1877 video.

Discussion Question

Why was Spain interested in Florida?


The Spanish thought they would find riches in Florida, and they wanted to use Florida’s Gulf Stream waters as treasure lanes–the routes their ships would take on their way back home.


Discussion Question

What skills did the Indians teach the settlers?


The Indians taught the settlers how to hunt, make fire with moss, grow new crops such as corn, and make food from their crops.



They both have Paradise at the top, Asia below Paradise, Europe to the left, Africa to the right, and they both include the Mediterranean Sea.


Native Americans and African Americans

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