Glass jetons from Sicily : new find evidence from the excavations at Monte Iato / Christian Weiss

8/20/2019 Glass jetons from Sicily : new find evidence from the excavations at Monte Iato / Christian Weiss

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE

XIVth INTERNATIONAL NUMISMATIC CONGRESS

GLASGOW 2009

Edited by

Nicholas Holmes

GLASGOW 2011


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All rights reserved byThe International Numismatic Council

ISBN 978-1-907427-17-6

Distributed by Spink & Son Ltd, 69 Southampton Row, London WC1B 4ET

Printed and bound in Malta by Gutenberg Press Ltd.

International Numismatic Council

British Academy


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PROCEEDINGS OF THE

XIV th INTERNATIONAL NUMISMATIC CONGRESS

GLASGOW 2009

II


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PrefaceEditor’s note

Inaugural lecture

‘A foreigner’s view of the coinage of Scotland’, by Nicholas MAYHEW

Antiquity: Greek

I Delfini (distribuzione, associazioni, valenza simbolica), by Pasquale APOLITO

Lessons from a (bronze) die study, by Donald T. ARIEL

Le monete incuse a leggenda Pal-Mol : una verifica della documentazione

disponibile, by Marta BARBATO

Up-to-date survey of the silver coinage of the Nabatean king Aretas IV, by RachelBARKAY

Remarks on monetary circulation in the chora of Olbia Pontica – the case ofKoshary, by Jarosław BODZEK

The ‘colts’ of Corinth revisited: a note on Corinthian drachms from Ravel’sPeriod V, by Lee L. BRICE

Not only art! The period of the ‘signing masters’ and ‘historical iconography’,by Maria CACCAMO CALTABIANO

Les monnaies pr éromaines de BB’T-BAB(B)A de Mauretanie, by LaurentCALLEGARIN & Abdelaziz EL KHAYARI

Mode iconografiche e determinazioni delle cronologie nell’occidente ellenistico,by Benedetto CARROCCIO

La phase postarcha ï que du monnayage de Massalia, by Jean-AlbertCHEVILLON

A new thesis for Siglos and Dareikos, by Nicolas A. CORFÙ

Heroic cults in northern Sicily between numismatics and archaeology, byAntonio CRISÀ

La politica estera tolemaica e l’area del Mar Nero: l’iconografia numismaticacome fonte storica, by Angela D’ARRIGO

1819

23

35

42

48

52

58

67

73

81

89

97

105

114

123

CONTENTS


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CONTENTS2

New light on the Larnaca hoard IGCH 1272, by Anne DESTROOPER-GEORGIADES

The coinage of the Scythian kings in the West Pontic area: iconography, by Dimitar DRAGANOV

The ‘royal archer’ and Apollo in the East: Greco-Persian iconography in theSeleukid Empire, by Kyle ERICKSON & Nicholas L. WRIGHT

ὖ ὰ ῖ ῖ . Retour sur les critères quidéfinissent habituellement les ‘imitations’ Athéniennes, by Chr. FLAMENT

On the gold coinage of ancient Chersonese (46-133 AD), by N.A. FROLOVA

Propaganda on coins of Ptolemaic queens, by Agnieszka FULIŃSKA

Osservazioni sui rinvenimenti di monete dagli scavi archeologici dell’anticaCaulonia, by Giorgia GARGANO

La circulation monétaire à Argos d’apr ès les monnaies de fouille de l’ÉFA(École française d’Athènes), by Catherine GRANDJEAN

Silver denominations and standards of the Bosporan cities, by JeanHOURMOUZIADIS

Seleucid ‘eagles’ from Tyre and Sidon: preliminary results of a die-study, byPanagiotis P. IOSSIF

Archaic Greek coins east of the Tigris: evidence for circulation?, by J. KAGAN

Parion history from coins, by Vedat KELEŞ

Regional mythology: the meanings of satyrs on Greek coins, by Ann-MarieKNOBLAUCH

The chronology of the Hellenistic coins of Thessaloniki, Pella and Amphipolis,by Theodoros KOUREMPANAS

The coinage of Chios during the Hellenistic and early Roman periods, by Constantine LAGOS

Évidence numismatique de l’existence d’Antioche en Troade, by Dincer SavasLENGER

131

140

163

170

178

184

189

199

203

213

230

237

246

251

259

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CONTENTS 3

Hallazgo de un conjunto monetal de Gadir en la necr ó polis Feno-Púnica delos cuarteles de Varela, Cádiz, España, by Urbano LÓPEZ RUIZ & Ana Mar í aRUIZ TINOCO

Gold and silver weight standards in fourth-century Cyprus: a resume, by Evangeline MARKOU

Göttliche Herrscherin – herrschende Göttin? Frauenbildnisse auf hellenistischenMünzen, by Katharina MARTIN

Melkart-Herakles y sus distintas advocaciones en la Bética costera, by ElenaMORENO PULIDO

Some remarks concerning the gold coins with the legend ‘ΚΟΣΩΝ’, by LucianMUNTEANU

‘Une monnaie grecque inédite: un triobole d’Argos en Argolide’, by EleniPAPAEFTHYMIOU

The coinage of the Paeonian kings Leon and Dropion, by Eftimija PAVLOVSKA

Le tr ésor des monnaies perses d’or trouvé à Argamum / Orgamé (Jurilovca, dép.de Tulcea, Roumanie), by E. PETAC, G. TALMAŢCHI & V. IONIŢĂ

The imitations of late Thasian tetradrachms: chronology, classification anddating, by Ilya S. PROKOPOV

Moneta e discorso politico: emissioni monetarie in Cirenaica tra il 321 e il 258a.C., by Daniela Bessa PUCCINI

Tesoros sertorianos en España: problemas y nuevas perspectivas, by IsabelRODRÍGUEZ CASANOVA

‘Ninfa’ eponima grande dea? Caratteri e funzioni delle personificazioni cittadine,by Grazia SALAMONE

The coin finds from Hellenistic and Roman Berytas (fourth century BC – thirdcentury AD, by Ziad SAWAYA

Monetazione incusa magnogreca: destinazione e funzioni, by Rosa SCAVINO

Uso della moneta presso gli indigeni della Sicilia centro-meridionale, by LaviniaSOLE

La moneta di Sibari: struttura e metrologia, by Emanuela SPAGNOLI

269

280

285

293

304

310

319

331

337

350

357

365

376

382

393

405


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CONTENTS4

Le stephanophoroi prima delle stephanophoroi, by Marianna SPINELLI

Weight adjustment al marco in antiquity, and the Athenian decadrachm, by CliveSTANNARD

The Magnesian hoard: a preliminary report, by Oğuz TEKIN

Zur Datierung und Deutung der Beizeichen auf Stateren von Górtyn, by Burkhard TRAEGER

Aspetti della circolazione monetaria in area basso adriatica, by AdrianaTRAVAGLINI & Valeria Giulia CAMILLERI

La polisemia di Apollo attraverso il documento monetale, by Maria DanielaTRIFIRÒ

Thraco-Macedonian coins: the evidence from the hoards, by Alexandros R.A.TZAMALIS

The pattern of findspots of coins of Damastion: a clue to its location, by Dubravka UJES MORGAN

The civic bronze coins of the Eleans: some preliminary remarks, by FranckWOJAN

The hoard of Cyzicenes from the settlement of Patraeus (Taman peninsula), by E.V. ZAKHAROV

Antiquity: Roman

The coinage of Diva Faustina I, by Martin BECKMANN

Coin finds from the Dutch province of North-Holland (Noord-Holland).Chronological and geographical distribution and function of Roman coins fromthe Dutch part of Barbaricum, by Paul BELIËN

The key to the Varus defeat: the Roman coin finds from Kalkriese, by FrankBERGER

Monetary circulation in the Bosporan Kingdom in the Roman period c. first -fourth century AD, by Line BJERG

The Roman coin hoards of the second century AD found on the territory of present-day Serbia: the reasons for their burial, by Bojana BORIĆ-BREŠKOVIĆ

417

427

436

441

447

461

473

487

497

500

509

514

527

533

538


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CONTENTS 5

Die Münzpr ägung des Thessalischen Bundes von Marcus Aurelius bis Gallienus(161-268 n. Chr.), by Friedrich BURRER

The denarius in the first century, by K. BUTCHER & M. PONTING

Coinage and coin circulation in Nicopolis of Epirus: a preliminary report, by Dario CALOMINO

La piazza porticata di Egnazia: la documentazione numismatica, by RaffaellaCASSANO, Adriana TRAVAGLINI & Alessandro CRISPINO

Dallo scavo al museo: un ripostiglio monetale di età antonina del IV municipiodi Roma (Italia), by Francesca CECI

I rinvenimenti dal Tevere: la monetazione della Diva Faustina, by AlessiaCHIAPPINI

Analytical evidence for the organization of the Alexandrian mint during theTetrarchy (III-IV centuries AD), by J.M.COMPANA, L. LEÓN-REINA, F.J.FORTES, L.M. CABALÍN, J.J. LASERNA, & M.A.G. ARANDA

L’Oriente Ligoriano: fonti, luoghi, mirabilia, by Arianna D’OTTONE

Le emissioni isiache: quale rapporto con il navigium Isidis?, by Sabrina DEPACE

A centre of aes rude production in southern Etruria : La Castellina

(Civitavecchia, Roma), by Almudena DOMÍNGUEZ-ARRANZ & Jean GRAN-AYMERICH

Perseus and Andromeda in Alexandria: explaining the popularity of the myth inthe culture of the Roman Empire, by Melissa Barden DOWLING

Les fractions du nummus frappées à Rome et à Ostie sous le r ègne de Maxence(306-312 ap. J.C.), by V. DROST

Monuments on the move: architectural coin types and audience targeting in theFlavian and Trajanic periods, by Nathan T. ELKINS

‘The restoration of memory: Minucius and his monument’ by Jane DeRoseEVANS

La circulation monétaire à Lyon de la fondation de la colonie à la mort deSeptime Sévère (43 av. – 211 apr. J.C.): premiers résultats, by Jonas FLUCK

545

557

569

576

580

592

595

605

613

621

629

635

645

657

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CONTENTS6

Le monnayage en orichalque romain: apport des expérimentations auxétudes numismatiques, by Arwen GAFFIERO, Arnaud SUSPÈNE, FlorianTÉREYGEOL & Bernard GRATUZE

New coins of pre- and denarial system minted outside Italy, by Paz GARCÍA-BELLIDO

Les bronzes d’Octave à la proue et à la tête de bélier (RPC 533) attribués àToulouse-Tolosa: nouvelles découvertes, by Vincent GENEVIÈVE

Crustumerium, Cisterna Grande (Rome, Italy): textile traces from a Romancoins hoard, by Maria Rita GIULIANI, Ida Anna RAPINESI, Francesco DIGENNARO, Daniela FERRO, Heli ARIMA, Ulla RAJANA & Francesca CECI

Deux médaillons d’Antonin le Pieux du territoire de Pautalia (Thrace), by Valentina GRIGOROVA-GENCHEVA

Mars and Venus on Roman imperial coinage in the time of Marcus Aurelius:iconological considerations with special reference to the emperor’scorrespondence with Marcus Cornelius Fronto, by Jürgen HAMER

The silver coins of Aegeae in the light of Hadrian’s eastern silver coinages, by F.HAYMANN

The coin-images of the later soldier-emperors and the creation of a Romanempire of late antiquity, by Ragnar HEDLUND

Coinage and currency in ancient Pompeii, by Richard HOBBS

Imitations in gold, by Helle W. HORSNÆS

Un geste de Caracalla sur une monnaie frappée à Pergame, by Antony HOSTEIN

New data on monetary circulation in northern Illyricum in the fifth century, by Vujadin IVANIŠEVIĆ & Sonja STAMENKOVIĆ

Die augusteischen Münzmeisterpr ägungen: IIIviri monetales im Spannungsfeldzwischen Republik und Kaiserzeit, by Alexa KÜTER

Imperial representation during the reign of Valentinian III, by Aládar KUUN

The Nome coins: some remarks on the state of research, by Katarzyna LACH

Le monnayage de Brutus et Cassius a pr ès la mort de César, by RaphaëlleLAIGNOUX

668

676

686

696

709

715

720

726

732

742

749

757

765

772

780

785


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CONTENTS 7

L’ultima emissione di Cesare Ottaviano: alcune considerazioni sulle recenti proposte cronologiche, by Fabiana LANNA

Claudius’s issue of silver drachmas in Alexandria: Serapis Anastole, by BarbaraLICHOCKA

La chronologie des émissions monétaires de Claude II: ateliers de Milan etSiscia, by Jérôme MAIRAT

La circulation monétaire à Strasbourg (France) et sur le Rhin supérieur aupremier siècle après J.-C., by Stéphane MARTIN

The double solidus of Magnentius, by Alenka MIŠKEC

A hoard of bronze coins of the third century BC found at Pratica di Mare(Rome), by Maria Cristina MOLINARI

Un conjunto de plomos monetiformes de procendencia hispana de la colecciónantigua del Museo Arqueológico Nacional (Madrid), by Bartolomé MORASERRANO

Monete e ritualitá funeraria in epoca romana imperiale: il sepolcreto dei Fadieni (Ferrara – Italia), by Anna Lina MORELLI

Il database Monete al femminile, by Anna Lina MORELLI & Erica FILIPPINI

La trouvaille monétaire de Bex-Sous-Vent (VD, Suisse): une nouvelle analyse,

by Yves MUHLEMANN

Die Sammlung von Lokalmythen griechischer Städte des Ostens: ein Projekt derKommission f ür alte Geschichte und Epigraphik, by Johannes NOLLÉ

Plomos monetiformes con leyenda ibérica Baitolo, hallados en la ciudad romanade Baetulo (Hispania Tarraconensis), by Pepita PADRÓS MARTÍ, DanielVÁZQUEZ & Francesc ANTEQUERA

I denari serrati della repubblica romana: alcune considerazioni, by AndreaPANCOTTI & Patrizia CALABRIA

Monetary circulation in late antique Rome: a fifth-century context coming fromthe N.E. slope of the Palatine Hill. A preliminary report, by Giacomo PARDINI

Securitas e suoi attributi: lo sviluppo di una iconografia, by Rossella PERA

Could the unof ficial mint called ‘Atelier II’ be identified with the of ficinae ofChâteaubleau (France)?, by Fabien PILON

794

800

809

816

822

828

839

846

856

864

872

878

888

893

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CONTENTS8

Coin finds from Elaiussa Sebaste (Cilicia Tracheia), by Annalisa POLOSA

El poblamiento romano en el área del Mar Menor (Ager Carthaginensis): unaaproximación a partir de los recientes hallazgos numismáticos, by AlfredoPORRÚA MARTÍNEZ & Elvira NAVARRO SANTA-CRUZ

The presence of local deities on Roman Palestinian coins: reflections oncultural and religious interaction between Romans and local elites, by VagnerCarvalheiro PORTO

The male couple: iconography and semantics, by Mariangela PUGLISI

Countermarks on the Republican and Augustan brass coins in the south-easternAlps, by Andrej RANT

A stone thesaurus with a votive coin deposit found in the sanctuary of Campo

della Fiera, Orvieto (Volsinii), by Samuele RANUCCI

L’image du pouvoir impériale de Trajan et son évolution idéologique: étude desfrappes monétaires aux types d’Hercule, Jupiter et Soleil, by Laurent RICCARDI

The inflow of Roman coins to the east-of-the-Vistula Mazovia ( Mazowsze) andPodlachia ( Podlasie), by Andrzej ROMANOWSKI

Numismatics and archaeology in Rome: the finds from the Basilica Hilariana,by Alessia ROVELLI

Communicating a consecratio: the deification coinage of Faustina I, by ClareROWAN

An alleged hoard of third-century Alexandrian tetradrachms, by Adriano SAVIO& Alessandro CAVAGNA

Some notes on religious embodiments in the coinage of Roman Syria andMesopotamia, by Philipp SCHWINGHAMMER

Roman provincial coins in the money circulation of the south-eastern Alpinearea and western Pannonia, by Andrej ŠEMROV

Recenti rinvenimenti dal Tevere (1): introduzione, by Patrizia SERAFIN

Recenti rinvenimenti dal Tevere (2): la moneta di Vespasiano tra tradizione edinnovazione, by Alessandra SERRA

A hoard of denarii and early Roman Messene, by Kleanthis SIDIROPOULOS

911

916

926

933

941

954

964

973

983

991

999

1004

1013

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CONTENTS 9

La ‘corona radiata’ sui ritratti dei bronzi imperiali alessandrini, by GiovanniMaria STAFFIERI

The iconography of two groups of struck lead from Central Italy and Baetica inthe second and first centuries BC, by Clive STANNARD

Monete della zecca di Frentrum, Larinum e Pallanum, by Napoleone STELLUTI

Personalized victory on coins: the Year of the Four Emperors – Greek imperialissues, by Yannis STOYAS

Les monnaies d’or d’Auguste: l’apport des analyses élémentaires et le problèmede l’atelier de N î mes, by Arnaud SUSPÈNE, Maryse BLET-LEMARQUAND &Michel AMANDRY

The popularity of the enthroned type of Asclepius on Peloponnesian coins of

imperial times, by Christina TSAGKALIA

Gold and silver first tetrarchic issues from the mint of Alexandria, by D. ScottVANHORN

Note sulla circolazione monetaria in Etruria meridionale nel III secolo a.C., byDaniela WILLIAMS

Roman coins from the western part of West Balt territory, by Anna ZAPOLSKA

Antiquity: Celtic

La moneda ibérica del nordeste de la Hispania Citerior : consideraciones sobresu cronologí a y función, by Marta CAMPO

Les bronzes à la gueule de loup du Berry: essai de typochronologie, by PhilippeCHARNOTET

Les imitations de l’obole de Marseille de LTD1/LTD2A (IIe s. / Ier s. av. J.C.)entre les massifs des Alpes et du Jura, by Anne GEISER

Le monnayage à la légende TOGIRIX: une nouvelle approche, by Anne GEISER& Julia GENECHESI

Trading with silver bullion during the third century BC: the hoard of Armuña deTajuña, by Manuel GOZALBES, Gonzalo CORES & Pere Pau RIPOLLÈS

Données expérimentales sur la fabrication de quinaires gaulois fourrés, by Katherine GRUEL, Dominique LACOSTE, Carole FRARESSO, MichelPERNOT & François ALLIER

1037

1045

1056

1067

1073

1082

1092

1103

1115

1135

1142

1148

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CONTENTS10

Pre-Roman coins from Sotin, by Mato ILKIĆ

Les monnaies gauloises trouvées à Paris, by Sté phane MARTIN

Die keltischen Münzen vom Oberleiserberg (Nieder österreich), by Jiři MILITKÝ

New coin finds from the two late Iron Age settlements of Altenburg (Germany)and Rheinau (Switzerland) – a military coin series on the German-Swiss border?,by Michael NICK

Le dépôt monétaire gaulois de Laniscat (Côtes-d’Armor): 547 monnaies de bastitre. Étude préliminaire, by Sylvia NIETO-PELLETIER, Bernard GRATUZE &Gérard AUBIN

Antiquity: general

La moneda en el mundo funerario-ritual de Gadir-Gades, by A. AR ÉVALOGONZÁLEZ

Neues Licht auf eine alte Frage? Die Verwandschaft von Münzen und Gemmen,by Angela BERTHOLD

Tipi del cane e del lupo sulle monete del Mediterraneo antico, by AlessandraBOTTARI

Not all these things are easy to read, much less to understand: new approaches toreading images on ancient coins, by Geraldine CHIMIRRI-RUSSELL

The collection of ancient coins in the Ossoliński National Institute in Lvov(1828-1944), by Adam DEGLER

Preliminary notes on Phoenician and Punic coins kept in the Pushkin Museum,by S. KOVALENKO & L.I. MANFREDI

Greek coins from the National Historical Museum of Rio de Janeiro: SNG project, by Marici Martins MAGALHÃES

La catalogazione delle emissioni di Commodo nel Codice Ligoriano, by RosaMaria NICOLAI

The sacred life of coins: cult fees, sacred law and numismatic evidence, by Isabelle A. PAFFORD

Anton Prokesch-Osten and the Greek coins of the coin collection at theUniversalmuseum Joanneum in Graz, Austria, by Karl PEITLER

1182

1191

1198

1207

1218

1231

1240

1247

1254

1261

1266

1278

1292

1303

1310


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CONTENTS 11

Monete ed anelli: cronologia, tipologie, fruitori, by Claudia PERASSI

Il volume 21 delle Antichit á Romane di Pirro Ligorio ‘Libri delle Medaglie daCesare a Marco Aurelio Commodo’ , by Patrizia SERAFIN

Greek and Roman coins in the collection of the Çorum Museum, by D. ÖzlemYALCIN

Mediaeval and modern western (mediaeval)

The exchanges in the city of London, 1344-1358, by Martin ALLEN

Fribourg en Nuithonie: faciès monétaire d’une petite ville au centre de l’Europe,by Anne-Francine AUBERSON

Die Pegauer Brakteatenpr ägung Abt Siegfrieds von Rekkin (1185-1223):

Kriterien zu deren chronologischer Einordnung, by Jan-Erik BECKER

Die recutting in the eleventh-century Polish coinage, by Mateusz BOGUCKI

Le retour à l’or au treizième siècle: le cas de Montpellier (...1244-1246...), by Marc BOMPAIRE & Pierre-Joan BERNARD

Le monete a leggenda ΠAN e le emissioni arabo-bizantine. I dati dello scavo diAntinoupolis / El Sheikh Abada, by Daniele CASTRIZIO

Scavi di Privernum e Fossanova (Latina, Italia): monete tardoantiche,

medioevale e moderne, by Francesca CECI & Margherita CANCELLIERI

La aportación de los hallazgos monetarios a ‘la crisis del siglo XIV’ en Cataluña,by Maria CLUA I MERCADAL

Norwegian bracteates during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, by Linn EIKJE

Donative pennies in Viking-age Scandinavia?, by Fr édéric ELFVER

Carolingian capitularies as a source for the monetary history of the Frankishempire, by Hubert EMMERIG

Ulf Candidatus, by G. EMSØY

Münzen des Moskauer Grossf ürstentums. Das Geld von Dmitrij IvanowitschDonskoj (1359-1389) (ü ber die Ver öffentlichung der ersten Ausgabe des ‘Korpusder russischen Münzen des 14-15. Jhs.’), by P. GAIDUKOV & I. GRISHIN

1323

1334

1344

1355

1360

1372

1382

1392

1401

1408

1411

1418

1426

1431

1436

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CONTENTS12

Brakteatenpr ägungen in Mähren in der zweiten Hälfte des dreizehntenJahrhunderts, by Dagmar GROSSMANNOVÁ Monetisation in medieval Scandinavia, by Svein H. GULLBEKK

A mancus apparently marked on behalf of King Offa: genuine or fake?, by Wolfgang HAHN

Among farmers and city people: coin use in early medieval Denmark, c. 1000-1250, by Gitte Tarnow INGVARDSON

Was pseudo-Byzantine coinage primarily of municipal origin?, by CharlieKARUKSTIS

Interpreting single finds in medieval England – the secondary lives of coins, byRichard KELLEHER

Byzantine coins from the area of Belarus, by Krystyna LAVYSH & MarcinWOŁOSZYN

Die fr üheste Darstellung des Richters auf einer mittelalterlicher Münze?, by IvarLEIMUS

Coinage and money in the ‘years of insecurity’: the case of late ByzantineChalkidiki (thirteenth - fourteenth century), by Vangelis MALADAKIS

Nota sulla circolazione monetaria tardoantica nel Lazio meridionale: i reperti di

S. Ilario ad bivium, by Flavia MARANI

The money of the First Crusade: the evidence of a new parcel and itsimplications, by Michael MATZKE

Ü berlegungen zum ‘Habsburger Urbar’ als Quelle f ür Währungsgeschichte, by Samuel NUSSBAUM

Schilling Kennisbergisch slages of Grand Master Louis of Ehrlichshausen, by Borys PASZKIEWICZ

Un diner de Jaime I el conquistador en el Mar Menor: evidencias de presenciaaragonesa en el Campo de Cartagena durante la Baja Edad Media, by Alfredo PORRÚA MARTÍNEZ & Alfonso ROBLES FERNÁNDEZ

L’atelier de faux-monnayeur de Rovray (VD, Suisse), by Carine RAEMYTOURNELLE

1452

1458

1464

1470

1477

1492

1500

1509

1517

1535

1542

1552

1557

1564

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CONTENTS 13

La ubicación de las casas de moneda en le Europa medieval. El caso del reino deLeón, by Antonio ROMA VALDÉS

New perspectives on Norwegian Viking-age hoards c. 1000: the Bore hoardrevisited, by Elina SCREEN

The discovery of a hoard of coins dated to the fifth and sixth centuries inKlapavice in the hinterland of ancient Salona, by Tomislav ŠEPAROVIĆ

A model for the analysis of coins lost in Norwegian churches, by Christian J.SIMENSEN

A clippe from Femern, by Jørgen SØMOD

The convergence of coinages in the late medieval Low Countries, by PeterSPUFFORD

A perplexing hoard of Lusignan coins from Polis, Cyprus, by Alan M. STAHL,Gerald POIRIER & Nan YAO

OTTO / ODDO and ADELHEIDA / ATHALHET - onomatological aspectsof German coin types of the tenth and eleventh centuries, by SebastianSTEINBACH

Bulles de plomb et les monnaies en Pologne au XIIe siècle, by StanislawSUCHODOLSKI

Palaeologian coin findings of Kusadasi, Kadikalesi/Anaia and their reflections.by Ceren ÜNAL

The hoard of Tetí n (Czech Republic) in the light of currency conditions inthirteenth-century Bohemia, by Roman ZAORAL & Jiři MILITKÝ

The circulation of foreign coins in Poland in the fifteenth century, by MichalZAWADZKI

Mediaeval and modern Western (modern)

Die neuzeitliche Münzstätte im Schloss Haldenstein bei Chur Gr, Schweiz, by Rahel C. ACKERMANN

The money box system for savings in Amsterdam, 1907-1935, by G.N. BORST

Four ducats coins of Franz Joseph I (1848-1916) of Austria: their use in jewellery and some hitherto unpublished imitations, by Aleksandar N. BRZIC

1580

1591

1597

1605

1614

1620

1625

1633

1640

1649

1664

1671

1679

1687

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CONTENTS14

A king as Hercules in the modern Polish coinage, by Witold GARBAZCEWSKI

The monetary areas in Piedmont during the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries: astarting point for new investigations, by Luca GIANAZZA

Coin hoards in the United States, by John M. KLEEBERG

The transfer of minting techniques to Denmark in the nineteenth century, by Michael MÄRCHER

Patrimonio Numismático Iberoamericano: un proyecto del Museo Arqueológico Nacional, by Carmen MARCOS ALONSO & Paloma OTERO MORÁN

Moneda local durante la guerra civil española: billete emitido por elayuntamiento de San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, by Federico MARTÍNEZPASTOR & Alfredo PORRÚA MARTÍNEZ

Coins and monetary circulation in the Legnica-Brzeg duchy: rudimentary problems, by Robert PIE ŃKOWSKI

Representaciones del café en el acervo de numismática del Museu Paulista -USP , by Angela Maria Gianeze RIBEIRO

Freiburg im Üechtland und die Münzreformen der französischen K önige (1689-1726), by Nicole SCHACHER

La aparición de la marca de valor en la moneda valenciana, ¿1618 o 1640? Una

nueva hipótesis de trabajo, by Juan Antonio SENDRA IBÁÑEZ

Devotion and coin-relics in early modern Italy, by Lucia TRAVAINI

The political context of the origin and the exportation of thaler-coins fromJáchymov (Joachimsthal) in the first half of the sixteenth century, by PetrVOREL

The late sixteenth-century Russian forged kopecks, which were ascribed to theEnglish Muscovy Company, by Serguei ZVEREV

Oriental and African coinages

The meaning of the character寳 bao in the legends of Chinese cash coins, by Vladimir A. BELYAEV & Sergey V. SIDOROVICH

Three unpublished Indo-Sasanian coin hoards, Government Museum, Mathura,by Pratipal BHATIA

1704

1713

1719

1725

1734

1744

1748

1752

1758

1765

1774

1778

1783

1789

1796


19/30

CONTENTS 15

Oriental coins in the Capitoline Museums (Rome): further researches onStanzani Collection history, by Arianna D’OTTONE

The king, the princes and the Raj, by Sanjay GARG

The first evidence of a mint at Miknāsa: two unpublished Almoravid coins, adirham and a dinar, of the year 494H/1100, by Tawfiq IBRAHIM

L’âge d’or de la numismatique en Chine: l’exemple du Catalogue des Monnaies Anciennes de Li Zuoxian, by Lyce JANKOWSKI

Numismatic research in Japan today: coins, paper monies and patterns of usage.Paper money in early modern Japan: economic and folkloristic aspects, by Keiichiro KATO

The gold reform of Ghazan Khan, by Judith KOLBAS

A study of medieval Chinese coins from Karur and Madurai in Tamil Nadu, by KRISHNAMURTHY RAMASUBBAIYER

Latest contributions to the numismatic history of Central Asia (late eighteenth –nineteenth century), by Vladimir NASTICH

Silver fragments of unique Būyid and Ḥamdānid coins and their role in the Kelč hoard (Czech Republic), by Vlastimil NOVÁK

Numismatic evidence for the location of Saray, the capital of the Golden Horde,

by A.V. PACHKALOV

Le regard des voyageurs sur les monnaies africaines du XVI e au XIXe siècles, by Josette RIVALLAIN

Les imitations des dirhems carrés almohades: apport des analyses élémentaires,by A. TEBOULBI, M. BOMPAIRE & M. BLET-LEMARQUAND

À propos du monnayage de Kiến Phúc (1883-1884), by François THIERRY

Glass jetons from Sicily: new find evidence from the excavations at Monte Iato,by Christian WEISS

Medals

Joseph Kowarzik (1860-1911): ein Medailleur der Jahrhundertwende, by Kathleen ADLER

1807

1813

1821

1826

1832

1841

1847

1852

1862

1869

1874

1884

1890

1897

1907


20/30

CONTENTS16

Numismatic memorials of breeding trotting horses (based on the collection ofthe numismatic department of the Hermitage), by L.I. DOBROVOLSKAYA

De retrato a arquetipo: anotaciones sobre la difusión de la efigie de Juan VIIIPaleólogo en la peninsula Ibérica, by Albert ESTRADA-RIUS

Titon du Tillet e le medaglie del Parnasse François, by Paola GIOVETTI

Bedrohung und Schutz der Erde: Positionen zur Umweltproblematik in derdeutschen Medaillenkunst der Gegenwart, by Rainer GRUND

The rediscovery of the oldest private medal collection of the Netherlands, by JanPELSDONK

Twentieth-century British campaign medals: a continuation of the nineteenthcentury?, by Phyllis STODDART and Keith SUGDEN

‘Shines with unblemished honour’: some thoughts on an early nineteenth-century medal, by Tuukka TALVIO

General numismatics

Dall’iconografia delle monete antiche all’ideologia della nazione future. Proiezioni della numismatica grecista di D’Annunzio sulla nuova monetazione

Sabauda, by Giuseppe ALONZO

Didaktisch-methodische Aspekte der Numismatik in der Schule, by Szymon

BERESKA

The Count of Caylus (1692-1765) and the study of ancient coins, by François deCALLATAŸ

Le monete di Lorenzo il Magnifico in un manoscritto di Angelo Poliziano, by Fiorenzo CATALLI

Coinage and mapping, by Thomas FAUCHER

Classicism and coin collections in Brazil, by Maria Beatriz BorbaFLORENZANO

A prosopography of the mint of ficials: the Eligivs database and its evolution, by Luca GIANAZZA

Elementary statistical methods in numismatic metrology, by DagmarGROSSMANNOVÁ & Jan T. STEFAN

1920

1931

1937

1945

1959

1965

1978

1985

1993

1999

2004

2012

2017

2022

2027


21/30

CONTENTS 17

Les collections numismatiques du Musée archéologique de Dijon (France), byJacques MEISSONNIER

Bank of Greece: the numismatic collections, by Eleni PAPAEFTHYMIOU

Foundation of the Hellenic World. A new private collection open to the public,by Eleni PAPAEFTHYMIOU

Re-discovering coins: publication of the numismatic collections in Bulgarianmuseums – a new project, by Evgeni PAUNOV, Ilya PROKOPOV & SvetoslavaFILIPOVA

„Census of Ancient Coins Known in the Renaissance“, by Ulrike PETER

Le sel a servi de moyen d’échange, by J.A. SCHOONHEYT

The international numismatic library situation and the foundation of theInternational Numismatic Libraries’ Network (INLN), by Ans TER WOERDS

The Golden Fleece in Britain, by R.H. THOMPSON

Das Museum August Kestner in Hannover: Neues aus der Münzsammlung, by Simone VOGT

From the electrum to the Euro: a journey into the history of coins. A multimedia presentation by the Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation, by Eleni ZAPITI

Highlights from the Museum of the George and Nefeli Giabra PieridesCollection, donated by Clio and Solon Triantafyllides: coins and artefacts, by Eleni ZAPITI & Evangeline MARKOU

Index of Contributors

2036

2044

2046

2047

2058

2072

2082

2089

2100

2102

2112

2118


22/30


23/30

1 Amari 1880-81, pp. 86f, 91f, 189, 262.

2 Balog 1975.

3 Balog 1971-73.

4 E.g. De Luca 1997, pp. 205-207; Isler 1992, pp. 115f.; Andronico

2003, p. 83; Spatafora 2003, p. 83; De Luca 2007, pp. 359-62.

5 There are indeed some towns particularly in the east of the island,

where Muslim communities resisted for a longer time against the Norman

troops. But it was still during the reign of al-Mustanṣir, when Sicily was

completely in Norman hands.

6 M 230 (2.01g), M 696 (2.44g), M 1755 (4.95g), M 1993 (5.47g), M

2472 (5.27g), M 3315 (5.26g), M 3317 (5.21g), M 3569 (2.38g).

7 M 3074 ( aẓ-Ẓāhir, fragmented), M 403 (al-Mustanṣir, 5.59g).8 Sicilian finds usually tend to be much more affected by glass corrosion

than the ones from excavations in Egypt.

GLASS JETONS FROM SICILY: NEW FIND EVIDENCE

FROM THE EXCAVATIONS AT MONTE IATO

CHRISTIAN WEISS

Introduction

Monte Iato lies in the hinterland of Palermo, about 30 km south of the capital of the island.

Archaeological excavations and written sources provide a large amount of information about the

site from prehistoric to medieval times: Iato - or Ğāṭū, as Arabian sources call it1 - was a town

on top of the mountain, perfectly secured as a natural fortress. This was surely the reason why it

served as a centre for Muslim rebels against Hohenstaufen authorities. In 1246 AD Frederick II

captured Iato after a long siege. The town was destroyed and the remaining Muslim population

was transferred to mainland Lucera. As it was forbidden to settle at Monte Iato thereafter, it turned

out to be a perfect place for long term excavations. So, although the main focus of the excavations

lies in documenting the classical period, it has become the largest medieval excavation project inSicily too.

Sicilian glass jetons

The Sicilian glass jetons can be seen as a distinct group of material within the glass jetons, as

at least the post-Fāṭimid ones were produced on the island itself. In 1975 an overview of the then

known Sicilian types was presented by Balog;2 shortly after his general corpus of Fāṭimid glass

jetons was released.3 Since then only a few new Sicilian finds have been published.4

The excavations at Monte Iato provided a large quantity of glass jetons from the Fāṭimid, but

mostly from the post-Fāṭimid period, i.e. from Norman and Hohenstaufen times. Up until 2008,

137 jetons or fragments of such had been found at the site of Monte Iato, of which only ten can bedated securely to the period when Sicily was under Fāṭimid, specifically under Kalbid rule. Eighty-

one jetons seem to date from post-Fāṭimid times, while the remaining 46 are illegible or at least

not attributable to a specific type.

Fāṭimid jetons

For the Fāṭimid period, which for Sicily lasted only until 1072, when the capital Palermo was

conquered by the Normans,5 there are no surprises at Monte Iato: most of the jetons – that is eight

out of ten – can be attributed to al-Ḥākim,6 while aẓ-Ẓāhir and al-Mustanṣir are represented by one

jeton each.7 This corresponds with Balog’s catalogue, where 35 out of 44 jetons are attributed to

the same caliph. Most of the types are well known from North Africa and may have been producedin Egypt, but a Sicilian workshop should also be taken into consideration, as some of the dies seem


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CHRISTIAN WEISS2

9 The only jeton that doesn’t fit well into the system is Balog 1975, p.

131, no. 1, with 3.6g, attributed by Balog to al- Az ī z (Balog 1975, p.131).

This specimen, MN Siracusa Inv. 17743, is exceptional for more than one

reason (form, legend, weight) and would merit a re-examination.

10 Balog 1975, p. 135, no. 18, and p. 136, no. 21. They belong to

different types and were probably both produced in Egypt. The first type

corresponds to the obverse of the following no. 19 (2.47g) and to Balog

1971-73, p. 225, no. 80 (three jetons: Balog 1 (2.85g), Balog 2 (2.65g)

and Launois 1969, no. 46 (1.81g)), most of them belonging to the dirham

weight standard. The jeton of the other type seems to be the only known

specimen of the type.

to be carved in a rather rough style compared with examples from Egypt belonging to the same

types. However, many of the published specimens from North Africa are not shown in plaster casts

but by photograph, which makes die analysis often dif ficult or almost impossible.

The weights of the not fragmented Fāṭimid specimens from Iato (Fig. 1, black columns) can be

divided into two groups. They correspond well with the double dirham and the dirham standard,

if we take glass corrosion into account.8 Including the weights from Balog’s catalogue (Fig. 1,

white columns), this weight attribution becomes clearer.9 Besides jetons of the dirham unit and its

double, Balog’s catalogue contains also a jeton with a weight of around 1 g that corresponds to the

quarter dinar. A heavier weight, represented in Balog’s catalogue by two specimens in the name of

al-Ḥākim, seem to belong to a different unit, maybe to the double mi ṯ qāl.10

Fig. 1.

post-Fāṭimid jetons

With 60% of the total, the majority of the glass jetons from Monte Iato are not attributable to

the Fāṭimid period. Besides an astonishing quantity of jetons in the name of al-Ḥāfiẓ (10 out of a

total of 81 jetons), they consist of various anonymous types, often with pious mottoes, sometimes

also just imitating Kufic script. There exist also anepigraphic types, the best known one showing

an eagle and dating to Hohenstaufen times. Concerning the post-Fāṭimid jetons, I will now con-

centrate on three types, which are among the most frequently encountered jetons at Monte Iato, butwhich have not yet had the attention they deserve.

When Balog made his corpus of Sicilian glass jetons in 1975, his list of Fāṭimid issues didn’t

end with al-Mustanṣir, although the Norman conquest of the island had been completed in 1092,


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GLASS JETONS FROM SICILY:

NEW FIND EVIDENCE FROM THE EXCAVATIONS AT MONTE IATO 3

11 Balog 1975, p. 129.

12 Balog was convinced that the jetons of al-Ḥāfiẓ were produced in

Egypt too. Nevertheless, he attributes his type no. 40 – which he believes

to be a counterfeit of a jeton of al-Ḥāfiz (Balog 1975, p. 129) – to Sicily.13 Balog 1975, pp. 138f., no. 30f. He also described a third type which he

thought to be a counterfeit that copies an unknown jeton of al-Ḥāfiẓ (Ibid.).14 Balog 1975, p. 138: MN Siracusa Inv. 43566 (4.05g), Monte Iato

M 404 (1.80g), Coll. D’Angelo no. 19 (1.74g). Arabic legend on three

horizontal lines: al-Imām / al-Ḥāfiẓ li-D ī n Allāh / am ī r al-mūmin ī n.15 Balog 1975, p. 136, no. 22: BC Palermo no. 19 (2.03g), MN Siracusa

Inv. 17742 (2.10g), MN Siracusa Inv. 6670 (no weight), Coll. Cardella no.

5 (2.03g).

16 M 365 (1.74g), M 548 (3.45g), M 878 (3.50g), M 2474 (1.43g), M

2725 (3.79g), M 3447 (fragmented).

17 M 3212 (fragmented).

18 M 1143 (fragmented), M 3651 (fragmented).

with its capital Palermo already captured in 1072. He also listed jetons of al-Āmir, al-Ḥāfiẓ and

one probably belonging to al-Āḍid. While the jetons of al-Āmir and al-Āḍid may have come

from Egyptian traveller merchants or the like,11 as each of those caliphs is represented only once

in the material, the ones bearing the name of al-Ḥāfiẓ can’t be explained in this way, as they are

too numerous and the types to which they belong are only known in Sicily.12 Balog mentioned

four specimens, belonging to two different types.13 One type, Balog’s no. 31, is known through

only one jeton, preserved in the collection of the Biblioteca Comunale di Palermo, unfortunately

without more detailed provenance.

For the other type, Balog’s no. 30, he listed three jetons (subtype A1): one from the National

Museum in Syracuse, one from the Monte Iato excavations and one from a private collection

in Palermo.14 There can be added four more jetons, as Balog’s no. 22, which he attributed to al-

Ḥākim,15 seems to belong as a subtype (A2) to the same type of al-Ḥāfiẓ too. In addition to these

seven jetons already known to Balog, we can add nine newer finds from Monte Iato, of which six

belong to subtype A1,16 one to subtype A2,17 and two to an unpublished subtype A3 with a charac-

teristic line of pearls in the middle.18

The weights of the Sicilian jetons in the name of al-Ḥāfiẓ differ clearly from those of the Sicil-

ian Fāṭimid period: they do not fit into the double dirham or dirham standards, but point to a weightof slightly above 2g and its double (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2.


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CHRISTIAN WEISS4

An anonymous type was known to Balog only as a single fragmented piece from Monte Iato.19

Since then, seven additional jetons of the same type, all of them unbroken, have been found at

Monte Iato.20 Another one, found in excavations at Agrigento, seems to be of the same type.21 The

legend baraka, in carefully carved Kufic script, doesn’t suggest any specific time or dynasty. The

archaeological contexts point to late Norman times, most probably to the last quarter of the twelfth

century AD.

In contrast to the jetons in the name of al-Ḥāfiẓ, the weights of this type fit well into the dirham

system, two being double dirham weights and six belonging to the dirham standard (Fig. 3).22

Fig. 3.

Another anonymous type has been found quite often at Monte Iato: Jakob Georg Christian

Adler, a German Priest and Orientalist, published this type for the first time in 1782 in his studies

of the oriental coins in Cardinal Stephano Borgia’s library. It seems that this publication wasn’t

known to Balog in 1975, when he mentioned the fragmented first find from Monte Iato of this

type.23 Now six additional jetons of the same type have been found at Monte Iato,24 and another

one in the year 2002 during excavations at Piazza Italia in Reggio Calabria. 25 Three more jetons

of the type can be found in collections in France, unfortunately all without provenance: two of

them in the Bibliothèque nationale de Paris,26 one in the Louvre.27 The legend in Nasḫi script is not

readable with certainty. Noujaim-Le Garrec suggests ‘rabbī All āh al-azziyah adl ’ , reorganizing

the words and adding missing glyphs.28 Either way, the legend doesn’t give us any hints about theissuing authority and thus remains anonymous. The archaeological contexts at Monte Iato lead to

19 Balog 1975, p. 142, no. 36 (M 297, fragmented).

20 M 863 (2.73g), M 1145 (2.67g), M 1423 (2.54g), M 1498 (5.60g), M

2723 (5.40g), M 2883 (2.17g), M 2984 (2.44g).

21 De Luca 2007, pp. 361f., no. 7 (Inv. 89.48, 2.42g ).22 The fragmented jeton, inv. M 297, used to be most probably a double

dirham weight, as the preserved part of it weighs 2.71g.

23 Balog 1975, p. 143f., no. 41 (M 334, fragmented).

24 M 437 (4.04g), M 523 (fragmented), M 879 (7.44g), M 1992

(fragmented), M 2726 (1.77g), M 3213 (1.91g)

25 Andronico 2003, p. 83, no. 217 and Plate 29.

26 Launois 1959, p. 42, no. 110f.

27 Noujaim-Le Garrec 2004, p. 213, no. 322 (as Mamlūk).

28 Ibid.


27/30



29 Balog 1971-72, pp. 188-95.

a dating in earliest Hohenstaufen times. The type has more than once been found together with

denari of Henry VI.

The weights fit into the same system as the Sicilian jetons in the name of al-Ḥāf iẓ. In addition

to the standard of slightly above 2g and its double of the al-Ḥāfiẓ-type, here we have to add another

weight of about 7.5g or heavier (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4.

Conclusion

In Fāṭimid times Sicilian glass jetons are strongly connected with Egyptian ones: they seem to

obey the same weight standards and belong to the same types that are known for Egyptian glass

jetons of this time. It may even be that they were made in Egypt and imported to the island.

During Norman times, an additional standard of slightly above 2g, and its double at least from

about the reign of Roger II, can be observed. It seems to correlate with the dinar and its half at first

glance, if we take strong glass corrosion into account. But then, some doubts remain: the weight for

quarter dinars, the only gold denomination in Sicily, is missing, and while half dinar weights have nev-

er been seen in Fāṭimid Egypt, they would be forming the largest group of weights in Sicily. Although

the new weight standard appears for the first time in Norman times, it can’t be attributed to a new Nor-

man coin weight standard because for western Sicily the standard remains the same until the reign of

William I. But new weights such as 10 ḫarr ū ba or 20 ḫarr

ū ba could be imaginable, as the ḫarr

ū ba has

been the only true silver (or billon) denomination since late Aghlabid times in western Sicily.

Another hypothesis would be that these types were not coin weights but market weights – for

example for spices – and therefore obeyed another, local weight standard. More find evidence and

further studies are certainly needed here.

An interpretation of glass jetons as fiduciary coins, as Balog suggested for the issues of al-

Ḥākim and the following caliphs,29 seems – at least for post-Fāṭimid Sicily – not very convincing.


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CHRISTIAN WEISS6

30 These (sub-)types in the name of al-Ḥāfiẓ seem all to be made in

Sicily. Two jetons of a similar subtype are known from the ANS collection,

but they have other ornaments in exergue (Balog 1973, p. 202, no. 400 (=

ANS Inv. 1917.216.4071 and Inv. 1911.27.64). Another similar subtype

is preserved in the British Museum (Lane-Poole no. 322 (= BM Inv. OR

3657) and two additional specimens of the same subtype), but the L ām-

Alif of ‘al-Imām’ differs much from the Sicilian ones, the spacing between

the characters and even the arrangement of the lines as well. As the

word ‘Allāh’ starts in the third line of the legend, they have to be seen as

examples of another, similar type (I would like to express my gratitude

to Miss Vesta Curtis, curator of oriental coins at the British Museum,

for supporting me with scans of jetons missing on Lane-Poole’s plates).

Besides this, the weights do not fit, as North African types of al-Ḥāfiẓ

follow the same weight as those bearing the protocol of earlier caliphs.

31 To explain the types as counterfeits (of glass coins) by the Muslim

inhabitants of Sicily, who wanted to underline their support for al-Ḥāfiẓ,

seems at first glance a possible explanation, as almost all of the written

sources that mention medieval Iato draw a picture of a Muslim stronghold,

rebelling against Christian authorities from the end of Muslim rule in the

1070s (Malaterra 3, 20) until 1246, when the remaining population of the

conquered city was transferred to mainland Lucera. But for the first half of

the 12th century AD there exist – as an exception to the rule – only mentions

of a well integrated Iato, being part of the royal demesne of Roger II, with

a prison cave for the personal enemies of the king (Idr ī s ī 7, 45) and serving

the Christian governor Georg of Antioch as a spring board into further

careers (Cusa 1868-82, pp. 515-17, no. 45).

32 There have been suggested other purposes like talismans and gaming

pieces too. But for such a function, it wouldn’t have been necessary to obey

any weight standards carefully at all.

33 Bates 1993, p. 540.

34 Lévy-Provençal 1947, p. 88 )French translation); Lévi-Provençal

1955, p. 40 (edition of the Arabic text).

35 The term am ī n is described likewise by Ibn A bdūn in the same treatise

(Lévy-Provençal 1947, p. 119).

36 One may ask if this ḥisba treatise has ever been more than a theoretical

text, as glass weights have never been found in Spanish excavations so far.

Ibn Abdūn may have been inspired by the situation in the Maghreb, where

he was raised.

37 Balog mentioned a rate of 30% (Balog 1971-72, pp. 194f.), and even

if Novák reduced this to 18% for his own research (Novák 2006, p. 31),

it’s still an astounding quantity. For Sicilian issues, Balog identified all the

jetons with imitational Kufic or Nasḫi as counterfeits (Balog 1975, p. 129).

But for almost all of them, not even an approximately similar of ficial issue

can be found, be it in Sicily or in Egypt.

Up to now, no known glass jeton can be recognized as an of ficial issue of Norman authorities. On

the other hand, it’s hard to believe that the Norman kings could have tolerated unof ficial issuing of

coins. But this would have been the case, as the post-Fātimid types were made in Sicily, for they

are not known from northern Africa.

Also, the issuing of glass jetons in the name of al-Ḥāfiẓ30 does not fit into that theory. Even

though Roger II cultivated good relations with al-Ḥāfiẓ, coins made in Sicily bearing the name of

the caliph couldn’t have been tolerated.31

Adding the fact that written sources only talk about glass weights, but never about glass coins,

I’m convinced that the glass jetons of Fāṭimid and post-Fāṭimid times from Monte Iato were used

as glass weights – be it coin weights only or market weights too.32

The lack of issues in the name of Norman rulers and the abundance of different anonymous

types could be explained by a decentralized manufacture, a phenomenon that has been observed

by Bates for Egypt for the time after 1230 AD as well.33 This would mean, that, with the decline

of Kalbid power in Sicily, the former products of a central Dār al-iyār (or assay of fice) – be it in

Egypt only or in Palermo too – were displaced by regionally or even locally manufactured glass

weights with anonymous legends. This would also fit with a ḥisba treatise for Sevilla, written by

Ibn Abdūn around 1100 AD, where it says that weights shall be made out of glass or iron and shall be marked on one side by the stamp of the am ī n.34 As ‘am ī n’ was used as a title for the head of

a trade guild in the Muslim west,35 this ḥisba passage may perhaps point to an emission of glass

weights by one, or more probably several, local workshops in Sicily too.36

This would also explain why so called ‘forgeries’ of glass weights,37 bearing illegible Pseudo-

Kufic ‘legends’, can be found in an astonishing variety and quantity, but without any similarity to

known originals. Instead of defining them as forgeries of as yet undiscovered of ficial issues, they

could simply be regarded as local imitations, nevertheless serving their purpose as commonly ac-

cepted weights.

If this hypothesis were right, a change in politics would have been made again in early Ho-

henstaufen times, when all the different denominations of glass weights showed the Hohenstaufen

eagle and seem to have been manufactured in a central Hohenstaufen workshop again.


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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Amari, M. (1880-81), Biblioteca Arabo-Sicula, 2 vols, Torino.

Andronico, E. (2003), ‘Vetri da Reggio Calabria, Bova e Lazzaro’, in: Coscarella, A. (ed.), Il vetroin Calabria, pp. 31-150.

Balog, P. (1971-72), ‘The Fatimid glass jeton’ (I), Annali dell’Istituto Italiano di Numismatica18-19, pp. 175-264.

Balog, P. (1973), ‘The Fatimid glass jeton’ (II), Annali dell’Istituto Italiano di Numismatica 20, pp. 121-212.

Balog, P. (1975), ‘Fatimid and post-Fatimid glass jetons from Sicily’, Studi Magrebini 7, pp. 125-48.

Bates, M. (1993), ‘How Egyptian glass coin weights were used’, Rivista Italiana di Numismaticae Scienze Af fini 95, pp. 539-545.

Cusa, S. (1868-82), I diplomi greci ed arabi di Sicilia, pubblicati nel testo originale, tradotti eillustrati, 2 vols.

D’Angelo, F. (1995), ‘Monete forestiere e gettoni di vetro in Sicilia’, in: Di Stefano, C.A. / Cadei,A. (eds.), Federico e la Sicilia dalla terra alla corona, vol. 1: archeologia e architettura, pp. 77-80.

D’Angelo, F. (2003), ‘Alcuni aspetti dei pesi monetali islamici in vetro’, in: Fontana, M.V. /Genito, B. (eds.), Studi in onore di Umberto Scerrato per il suo settantacinquesimo compleanno, pp. 225-30.

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PLATE I

Glass jetons from Sicily : new find evidence from the excavations at Monte Iato / Christian Weiss

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Transcript of Glass jetons from Sicily : new find evidence from the excavations at Monte Iato / Christian Weiss