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INDEX – GJRMI - Volume 5, Issue 5, May 2016

INDIGENOUS MEDICINE

Ayurveda – Kaya Chikitsa

PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL ASSAY OF GOMUTRA HARITAKI WITH

SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THREE DIFFERENT SAMSKARAS (KLINNA, SWEDANA AND

BHAVANA)

Shivam Joshi*, Mandip Goyal, Harisha CR, VJ Sukla 146–157

Ayurveda – Dravya Guna

A COMPARATIVE CLINICAL TRIAL TO ASSESS THE ADD ON EFFECT OF ASVAGANDHA

[WITHANIA SOMNIFERA (L.) DUNAL] IN MOTOR FUNCTIONS OF CHILDREN WITH MOTOR

DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS

Preethy AS*, Dinesh KS, R Remadevi 158–172

Ayurveda – Moulika Siddhanta – Review

CONCEPT OF NITYA SEVANIYA AAHARA DRAVYA

Saylee Deshmukh*, M K Vyas 173–182

Cover Page Photography: Dr. Hari Venkatesh K.R.

Plant ID: tender branch of Karamarda (Carissa carandas L.)* of the family

Apocynaceae; Place: Koppa, Chikkamagalur District, Karnataka, India

*Botanical Name validated from www.theplantlist.org as on 31/05/2016

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 5 | May 2016 | 146–157

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal

PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL ASSAY OF

GOMUTRA HARITAKI WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THREE

DIFFERENT SAMSKARAS (KLINNA, SWEDANA AND BHAVANA)

Shivam Joshi1*, Mandip Goyal

2, Harisha CR

3, VJ Sukla

4

1Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT & RA, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India

2Assistant professor, Department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT & RA, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India

3Head, Pharmacognosy laboratory, IPGT & RA, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India

4Head, Pharmaceutical chemistry, IPGT & RA, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India

*Corresponding Author: E-mail: ayuholistichealth@gmail.com; Mobile: +919427230432

Received: 14/03/2016; Revised: 08/05/2016; Accepted: 10/05/2016

ABSTRACT

Samskara is defined as Gunantaradhanam (transformation) of the Swabhavika Guna (inherent

attributes) of a substance which leads to the addition of new properties. The changes in finished

product because of Samskara can be perceived at pharmacognostical, phytochemical levels. Present

study was aimed to assess the role of Klinna (soaked), Swedana (boiled) and Bhavana (trituration)

Samskara on Gomutra Haritaki, on basis of Phyto-Pharmacognostical, HPTLC and UV-VIS-NIR

Reflectance (180–2500 nm) study. Total 3 samples were prepared of Haritaki with Gomutra viz.

Klinna Gomutra Haritaki (GH-2), Swedita Gomutra Haritaki (GH-3), Bhavita Gomutra Haritaki

(GH-4). All the samples showed changes at pharmacognostical, pharmaceutical, HPTLC

densitogram and UV-VIS-NIR Reflectance study level. Swedita Gomutra Haritaki (GH-3) had

highest variation in all study level. Powder microscopy of GH-3 showed presence of clumped

epicarp cells, squashed mesocarp cells (not clear), parenchyma cells with brown content with dark

cellular content and crystalline material etc. Phytochemical parameters showed pH of 7.0, loss on

drying value of 9.303% w/w, ash value 15.84% w/w, water soluble extract 57.2% w/w and alcohol

soluble extract 43.5% w/w. HPTLC showed eight peaks at 256 nm and 366 nm. In UV-VIS-NIR

reflectance also, GH-3 had higher variation and different profile from GH-2, GH-4. It indicates that

both Swedana Samskara and Gomutra as media had unique role in preparation of Gomutra Haritaki.

KEY WORDS: Bhavana, Gomutra Haritaki, Haritaki, HPTLC, Klinna, Pharmacognosy,

Phytochemical, Samskara, Swedana, UV-VIS-NIR

Research article

Cite this article: Shivam Joshi, Mandip Goyal, Harisha C R, VJ Sukla (2016), PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND

PHARMACEUTICAL ASSAY OF GOMUTRA HARITAKI WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THREE

DIFFERENT SAMSKARAS (KLINNA, SWEDANA AND BHAVANA),

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 5(5): 146–157

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 5 | May 2016 | 146–157

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

INTRODUCTION:

Paradi Gunas are a group of Guna which

are regarded as key to successful treatment

(Acharya Y.T. 2009). Among Paradi Gunas,

Samskara (transformation) and Samyoga

(combination) play important role in

pharmaceutics. Kalpanas (formulations) of

medicinal drugs as to ensemble the desired

condition of patient and disease can be

produced as and when required on the basis of

various Samyoga and Samskaras (Acharya

Y.T., 2009). Samskara is defined as

Gunantaradhanam (transformation) of the

Swabhavika Guna (inherent attributes) of a

substance which leads to the addition of new

properties. Various methods of Samskaras

(Acharya Y.T., 2009) are mentioned in

Ayurveda pharmaceutics such as

Toyasannikarsa (Dilution), Agnisannikarsa

(heat application), Saucha (cleaning),

Manthana (churning), Desha (storing in a

specific place), Kala (maturing), Vasana

(container or preservation), Bhavana

(impregnation) etc. Bhavana is one of the

important Samskara mentioned in classics

which is a wet trituration process frequently

used in Rasaushadhi Kalpana as well as

Kasthaaushadhi Kalpana. It has multi-

dimensional pharmaceutical and therapeutic

implications as stated in Charaka Samhita, this

preparation results in quicker and amplified

action with minimum dosage.

Haritaki (Terminalia chebula Retz.), one

among the most commonly used herbs, is

extensively used in preparation of Ayurveda

medicine either for preventive or curative

aspect. Gomutra Haritaki is a multidimensional

formulation among combined formulations of

Haritaki described in various contexts, In

Charaka Samhita, Gomutra Haritaki is referred

mainly in Kaphaja Shotha (odema having

Kapha dominance), Kaphaja Arsha

(Hemorrhoids having Kapha dominance) and

Kaphaja Pandu (Anemia having Kapha

dominance) (Acharya Y.T., 2009). In Sushruta

Samhita, it is used mainly in Sushka Arsha

Chikitsa (Acharya Y.T. 2012). Dalhana has

indicated that Gomutra Haritaki should be used

constipated bowel and diminished status of

Agni (Gadhavitaksya Mandagni). In

Ashtangahridaya, it is described in Kaphaja

Pandu, Kaphaja Shotha, Mukharoga (oral

cavity disorder) (Hari Sadasiva Sastri

Paradakara Bhisagacharya, 2014).

From above mentioned classical references,

it can classified that Gomutra Haritaki can be

prepared mainly with 3 Samskaras i.e.,

1. Gomutra Klinnita (saturated-soaked)

Haritaki

2. Gomutra Swedita (boiled) Haritaki

3. Gomutra Bhavita (triturated) Haritaki

Samskara Guna is of three types, Vega

(velocity), Bhavana (trituration) and

Sthitisthapakatva (capacity of a drug to

maintain its original form) (Dhundhiraj

Shashtri 2007). Swedana is Agni Sannikarsa

(processing with fire) while Bhavita and Klinna

is Niragni Sannikarsa Samskara (processing

without fire). Among the three Guna of

Samskara, it can be stated that Vega, Bhavana

and Sthitisthapakata is related with

pharmaceutical process of Swedana, Bhavita

and Klinna respectively.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Collection and Authentication of Raw Drugs

Haritaki (Terminalia chebula Retz.) was

collected from raw drug market, Jamnagar

(Gujarat). Pharmacognostical authentication of

drug was done in Pharmacognosy laboratory

attached with institute while Gomutra (cow

urine) was collected from Gaushala located in

Dared village (Di. Jamnagar).

Method of Preparation of 6 Samples

Total 6 samples of Haritaki were prepared

with different media i.e., [Jala (water),

Gomutra (cow urine) and Eranda Taila (castor

oil)] by different method of preparation i.e.,

(Samskara-Klinna, Swedana, Bhavana). The

details of method of preparation of these six

samples are;

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 5 | May 2016 | 146–157

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

1. GH-1: The fruits of Haritaki (without

seeds) was powdered.

2. GH-2: Haritaki (whole fruit) was soaked in

Gomutra for 24 hrs and then seeds were

removed from soaked Haritaki, dried and

powdered.

3. GH-3: Haritaki (whole fruit-1 part) was

boiled with cow urine until cow urine (2.5

part) evaporated. Seed was removed, pulp

was dried and powdered.

4. GH-4: Haritaki Churna was given Bhavana

of Gomutra for 6 hrs and Bhavita Gomutra

Haritaki was dried and powdered.

5. GH-5: Haritaki (whole fruit-1 part) was

boiled with mineral water until water (2.5

part) evaporated. Seeds were removed, pulp

was dried and powdered.

6. GH-6: Haritaki (without seeds) was roasted

in Eranda Taila and thereafter powder was

prepared.

All the samples were sieved through 80 mesh

and preserved in an air-tight glass vessel.

Though, all the six samples were analyzed

but for the present paper, the results of only

three samples viz. GH-2 (Klinna Samskarita

Gomutra Haritaki), GH-3 (Swedana

Samskarita Gomutra Haritaki) and GH-4

(Bhavana Samskarita Gomutra Haritaki) are

discussed. Samples were subjected to

pharmacognostical, pharmaceutical, HPTLC

and UV-VIS-NIR Reflectance analysis to

compare the different implications the various

methods (samskaras) show up on the final

product.

Pharmacognostical Analysis

Pharmacognostical analysis of GH-2, GH-3

and GH-4 based on organoleptic characters,

i.e., colour, odour, taste and texture were

recorded. Microscopic studies was carried out

dissolving drug (powder) in small quantity of

distilled water, filtering through filter paper and

then precipitated and then was studied with and

without stain to find out the lignified materials

along with other cellular constituents. The

micro photographs were taken under Carl Zeiss

Trinocular microscope attached with camera

(Khandelwal K.R., 2008).

Pharmaceutical Analysis

All the three samples were analysed with

appropriate protocols for standard

physicochemical parameters such as aqueous

extractive, alcohol extractive, pH, total ash,

loss on drying at the Pharmaceutical Chemistry

Lab, I.P.G.T. & R.A., Jamnagar. In the HPTLC

study samples, Methanol extract of drugs were

spotted on pre-coated silica gel GF 60254

aluminium plates by means of Camang

Linomate V sample applicator fitted with a

100 µL Hamilton syringe. The mobile phase

consisted of Chloroform: Methanolin a ratio of

9:1 v/v. After development, densitometric scan

was performed with a Camag T. L. C. scanner

III in reflectance absorbance mode at 254 and

366 nm under control of Win CATS Software

(V 1.2.1. Camag). Then, the plate was sprayed

with Vanillin sulphuric acid followed by

heating and then visualised in daylight (Stahl E,

1969).

UV-VIS-NIR

UV-VIS-NIR (180–2500) reflectance was

carried out at SICART, Vallabh Vidhyanagar,

Gujarat, India. Study was conducted with

instrument model λ 19 UV/VIS/NIR, data

interval 1.0000 nm, slit width 5.0000 nm, scan

speed 240 nm/min and smooth bandwidth 8

nm. The unscramble software 9.7 used for

calculation.

RESULT OF PHARMACOGNOSTICAL

STUDY:

Organoleptic Characters

The sample GH-2 was yellowish brown

with predominant Kashaya (Astringent) taste

and Gomutra Gandhi (cow urine smell). The

sample GH-3 was brownish with pungent with

piercing taste and Gomutra Gandhi. The

sample GH-4 was brownish yellow with

predominant Kashaya (Astringent) taste and

Gomutra Gandhi [Table-1].

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 5 | May 2016 | 146–157

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

Table 1: Organoleptic characters of the samples - GH-2, GH-3 and GH-4

Organoleptic

characters

GH-2 GH-3 GH-4

Colour Yellowish brown Brownish Brownish yellow

Odour Gomutra Gandhi Gomutra Gandhi Gomutra Gandhi

Taste Astringent pungent with piercing Astringent

Touch Fine coarse Fine coarse Fine coarse

Microscopic Characters

Powder microscopy of GH-2 showed

epicarp cell with tannin content (loosened),

mesocarp cell wall ruptured, mesocarp cells

with tannin content (loosened as compared to

raw Haritaki), fibers with wide lumen

(undisturbed), sclereids with wide lumen, group

of sclereids, pitted sclereids with wide lumen,

starch grains (unchanged), fragment of pitted

vessels, pitted stone cells with wide lumen and

parenchyma cells with starch grains. Powder

microscopy of GH-3 showed epicarp cells,

among them some of epicarp cells were found

clumped, mesocarp cells were more squashed

(not clear), fibers with lumen, pitted sclereids

with wide lumen, simple starch grains with

hilum, parenchyma cells with brown content,

fragment of pitted vessels, pitted stone cells,

cellular content was darker (brown) and

crystalline material. Powder microscopy of

GH-4 showed collapsed epicarp cells, disturbed

mesocarp cells, disturbed wall of fibers,

sclereids were ruptured and opened, simple

starch grains with hilum, opened pitted stone

cell (walls are opened) and crystalline material

(body) was less in amount [Plate 1 to 9].

Pharmaceutical Analysis

All the three samples were analysed using

various standard physicochemical parameters at

the pharmaceutical chemistry lab. The

pharmaceutical parameters such as aqueous

extractive, alcohol extractive, pH, total ash and

loss on drying were presented in Table 2.

HPTLC

On performing HPTLC, the chromatogram of

samples GH-2, GH-3 and GH-4 showed peaks

with Rf values at 254 nm and 366 nm. [Table 3,

Plate 10]

Table 2: Phytochemical parameters of the samples - GH-2, GH-3 and GH-4

Investigation GH-2 GH-3 GH-4

pH 7.0 7.0 7.0

Loss on drying 1.086% w/w 9.303% w/w 7.196% w/w

Ash value 4.90% w/w 15.84% w/w 8.82% w/w

Water soluble extract 64.3% w/w 57.2% w/w 67.1% w/w

Alcohol soluble extract 54.8% w/w 43.5% w/w 44.8% w/w

Table 3: Rf value at 254nm and 366nm of samples - GH-2, GH-3 and GH-4

Samples- HPTLC Rf value at 254 nm Rf value at 366 nm

1. Haritaki soaked with

Gomutra (GH-2)

0.04, 0.26, 0.35, 0.41, 0.50,

0.66, 0.89, 0.95

0.17, 0.35, 0.43, 0.56, 82, 0.88

2. Haritaki Boiled with

Gomutra (GH-3)

0.09, 0.36, 0.42, 0.48, 0.56,

0.68, 0.80, 0.93

0.11, 0.21, 0.36, 0.42, 0.49,

0.57, 0.79, 0.86

3. Haritaki Bhavana with

Gomutra (GH-4)

0.14, 0.26, 036, 0.42, 0.60,

0.67, 0.80, 0.90, 0.97

0.14, 0.36, 0.42, 0.56, 0.77,

0.89

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 5 | May 2016 | 146–157

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

Plate 1 to 9: Comparison of Microphotographs of GH-2, GH-3 and GH-4

Plate 1: Epicarp cell of GH-2, GH-3 and GH-4

(a) Epicarp cell with tannin content

and loosened wall of GH-2

(b) Clumped epicarp cell of

GH-3

(c) Collapsed epicarp cell of GH-4

Plate 2: Mesocarp cell of GH-2, GH-3 and GH-4

(a) Mesocarp cell ruptured of GH-2

(a) Mesocarp cell more squeezed of

GH-3

(b) Disturbed mesocarp cell of GH-

4

Plate 3: Fibers of GH-2, GH-3 and GH-4

(a) Fiber unchanged as Haritaki

(b) Fiber with narrow lumen of GH-3

(c) Disturbed wall of fiber of GH-4

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 5 | May 2016 | 146–157

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

Plate 4: Sclereids of GH-2, GH-3 and GH-4

(a) Sclereids with wide lumen of

GH-2

(b) Groups of sclereids of GH-3

(c) Sclereids ruptured and opened in

GH-5

Plate 5: Pitted vessels of GH-2 and GH-3

(a) Pitted vessels of GH-2

(b) Fragment of pitted vessels of GH-3

Plate 6: Simple starch grains of GH-2, GH-3 and GH-4

(a) Simple starch grains unchanged as

Haritaki of GH-2

(b) Simple starch grains with hilum of

GH-3

(c) Simple starch grains with hilum

of GH-4

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 5 | May 2016 | 146–157

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

Plate 7: Stone cell of GH-2, GH-3 and GH-4

(d) Pitted stone cell with wide

lumen of GH-2

(e) Pitted stone cell of GH-3

(c) Disturbed stone cell of GH-4

Plate 8: Paranchyma cell of GH-2 and GH-3

(a) Paranchyma cell with starch grains of GH-2

(b) Paranchyma cell with brown content of GH-3

Plate 9: Crystalline Material of GH-3 and GH-4

(a) Crystalline material of GH-3

(may be from Gomutra)

(b) Crystalline material of GH-4

(less compare to GH-3)

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 5 | May 2016 | 146–157

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

Plate 10 : Peak display of Rf value GH-2 GH-3 and GH-4 at 254nm and 366nm

figure a: Peak display of Rf value GH-2 at 254nm and 366nm

figure b: Peak display of Rf value GH-3 at 254nm and 366nm

figure c: Peak display of Rf value GH-4 at 254nm and 366nm

UV-VIS-NIR

All the 6 samples were used for UV-VIS-

NIR reflectance study with different media and

different preparation methods. Results of three

samples GH-2, GH-3, GH-4 are discussed in

the present article. In principal component

analysis (PCA), PC-I- 92.6%, PC-II – 98.25%,

PC-III – 99.84% data was obtained. GH-2 and

GH-4 samples appeared similar. GH-2 and GH-

4 were similar in Near IR region but they were

different from all other samples. GH-3 was

totally different from other samples and overall

spectrum intensity was lower. GH-3 had higher

variation while other sample had higher

leverage. Chemical profile of GH-3 was

changed. Plate-11 [Figure (a), (b) and (c)]

shows raw spectrum of NIR reflectance of

spectra, 1st difference NIR reflectance of all

samples after conversion into log [1/% R]

preprocessing and NIR UNSCR respectively.

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 5 | May 2016 | 146–157

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

Plate 11: UV VIS NIR Reflectance of the samples

Figure (a) : raw spectrum of NIR reflectance of spectra

Figure (b): NIR PCA score plot

[GH-1: Haritaki Churna, GH-2: Klinna Sankarita Gomutra Haritaki, GH-3: Gomutra Swedita Haritaki

GH-4: Gomutra Bhavita Haritaki, GH-5: Jala Swedita Haritaki, GH-6: Eranda Bhrista Haritaki]

DISCUSSION:

Organoleptic characters

Rupa (Colour) is Guna of Agni Mahabhuta

(fire element). Colour of raw Haritaki was

golden yellow which was changed as brown

after Swedana process with Gomutra (GH-3)

while yellowish brown and brownish yellow

was observed in Klinna (GH-2) and Bhavana

(GH-4) samples respectively. It indicates that

Agni Mahabhuta was increased in all three

Samsakarita Gomutra Haritaki samples. It

suggests that Agni Tatwa (Ushna-hot, Tikshna-

penetrating, Ruksha-dry, Vishada-cleansing,

Sukshma-micro Guna) (Acharya Y.T., 2012)

increase during process of Klinna, Bhavita and

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 5 | May 2016 | 146–157

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

Swedita Gomutra Haritaki. Gandha (Odour) is

Guna of Prithvi Mahabhuta (earth element).

Odour of Haritaki was characteristic which was

changed as Gomutra Gandhi GH-2, GH-3, GH-

4 samples but GH-3 sample had most Tikshna

Gomutra Gandha. Due to Ushna, Sukshma

Guna of Swedana Karma and Ushna, Tikshna,

Drava Guna of Gomutra, it may have

decreased the qualities of Parthiva Ghataka of

Haritaki and increased Mriduta (Dravata) and

Sukshmata in Gomutra Haritaki leading to

Gomutra Gandhi character. Rasa (Taste) is

Guna of Jala Mahabhuta (water element).

Taste of raw Haritaki was Kashaya

(Astringent) which was changed as pungent

with piercing taste in GH-3 sample. Taste was

changed in only Swedita Gomutra Haritaki

(GH-3). It is due to Ushna and Tikshna

(penetrating) Guna of Swedana and Bhedana

(piercing) Karma of Gomutra. Klinna (GH-2)

and Bhavita Gomutra Haritaki (GH-4) were

Kashaya as simple Haritaki (GH-1). Sparsha

(Touch) is Guna of Vayu Mahabhuta (air

element). Touch of GH-2, 3, 4 samples were

fine coarse but fineness was most increased in

GH-3 which may be due to boiling effect of

Gomutra on Haritaki.

Pharmacognostical

Epicarp cells were changed as loosened

epicarp cells (GH-2), clumped epicarp cell

(GH-3) and collapsed epicarp cells in

comparison with normal Haritaki. Mesocarp

cell in GH-2, GH-3, GH-4 samples were

changed as ruptured mesocarp cells (cluster

crystal are not observed), squeezed mesocarp

cells and disturbed mesocarp cells respectively.

In GH-2 sample, due to only soaking, wall of

epicarp cell were loosened and mesocarp cells

were ruptured. In GH-3, due to Swedana

Samskara, Ushna-Tikshna Guna and Bhedana

(Shivprasad Sharma, 2012) Karma of Gomutra,

epicarp cells were clumped and mesocarp cells

were squeezed. In GH-4 may be due to

mechanical pressure of Bhavana Samskara,

epicarp cells were collapsed and mesocarp cells

were disturbed. In GH-2, fibers of simple

Haritaki were unchanged while GH-3 and GH-

4 were changed as disturbed wall fibers. In GH-

4 sample, sclereids were ruptured and disturbed

due to Bhavana Samskara. All samples were

found with pitted stone cells but GH-4 was

found with opened wall stone cells. GH-3 had

changed parenchyma cells with brown content.

Probably, it may be due to Pittala Guna

(Acharya Y.T., 2012) and Dipana, Pachana

and Bhedana Karma of Gomutra (Shivprasad

Sharma, 2012). GH-3 and GH-4 were found

with crystalline material but it was less in

Bhvana Samskarita Gomutra Haritaki (GH-4)

in comparison to Swedana Samskarita Gomutra

Haritaki (GH-3). Presence of crystalline

material may be due to Saksharatvata

of

Gomutra (SS, Sutra Sthana 45/220-221, pp

213) (Acharya Y.T., 2012). Changes in the

intra cellular structures were also found which

may be due to increase bio-availability of intra

cell nutrients due to Swedana Samskara of

Gomutra. This finding also indicates that

Gomutra is bio-availability enhancer (Gurpreet

Kaur Randhawa, 2010).

Pharmaceutical

Loss on drying in Klinna (soaked) Gomutra

Haritaki (GH-2) was on lower side (1.086%

w/w) while Swedita Gomutra Haritaki (GH-3)

was on higher value (9.303% w/w). It suggests

moisture content was more in GH-3. It can be

stated that Haritaki absorbs Gomutra materials

highest in Swedana followed by Bhavana and

Klinna Gomutra Haritaki. Total Ash value of

GH-3 was 15.84% w/w which was more from

other samples. Ash value indicates inorganic

component of drug. While comparing GH-2,

GH-3, GH-4, Ash values were higher side in

GH-3 (15.84% w/w) followed by GH-4 (8.82%

w/w) and GH-2 (4.90% w/w) samples. It means

that after Swedana Samskara, Gomutra

Haritaki had highest Gomutra Ksharabha

Tatwa while Klinna Gomutra Haritaki had

lower. Values of samples indicate that role of

Gomutra in Swedana effect over Haritaki. pH

was 3.0 in samples GH-1 i.e., plain Haritaki.

After Gomutra processed Haritaki GH-2, GH-3

and GH-4, pH were changed to 7.0. Average

pH value of Gomutra is near by 7.6 to 8.2.

Haritaki is Kashaya Rasa (dominant of

astringent taste) Pradhana Dravya (Prithvi and

Vayu Mahabhuta Pradhanya) and Gomutra is

Katu Rasa (dominant of pungent taste)

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Pradhana Dravya (Vayu and Agni Mahabhuta

Pradhana). Haritaki is Amla Pradhana Dravya

(dominant of sour) while Gomutra is Kshara

Pradhana Dravya (dominant of caustic). Amla

and Kshara Samyoga creates Madhuryama

(Acharya Y.T. 2009). After process with

Gomutra, all three Samskarita sample had

similar pH. Variation in pH value in plain

Haritaki and Samskarita Haritaki indicate

Madhurikarana process. Water soluble extract

GH-2 (64.3% w/w), GH-3 (57.2% w/w), GH-4

(67.1% w/w) were increased in comparison to

plain Haritaki (49.2% w/w). The water soluble

extractive of GH-3 was less in comparison to

GH-2 and GH-4 samples. The water soluble

contents dissolve and separate from the raw

Haritaki during Samskara, this phenomenon

occurs by molecular diffusion mechanism

(Carter SJ, 2000), and follows the principles of

mass transfer. Mass transfer increases as the

viscosity of the liquid decrease. The alcohol

soluble extractives were 54.8% w/w in GH-2,

43.5% w/w in GH-3 and 44.8% w/w in GH-4.

Comparison showed that Klinna Gomutra

Haritaki (GH-2) had high value than GH-3,

GH-4. This indicates removal of the content

during the procedure of Swedana and Bhavana.

HPTLC

HPTLC study of the GH-2 has yielded a

standard fingerprint of the formulation

consisting of 8 and six peaks on short and long

UV, respectively with common Rf value of

0.35. HPTLC study of the GH-3 has yielded a

standard fingerprint of the formulation

consisting of 8 and eight peaks on short and

long UV, respectively with common Rf value

of 0.36, 0.42. HPTLC study of the GH-4 has

yielded a standard fingerprint of the

formulation consisting of 9 and six peaks on

short and long UV, respectively with common

Rf value of 0.14, 0.36, 0.42. In GH-2, 0.64 Rf

value had high absorbance and 0.82 Rf value

was common in GH-2, 3, 4 samples. [Table 3,

Plate 10]

UV-VIS-NIR

Considering all UV-VIS-NIR, total 2302

data points were found (UV 200–400 λ, VIS

401–800 λ, NIR 801–2500 λ), 99.84% data was

found in 3 PC. Samples GH-2 and GH-4 were

similar on basis of spectrum performance and

had similar types of chemical profile but low

level of soaking generate shift of quadrate

among two samples. GH-3 had higher variation

while other sample had higher leverage.

Gomutra Swedita Haritaki (GH-3) had

apparent different profile from Klinna (Soaked)

Gomutra Haritaki (GH-2) and Bhavita

Gomutra Haritaki (GH-4). It clears that

Swedana with Gomutra of Haritaki had

different effect over Haritaki. Hence, it may

have higher potency and also penetration than

other two preparation methods.

CONCLUSION:

Changes in pharmacognostical,

pharmaceutical and UV-VIS-NIR reflectance

(180–2500 nm) findings of Gomutra Swedita

Haritaki (GH-3) had highest variation as

compared to plain Haritaki sample. Among

three methods of Gomutra Haritaki

preparation, Swedana Samskrita Gomutra

Haritaki had highest potency, Sharira Dhatu

Samanyatwa and Anabhishyandi property due

to Ushna, Tikshna, Sukshma, Pittala Guna and

Dipana, Pachana, Bhedana, Ksharana Karma

of Gomutra. Changes reported in intra cellular

structures indicate towards increased bio-

availability of intra cell nutrients due to

Swedana Samskara. This finding also indicates

that Gomutra is a bio-availability enhancer.

Ultimately, it proves that Agni Mahabhuta

increases after Swedana process with Gomutra

and Haritaki. However correlation between

these changes in all three samples (GH-2, GH-

3, GH-4) and clinical efficacy need to be

assessed independently.

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REFERENCES:

Acharya YT (2009), Charaka Samhita, with

Ayurveda Dipika commentary by

Chakrapani, Chaukhambha Surbharati

Prakashana, Varanasi.

Acharya YT (2012), Sushruta Samhita, with

Nibandhasamgraha commentary by

Dalhana, Chaukhambha Surbharati

Prakashana, Varanasi.

Carter SJ (Ed.) (2000), Cooper and Gunn’s

Tutorial Pharmacy. New Delhi: CBS

Publishers and distributors.

Dhundhiraj Shastri (Ed.) (2007), Prashtapada-

Padartha dharmasangraha, Varanasi:

Chowkhamba Publications.

Gurupreet Kaur Randhawa (2010), Cow urine

distillate as bio enhancer. J Ayurveda

integr Med, Volume 1 (issue 4) 240–

241. Retrieved from

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl

es/PMC3117312/ (02.08.2015)

Hari Sadasiva Sastri Paradakara Bhisagacharya

(2014), Astanga Hridaya with

Sarvangasundari and Ayurveda

Rasayana commentary by Arunadatta

and Hemadri, Chaukhambha Surbharati

Prakashana, Varanasi.

Khandelwal K.R. (Ed.) (2008), Practical

Pharmacognosy techniques and

experiments. Pune: Nirali Prakashan.

Shivprasad Sharma, Astanga Samgrah, with

Shashilekha commentary by Indu,

Chaukhambha Sanskrit Series Office,

Varanasi.

Stahl E (Ed.) (1969), A Laboratory hand book.

Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Source of Support: NIL Conflict of Interest: None Declared

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ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal

A COMPARATIVE CLINICAL TRIAL TO ASSESS THE ADD ON EFFECT

OF ASVAGANDHA [WITHANIA SOMNIFERA (L.) DUNAL] IN MOTOR

FUNCTIONS OF CHILDREN WITH MOTOR DEVELOPMENTAL

DISORDERS

Preethy AS1*

, Dinesh KS2, R Remadevi

3

1MD. Holder, Dept. of Dravyaguna Vijnana, V.P.S.V. Ayurveda College, Kottakkal, Kerala, India

2Associate Professor & Head, Department of Kaumarabhritya, V.P.S.V. Ayurveda College, Kottakkal, Kerala,

India 3Retd. Professor & Head, Dept. of Dravyaguna Vijnana, V.P.S.V. Ayurveda College, Kottakkal, Kerala, India

*Corresponding Author: E-mail address: dr.preethy.cinnish@gmail.com

Received: 10/04/2016; Revised: 30/04/2016; Accepted: 20/05/2016

ABSTRACT

Motor Developmental Disorders are caused by an impairment or interruption in the normal

growth and development of a child in motor grounds. Asvagandha [Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal].

was found to be an apt drug in this condition theoretically, which is balya (strengthening), brmhana

(nourishing), rasayana (rejuvenating), medhya (brain stimulant) and also proved to have effect in the

neuromuscular level. The study was planned as a Comparative Clinical Trial to assess the add on

effect of Asvagandha along with the conventional treatment adopted by the Department of

Kaumarabhritya (Paediatrics) at V.P.S.V. Ayurveda College Hospital, Kottakkal, Kerala, India.

Twenty participants diagnosed with motor developmental disorders were selected and were divided

into study and control groups. Duration of drug administration was three months. Assessment of

both the groups was carried on the basis of four subjective parameters such as muscle bulk, power,

tone and deep tendon reflexes. Statistical procedure used was R M ANOVA. Study group had an

upper hand over the control in most of the parameters especially in the field of ‘power’ and ‘tone’.

But statistically the result was not significant.

KEY WORDS: Asvagandha [Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal], Motor developmental disorders,

Comparative clinical Trial, Power, Tone

Research article

Cite this article: Preethy AS, Dinesh KS, R Remadevi (2016), A COMPARATIVE CLINICAL TRIAL TO ASSESS

THE ADD ON EFFECT OF ASVAGANDHA [WITHANIA SOMNIFERA (L.) DUNAL] IN MOTOR

FUNCTIONS OF CHILDREN WITH MOTOR DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS,

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 5(5): 158–172

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INTRODUCTION

Developmental disorders are those which

are caused by an impairment or interruption in

the normal growth and development of a child.

All these conditions are encephalopathies and

cerebral palsy can be an umbrella term which

comprises of all the symptoms of these

disorders. The underlying reason may be due to

a defect at the levels of axonal and dendritic

development, the rate of pruning (neurological

regulatory processes), synaptogenesis, the

quality of neuro transmission or myelination

(Sara.J.Webb and Christopher S.Monk, 2001).

These are very prevalent nowadays, estimated

to be 1.5–2.5 per 1000 live births (Forfar and

Arneils, 2008). The common clinical features

include a defect in gross motor development,

defect in fine motor development, a decrease in

muscle bulk, a decrease in muscle power, an

increase or decrease in muscle tone, co

ordination of movement will be impaired, deep

tendon reflexes will be exaggerated or

diminished, abnormal movements will be

usually present.

Recent advances in the modern

management of the cerebral palsy include

intrathecal baclofen pump, multilevel

orthopedic bony and soft tissue surgery and

direct injection of botulinum toxin (Botox) into

the affected muscles for decreasing the muscle

spasticity (Odle, Teresa, 2006). They may also

trigger significant side effects, such as

drowsiness, and their enduring effects on the

developing nervous system are largely

unknown.

It is seen that good outcome is obtained by

ayurvedic management in the motor

developmental disorders (Roshni Anirudhan,

2009). The query to find out better medicines

for existing disease paved way to the drug

Asvagandha [Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal]

which is specifically mentioned as a rasayana

(rejuvenating) drug for children along with its

brmhana (nourishing),balya (strengthening)

and medhya (brain stimulant) (Hari Sadasiva

Sastri Paradakara, 2011) properties. But the

drug has not been tried in the motor

developmental disorders yet.

Therefore keeping in mind aforesaid things,

present study was planned with the following

objective:

To reveal the unknown pharmacological

effect of Asvagandha [Withania somnifera (L.)

Dunal] in motor functions of children with

motor developmental disorder.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study was approved by Institutional

Ethics Committee. Approval no:

IEC/Cl/009/11 dated 07.04.11

The study design was a comparative

clinical trial. The trial drug Asvagandha curna

[powder of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal]

was obtained from Arya Vaidya Sala,

Kottakkal (a GMP certified company).

Twenty participants diagnosed with motor

developmental disorders were selected and

were divided into two groups, study and

control by randomization, using random

number table. Here the investigator was kept

blind. Both the groups received conventional

treatment adopted by the Department of

Kaumarabhritya (Paediatrics). In addition

study group received Asvagandha curna

[powder of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal] for

a period of three months.

Time of administration was morning and

evening with cow’s milk as adjuvant which

was provided readily in the hospital for all

patients and the subjects were strictly asked to

follow the same way for the next two months

also.

The dose was decided according to

Cowlings rule. [child dose = adult dose ×

(age+1)/12 ]. adult dose is 3–6 g (API, 2001).

Assessment of both the groups was carried out

at before treatment period, after treatment and

during monthly follow ups for five months.

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Setting for study

I.P.D of Dept. of Kaumarabhrtya, V.P.S.V

Ayurveda College Hospital, Kottakkal, Kerala,

India

Study Population

Selection of participants was done

irrespective of gender, caste, religion and

economic status from population between ages

2 to 12 years.

Participant’s recruitment and screening

Participants were selected according to the

inclusion and exclusion criteria.

a) Inclusion criteria

Diagnosed patients as per the modified

Denver developmental screening test for gross

& fine motor functions within the age group

2–12 years with proper consent from the

parent.

b) Exclusion criteria

The children in whom oral administration

of the drug was difficult, with other associated

degenerative diseases, above 10 years of age

and has not taken any treatments so far and

with contractures were also excluded.

Common clinical features found in motor

developmental disorders are a defect in gross

motor development, defect in fine motor

development, a decrease in muscle bulk, a

decrease in muscle power, an increase or

decrease in muscle tone, impaired co

ordination, exaggerated or diminished deep

tendon reflexes (Kenneth F.Swaiman, 2007).

So for the research purpose, changes in

muscle bulk, muscle power, muscle tone and in

deep tendon reflexes were selected as criteria

for assessment (Dinesh.K.S.,

Associate

Professor & Head, Department of

Kaumarabhritya, V.P.S.V. Ayurveda College,

Kottakkal, personal communication).

OBSERVATION

In the criteria muscle bulk, that of bilateral

arm, fore arm, thigh and calf was measured.

The criteria power covered that of bilateral

upper and lower limbs. In deep tendon reflexes,

those of bilateral biceps tendon, triceps tendon,

patellar tendon (knee) and achilles tendon

(ankle) were elicited. In the criteria tone, that

of bilateral shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee

and ankle were assessed.

DATA ANALYSIS

Data outcome were tabulated. Repeated

Measures of ANOVA was performed using the

statistical package (SPSS) version 16.0 to find

out level of significance for all the scales.

within-the subjects effects, between-the

subjects effects and estimates were calculated

for the criteria muscle bulk, power and tone.

Here, for the easy comparison of estimates, the

rate of change is calculated, making the

baseline data ‘zero’. And the statistical analysis

was done on this data. In the case of deep

tendon reflexes One sample ‘t’ test was

performed for the comparison of the variable

with the specific value. Then repeated

measures of ANOVA were performed to

calculate between-the subject’s effects and

estimates.

In the case of ‘power’ the degrees of

freedom are adjusted to attain sphericity

(sphericity is an assumption of an ANOVA

with a repeated measures factor and violation

of this assumption can invalidate the analysis’

conclusions. Sphericity relates to the equality

of the variances of the differences between the

levels of the Repeated Measures Factor).

RESULTS

Results can be explained well with the help

of graphs obtained from statistical package

(SPSS) version 16.0 and the tabulated data

generated by Repeated Measures of ANOVA.

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MUSCLE BULK

Table No 1: comparison of 20 participants on the rate of change of circumference of arm,

fore arm, thigh and calf (R M ANOVA)

The table (Table No: 1) shows that, in the

rate of change of circumference of right and

left arm, both the Study and control groups

have all the p values (both Within –the subjects

effects and between the subjects- effects)

>0.05, which means that they are insignificant.

The Table No: 1 shows that, in the rate of

change of circumference of right and left fore

arm, both the study and control groups have all

the p values >0.05, which means that they are

not significant.

The Table No: 1 shows that, in the rate of

change of circumference of right and left thigh,

both the study and control groups have all the p

values >0.05, which means that they are not

significant.

The table No: 1 shows that, in the rate of

change of circumference of right and left calf,

both the study and control groups have all the p

values >0.05, which means that they are

insignificant.

Graph No 1: comparison of 20 participants on the rate of change of circumference of arm

Within –the subjects effects Between the subjects- effects Estimates

Parameter Group F(6,54) p F(1,18) p Mean effect SE

case control

Rt.arm Study 0.497 >0.05 0.313 >0.05 0.035 0.017 0

Control 0.443 >0.05

Lt.arm Study 0.816 >0.05 0.198 >0.05 0004 -0.003 0.012

Control 0.548 >0.05

Rt.

fore arm

Study 0.469 >0.05 0.056 >0.05 0.026 0.030 0.014

Control 0.325 >0.05

Lt.

fore arm

Study 0 >0.05 2.094 >0.05 -0.0017 0.035 0.012

Control 1.325 >0.05

Rt.thigh Study 2.528 >0.05 0.313 >0.05 0.029 0.026 0.016

Control 1.695 >0.05

Lt.thigh Study 2.528 >0.05 0.198 >.05 0.037 0.008 0.019

Control 1.695 >0.05

Rt.calf Study 0.595 >0.05 0.416 >0.05 0.015 0.032 0.018

Control 2.062 >0.05

Lt.calf Study 1.425 >0.05 0.590 >0.05 0.037 0.015 0.021

Control 0.333 >0.05

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Graph No 2: comparisons of 20 participants on the rate of change of circumference of fore arm

Graph No 3: comparisons of 20 participants on the rate of change of circumference of thigh

Graph No 4: comparisons of 20 participants on the rate of change of circumference of calf

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POWER

Table No 2: comparisons of 20 participants on the rate of change of power of upper limb and

lower limb (R M ANOVA)

[df - degrees of freedom,F-Fisher’s co-efficient, Rt.UL- Right Upper Limb, Lt.UL- Left Upper Limb,

Rt. LL – Right Lower Limb

Graph No 5: comparisons of 20 participants on the rate of change of power of upper limb

Graph No 6: comparisons of 20 participants on the rate of change of power of lower limb

Within -subjects Effect Between - subjects effects Estimates

Parameter Group df F p F(1,18) p Mean effect SE

Study control

Rt.UL Study (5,35) 4.590 <0.01 0.436 >0.05 0.220 0.158 0.067

Control (6,42) 4.009 <0.01

Lt.UL Study (6,54) 4.522 <0.001 0.034 >0.05 0.135 0.122 0.053

Control (6,54) 4.402 <0.001

Rt.LL Study (5,35) 2.758 <0.05 1.428 >0.05 0.030 0.083 0.032

Control (5,35) 2.625 <0.05

Lt.LL Study (5,35) 4.590 <0.01 3.836 >0.05 0.036 0.118 0.029

Control (6,36) 1.233 <0.01

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The above table (Table No: 2) shows that

in the parameters of the rate of change of

power of right upper limb and left upper limb,

all the p values of within- subjects effects were

<0.05,indicating that there was significant

change in the power of upper limbs in both

groups. But in the case of between - subjects

effects, the p values were >0.05, indicating

insignificance.

The Table No: 2 suggests that, for the

parameter rate of change of power of a

significant change in the power of right lower

limb in both groups in within the - right lower

limb, both the study and control groups shows

p <0.05,which means that, there is subjects

effects. On the contrary, in the case of power of

left lower limb, the study group only showed p

<0.05 (in within the -subjects effects), which

means that there is a significant change in the

power of left lower limb in this group. But in

the case of rate of change of power of left

lower limb, control group showed p >0.05,

which indicates that, there is no significant

change, in within the subjects – effects. In the

case of between the subjects- effects, the p

values were >0.05, which implies that, there is

no significant change in power of lower limbs

in both the groups on comparison.

TONE

Table No 3: comparisons of 20 participants on the rate of change of tone of shoulders, elbow

and wrist (R M ANOVA)

Within –the subjects effects Between- the subjects

effects

Estimates

Parameter df F P F(1,18) p Mean effect SE

Study control

Rt.

shoulder

Study (6,42) 2.493 <0.05 0.111 >0.05 -0.271 -0.330 0.125

Control (6,42) 2.719 <0.05

Lt.

shoulder

Study (6,42) 10.548 <0.001 3.769 >0.05 -0.330 -0.323 0.121

Control (6,42) 2.406 <0.05

Rt.elbow Study (6,42) 0.460 >0.05 0.722 >0.05 0.219 -0.076 0

Control (6,42) 0.518 >0.05

Lt. elbow Study (6,42) 1.197 >0.05 0.016 >0.05 -0.115 -0.156 0

Control (6,42) 2.109 >0.05

Rt.wrist Study (6,42) 1.137 >0.05 0.066 >0.05 -0.146 -0.167 0.195

Control (6,42) 1.124 >0.05

Lt. wrist Study (6,42) 1.137 >0.05 1.116 >0.05 -0.042 -0.302 0.174

Control (6,42) 2.358 <0.05

The output of R M ANOVA shows that, in

the case of rate of change of tone of shoulders,

both the study and control groups have shown

p values <0.05 within-the subjects effects,

which means that there is significant difference

in the rate of change of tone of shoulders in

both the groups . But the p values were >0.05,

in between- the subjects effects, indicating

there was no significant difference between the

two groups in the case of rate of change of tone

of shoulders.

In the case of rate of change of tone of

elbows (Table No: 3), both the study and

control groups were found to have p values

>0.05 in within- the subjects effects, indicating

that there was no significant change in both the

groups. Between- the subjects effects also

shows the p values were >0.05, confirming that

there was no significant difference in the tone

of elbows when the two groups are compared.

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In the case of rate of change of tone of

wrists (Table No: 3), the output of R M

ANOVA indicates that, in within–the subjects

effects, the p values are >0.05, which means

that no significant change has happened in the

rate of change of tone of right wrist, in both

groups. While coming to the rate of change of

tone of left wrist, in within–the subjects effects,

the control group has shown a p<0.05,

indicating statistically significant change. But

when it comes to between- the subjects effects,

both the p values were >0.05, which means that

there is no significant difference in rate of

change of tone, when the groups are compared.

Graph No 7: comparisons of 20 participants on the rate of change of tone of shoulders

Graph No 8: comparisons of 20 participants on the rate of change of tone of elbows

Graph No 9: comparisons of 20 participants on the rate of change of tone of wrists

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Graph No 10: comparisons of 20 participants on the rate of change of tone of hips

Table No 4: comparisons of 20 participants on the rate of change of tone of hip, knee and ankle

(R M ANOVA)

Within–the subjects effects of rate of

change of tone of hip (Table No: 4) suggests

that, since all the p values being >0.05, the

effect of treatment in the rate of change of tone

of right and left hips are not significant.

Between-the subjects effects also suggest the

same, i.e., no statistically significant difference

is seen between the two groups, for the p

values are >0.05.

Within–the subjects effects of the rate of

change of tone of knees (Table No: 4) implies

that, all the p values are >0.05, and so the

effect of treatment is not statistically

significant within the study as well as in the

control group. In between- the subjects effects

too, the p values being >0.05, suggests no

significant change has seen on comparing the

two groups.

Within –the subjects effects Between- the subjects effects Estimates

Parameter df F p F(1,18) P Mean effect SE

Study control

Rt.hip Study (6,54) 1.495 >0.05 0.076 >0.05 0198 -0108 0.231

Control (6,54) 0.510 >0.05

Lt.hip Study (6,54) 0.534 >0.05 0.936 >0.05 -0.104 -0.406 0.221

Control (6,54) 2.101 >0.05

Rt.knee Study (6,42) 2.075 >0.05 0.128 >0.05 -0.212 0.111 0.224

Control (6,42) 0.960 >0.05

Lt.knee Study (6,42) 0.389 >0.05 0.010 >0.05 0.125 0.135 0.210

Control (6,42) 1.467 >0.05

Rt.ankle Study (6,42) 1.556 >0.05 1.388 >0.05 -0.080 0.319 0.240

Control (6,42) 1.890 >0.05

Lt.ankle Study (6,42) 2.064 >0.05 0.895 >0.05 0.205 -0.012 0.144

Control (6,42) 0.715 >0.05

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Within–the subjects effects of rate of

change of tone of ankles (Table No: 4) implies

that, all the p values are >0.05, and so the

effect of treatment is not statistically

significant within the study as well as in the

control group. In between- the subjects effects

too, the p values are >0.05, suggesting no

significant change has happened on

comparison of the two groups.

Graph No 11: comparisons of 20 participants on the rate of change of tone of knees

Graph No 12: comparisons of 20 participants on the rate of change of tone of ankles

DEEP TENDON REFLEXES

Graph No 13: comparisons of 20 participants on the deep tendon reflexes of ankles

0

1

2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

grad

e

visit

Right Ankle jerk

case

control

0

1

2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

grad

e

visit

Left Ankle Jerk

case

control

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Graph No 14: Comparisons of 20 participants on the Deep Tendon Reflexes of Knees

Graph No 15: Comparisons of 20 participants on the Deep Tendon Reflexes of Biceps

Graph No 16: comparisons of 20 participants on the deep tendon reflexes of triceps

Table No 5: comparisons of 20 participants on the deep tendon reflexes (R M ANOVA)

Area of

assessment

Mean

effect

Standard

error

Test of

between -

subjects

effects

Study Control F(1,18) P

Rt. Knee 1.958 2.146 0.236 0.316 >0.05

Lt.knee 1.854 2.062 0.048 0.093 >0.05

Rt.ankle 0.979 1.021 0.058 0.255 >0.05

Lt.ankle 0.937 1.187 0.098 3.252 >0.05

Rt. biceps 1.062 1.042 0.048 0.093 >0.05

Lt.biceps 1.042 1.062 0.048 0.093 >0.05

Rt.triceps 0.958 1.062 0.053 1.923 >0.05

Lt.triceps 0.979 1.062 0.056 1.098 >0.05

0

1

2

3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

grad

e

visit

Right Knee Jerk

case

control

0

5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

grad

e

visit

Left knee jerk

case

control

0

2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

grad

e

visit

right biceps jerk

case

control

0

2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7grad

e

visit

left biceps jerk

case

control

0

2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

grd

e

visit

left triceps jerk

case

control

0

2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

grad

e

visit

right triceps jerk

case

control

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One sample ‘t’ test was performed for

every parameters of deep tendon reflexes

(Graphs 13-16) and it was found that, in

within-the subjects effects all the p values were

>0.05, which denotes that there is no

significant difference between the variable and

the specific constant.

Repeated measures of ANOVA was

applied for the variables of deep tendon

reflexes to test the between-the subjects effects

(Table No: 5). All the p values were >0.05,

which means there was no significant

difference between the study and control

group.

DISCUSSION

Muscle bulk

The estimates of the repeated measures of

ANOVA suggest that study group is having

higher mean effect than the control group in

the case of rate of change of circumference of

arm, thigh and calf (table No:1)

In the case of rate of change of forearm

circumference (graph No: 2), the right forearm

shows a hike in the measurement than the

corresponding side, but it is not so in the case

of circumference of left forearm. So it is

difficult to come to a conclusive statement

about the effect of Asvagandha in the rate of

change of fore arm circumference.

The graphs (graph No: 3) for the rate of

change of circumference of thigh indicate an

increasing tendency of the parameter in both

the groups. Though the p values (Table No: 1)

for within – the subjects effects and between

the subjects effects are >0.05, which indicate

insignificance, the estimates shows that the

study group is having higher mean effect than

the control group.

The graphs (graph No:4) for the rate of

change of circumference of calf, indicates that

there is an increasing tendency in the

circumference of both right and left calf

regions, when the study group is considered.

But the change is not consistent when control

group is judged.

To conclude on muscle bulk, it can be said

that, in 62.5% of assessment areas, study group

showed higher mean effect than the control.

Previous research work on Asvagandha

[Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal] also

substantiates this finding (Meena.S.L., 2001).

Power

The graphs (Graph No: 5) for the rate of

change of power imply the increasing tendency

of power of upper limbs in both the groups.

The table (table No: 2) shows that, in within –

the subjects effects for the rate of change of

power of upper limb all the p values are <0.01,

indicating statistical significance. But in

between - the subjects effects, both p values

are >0.05 indicating insignificance, but the

estimates suggest a higher mean effect of study

group than control, which says that, obviously,

there is increase of power in the study group

compared to the control group, but it is not

consistent.

In the case of rate of change of power of

lower limb, the graphs (graph No: 6) indicate

an increasing tendency in both the groups.

Within-the subjects effects of rate of change of

power of lower limbs suggest statistical

significance for both the groups. But study

group only had significance regarding the rate

of change of power of left lower limb (table

No: 2). Both the groups didn’t show any

significance in between - the subjects effects.

In within – the subjects effects of right lower

limb, though both the p values (Table No: 2)

are <0.05, indicating its significance, on

comparison, the control group is having higher

mean effect than the study group.

To conclude on Power, it can be said that,

in 75% of assessment areas, study group

showed a higher mean effect than control. This

can be read along with the effect of

Asvagandha[Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal] in

enhancing locomotor functions (Natsuki

Nakayama et al., 2007).

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Tone

All the participants of this research were

having spastic cerebral palsy. So spasticity or

hyper tonicity was present in every one.

Reduction of tone is the favorable outcome

here.

The graph (graph No:7) for the rate of

change of tone of shoulders illustrates a

decreasing tendency of tone in both the groups;

but the effect is more marked in the case of

study group. On further analysis, it is found

that, both the groups are having, within-the

subjects effects significance for p<0.05 (table

No: 3). In the case of left shoulder, as far as the

study group is concerned, within–the subjects

effects showed p<0.001, which is extremely

significant. But in between-the subjects effects,

both the p values were >0.05, conveying there

is no significant difference between the two

groups on comparison. But the mean effect was

favorable for the control group, when rate of

change of tone of Right shoulder is concerned,

but it was favorable for the study group in the

case of rate of change of tone of left shoulder.

The favorable outcome of the control group

in the case of rate of change of tone of left

shoulder can be due to the fact that, right upper

limb was affected in more participants of the

study group (57.1%) than control (42.9%).

The graph (graph No: 8) illustrating the

rate of change of tone of elbow suggests that

there is a decreasing tendency of tone in both

the groups, but it is more evident in the case of

left elbow may be because of the fact that right

upper limb (58.3%) was more affected by the

disease than the left one (41.7%). Here the

control group showed more favorable mean

effect (Table no: 3) than the study group.

The graphs (Graph No: 9) for the rate of

change of tone of wrist, shows that the rate of

change of tone of wrist is favorable for both

the groups as far as left wrist is concerned.

Compared to right wrist, left wrist got more

outcomes; the reason may be the same as

mentioned above. On analysis, for, within–the

subjects effects of control group showed

p<0.05 (table No: 3), which is significant. Here

also the mean effect is more favorable in the

case of control group.

The graph (graph No: 10) for the rate of

change of tone of hip suggests there is a

decreasing tendency of tone in both the groups.

Though the within–the subjects effects and

between-the subjects effects have all the p

values >0.05 (table No: 4), which are not

significant, the mean effect shows, study group

is having favorable value in the case of rate of

change of tone of right hip while control group

is having favorable value in the case rate of

change of tone of left hip.

The graphs (graph No: 11) for the rate of

change of tone of knee, suggest there is a

decreasing tendency of tone in both the groups.

Within–the subjects effects and between - the

subjects effects have all the p values >0.05

(table No: 4), which are not significant. But in

the estimates, the mean effect shows that study

group is having desirable mean effect than the

control.

The illustrations (graph No: 12) for the rate

of change of tone of ankle suggest that there is

a decreasing tendency for the rate of change of

tone of left ankle for both the groups. But in

the case of rate of change of tone of right

ankle, study group only showed a decreasing

tendency. Anyway, the within–the subjects

effects and between-the subjects effects have

all the p values >0.05 (table No: 3), which

indicates these differences are not statistically

significant. But the mean effect is more

favorable for the study group.

On tone, in 50% of assessment areas, study

group showed favorable mean effect than the

control and this includes the tone of the ankle

joint, the tackling of which has a higher

clinical relevance. The neuroinhibitory effect

especially GABAergic property of the drug can

be accountable for this (Mehta, A.K et al.,

1991).

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Deep Tendon Reflexes (DTR)

The results of One sample ‘t’ test for deep

tendon reflexes pointed out that there is no

significant difference between the variable and

the specific constant. This consistency of deep

tendon reflexes can be justified by comparing

these values with that of tone of the

corresponding body part, for tone and reflexes

are inter related and directly proportional

(Guyton and Hall, 2005). For this mean value

of tone and deep tendon reflexes were

calculated and it was found to be comparable.

The graphs (No:13 and No:14) for the deep

tendon reflexes of lower limbs suggests that,

they (right and left knee jerks and right and left

ankle jerks) are somewhat approaching the

desired value. But the between-the subjects

effects shows all the p values are >0.05 (table

No: 5), indicating insignificance. But the R M

ANOVA procedure for between-the subjects

effects shows that, though the p values are

>0.05(table No: 5), the study group shows

favorable mean effect than the control group,

in the case of deep tendon reflexes of right and

left knees and left ankle. The mean effect was

similar for both the groups for the deep tendon

reflex ofr ankle.

The graphs (No: 15 and No: 16) for the

deep tendon reflexes of upper limbs suggests

that the DTR of triceps is approaching

normalcy in due course, while that of biceps is

not showing any tendency towards the desired

value. Tests of between-the subjects effects

showed all the p values are >0.05 (table No: 5),

which implies insignificance, but the mean

effect says that the values are more favorable

in the study group, when the parameters, DTR

of right and left triceps and left biceps are

considered. But it was favorable for the control

group in the case of right biceps jerk.

On DTR in 75% of assessment areas, study

group showed favorable mean effect than the

control. Axon- or dendrite-predominant

outgrowth induced by constituents from

Ashwagandha [Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal]

is already proved, which goes in hand with the

action of the same in Deep Tendon Reflexes

(Kuboyama T, 2002).

CONCLUSION

The add-on effect of Asvagandha in motor

developmental disorders was measured using

specific tools like muscle bulk, power, tone

and deep tendon reflexes. Since there is a wide

variation among the results, a common

conclusion cannot be drawn. So to conclude on

muscle bulk, it can be said that, in 62.5% of

assessment areas, study group showed higher

mean effect than the control. On power, it can

be said that, in 75% of assessment areas, study

group showed a higher mean effect than

control, but it is statistically not significant. On

tone, in 50% of assessment areas, study group

showed favorable mean effect than the control

and this includes the tone of the Ankle joint,

the tackling of which has a higher clinical

relevance. On DTR in 75% of assessment

areas, study group showed favorable mean

effect than the control.

The inference from the research is that

Asvagandha [Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal]

is having positive effect in motor

developmental disorders. But statistically, it

does not possess add on effect Asvagandha in

the motor functions of children with motor

developmental disorders under the specified

setting. Since the drug shows a positive

inclination in all the parameters, either-dose,

duration, Sample size may be increased and

can be further evaluated for more conclusive

results. The changes happened to other co-

morbid conditions like epilepsy and other

psycho social factors can be monitored in

further studies.

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REFERENCES

Anonymous (2001), API - The Ayurvedic

pharmacopoeia of India reprint 2005;

The controller of publication, New

Delhi, Part 1, Vol. 1, p.15.

Forfar and Arneils, Textbook of Paediatrics, 7th

Edition (2008), Churchill Livingstone

Elsevier Health Science,p-888

Guyton and Hall, (2005).Textbook of Medical

Physiology, 11th Edition, Published by

Elsevier p-678

Hari Sadasiva Sastri Paradakara, (2011).

Vagbhata,‘Astanga hrdaya’ with the

commentaries ‘sarvangasundara’ of

Arunadatta and ‘Ayurveda rasayana’ of

Hemadri, Varanasi: Chaukhambha

Sanskrit Sansthan; Uttara sthana

39/159.

Kenneth F.Swaiman, (2007). Pediatric

Neurology, Principles & Practice,

Volume I, Forth Edition, Publisher :

Mosby

Kuboyama T (2002). Axon- or dendrite-

predominant outgrowth induced by

constituents from Ashwagandha.

Neuroreport. Oct 7; 13(14):1715–20.

Meena.S.L., (2001), Bala sosha rog par

Ashwagandhadi yog ka Chikitsatmak

adhyayan. [M D Dissertation], National

Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur.

Mehta, A.K., P. Binkley, S.S. Gandhi, and

M.K. Ticku. (1991). Pharmacological

effects of Withania somnifera root

extract on GABAA receptor complex.

Indian J Med Res. Aug; 94:312–5

Natsuki Nakayama, Chihiro Tohda, (2007),

Withanoside IV improves hindlimb

function by facilitating axonal growth

and increase in peripheral nervous

system myelin level after spinal cord

injury ,Neuroscience Research, 58 (2):

June, Pages 176–182.

Odle, Teresa (2006), Gale Encyclopedia of

Medicine, 3rd ed. Polzin, Scott;

Cerebral Palsy.

Roshni Anirudhan (2009). A Clinical trial to

study The efficacy of selected

Ayurvedic treatment modalities In

cerebral palsy in children below 8

years. [M D dssertation], University of

Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram; p.17.

Sara.J.Webb and Christopher S.Monk. (2001).

Mechanism of post natal

neurobiological developments,

implications for human development.

Developmental neuropsychology,

Lawrance Erlbaran Associate

Publishers; 19(2): 147–171

Source of Support: NIL Conflict of Interest: None Declared

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ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal

CONCEPT OF NITYA SEVANIYA AAHARA DRAVYA

Saylee Deshmukh1*

, M K Vyas2

1Ph.D.Scholar, Department of Basic Principles, Institute of Post Graduate Teaching and Research in

Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar- India 2Professor, Department of Basic Principles, Institute of Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda,

Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar- India.

*Corresponding author: Email: dsaylee@ymail.com

Received: 10/02/2016; Revised: 05/03/2016; Accepted: 10/05/2016

ABSTRACT

Ayurveda has great potential in the field of Preventive medicine. Diet and Lifestyle plays key role

in preventing many diseases. Among them diet is most important as health depends upon the type of

diet taken by an individual. In Ayurveda, some food items are advised to be taken for a long duration

while some are prohibited which are termed as ‘Nitya sevaniya’ and ‘Nitya asevaniya’ aahara

dravya. It depends on the beneficial and harmful properties present in them. Present study aims to

explain the rationality behind the concept of ‘Nitya sevaniya aahara dravya’ i.e. diet items which

can be consumed for long time.

KEY WORDS: Nitya sevaniya, diet, aahara dravya

Review article

Cite this article: Saylee Deshmukh,

M K Vyas (2016), CONCEPT OF NITYA SEVANIYA AAHARA DRAVYA,

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 5(5): 173–182

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INTRODUCTION

Ayurveda plays a very important role in

prevention of disease, besides treatment of

diseases which includes aahara (diet), vihara

(lifestyle) and aachara (behavioral pattern).

Amongst them aahara i.e. diet is the most

important part. Saarata of dhatu which is the

reflection of body’s immunity depends on the

nature of diet taken. Therefore Acharyas have

advised to take only those food items which are

helpful to maintain the health (Brahmanand

Tripathi, 2006). Nitya sevaniya and asevaniya

aahara dravya have been enlisted in Charaka

samhita (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006),

Ashtanga Hridaya (Brahmanand Tripathi,

2007), Ashtanga Samgraha (Shivprasad

Sharma, 2012) and Kaiyyadeva Nighantu

(Priyavrata Sharma et al., 2009). While in

Sushruta samhita (Ananta Ram Sharma, 2008),

list of ekanta hitakara and ahitakara aahara

dravya has been given. These nitya sevaniya

and ekanta hitakara dravya are those which can

be taken regularly in healthy condition for

maintenance of health because of their specific

properties. According to the dictionary of

Monier William, word Nitya means ‘for long

time’ (Monier Wiliams, 2005)

Charaka has divided dravya in three

categories- doshaprashamana,

dhatupradushana and swasthavrittakara

(Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006).

Doshaprashamana dravya are those used with

a therapeutic purpose, dhatupradushana dravya

are those which are responsible for disease

pathogenesis by vitiation of dhatu and while

swasthavrittakara dravya are responsible for

maintenance of health by keeping all the three

dosha in equal state. Among that Nitya

sevaniya aahara dravya can be taken under the

third category. Following table shows the list of

Nitya Sevaniya aahara dravya mentioned in

Ayurveda classics. Table.1

Present study aims to explain the rationality

behind the concept of ‘Nitya sevaniya aahara

dravya’ in Ayurveda and researches of modern

science.

Table.1: List of Nitya sevaniya aahara dravya

S. No. Substances English/botanical name

1. Amalaka Phyllanthus emblica L.

2. Antariksha jala Rain water

3. Dadima Punica granatum L.

4. Go Dugdha Cow’s milk

5. Go Ghrita Cow’s Ghee

6. Godhuma Triticum aestivum L.

7. Jangala mamsa Meat of animals in arid climate

8. Jivanti Leptadenia reticulata Retz.

9. Madhu Honey

10. Mridvika Vitis vinifera L.

11. Mudga Vigna radiata L.

12. Mulaka Raphanus sativus L.

13. Pathya/ Haritaki Terminalia chebula Retz.

14. Patola Trichosanthes cucumerina L.

15. Saindhava Sodii chloridum

16. Shasthika Shali Oryza sativum L.

17. Sharkara Sugar

18. Sunishannaka Marsilea quadrifolia Linn.

19. Vastuka Chenopodium album L.

20. Yava Hordeum vulgare L.

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MATERIALS AND METHODS

A critical review of texts of Ayurveda like

Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga

Hrudaya, Ashtanga Sangraha, Kaiyyadeva

Nighantu and research articles related to this

subject.

DISCUSSION

Nitya sevaniya aahara dravya include

selected entities among each of the categories

like shukadhanya, shamidhanya, shakavarga,

phalavarga and aahara upayogi dravya. They

have been said to be useful for maintenance of

health. Among them mudga (Vigna radiata L.)

has been described best in shamidhanya i.e.

pulses (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006) possesses

madhura, kashaya rasa, katu vipaka and sheeta

virya with laghu and vishada guna

(Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006) have high

nutritional value. 100g of it produces 334 Kcal

of energy. It is rich in carbohydrate

(56.7g/100g) and proteins 23.86g. It is very

good source for minerals like Potassium

(843 mg/100g), Magnesium (127 mg/100g),

calcium (124 mg/100g), phosporous

(326 mg/100g) and iron (4.4 mg/100g).

vitamins like carotene, thiamine, niacin,

riboflavin, ascorbic acid and folic acid are also

present in mudga (Gopalan C et al., 2007).

According to researches antioxidant, anti-

hyperglycemic (Yao Y et al., 2013),

detoxifying (Tran Van Hien et al., 2002), anti-

anemic (Manikandaselvi S et al., 2014), anti-

hyperlipidemic (Nobuhiko Tachibana et al.,

2012) and anti-microbial (Siti Nazrina

Camalxaman et al., 2013) activities have been

found in mudga. Regular consumption of

mudga can regulate enterobacterial flora of

intestine, decrease absorption of toxic

substances, reduce risk of hypercholesterolemia

and coronary heart disease and prevent cancer

(Tang et al., 2014). Mudga extracts were also

found to have a potent scavenging activity

against pro-oxidant species, including reactive

oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species as

well as an inhibitory effect on low-density

lipoprotein oxidation. (Ill Min Chung et al.,

2011)

Shashtika shali (Oryza sativum L.) has been

described as best among shukadhanya i.e.

cereals. It has kashaya, madhura rasa,

madhura vipaka and sheeta veerya

(Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006). It is a very good

source of carbohydrate, vitamin B complex and

minerals like Iron. (Basu S et al., 2012).

According to modern researches it posses

antioxidant (Priya Gurumoorthy et al., 2014),

cytoprotective (Bunyada Jittorntrum et al.,

2009), immunomodulatory (Yang L C et al.,

2015), hepatoprotective (Sinthorn W et al.,

2015)

Godhuma (Triticum aestivum L.) possesses

madhura rasa, madhura vipaka and sheeta

virya with guru and snigdha guna

(Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006). It is a very good

source of carbohydrate, vitamins and minerals.

According to the researches, godhuma has been

reported to posses anti-oxidant (Pandey BR et

al., 2012), anti-hyperlipidaemic (Ji-Young Im

et al., 2015), anti-microbial (Athul Sundaresan

et al., 2015) activity, protective to the skin (G.

Balint et al., 2006) and gastric (T Lakshmi

Srinivas et al., 2013), intestinal mucosa (E.

Ben-Arye et al., 2009) and neuro-protective

(Han HS et al., 2010)

Godugdha (cow’s milk) possesses madhura

rasa, madhura vipaka and sheeta virya with

guru and snigdha guna. It has been described

as aajanmasatmya (compatible from the birth),

ojovardhaka (increases vital power of the

body) (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006). It is a

source of good quality protein, calcium and

vitamins particularly, vitamin A, riboflavin,

niacin and folic acid. In addition milk contains

several bio-protective molecules that ensure

health security to humans. Godugdha has been

reported to possess anti-oxidant (Santosh

Kumar et al., 2013), immunomodulatory

(Opatha Vithana et al., 2012), gut protective

activity (Bohuslav Dvorak, 2010).

Goghruta (cow’s ghee) has been described

in Ayurveda texts to have many beneficial

properties like it is rejuvenating, bestows luster

and beauty, enhances memory and stamina,

increases the intellect, promotes longevity, is

an aphrodisiac and protects the body from

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various diseases (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006).

Ghee has been proved to posses anti-oxidant,

and anti-atherogenic properties (Chinnadurai K

et al., 2013), gastroprotective and adaptogenic

(S M S Samarakoon et al., 2011). It also

potentiates antimicrobial activity (Prasad V et

al., 2006), immunostimulant, antioxidant and

hepatoprotective activity (Fulzele SV et al.,

2002). So Ghee contains omega-3 fatty acids

which have been proved to improve

cardiovascular health and also modulate disease

processes, such as hypertension, coronary

artery disease, and hypertriglyceridemia (Gerry

Schwalfenberg, 2006). Medhya action of

goghruta may be due to ability to penetrate

blood brain barrier and also to facilitate

building or supporting the biochemical

activities of tissues such as neurons (Achliya

GS et al., 2004, 2005).

Saindhava (Rock salt) has been advised to

take daily. It possesses lavana rasa and sheeta

virya (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006). But

worldwide common salt is being taken daily.

Chemical formula of both is same as NaCl but

contents of both differ as rock salt contains

some extra minerals like potassium which are

beneficial to the health (Neelesh Khandelwal et

al., 2012). Contents of rock salt and common

salt are given in Table. 2.

Table.2: Chemical component of rock salt and common salt

Chemical component Rock salt (%) Common salt (%)

Na 39.00 39.34

K 0.12 −

Mg − 0.03

Ca − 0.08

Cl 60.27 60.66

SO4 − 0.27

Total 99.77 100

Sodium has a contractile mechanism while

potassium has proven to have a relaxing effect

on the smooth muscle of the arterioles

(Sunita Inderjit Singh et al., 1955). So intake of

common salt for long time can be one of the

most important causes for essential

hypertension.

Amalaki (Phyllanthus emblica L.) has been

described in Ayurveda texts to have

rejuvenating property which promotes

longevity (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006).

Amalaki by its amla rasa, sheeta virya, ruksha

guna do not provoke vata, pitta and kapha

successively and helps for their maintenance.

Antioxidant (Bhattacharya A et al., 1999),

immuno-modulatory (Madhuri S et al., 2011),

hepato-protective (Karadka Ramdas

Thilakchand, 2013) and cyto-protective (M Sai

Ram et al., 2002).

Dadima (Punica granatum L.) is also one

of the Nitya sevaniya Aahara dravya and it is

also mentioned as Pathyatama (Ananta Ram

Sharma, 2008). Anti-oxidant activity and skin

protecting activity against AGEs and UV-A

(Hwa Lee et al., 2014) has been proved.

Hepatoprotective (Kumar AK et al., 2015),

immune-modulatory (Joseph MM et al., 2012),

cytoprotective (Piero Sestili et al., 2007),

embryo-protective (Kishore RK et al., 2009)

Mridvika (Vitis vinifera L.) is also

mentioned as pathyatama fruit by Acharya

Sushruta (Ananta Ram Sharma, 2008). It has

been proved to possess antioxidant (G.K.

Jayaprakasha et al., 2001), hepato-protective

(Pirinççioğlu M et al., 2012), immuno-

modulatory (Rajaa k. baker et al., 2014),

vasoprotective (Schneider E et al., 2008),

neuroprotective (Jin HY et al., 2013), anti-

cancer (Kequan Zhou et al., 2012) properties. It

is also protective for heart and kidney against

toxicity (B. V. S. Lakshmi et al., 2014) and

also an effective gastroprotective (V. M.

Cuevas et al., 2011).

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 5 | May 2016 | 173–182

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

Madhu (honey) has been proved to have

hepatoprotective (Ateeq M J et al., 2013),

cardio-protective (Md. Ibrahim Khalil et al.,

2015), cyto-protective (Faeza Abdel Mogib El-

Dahtory et al., 2011), immunomodulatory

(Majtan J, 2014), protective against hepato-

toxicity and nephrotoxicity (Wafaa M. Abdel-

Moneim et al., 2007)

Haritaki (Terminalia chebula Retz.) has

been described by Acharyas to possess strong

Rasayana i.e. rejuvenating property

(Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006) and alleviate all

the three Dosha (Ananta Ram Sharma, 2008). It

has been proved to have anti-oxidant and anti-

microbial (Pai Aruna, Rao et al., 2012), anti-

aging (Manosroi A et al., 2010),

immunomodulatory (H.N. Shivaprasad et al.,

2006), cardio-protective (Suchalatha S et al.,

2004), hepato-protective (Min-Kyung Choi et

al., 2015) activities.

Jivanti (Leptadenia reticulata Retz.) has

been described as best among all the

vegetables. (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006) due to

its property of ‘sarvadoshaghni’ (Ananta Ram

Sharma, 2008). It is a rich source of vitamin A

(K. Martin et al., 2002) possesses anti-oxidant

and free radical scavenging property

(Mallikarjuna, B et al., 2011), hepatoprotective

(Junapudi Sunil et al., 2015), anti-bacterial

(Irimpan MT et al., 2011) and protection

against inflammation (Louis, C Jelly, 2015).

CONCLUSION

Properties of Nitya sevaniya aahara

dravyas given in texts of Ayurveda are such

that they do not provoke any of the dosha and

keep all the three in equal state. Most of these

drugs are Laghu i.e. easy to digest which

protects the body from formation of aama i.e.

indigested food which is responsible for

pathogenesis of number of diseases. According

to the modern researches all the aahara

dravyas possess anti-oxidant property and most

of them have immuno-modulatory, cyto-

protective, hepato-protective while some

possess vasoprotective, anti-microbial

properties with very good nutritional value

which is beneficial to health.

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