GIS STUDY Richmond and Henrico Air Quality and Race
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Transcript of GIS STUDY Richmond and Henrico Air Quality and Race
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GIS STUDY: Richmondand HenricoEnvironmental justice is an important concept that connects environmental
problems with those impacted the most. Air pollution is a major cause of health
hazards in populations, especially those living near roads. This study
geographically describes, and graphically illustrates a relationship between race
and poor air pollution. The Purpose of this study is to determine what groups ofpeople are most impacted by air pollution in Richmond and Henrico Virginia, and
how smart planning can mitigate these effects.
2011
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Introduction
It is important to many people living in the City of Richmond, and Henrico to live
healthy lives, free of pollution and environmental hazards. Some have the option of
walking outside, and breathing in fresh & clean air. Others may find this difficult because
of the proximity to different sources of pollution. Being downwind from industrial sites,
near heavily traversed roads like major interstates, or any other point or non-point
sources will greatly increase health risks. The most susceptible (and overlooked)
population in the US subject to serious health effects from air pollution may be those
who live very near major regional transportation route, especially highways. People
living within 200 Meters of highways are most likely to see health related issues from
pollutants associated with vehicle emissions. (Brugge et al).
Environmental justice is an important concept that connects environmental
problems with those impacted the most. It is defined as The fair treatment and
meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, sex, national origin, or
income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of
environmental laws.(U.S EPA) Air pollution is a major cause of health hazards in
populations, especially those living near roads. This study is important to geographically
describe, and graphically illustrate a relationship between race and disproportionate
amounts air pollution. As the African National Congress pointed out in 1994, poverty
and environmental degradation have been closely linked & the ANC made it clear that
social, economic, and political relations were also part of the environmental equation
and that environmental inequalities and injustices would be addressed as an integral
part. (McDonald, Environmental Justice) The previous statement acts to substantiate
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the purpose of the proposed study; to determine what groups of people are most
impacted by air pollution in Richmond and Henrico Virginia, and how smart planning can
mitigate these effects.
The reason why it is important to determine which race is disproportionately
impacted the greatest is for meaningful involvement as a component of environmental
justice. This means that: (1) potentially affected community residents have an
appropriate opportunity to participate in decisions about a proposed activity that will
affect their environment and/or health; (2) the public's contribution can influence the
regulatory agency's decision; (3) the concerns of all participants involved will be
considered in the decision making process; and (4) the decision makers seek out and
facilitate the involvement of those potentially affected. (U.S EPA)
The transportation conformity process, dictated by the Clean Air Act of 1990
(CAA), ensures that transportation projects meet air quality standards in order to be
eligible for federal funding. Six criteria air pollutants under the CAA are ozone, carbon
monoxide, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and lead. Any area that
exceeds one or more of these standards is classified by the United States
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) as a nonattainment area. As of June 15,
2004, the Richmond region and Henrico county is classified by the USEPA as an ozone
nonattainment area (Does not meet standards). The MPO (Metropolitan Planning
organization) is responsible for planning and programming transportation projects for a
geographic area. (Richmond Regional Planning District Commission)
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Particulate Matter is particle pollution, a complex mixture of extremely small
drops. This type of pollution is made up of a number of components like acids, organic
chemicals, metals, soil or dust. Size of the particle is directly linked to potential health
problems. Particles that are 10 micrometers in diameter pass through the nose easily,
and enter the lungs. Inhalation of these particles can affect the heart and lungs, causing
serious health problems. PM 10 is also known as inhalable coarse particles. They are
typically found near road ways. (U.S EPA, PM)
Methods
Data Frame: Monitoring Aim 1, will determine and identify where a relationship
exists between poor air quality and a specific demographic within 200 meters of monitor
locations. To answer this first objective, I will use Esris GIS mapping software to
perform a spatial analysis. This analysis will identify where the relationships exists
between race and air pollution in Richmond and Henrico Virginia. The data I need will
contain census information with race, and air quality monitoring sites. This will be crucial
for symbolizing the spatial information data containing where we would see consistently
higher amount of pollution in those areas.
Census 2000 data was used and included population statistics based on race
(White, Black, Hispanic, Asian, and Pacific Islander). A spatial join was performed
between Henrico and Richmond shapefiles (tl_2010_51087_tabblock00, and
tl_2010_51760_tabblock00, respectively) and census data (HenricoCensus.xls, and
RichmondCensus.xls) retrieved from Tigerline. These two shape files were amended in
a union to preserve census attributes, called Henric_union (HenRic.shp). I also obtained
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Virginia DEQ air quality information. These were then added as a table (monitor
sites.dbf), and displayed as XY data, and exported to a shape file
(XYmonitor_sites.shp).
The sites that exceeded 521ppm for total emissions were selected as attributes
(exported to HighEmissionsites.dbf) and a shape file was created for Total Emissions
exceeded (sitesgreater.shp). (see figure 1)
A buffer was created (200mbuffer, 200mbuffer.shp) of 200 meters from the all
monitor site. The clip tool was used on the 200mbuffer, and Henrico-Richmond shape
file (200mbuffersclip,200mbuffeclip.shp). Using the identity tool, Studysites.shp was
created from the 200mbuffersclip and the sites exceeding total emissions; Quebecor
Printing Richmond Incorporated, Reynolds Metals Company Richmond Foil Plant, Philip
Morris USA Inc - Blended Leaf and Philip Morris USA Manufacturing Center.
In the first and second experiments, the amendment to the 1990 clean air act
states emission standards represented in the National Ambient Air Quality Standards
(NAAQS). Total emission standards will be determined by the addition of the values that
exceed total emission standards (see table 1.1). (NAAQS EPA) The value used to
show all criteria pollutants were exceeded is 521ppm. This is the total of all pollutant
standards added together, that were measured annually during 2002 at the four study
sites. Some sites may vary by a particular pollutant being exceeded; however we will
look at total for aim 1.
Relative Risk is the ratio of the probability of an event occurring between study
groups. If the value calculated is greater than 1, then the relative risk for the
experimental group (black people living within 200 meters of the Reynolds Metal Plant)
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will be at a higher risk than the control group (people living within 200 meters of the
Philip Morris manufacturing center).
A clip of the buffers and the HenRic_union allowed me to look at who was most
represented within 200 meters of the study locations that exceeded total emissions.
Studysites was created from selecting attributes of the high emission sites that fell
within the buffers clip. I was able to then create an excel sheet (table 1) showing the
amount of people who fell in these areas.
In the second data frame, Cause: Aim 2, the purpose is to determine and identify
the cause of high pollution. Sites that exceed 521ppm for total emissions will be
evaluated to see if the cause of the pollution is more likely the proximity to roads or the
proximity to a factory. Answering this question with GIS will allow me to hypothesize
where the pollution is coming from. This can be done by examining location attributes of
the areas with poor air quality, and Particulate Matter 10 data from the proximity to
roads, or other sources of potential high emission points. Using the clip tool, I selected
the HenRic_union, and vdotallrd83_Project.shp and created a shapefile called
RoadClip. I then used the measuring tool to evaluate if all of my 4 sites were within 200
meters. Sites that do not fall within 200 meters of major roads can be excluded as
potentially being more effected by high emissions due to cars than industrial sites. If a
site falls within 200 meters of a major roadway, and has a PM10 value exceeding 150
g/m3, we can attribute the roadway as a major contributor to poor health.
Cause: Aim 3 uses total emissions exceed, HenRic_union and a basemap added
from add data, add basemap, imagery. A polygon shape file was created called
mitigation to create areas near the sites. This information is intended to be used by
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smart planners to build a park, or other green areas like Green Roofs. This should
help to minimize the effects of air pollution in that area. A new feature template was also
created called mitigation in the process. Polygons were created near the sites to assist
planners.
Results
From table 1(studysitestable.xls), we can see 1281 people are represented in the
four study locations that exceed 521ppm total emissions. The black population (1175)
was disproportionately represented to the white population (61). Hispanic, Asian and
Pacific Islander were nominally represented. This data met my assumptions, as
minorities can be affected by air pollution due to their proximity of hazard sources. The
study sites population totals based on race were only included from sites that exceeded
total emissions.
Two study sites that exceeded total emissions were chosen to evaluate the
Relative Risk: Reynolds Metals Company Foil plant, and Philip Morris USA
manufacturing center for black and non-black people. People who live within 200
meters, of the Reynolds metal plant, and are black represent 16 times (P^= 16/1, See
table 3) the amount of the population as non-black. Those who live within 200 meters, of
Philip Morris Manufacturing center and black represent 5 times (P^= 202/39, See table
3) the amount as non-black. The Relative Risk for black people living within 200m of
Reynolds Metals is 2.93, compared to black people living near the Philip Morris site
(table 3).
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The Philip Morris Manufacturing Center had a high particulate matter 10 =17.56
(table 2) The Philip Morris USA manufacturing center was located 109 meters from I-95;
the distance is much shorter than the Reynolds Metals Company at 1.14 Km, and had
significantly lower PM 10 =0.32 (table 2). (see figure 2)
For aim 3, the results of the green roofs or parks would need to be evaluated by
comparing monitor results from a later year. This would help planners to evaluate if the
action taken to mitigate air pollution effects were successful.
Discussion
All people in the study areas need to be notified that they are at much higher risk
for poor health from hazardous air pollution. Due to their location, black people are most
impacted by pollution that exceeds air quality standards greatly. After being identified,
and notified, they can be one step closer in having some control over the amount of
pollution being emitted near their homes. Participation is a part of environmental justice
that is fundamental to transforming their well-being.
The buffer zone located around the Philip Morris Manufacturing center had
significantly higher PM 10 values than the Reynolds Metal Company. This could
indicate I-95 as a primary emission source. The distance of 109 meters means that it
falls well within the 200m buffer zone. People in this area may have two major emission
sources causing pollution.
The Relative Risk for black people living near the Reynolds Metal indicated that
you would be at higher risk to pollution in that area compared to the risk of living near
Philip Morris USA. This is based on population proportions and doesnt indicate the
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direct consequence of living in proximity to Reynolds Metals Vs. Philip Morris. The ratio
only tells us that if you only had a choice living near the two sites, it is best to live near
Philip Morris.
Linked natural areas and parks reduce greenhouse gas emissions. A self-reliant
city attempts to reduce the impacts of pollution in-situ. (Haughten, 1997).It is possible to
retrofit cities with areas. The benefits of having parks in cities beyond the reduction of
pollution is that it gives people something to walk to. Instead of driving people may
choose to locate services and increase overall health in the process. (Condon, Seven
Rules) It could be possible to put bicycle lanes in, easing the effects of pollution. A
possible way to alleviate the pollution is by smart planning. By spatially showing where
air pollution occurs in high concentration will reveal general areas of occurrences. If we
know where the problems are, we can decide best approach of how to reduce the
pollution in these areas.
Smart planners can take this information and retrofit areas to be green
compatible. About thirty percent of the global carbon dioxide comes from the U.S and
Canada. About a quarter of this air pollution comes from transportation (Condon, Seven
Rules). This makes it extremely important to identify these areas of high concentration
of air pollution. Only after identifying the areas, we can begin make the necessary
changes to prevent poor health.
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APPENDIX
Table 1
Population in four study sites
White Black HispanicNa Asian PacificIsl TL_2010
1 16 0 0 0 Block 10
3 16 0 0 0 Block 20
0 0 0 0 0 Block 20
0 0 0 0 0 Block 20
1 1 0 0 0 Block 20
0 0 0 0 0 Block 40
0 0 0 0 0 Block 20
0 0 0 0 0 Block 10
0 0 0 0 0 Block 10
9 138 0 0 0 Block 40
0 0 0 0 0 Block 20
7 17 0 0 0 Block 20
0 0 0 0 0 Block 20
0 0 0 0 0 Block 20
0 0 0 0 0 Block 20
0 0 0 0 0 Block 40
0 0 0 0 0 Block 40
0 0 0 0 0 Block 40
0 0 0 0 0 Block 40
38 202 1 0 0 Block 10
0 0 0 0 0 Block 20
2 12 0 0 0 Block 20
0 0 0 2 0 Block 20
0 0 0 0 0 Block 20
0 4 0 0 0 Block 40
0 0 0 0 0 Block 40
0 13 0 0 0 Block 20
0 0 0 0 0 Block 200 756 0 1 0 Block 40
1281.00 61.00 1175.00 1.00 3.00
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Table 1.1
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Primary Standards Secondary Standards
Pollutant Level Averaging Time Level Averaging Time
Carbon
Monoxide
9 ppm
(10 mg/m3)
8-hour(1)
None
35 ppm
(40 mg/m3)
1-hour(1)
Lead 0.15 g/m3(2) Rolling 3-MonthAverage
Same as Primary
Nitrogen
Dioxide
53 ppb(3) Annual
(Arithmetic Average)
Same as Primary
100 ppb 1-hour(4) None
Particulate
Matter(PM10)
150 g/m3 24-hour(5) Same as Primary
Particulate
Matter(PM2.5)
15.0 g/m3 Annual(6)
(Arithmetic Average)
Same as Primary
35 g/m3 24-hour(7) Same as Primary
Ozone 0.075 ppm
(2008 std)
8-hour(8) Same as Primary
0.08 ppm
(1997 std)
8-hour(9)
Same as Primary
0.12 ppm 1-hour(10) Same as Primary
Sulfur
Dioxide
0.03 ppm Annual
(Arithmetic Average)
0.5 ppm 3-hour(1)
http://www.epa.gov/airquality/urbanair/co/http://www.epa.gov/airquality/urbanair/co/http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#1http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#1http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#1http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#1http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#1http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#1http://www.epa.gov/airquality/lead/http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#2http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#2http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#2http://www.epa.gov/airquality/nitrogenoxides/http://www.epa.gov/airquality/nitrogenoxides/http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#3http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#3http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#3http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#4http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#4http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#4http://www.epa.gov/pm/http://www.epa.gov/pm/http://www.epa.gov/pm/http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#5http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#5http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#5http://www.epa.gov/pm/http://www.epa.gov/pm/http://www.epa.gov/pm/http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#6http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#6http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#6http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#7http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#7http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#7http://www.epa.gov/groundlevelozone/http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#8http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#8http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#8http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#9http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#9http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#9http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#10http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#10http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#10http://www.epa.gov/airquality/sulfurdioxide/http://www.epa.gov/airquality/sulfurdioxide/http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#1http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#1http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#1http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#1http://www.epa.gov/airquality/sulfurdioxide/http://www.epa.gov/airquality/sulfurdioxide/http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#10http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#9http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#8http://www.epa.gov/groundlevelozone/http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#7http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#6http://www.epa.gov/pm/http://www.epa.gov/pm/http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#5http://www.epa.gov/pm/http://www.epa.gov/pm/http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#4http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#3http://www.epa.gov/airquality/nitrogenoxides/http://www.epa.gov/airquality/nitrogenoxides/http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#2http://www.epa.gov/airquality/lead/http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#1http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html#1http://www.epa.gov/airquality/urbanair/co/http://www.epa.gov/airquality/urbanair/co/ -
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Table 2
High emission sites
PLTNAME YEAR CO NOX VOC SO2 PM25 PM10 NH3 TOTE
Quebecor Printing Richmond
Incorporated 2002 12.18 14.50 695.14 0.09 0.32 0.32 0.46 72
Reynolds Metals Company Richmond Foil
Pl 2002 17.44 22.31 1834.19 7.97 1.33 1.41 0.73 188
Philip Morris USA Inc - Blended Leaf (BL 2002 132.12 59.88 188.22 0.06 3.22 3.22 405.04 78
Philip Morris USA Manufacturing Center 2002 13.38 360.58 249.35 531.98 14.40 17.56 12.10 118
Table 3
Relative Risk of Black Vs Other Race within 200m of 4 study sites
Risk Total Emissions Exceeded
Reynolds Metals Philip Morris
Black 16 202
Not Black 1 39
Population Proportion P^ 16 5.17
RR 2.935779817
% 293.5779817
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Figure 1
Monitoring Aim 1High Emission Sites
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Figure 2
Reynolds Metal Company and Philip Morris USA Proximity to Roads.
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Figure 3Potential Park Area
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References
Condon, Patrick M. Seven Rules for Sustainable Communities: Design Strategies for
the Post-Carbon World. Island Press, 2010.
McDonald, David A. Environmental Justice in South Africa. Athens, Georgia:University of Ohio Press. 2010. Google books.
Haughten, Graham. Environmental Justice and the Sustainable City. Journal ofPlanning and Education and Research. 1997
Richmond Regional Planning District Commission. A Citizens Guide to theTransportation Improvement Program. July 2004.
Bruggeet al. Near
-highway pollutants in motor vehicle exhaust: A review ofepidemiologic evidence of cardiac and pulmonary health risks. Environmental Health2007, 6:23 doi:10.1186/1476-069X-6-23 http://www.ehjournal.net/content/pdf/1476-069X-6-23.pdf
U.S. EPA. Environmental Justice Program and Civil Rights. EPA United StatesEnvironmental Protection Agency. April 22, 2011. < http://www.epa.gov/ne/ej/>
U.S. EPA PM. Particulate Matter. EPA United States Environmental ProtectionAgency. March 16, 2011.
NAAQS EPA, National Ambient Air quality Standards. United States EnvironmentalProtection Agency. April 18, 2011.
Baccarelli, A, et al. "Living near major traffic roads and risk of deep vein thrombosis."
Circulation 119.24 (2009):3118
http://books.google.com/books?id=F1WdPPD15pYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=david+a+mcdonald+what+is+justice&source=bl&ots=SGdOa_2V0-&sig=HnEMNlWzeBfKhhmQi-Q9aiBesjM&hl=en&ei=LduUTbTvDqmR0QHJqvD6Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=F1WdPPD15pYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=david+a+mcdonald+what+is+justice&source=bl&ots=SGdOa_2V0-&sig=HnEMNlWzeBfKhhmQi-Q9aiBesjM&hl=en&ei=LduUTbTvDqmR0QHJqvD6Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=F1WdPPD15pYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=david+a+mcdonald+what+is+justice&source=bl&ots=SGdOa_2V0-&sig=HnEMNlWzeBfKhhmQi-Q9aiBesjM&hl=en&ei=LduUTbTvDqmR0QHJqvD6Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=F1WdPPD15pYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=david+a+mcdonald+what+is+justice&source=bl&ots=SGdOa_2V0-&sig=HnEMNlWzeBfKhhmQi-Q9aiBesjM&hl=en&ei=LduUTbTvDqmR0QHJqvD6Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=F1WdPPD15pYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=david+a+mcdonald+what+is+justice&source=bl&ots=SGdOa_2V0-&sig=HnEMNlWzeBfKhhmQi-Q9aiBesjM&hl=en&ei=LduUTbTvDqmR0QHJqvD6Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://arroyofilms.com/ftpuser/2nd%20wknd/Haughton.pdfhttp://www.richmondregional.org/Publications/Reports_and_Documents/TIP/TIP_Citizens_Guide_FY05.pdfhttp://www.richmondregional.org/Publications/Reports_and_Documents/TIP/TIP_Citizens_Guide_FY05.pdfhttp://www.ehjournal.net/content/pdf/1476-069X-6-23.pdfhttp://www.ehjournal.net/content/pdf/1476-069X-6-23.pdfhttp://www.epa.gov/ne/ej/http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/ne/ej/http://www.ehjournal.net/content/pdf/1476-069X-6-23.pdfhttp://www.ehjournal.net/content/pdf/1476-069X-6-23.pdfhttp://www.richmondregional.org/Publications/Reports_and_Documents/TIP/TIP_Citizens_Guide_FY05.pdfhttp://www.richmondregional.org/Publications/Reports_and_Documents/TIP/TIP_Citizens_Guide_FY05.pdfhttp://arroyofilms.com/ftpuser/2nd%20wknd/Haughton.pdfhttp://books.google.com/books?id=F1WdPPD15pYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=david+a+mcdonald+what+is+justice&source=bl&ots=SGdOa_2V0-&sig=HnEMNlWzeBfKhhmQi-Q9aiBesjM&hl=en&ei=LduUTbTvDqmR0QHJqvD6Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=F1WdPPD15pYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=david+a+mcdonald+what+is+justice&source=bl&ots=SGdOa_2V0-&sig=HnEMNlWzeBfKhhmQi-Q9aiBesjM&hl=en&ei=LduUTbTvDqmR0QHJqvD6Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=F1WdPPD15pYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=david+a+mcdonald+what+is+justice&source=bl&ots=SGdOa_2V0-&sig=HnEMNlWzeBfKhhmQi-Q9aiBesjM&hl=en&ei=LduUTbTvDqmR0QHJqvD6Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=F1WdPPD15pYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=david+a+mcdonald+what+is+justice&source=bl&ots=SGdOa_2V0-&sig=HnEMNlWzeBfKhhmQi-Q9aiBesjM&hl=en&ei=LduUTbTvDqmR0QHJqvD6Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=F1WdPPD15pYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=david+a+mcdonald+what+is+justice&source=bl&ots=SGdOa_2V0-&sig=HnEMNlWzeBfKhhmQi-Q9aiBesjM&hl=en&ei=LduUTbTvDqmR0QHJqvD6Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false -
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Data sources
Virginia DEQ air monitoring
(http://www.deq.virginia.gov/airquality/homepage.html )
2000 Census Information
(http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cob/bdy_files.html ).
http://www.deq.virginia.gov/airquality/homepage.htmlhttp://www.deq.virginia.gov/airquality/homepage.htmlhttp://www.deq.virginia.gov/airquality/homepage.htmlhttp://www.census.gov/geo/www/cob/bdy_files.htmlhttp://www.census.gov/geo/www/cob/bdy_files.htmlhttp://www.census.gov/geo/www/cob/bdy_files.htmlhttp://www.census.gov/geo/www/cob/bdy_files.htmlhttp://www.deq.virginia.gov/airquality/homepage.html