GIS and GPS for the Non-Industrial Private Forest
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Transcript of GIS and GPS for the Non-Industrial Private Forest
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© Phil Hurvitz, 1999-2002
GIS & GPS for the Non-Industrial Private Forest Landowner
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GIS and GPS for theNon-Industrial Private Forest
Washington Farm Forestry AssociationForest Owners’ Field Day
Pack ForestApril 27, 2002
by
Phil Hurvitz
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© Phil Hurvitz, 1999-2002
GIS & GPS for the Non-Industrial Private Forest Landowner
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NIPF Concerns
• Long-term productivity of forest land• Accurate inventories of forest resources• Compliance with forest regulation• Road maintenance & abandonment plans• Property & harvest unit layout
• Nearly all goals of NIPF requiredetailed knowledge of ground conditions
• Accurate maps & inventory• Forest resources/stands/property boundary• Roads• Streams
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© Phil Hurvitz, 1999-2002
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What is GIS?
• Computer-based method for the• Capture,• Storage,• Management,• Analysis, and• Representation/Display of
Spatially referenced data … which means …Anything that is or can be mapped
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What is GIS?
• Map data stored, accessed, and analyzed on a computer
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What is GIS?
• Map data stored, accessed, and analyzed on a computer
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Why is GIS different from paper maps?• Uses the analytical power of the computer to complete
complex tasks which would be impossible using paper maps. • Uses the computer's storage power to manage large and
complex data sets. • Allows the integration of many different types of data from
many different sources (maps, tabular data, aerial photos, elevation models, satellite imagery, CAD data, etc.) within a single storage, management, and analysis environment.
• Maps a variety of different data to the same coordinate space, which allows for the analysis of the combination of different themes (e.g., slope, windthrow hazard, and forest age).
• Digital data are more stable than paper media, easier to copy, and easier to distribute. Many web sites exist that distribute digital geospatial data.
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Why is GIS different from paper maps? (continued)
• Digitally created maps are more easily updated than paper maps. • GIS makes it easy to reproduce maps. A single digital map file
can be printed at will and multiple times. • Allows the creation and use of "one-time" maps (whereas paper
maps generally need to be printed and sold by the thousands to recapture the cost of production). For example, a map can be prepared with GIS specifically for a public presentation; the map may never be used after that presentation.
• Allows individual users to tailor their map displays for their own purposes, rather than having to settle for a general-purpose paper map.
• Eliminates some user bias (the computer repeats measurement and analytical processes identically, whereas people often repeat processes with random or systematic errors).
• Brings new tools for thinking differently about geographic data.
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How does GIS work?
• Data are stored in a spatially explicit coordinate system
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How does GIS work?
• Common coordinate framework for multiple data sets
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How does GIS work?
• Map (coordinate) data have descriptive (attribute) data
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How does GIS work?
• Data on the map are linked to descriptive data
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What can GIS do for the NIPF?
• Create maps of your forest• Calculate acreage of forest stands• Calculate length of streams and roads• Generate regulatory buffers around streams and
wetlands, … and• Calculate potential loss of harvestable lands• Aid in road design• Aid in sampling and inventory schemes• Provide input data for forest analysis software (e.g.,
LMS, Envision)
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© Phil Hurvitz, 1999-2002
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What can GIS do for the NIPF?
• Create maps of your forest
5000 0 5000 10000 Feet
Age Class0 - 1010 - 2525 - 4949 - 111111 - 201
RoadsStreams
N
EW
S
PackForestage classes
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What can GIS do for the NIPF?
• Calculate acreage of forest stands
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What can GIS do for the NIPF?
• Calculate length of streams and roads
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What can GIS do for the NIPF?
• Generate regulatory buffers around streams and wetlands,
and …
• Generate regulatory buffers around streams and wetlands,
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What can GIS do for the NIPF?
• Calculate potential loss of harvestable lands
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What can GIS do for the NIPF?
• Calculate potential loss of harvestable lands
acreage before 150’ buffer acreage after 150’ buffer
• 24% loss of production land
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What can GIS do for the NIPF?
• Aid in road design: ArcView Pegger extension
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What can GIS do for the NIPF?
• Aid in road design: ArcGIS Culvert design tool
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What can GIS do for the NIPF?
• Aid in sampling and inventory schemes
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© Phil Hurvitz, 1999-2002
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What can GIS do for the NIPF?
• Provide input data for forest analysis & visualization software (e.g., LMS, Envision)
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What is GPS?
• Radio-wave based location and navigation system• Method for obtaining precise ground coordinates, or
navigating to a precise location (15 m to sub-cm, depending on equipment)
• Spaceborne satellite constellation segment• Land-based control segment
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How does GPS work?
• Radio waves are a form of electromagnetic radiation (light)
• Constant velocity of 299,792,458 m/s
• Distance = rate * time
• Radio waves sent from orbiting satellites
• Time stamp on signal marks the start of the wave
• Time of reception marks the end of the wave
start: 0.00 s
end: 0.06 s 12,000 mi
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How does GPS work?
• With the distance from 1 satellite we can locate our position on the surface of a sphere_
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How does GPS work?
• With the distance from 2 satellites we can locate our position on the intersection of 2 spheres (a circle)_
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How does GPS work?
• With the distance from 3 satellites we can locate our position on the intersection of 3 spheres (1 of 2 points)_
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How does GPS work?
• With the distance from 4 satellites we can locate our position on the intersection of 4 spheres (1 point)_
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How does GPS work?
• The point is located on the surface of the earth_
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What are the benefits of GPS vs. manual survey?
• Easy to learn • Fast to use• Requires less attention to detail• Errors are not additive• No math!
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Potential GPS error sources
• Satellite geometry• Satellites that are closer result in less accurate
measurements_
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Potential GPS error sources
• Satellite geometry• A large spread of satellites makes the most accurate
measurements_
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Potential GPS error sources
• Landscape features
• Natural & artificial features can intercept signals
• Mountains, valleys, hills, buildings, tree canopies, etc._
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Potential GPS error sources
• Multipath errors
• Natural & artificial features can reflect signals
• Multiple “ghost” signals can confound timing_
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How can GPS support the NIPF?
• Harvest unit layout• Obtain boundaries in the field for mapping• Inventory plot layout and relocation• Significantly speed up any surveying or navigation
mission• Potentially increase the accuracy & precision of a survey
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Resources: Software
• Free• ESRI ArcExplorer
http://www.esri.com/software/arcexplorer
• AutoDesk VoloView Expresshttp://usa.autodesk.com/
• Landscape Management Systemhttp://lms.cfr.washington.edu/
• Envision (forest visualization)http://forsys.cfr.washington.edu/envision.html
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Resources: Software
• $$• ESRI ArcView & ArcGIS
http://www.esri.com/software
• AutoCAD Maphttp://usa.autodesk.com/
• MapInfo
http://www.mapinfo.com
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Resources: Tutorials
• GIS (ArcView)• ESRI Virtual Campus (various software)
• http://campus.esri.com
• CFR 250 (UW Course, ArcView 3.2)• http://gis.washington.edu/cfr250
• GPS• Trimble
• http://www.trimble.com/gps
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Resources: Free Geospatial Data
• TerraServer (digital orthophotos)• http://terraserver.homeadvisor.msn.com/
• UW Map Library (lots of data)• http://wagda.lib.washington.edu
• USGS GeoData (some data require $$ software)• http://edc.usgs.gov/geodata/
• Oregon Geospatial Data Clearinghouse • http://www.sscgis.state.or.us/data/
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Hands-on workshop
• Download and view data• GPS pre-planning• Data collection & navigation• Differential correction• Import GPS data to GIS