Gibbs, Vance 2

STATE BUILDING ENERGY EFFICIENCY DETERMINATION USING ENERGY AUDITS

by

VANCE SCOTT GIBBS

DR. ROBERT W. PETERS, COMMITTEE CHAIRDR. JASON KIRBY

DR. VIRGINIA P. SISIOPIKU

A THESIS

Submitted to the graduate faculty of The University of Alabama at Birmingham, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Master of Science

BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA

2009

STATE BUILDING ENERGY EFFICIENCY DETERMINATOINS USING ENERGYAUDITS

VANCE SCOTT GIBBS

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

ABSTRACT

Energy audits/assessments were performed on various buildings owned and

operated by the State of Alabama in order to save money on energy, conserve natural

resources and lower emissions from power plants in Alabama. This effort has identified

wasteful operational practices and inefficient building materials and equipment in

selected buildings. Energy data such as electric, natural gas, water, oil and/or other

procurements and expenditures have been reviewed prior to performing on-site visits in

order to save audit time at the facilities and to estimate a benchmark for the facilities for

analysis/comparison. Survey forms were sent to various state agencies in an effort to

identify the facilities warranting further study. Audits/assessments were conducted on

state buildings, and at a minimum and where available, the following data and/or

measurements have been collected: electric equipment; types of heating, ventilation, and

air conditioning (HVAC) systems; lighting fixtures; insulation types and amounts; energy

sources, such as electric, water, natural gas, and oil; building temperature, pressure,

voltage, amperage and power measurements; and window types, doors and roofing

materials. Once the audits/assessments were completed, recommendations for energy

conservation were sent to the participating facilities.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to acknowledge the advice, guidance and, most of all, the patience of

my advisor and chair of my committee, Dr. Robert W. Peters. Without his influence and

persistence, this research work would not have been possible or completed. Further, I

would like to thank Dr. Jason Kirby and Dr. Virginia P. Sisiopiku for participating on my

committee and acknowledge them for their advice and guidance, which greatly enhanced

this research.

I would like to thank the members of the auditing team, Dr. Robert W. Peters,

professor, Dr. Jeffery Perl, President of Chicago Chem Consultants Corporation, and

Harshard Shetye, graduate assistant, for their patience and assistance in performing the

auditing process.

I would like to thank the Alabama Department of Economic and Community

Affairs (ADECA) for the financial support, which made this research possible, and for

giving me the opportunity to be part of the project.

I would like to thank Mr. Bob White, Bryce Hospital, and Ms. Sandra Douglas,

Department of Youth Services, for their patience and for giving access to their facilities

during this process.

I would also like to thank my wife for the support and love she has given me

throughout this endeavor and my son for his patience while I have been working on this

project.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................iii

LIST OF TABLES..............................................................................................................vi

LIST OF FIGURES...........................................................................................................vii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.............................................................................................ix

CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................1

2 BACKGROUND.....................................................................................................5

2.1 Energy Conservation.....................................................................................52.2 Energy Studies..............................................................................................7

3 ENERGY AUDITS/ASSESSMENTS...................................................................10

3.1 Methodology...............................................................................................103.2 Equipment...................................................................................................123.3 Objectives and Locations............................................................................173.4 Bryce Hospital Audit..................................................................................19

3.4.1 Facility Description.............................................................................193.4.2 Building Envelope...............................................................................293.4.3 HVAC..................................................................................................293.4.4 Lighting...............................................................................................333.4.5 Water Consumption.............................................................................353.4.6 Summary.............................................................................................37

3.5 Department of Youth Services – Chalkville Campus Audit.......................383.5.1 Facility Description.............................................................................383.5.2 Building Envelope...............................................................................473.5.3 HVAC..................................................................................................483.5.4 Lighting...............................................................................................493.5.5 Summary.............................................................................................50

4

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION............................................................................51

4.1 Bryce Hospital........................................................................................514.2 Department of Youth Services – Chalkville Campus............................544.3 Difference in Facilities...........................................................................56

5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS....................................................................57

LIST OF REFERENCES...................................................................................................59

APPENDIX........................................................................................................................61

A TECHNICAL FACILITY PROFILE........................................................61

B OBSERVATIONS AND IMPRESSIONS – BRYCEHOSPITAL................................................................................................76

C OBSERVATIONS AND IMPRESSIONS – DEPARTMENTOF YOUTH SERVICES...........................................................................91

5

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 Types of Energy Audits..................................................................................................12

2 Lighting Evaluation – Bryce Hospital............................................................................35

3 Lighting Evaluation – Department of Youth Services....................................................50

4 Bryce Hospital – Summary.............................................................................................52

5 Department of Youth Services – Summary....................................................................55

6

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions....................................................................................2

2 Energy Use by Sector........................................................................................................3

3 Pre-Audit Survey Form...................................................................................................11

4 Infrared Thermometer.....................................................................................................14

5 Lightmeter.......................................................................................................................15

6 Thermo-Anemometer......................................................................................................15

7 Digital Stroboscope.........................................................................................................16

8 Voltage and Current Meter.............................................................................................16

9 Flicker Checker...............................................................................................................17

10 Bryce Hospital, Tuscaloosa, Alabama..........................................................................18

11 Department of Youth Services – Chalkville Campus...................................................18

12 Bryce Hospital – Power Usage.....................................................................................20

13 Bryce Hospital – Natural Gas Consumption.................................................................20

14 Power Plant...................................................................................................................21

15 Education Building.......................................................................................................22

16 Adolescent Building......................................................................................................22

17 Harper Center................................................................................................................23

18 New Admissions...........................................................................................................24

19 Building 32 East............................................................................................................24

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20 Building 34 East............................................................................................................25

21 Building 36 East............................................................................................................26

22 Chiller Building............................................................................................................26

23 1-North Building...........................................................................................................27

24 2-North Building...........................................................................................................28

25 Engineering Building....................................................................................................28

26 Bryce Campus – Central denotes steam is utilized from Power Plant..........................31

27 Supplemental Cooling – Bryce Hospital 34 East..........................................................32

28 Bryce Campus – Central denotes chilled water is utilized from Chiller Building.........................................................................................................................33

29 Leaking Pump – Bryce Hospital – Chiller Building.....................................................37

30 Department of Youth Services – Power Usage.............................................................39

31 Department of Youth Services – Natural Gas Usage....................................................39

32 Iroquois Building..........................................................................................................40

33 Gymnasium...................................................................................................................41

34 Junaluska Building........................................................................................................41

35 Administration Building...............................................................................................42

36 Chickasaw Building......................................................................................................42

37 Creek Building..............................................................................................................43

38 Recreation Building......................................................................................................44

39 Chapel...........................................................................................................................44

40 Sequoyah School...........................................................................................................45

41 Alabama Building.........................................................................................................46

42 Security Building..........................................................................................................46

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43 Bryce Hospital Natural Gas Consumption....................................................................53

9

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ADECA Alabama Department of Economic and Community Affairs

ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers

BTU British Thermal Unit

CAFE Corporate Average Fuel Economy

DOE Department of Energy

EMA Emergency Management Agency

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

ESCO Energy Service Contracting Organization

FT/MIN feet per minute

HP horse power

HVAC Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning

HID High Intensity Discharge

KW kilowatt

LED Light Emitting Diode

MPG Miles Per Gallon

RFP Request For Proposal

RMS Root-Mean-Square

S.E.E.R. Seasonal Energy Efficiency Rating

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Energy conservation is a critical issue facing our nation today. Energy

conservation, “energy efficiency,” and/or “energy management,” will be used

interchangeably throughout this thesis. The United States (U.S.) is in an “energy crisis”

mainly due to the excessive consumption of oil. It has been estimated that the world has

1000 billion barrels of oil remaining in its crust, not all of which is obtainable. The U.S.

uses 30 billion barrels annually, which equates to approximately 25% of the world’s

annual oil production, yet has only 4% of the world’s population and 3% of the world’s

oil reserves [Ahmed, 2008]. These numbers show that energy sources are finite and that

the enormous demand for energy in our wasteful society has diminished supplies. These

supplies include natural resources that are used to produce the energy we consume daily.

Some of these resources are fossil fuels, water, and wood. These resources are used to

provide electricity for the operation of equipment and automobiles, heat or cool our

facilities, and in industrial processes within our factories. Regardless of how the energy is

used, our utility bills and our overall cost of doing business is increasing. Also, it should

be noted that the consumption of energy does not come without a price. There is

substantial harm being done to the environment each year. For example, with use of fossil

fuels to produce energy, millions of tons of carbon dioxide as well as other emissions

associated with the combustion process are dumped into the atmosphere. With the use of

dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12) in refrigeration systems, leaks from these systems

11

release gas which destroy the earth’s ozone layer [Wulfinghoff, 2000]. This harm is

directly related to the greenhouse effect, i.e., the presence of gases that absorb and emit

infrared radiation. This effect has caused the earth’s atmospheric temperature to increase

since the middle of the 20th century, and some say that this is causing sea levels to rise

and weather patterns to change [Mongabay, 2009]. Figure 1 illustrates the increase in

global carbon emissions since 1955, and Figure 2 illustrates the major sectors and the

quantity of energy used in Alabama for which greenhouse gases are emitted [Energy

Information Administration (EIA), 2009].

Figure 1: Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions [Department of Commerce, 2009]

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Figure 2: Energy Use by Sector [EIA, 2009]

Further, the power sector alone in Alabama during 2007 emitted the following

greenhouse gases: 87,344,975 metric tons of carbon dioxide, 448,869 metric tons of

sulfur dioxide, and 120,877 metric tons of nitrogen oxide. It should be noted that

Alabama ranks twenty third in population but fifteenth in the amount of carbon produced

per resident, due to the state’s reliance on coal in the production of electricity [EIA,

2009].

As energy prices increase, Alabama facility managers and professionals interested

in energy conservation need to investigate ways to save money on electricity, natural gas,

fuel oil, water, etc.

The first step to energy conservation within one’s facility involves performing

energy audits [Ingnatyuk and Golubchenko, 1995]. Qualified individuals familiar with

the facilities must perform the audits. Next, facility managers are tasked with reviewing

the results of the audits and implementing their recommendations. Facility managers

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Energy Use By Sector 2007 (Billions of BTU)

405,457

280,570

941,586

504,413

Residential

Commercial

Industrial

Transportation

must understand all aspects of their building systems, as well as which improvements are

most beneficial and cost-effective. However, facility managers need to keep in mind that

the audits themselves do not save money; rather it is the implementation of the

recommendations of the audits along with proper operation and management of their

facilities that will be the key. Also, the facility manager cannot be alone in his or her

endeavor of being more energy efficient. Each organization will have to adopt, accept

and embrace the idea of being energy efficient. In most cases, it will take an

organizational change from the top down (i.e., upper management) to reach or even come

close to maximum efficiency within a facility. It will be up to the managers in the

organization to train and coach employees to reach the goals of the organization as they

pertain to energy efficiency. However, no matter the size or type of organization, the

common element of a successful energy management program is commitment

[Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2009].

The research performed and described in this thesis addresses issues that are

associated with energy efficiencies in the Alabama buildings for which audits were

performed. However, the methods used for the audits can be used at any facility and

should identify areas where money and energy can be saved.

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CHAPTER 2

BACKGROUND

2.1 ENERGY CONSERVATION

Energy conservation became prevalent in the early 1970s in the U.S. The first

“energy crisis” of the modern era occurred when the Arab oil producing countries

imposed an embargo due to U.S. policy in the Middle East. This action started the

concept of energy conservation by creating the notion that the creation of energy sources

(supply of energy) may not keep ahead of the use of energy (demand) [Wulfinghoff,

2000].

Since this time, energy conservation has improved in all sectors. One area of

improvement involves energy conservation that is now tied to environmental protection.

With this relationship, there have been numerous laws signed, major spending in

research, and incentives for conservation activities. Some examples of these activities are

listed below:

- In 1992, the EPA and the Department of Energy (DOE) created a joint

program to save money and protect the environment called ENERGY STAR.

ENERGY STAR began by offering a voluntary labeling program for

computers and monitors and has grown to provide labeling for thousands of

products and technical support for consumers. In 2008, the program saved

consumers an estimated $19 billion [Energy Star, 2009].

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- On January 23, 2006, Federal laws went into effect that required all residential

style air conditioning systems to be manufactured with a minimum seasonal

energy efficiency rating (S.E.E.R.) of 13. It was estimated that the new

standard would save approximately 4.2 quadrillion British Thermal Units

(BTUs) of energy over the next 25 years. [Energy Star, 2009]

- On May 20, 2009, President Obama announced a new program that will raise

the corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) for vehicles produced between

2012 and 2016 and limit carbon dioxide emissions. The new standard

increased the miles per gallon (MPG) rating for cars from 27.5 to 39 and for

light trucks from 23.1 to 30 [EPA, 2009].

Energy conservation is grouped into three large sectors, each are approximately

the same size: 1) buildings, 2) factories and industrial plants, and 3) transportation

(transportation will not be discussed further) [Wulfinghoff, 2000]. Each of the groups is

divided into subgroups. Buildings are grouped into two categories, i.e., commercial or

residential buildings. Factories and industrial plants are grouped into two categories, i.e.,

conservation methods that are common to most industrial facilities and efficiency

improvements for specialized processes. The subgroup researched in this thesis is

commercial buildings. However, it should be noted that 80 percent of the energy

consumed in the building sector is consumed by residential buildings, due to the large

number of them [Wulfinghoff, 2000].

Now as we embark into a new era where energy conservation means good

business, eliminating waste, insuring operations are more efficient and productive,

preventing pollution, and minimizing global warming, it should be obvious that facility

16

managers and engineers have an ever-changing role and need to have a keen

understanding of all aspects of their facility and its operations [Thurman, 2002].

2.2 ENERGY STUDIES

Harshard Shetye, graduate assistant, was a fellow member of the audit team.

Shetye performed energy audits on 18 buildings at the Department of Youth Services –

Chalkville Campus (11 buildings) and the Alabama State Capitol Complex (7 buildings).

This research determined that there was a need for energy audits to be performed on state

buildings but that the state lacked the proper funds for the work. Further, the research

determined that there were areas in each of the facilities where energy efficiency could be

improved. Some of these areas included replacing old heating and air conditioning

systems with new Energy Star-rated systems, replacing incandescent exit signs with new

light-emitting diode (LED) exit signs, and replacing old lighting with new efficient

lighting systems. However, the two main differences in the facilities were their size and

age, i.e., Chalkville Campus is 50 to 60 years old with an average of approximately 7000

square feet per building, and the Alabama State Capitol Complex is 20 to 30 years old

with an average of 500,000 square feet per building. Further, it was noted that the older

facility had the greatest potential for savings. [Shetye, 2006]

Fort Taylor Hardin was reviewed by the University of Alabama at Birmingham

audit team. The facility consisted of two buildings, i.e., the main building, which has

approximately 250,000 square feet, and the mechanical building, which has

approximately 500 square feet. The following list of energy conservation

recommendations were compiled by the audit team:

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- Replacement of standard incandescent bulbs with compact fluorescence bulbs;

- Replacement of 300-watt bulbs with high intensity discharge (HID) bulbs;

- Replacement of windows with double-panes and repair chalking;

- Installation of insulation in roofing area;

- Replacement of aging T12 fluorescent fixtures/bulbs/ballasts; and

- Replacement of exit lights should be changed to modern LED lighting

Fort Taylor Hardin would see real energy savings should these recommendations be

implemented.

In October 2008, the Emergency Management Agency (EMA) of Alabama,

located in Clanton, issued a Request for Proposal (RFP) seeking a qualified Energy

Service Company (ESCO) to enter into contract with to perform energy-related projects

on a performance basis [Alabama Department of Economic and Community Affairs

(ADECA), 2009]. Mr. Terry DeVaughn was the contact in the RFP and was contacted.

Mr. DeVaughn informed me that the project was currently underway and that upon

completion the energy project would save the EMA approximately 47% of their total

energy costs. Mr. DeVaughn further stated that the EMA was very happy with the

process and recommended that others use ESCOs for similar projects. Mr. DeVaughn

would not provide any additional information concerning the project.

The Jacksonville City School System in Jacksonville, Alabama, signed a

performance contract with TAC Energy Solutions in September 2007 for facility

upgrades to two schools for approximately $361,000. The contract provided an annual

energy savings of $36,000 when the project was completed. The project consisted of

replacing approximately 3,700 light fixtures and installing an energy management system

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at one of the schools. Further, the current energy management system at one school will

be recommissioned, and both systems will be accessible over the web. The contract was

entered into because the school system lacked the proper funds to finance the project and

the project would have cost no more than the price of the utilities [TAC, 2009].

CHAPTER 3

ENERGY AUDITS/ASSESSMENTS

3.1 Methodology

The approach taken for the energy audits performed was based on the Alabama

Energy Performance Contracting Manual, which contains guidelines relevant for

performing energy audits [ADECA, 2009]. From this manual, a four-fold approach was

developed. This approach began with a survey or pre-audit request from state facilities

where historical data related to energy usage was requested, e.g., type of facility, age of

facility, size of facility, electric, water, oil and gas. An example of the pre-audit survey

form that was sent to the State of Alabama facilities, including Bryce Hospital and the

Department of Youth Services – Chalkville Campus, is provided in Figure 3. Second,

“walk-through” audits were performed and data were gathered from each facility. Third,

the data was organized and evaluated. The final report was prepared in the format

suggested in the Alabama Energy Performance Contracting Manual and submitted to

ADECA for their use [ADECA, 2009]. An example of a final report from the Bryce

Hospital facility is provided in Appendix A.

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It should be noted that for the purpose of this thesis, “walk-through” audits are

defined as a “type of audit that is least costly and identifies preliminary energy savings. A

visual inspection of the facility is made to determine maintenance and operation energy

saving opportunities plus collection of information to determine the need for a more

ALABAMA STATE BUILDINGS ENERGY USAGE SURVEY

SECTION I: FACILITY DATA

1. State Agency____________________________________________________________________________________

2. Name of Building_________________________________________________________________________________

3. Street Address of Building__________________________________________________________________________

4. City _________________________ Zip Code__________________________________________________________

5. Primary Use_____________________________________________________________________________________

6. Building Owner__________________________________________________________________________________

7. Building Manager________________________________________________________________________________Phone:___________________________________

8. Person completing survey__________________________________________________________________________Phone:___________________________________

9. Year constructed _________________________________________________________________________________

10. Year of last major remodeling that would significantly effect building energyuse:______________________________________

11. Any major change planned to occur during the next two years that could significantly affect energy use ______________________________________________________________________________________

12. Please describe the typical hours of operation for your facility _____________________________________________

13. Give the total square footage of conditioned space ______________________________________________________

14. If the total areas, which are heated and cooled, differ in size, please describe their respective sizes ___________________________________________________________________________________________

Section II: Energy Consumption Data

Please summarize utility consumption and costs for a recent 12 month period. The cost data is most important. If only the utility cost data is available, please submit the cost data with out the usage data.

1. Total electricity cost for a year ($):______________________________,Ending in the month of _________, year ____

2. Total electricity usage for a year (kilowatt hours): _________________,Ending in the month of _________, year ____

3. Natural gas cost for a year ($): ________________________________,Ending in the month of _________, year ____

4. Natural gas usage for a year (therms or ccf): _____________________,Ending in the month of _________, year _____

5. Propane cost for a year ($): __________________________________ ,Ending in the month of _________, year _____

6. Propane usage for a year (gallons):_____________________________,

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Ending in the month of _________, year _____

7. Water cost for a year ($): ____________________________________,Ending in the month of _________, year _____

8. Water usage for a year (gallons): ______________________________,Ending in the month of _________, year _____

Comments:

Figure 3: Pre-Audit Survey Formdetailed analysis” [Thurman, 2002]. Further, Table 1 describes the types of audits

available for facilities, including the walk-through audit.

Table 1: Types of Energy Audits [Thurman, 2002]

Type of Audit Cost of Audit Level of Detail Energy Conservation Opportunities

Walk-through Least expensive Visual inspection with some data collection

Identifies low hanging fruit and the need for additional studies

Mini-audit More expensive Visual inspection plus quantifies energy uses and losses to determine economics for changes

Low hanging fruit plus it identifies additional areas where energy could be saved

Maxi-audit Most expensive All above plus it identifies and quantifies energy by use, i.e., lighting, HVAC, etc.

Uses computer simulation to maximize areas where energy can be saved

3.2 Equipment

Performing energy audits requires that some measurements be taken during the

audit. Tools are needed to take these measurements during audit visits. For example, one

measurement that may be needed is the quantity of lighting provided in an area;

21

therefore, the auditor must be able to measure the quantity of existing light in an area and

then compare the measurement to industry standards. The auditor would use a lightmeter

to take this measurement. There are other tools that could be used during an energy audit,

and the following list contains some commonly used tools and their descriptions:

Tape Measure

This is a basic measuring device used to check the dimensions of ceilings, walls,

windows, and or distances between equipment. A standard 25-foot tape measure 1” wide

and a 100-foot tape measure are generally sufficient for audit purposes.

Lightmeter

A lightmeter is a simple and useful tool, which measures illumination levels in

areas being audited. A lightmeter that reads in footcandles is recommended to allow for

direct analysis to recommended light levels. Small portable lightmeters that can fit in a

pocket are most useful.

Thermometers

Several thermometers are generally needed to measure temperatures in work areas

and/or temperatures of operating equipment. This is important in evaluating efficiencies

of equipment and or identifying potential sources for heat recovery programs. There are

numerous types of electronic thermometers, which include immersion probes, surface

probes, and/or radiation shielded probes for measuring true air temperature.

Voltmeter

A voltmeter is used to determine the operating voltages on electrical equipment. It

is especially useful when the name plate has worn off of a piece of equipment or is

missing. The best voltmeter is a combined volt-ohm-amperage-meter, which uses a

22

clamp-on feature to measure currents in conductors. For best accuracy where harmonics

might be involved a true root-mean-square (RMS) meter should be used. A RMS meter

provides the true measurement, not the peak measurement.

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Stroboscope

A stroboscope is an instrument used to measure revolutions per minute (rpm) of

equipment and to inspect moving parts by freezing, i.e., the parts appear to be stationary.

It should be noted that there are numerous other pieces of equipment that can be

used during energy audits; however, the number and type of pieces of equipment differ

with the type of audit being performed. The following list contains the equipment and its

respective specifications used for the walk-through audits performed in this thesis.

Further, Figures 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 located on pages 14, 15, 16, and 17 illustrate the

actual equipment used:

Oakton InfraPro 4 Thermometer [Oakton Instruments, 2004]

Model No.: 35639-30Range: -32 to 760°CResolution: 0.1°CRepeatability: ± 1% of the reading or ± 1°CResponse Time: 500 microsecondsEmissitivity: 0.10 to 1.00Distance-to-Target Ratio: 50:1Operating Range: 0 to 50°CPower: 9-volt battery

Figure 4: Infrared Thermometer [Oakton Instruments, 2004]

Heavy Duty Foot Candle and Lux Meter [Extech (a), 2004]

Model No.: 407026Lux ranges: 2000, 20000, 500000 with 1 Lux resolution

24

Accuracy enhanced by selection of lighting typeAuto zeroAuto shut-off feature

Figure 5: Lightmeter [Extech (a), 2004]

Mini Thermo-Anemometer with Relative Humidity Indicator [Extech (b), 2004]

Serial No.: 06632Air velocity range: 100 to 500 ft/minResolution: 20 ft/minTemperature range: -18.0 to 50.0°C

25

Figure 6: Thermo-Anemometer [Extech (b), 2004]

Economical Phase-Shifting Stroboscope [Shimpo, 2004]

Serial No.: B05B378Range: 40 to 12,500 ft/minResolution: 0.1 to 1.0 ft/minAccuracy: ±0.02%Flash duration: 10 to 15 microsecondsFlashtube life: 100 million flashes115 VAC, 60 Hz

Figure 7: Digital Stroboscope [Shimpo, 2004]

Extech 400A DC/AC Power DMM [Extech (c), 2004]

Model No.: 380940Serial #: 04400098True RMS AC voltage and currentPower to 240 kwAccuracy: ±1.5%AC Line Separator: 3 prong plug

Figure 8: Voltage and Current Meter [Extech (c), 2004]

26

Flicker Checker

Checkered/Chopped = Flicker (install electronic ballast)Smooth = No Flicker (electronic ballast are installed)

Figure 9: Flicker Checker (Actual Picture)

3.3 Objectives and Locations

The objective of the research project was to identify facilities owned and operated

by the State of Alabama and to perform energy audits at selected buildings to determine

areas where the facilities could conserve energy and save money. Twenty five buildings,

out of the possible 430 (which have over 700 buildings), were audited in July 2005 as

part of this research at the Bryce Hospital in Tuscaloosa, and the Department of Youth

Services – Chalkville Campus in Birmingham. These facilities were selected due to the

interest of the facility managers in saving money through energy conservation and their

willingness to cooperate. Therefore, for the sites selected, the facility managers had

27

contacted ADECA and requested that their facilities be audited. Figures 10 and 11

contain satellite photos that provide a visual layout of the two facilities.

Figure 10: Bryce Hospital, Tuscaloosa, Alabama (Google Earth)

28

Figure 11: Department of Youth Services – Chalkville Campus (Google Earth)

3.4 Bryce Hospital Audit

3.4.1 Facility Description

Bryce Hospital is a facility located adjacent to the University of Alabama at

Tuscaloosa. It is the state’s oldest and largest inpatient psychiatric facility. The hospital

provides a variety of services to its patients in residential treatment and rehabilitation

programs. These services include acute care, rehabilitation, Medicaid certified adolescent

inpatient care, and extended care [Alabama Department of Mental Health, 2009]. All of

these services are provided on a campus within approximately 20 buildings. These

buildings vary in age and construction type. The Bryce Hospital Campus can be seen in

Figure 10.

Prior to the actual site visit discussed in Section 3.1, pre-audit surveys were

received from the facility. The surveys were evaluated and it was determined that Bryce

Hospital’s utility consumption for the previous 12-month period was as follows: used

approximately 17,904,870 kilowatt hours of electricity, which cost $771,289; used

approximately 83,615,000 cubic feet of natural gas, which cost $857,178; and $59,107

for water (details of the water bill were not provided). Figures 12 and 13 provide a

detailed visual look at the consumption of electricity and gas at Bryce Hospital during

FY2005.

29

Figure 12: Bryce Hospital – Power Usage

Figure 13: Bryce Hospital – Natural Gas Consumption

30

Bryce Hospital - Power UsageFY2005

0200000400000600000800000

100000012000001400000160000018000002000000

Month

Kw

h

Bryce Hospital - Natural Gas ConsumptionFY2005

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Month

MC

F

Further, the following list contains the names, construction dates and descriptions of the

14 buildings audited on the campus of Bryce Hospital:

Power “Boiler” Plant – Constructed in 1871 and 1927

The facility has approximately 11,272 square feet and is a single-story structure

constructed of concrete floors and concrete walls with brick veneer. The interior of the

facility is unfinished and houses the central steam boiler. The roof is pitched and is

covered with metal. There is one office that houses the controls for the boiler. Figure 14

on the following page contains a photograph of the building.

Figure 14: Power Plant [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009]

Education Building – Constructed in 1991


constructed of concrete with cement block walls with brick veneer on the exterior. The

fenestrations are double glazed. The interior is constructed of metal studs with sheet rock

walls. The roof is pitched with metal roofing. The facility is used for office, classroom,

and housing. Figure 15 contains a photograph of the building.

31

Figure 15: Education Building [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009]

Education Mechanical - Constructed in 1991

The facility has approximately 200 square feet and is part of the Education Building.

Adolescent Building – Constructed in 1988




walls. The roof is pitched with metal roofing. The facility is used for offices, classrooms,

and housing. Figure 16 contains a photograph of the building.

Figure 16: Adolescent Building [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009]

32

Adolescent Mechanical – Constructed in 1988

The facility has approximately 200 square feet and is part of the Adolescent Building.

Harper Center – Constructed in 1993




walls. The roof is flat with a modified bitumen material. The facility is a geriatric home.

Figure 17 on the following page contains a photograph of the building.

Figure 17: Harper Center [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009]

New Admissions – Constructed in 1993

The facility has approximately 104,000 square feet and is a two-story structure

constructed of concrete with cement block walls and brick veneer on the exterior. The

fenestrations are double glazed. The interior is constructed with metal studs with sheet

rock walls. The roof has both flat and pitched sections that are covered with asphalt

shingles and a modified bitumen material. Figure 18 contains a photograph of the

building.

33

Figure 18: New Admissions [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009]

Building 32 East – Constructed in 1955

The facility has approximately 36,582 square feet and is a two-story structure constructed

of concrete and concrete walls for the interior. The fenestrations are single paned. The

roof is pitched and is covered with asphalt shingles. The facility was remodeled in 1982

is now used for the office space and records storage. Figure 19 contains a photograph of

the building.

Figure 19: Building 32 East [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009]

34


The facility has approximately 13,145 square feet and is single-story structure

constructed of concrete floors with cement block and brick veneer on the exterior. The

interior is constructed with metal studs and is sheet rock with single pane fenestrations.

The roof is flat and covered with a modified bitumen material. The facility was

remodeled in 1982 and is now vacant but is being heated and cooled. Figure 20 on the

following page contains a photograph of the building.




constructed of concrete floors and concrete walls with brick veneer on the exterior. The

interior has a plaster finish with single pane fenestrations. The roof is flat with a modified

bitumen material. The facility was remodeled in 1997 and is currently being used for

patient care, offices, laboratories, and the dental clinic. Figure 21 contains a photograph

of the building.

35


Chiller Building – Constructed in 1955

The facility has approximately 1500 square feet and is a single-story structure constructed

of concrete floors and cement block walls with brick veneer on the exterior. The facility

is not occupied but houses the chillers for a portion of the campus. Figure 22 contains a

photograph of the building.

Figure 22: Chiller Building [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009]

1-North – Constructed in 1988

The facility has approximately 68,782 square feet and is a three-story structure


interior is constructed with metal studs and sheet rock walls with double glazed

fenestrations. The roof is flat and is covered with a modified bitumen material. The

36

facility is vacant due to an environmental issue, i.e., a leaking underground storage tank

which caused gasoline fumes to penetrate the elevator shaft, but it could be used for the

housing and care of approximately three hundred patients since Bryce Hospital has

cleaned up the environmental issue. Figure 23 on the following page contains a


Figure 23: 1-North Building [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009]

2-North – Constructed in 1988

The facility has approximately 68,782 square feet and is a three-story structure


interior is constructed with metal studs and sheet rock walls with double glazed

fenestrations. The roof is flat and is covered with a modified bitumen material. The

facility is used for the housing and care of approximately three hundred patients. Figure

24 contains a photograph of the building.

37

Figure 24: 2-North Building [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009]

Engineering Building – Constructed in 1880


of concrete with concrete walls with plaster interior walls. The fenestrations are single

paned. The roof is pitched and is covered with asphalt shingles. The facility is used for

offices. Figure 25 contains a photograph of the building (located near the middle of the

photograph).

Figure 25: Engineering Building [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009]

Appendix B contains observations and impressions compiled by the audit team during

and after the audit.

38

3.4.2 Building Envelope

The building envelope is defined as the physical separation between the interior

and exterior environments. There are five major physical components that make up the

building envelope, the foundation, roof, walls, doors and the fenestrations or windows

(including skylights). The performance of a facility’s building envelope is dependant on

the connections and interactions between these main components [EPA, 2009]. Each

building’s envelope and the materials used for construction are included in the list above

with the building description.

The visual portions of the building envelopes for the buildings audited were in

fair condition. However, 32 East, 34 East, 36 East and the Engineering building all have

single-pane windows. These facilities should realize savings of approximately 5% of the

total heating and cooling costs for these buildings with the installation of storm windows

or double-paned fenestrations and reducing air infiltration. Further, as an ongoing

maintenance procedure, maintenance personnel should periodically check all doors and

fenestrations for weather stripping to minimize outside air infiltration [EPA, 2004].

3.4.3 HVAC

The heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems for the buildings consist of

horizontal draw-through units with fan powered boxes and steam reheat coils at each

zone within the buildings and/or standard forced-air heating and air conditioning systems,

which involve central air conditioning systems consisting of a condenser/compressor unit

outside the buildings and an evaporator/coil unit, a furnace, and air distribution system

39

inside the buildings [American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning

(ASHRAE), 2001]. The following buildings use the power plant for steam generation for

heating and reheating purposes: Education Building, Adolescent Building, New

Admissions, 1-North, 2-North, and Harper Center. It was noted during the pre-audit

meeting that, in the past, the steam supply for buildings located on the east side of the

facility was limited when the outside temperature reached 32° F or below. The limited

supply is due to the deterioration of the supply and condensate lines and the minimum

size of the retrofitted burner of the main boiler, i.e., the boiler has a 300-hp burner for the

600-hp boiler. Therefore, in an effort to increase the supply of steam to the buildings

located on the east side of the facility, five hot water boilers and one steam boiler, which

produces steam for the Cafeteria were installed in 2002 for the following buildings: 32

East, 34 East and 36 East (the Cafeteria, 35 East and 33 East use package boilers but

were not audited.).

Figure 26 indicates the buildings that use steam provided by the central power

plant.

For cooling purposes, the supply of chilled water to the facilities is supplied by

electrically driven chillers located adjacent to the buildings or connected to the central

chillers located between Building 33 and Building 36. Also, several buildings utilize a

standard forced-air heating and air conditioning system. The facilities audited utilizing

the central chillers are as follows: Adolescent Building, Education Building, 32 East, 34

East, and 36 East. The following buildings utilize chillers, which are located outside

adjacent to the building: Harper Center, 1-North, 2-North, and New Admissions. The

Engineering Building utilizes a standard forced air heat pump with electric resistance

40

Figure 26: Bryce Campus – Central denotes steam is utilized from Power Plant [Google

Earth]

heating as a backup. It should be noted that due to the condition of the duct work within

34 East, old, inefficient supplemental window units have been installed to maintain

cooling in each room and in the main lobby, as shown in Figure 27.

During the inspection, it was noted from the name plate of the boiler that its size

was 600-hp or 20-million BTUs. However, as mentioned above, a previous retrofit/repair

was performed, and a 300-hp burner was installed. Also, there was no condensate return

flow due to the poor condition of the condensate return lines. Due to this condition, the

boiler is required to heat 100% make-up water from a temperature ranging from 55°F to

70°F to produce steam and expensive chemicals have to be added.

41

Figure 27: Supplemental Cooling – Bryce Hospital 34 East

Therefore, the boiler is operating at maximum output power when it could be saving

energy if a closed loop condensate return system was installed. Also, with the insufficient

supply of steam for heating when the temperature is 32°F or below, the installation of the

aforementioned package boilers were required to maintain a comfortable temperature in

the facilities.

The central power plant and the steam and condensate lines were in poor

condition greatly reducing the efficiency of the power plant. Bryce Hospital should

develop a plan using an ESCO if capital funds are not available to evaluate the system

and provide recommendations for repairing and upgrading the system to be more energy

efficient and save money. Further, decentralizing the steam plant should be investigated.

The auditing team feels that this item will most likely provide a substantial immediate

savings since Bryce Hospital paid approximately $857,178 to mainly produce steam from

July 2004 until June 2005. Based on observations at the facility, the real efficiency of the

42

system is probably no greater than 50%. With the current estimated efficiency, Bryce

Hospital would see a savings of approximately $321,000 annually in the gas bill should

the system be upgraded to a system with a minimum efficiency rating of 80%. The annual

savings above was calculated by multiplying the previous yearly gas rate by of 37.5%,

which is the percentage that the actual efficiency would increase, i.e., ((80-50)/80) X 100.

Figure 28 indicates whether the building is connected to the central chiller system.

Figure 28: Bryce Campus – Central denotes chilled water is utilized from Chiller Building

3.4.4 Lighting

Lighting within each building was reviewed, and the quantity of lighting in

various areas of the buildings was measured using a lightmeter and recorded in

footcandles. A detailed list of lights per building is found in Appendix A. However,

43

lighting in the following buildings was supplied by Lithonia magnetic mechanical ballast

with 40-watt bulbs with some incandescent light fixtures: 32 East, 34 East, Education

Building, Adolescent Building, Engineering Building, 1-North, 2-North, Chiller Building,

and the Harper Center. Further, with the information provided, all lights were evaluated,

i.e., a light fixture with two 40-watt bulbs which is being utilized for approximately 12

hours per day for 30 days, consumes approximately 126 watts per month, while the

retrofitted fixture with two 32-watt bulbs would consume approximately 101 watts per

month. The list of lights for each building was entered into a spread sheet, and a retrofit

wattage for the new bulb was selected. Then the current kilowatt hours per month were

calculated and totaled annually for the existing and retrofitted light fixtures. The two

figures were then multiplied by the cost of electricity and the difference between the two

figures equals the annual savings. The savings were then divided into the total estimated

cost of the retrofits to produce a simple payback estimate. A summary of the results is

shown in Table 2 where it was estimated that by retrofitting existing T-12 fixtures for T-8

fixtures with electronic ballast and providing compact fluorescent bulbs for incandescent

bulbs, Bryce Hospital would save approximately $40,240 per year. The total cost to

retrofit all fixtures evaluated was calculated at $235,730. The simple payback period

calculated with Bryce Hospital performing the retrofits in-house was calculated as 5.9

years, which is recommended. However, should staff not be available, the simple

payback would most likely double or be approximately 12 years should the work be bid

to an outside contractor.

44

Table 2: Lighting Evaluation – Bryce Hospital

Bryce Hospital Lighting Evaluation Summary Total Fixtures Usage $/Kwh Existing Future

4,286 Per Day (Kwh) 5,744 4,215 Per Month (Kwh) (30 Days) 172,320 126,450 Per Year (Kwh) 2,079,328 1,538,475 Cost per Month (Kwh) $0.07 $12,821 $9,408 Cost per Year (Kwh) $154,702 $114,463 Total Cost to Retrofits

$235,730 Cost savings per year $40,240

Simple Payback (years) 5.9

It is recommended that Bryce Hospital move forward with the retrofits and/or

replacement of the lighting fixtures utilizing in-house staff. As indicated above, an energy

savings would be realized.

3.4.5 Water Consumption

Water savings can be realized within the facility; however, it should be noted that

that the following information was provided by Bryce Hospital after the building audits.

This information was not gathered during the normal walk-through audit at the other

facilities.

Bryce Hospital spent approximately $59,107 during the 12 months prior to the

audit. Within the buildings audited, the following upgrades are recommended:

- Toilets that are rated for more than 1.6 gallons per flush should be replaced

- Urinals should have 0.5 gallons per flush valves installed

45

- Showers should have 1.5 gallons per minute shower heads installed, and

- Aerators with a maximum flow of 1.0 gallons per minute should be installed on all faucets.

Again, the building manager provided a total fixture count at a later date; therefore, the

buildings audited have approximately 14 toilets, 11 urinals, 448 faucets and 43 showers

that must be retrofitted or replaced. It was estimated that there would be a savings of 40%

or $23,642 based on the average number of gallons that each retrofit saves, i.e., toilets

pre-1994 rated at 3.5 gallons per flush and replacements should be rated at 1.6 gallons per

flush minimum. Note that the full percentage would not be realized due to possible over

flushing [South Florida Water District, 2009].

As seen in Figure 29, a leak developed in the chilled water system located within

the Chiller Building. With the leak, make-up water and chemicals are must be placed into

the system on a continual basis. It is recommended that the leak be repaired to save

money on water and chemicals. Further, chemicals and water are being wasted due to the

poor condition of the condensate return lines utilized by the central boiler system.

Sufficient data was not gathered during the walk-through audit to determine the amount

of savings that would be realized by repairing these two issues.

46

Figure 29: Leaking Pump – Bryce Hospital – Chiller Building

3.4.6 Summary

The following list contains cost-saving measures identified by the audit team. The

recommendations are listed in priority order with the highest potential for savings listed

first:

- Decentralize boiler system due to poor condition of the boiler itself and the

poor condition of steam and condensate return lines;

- Upgrade magnetic ballast and T-12 fixtures with T-8 fixtures with electronic

ballast and replace all incandescent bulbs with compact fluorescent bulbs.

Please note that this item could be phased in over several years by making a

commitment to retrofit fixtures as bulbs go out instead of continuing to

purchase T-12 bulbs and magnetic ballast. Further, the facility should commit

to purchase only compact fluorescent bulbs instead of incandescent bulbs;

47

- Upgrade all old plumbing fixtures with low-water-use fixtures.

- Upgrade single-pane fenestrations with double-pane fenestrations;

- Replace old window air conditioning units with units that have a minimum

S.E.E.R. of 13;

As noted in the previous sections, Bryce Hospital will realize savings should the

above recommendations be implemented. Further, it is recommended that Bryce Hospital

enter into a contract with an ESCO if capital funds are not available for the above

recommendations.

3.5 Department of Youth Services – Chalkville Campus Audit

3.5.1 Facility Description

The Department of Youth Services – Chalkville Campus is a youth detention

center located in Jefferson County. The facility houses juvenile offenders that are

incarcerated by the courts for their actions and are being rehabilitated through the use of

institutional, educational, and community services. These services are offered in eighteen

buildings located on campus. Of these eighteen buildings, eleven were audited as part of

this project. It should be noted that the buildings vary in age and that the exact age of

each building was not provided; however, most of the buildings were built in the 1950s or

1960s.

Prior to the actual site visit discussed in Section 3.1, pre-audit surveys were

received from the facility. The surveys were evaluated and it was determined that Bryce

Hospital’s utility consumption for the previous 12 months was as follows: approximately

1,536,600 kilowatt hours of electricity, which cost $98,860; used approximately

48

10,396,000 cubic feet of natural gas, which cost $97,767; and $60,520 for water and

sewage disposal (details of the water bill were not provided). Figures 30 and 31 provide a

detailed visual look at the consumption of electricity for the previous twelve months and

natural gas for the winter months at the Department of Youth Services - Chalkville

Campus.

Figure 30: Department of Youth Services – Power Usage

Figure 31: Department of Youth Services – Natural Gas Usage

49

Department of Youth Services - Chalkville Power Usage

July 2004 - June 2005

020000400006000080000

100000120000140000160000180000

Month

Kw

h

Department of Youth Services - Chalkville Natural Gas Usage

October 2004 - May 2005

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

October November December January February March April May

Month

CC

F

Further, the following list contains the names, construction dates, and descriptions of the

fourteen buildings audited on the campus of the Department of Youth Services -

Chalkville:

Iroquois Building – Constructed in 1936


constructed of wood floors with wood stud walls with native stone on the exterior. The

interior is constructed with wood studs and sheet rock walls with single glazed

fenestrations. The roof is pitched and is covered with asphalt shingles. The facility is used

for housing. Figure 32 on the following page contains a photograph of the building.

Figure 32: Iroquois Building [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009]

Gymnasium – Constructed in 1999


constructed with concrete floors with cement block walls with brick veneer exterior. The

roof is pitched and is covered with asphalt shingles. The facility is used as a gym. Figure


50

Figure 33: Gymnasium [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009]

Junaluska Building – Constructed in 1936





for housing. Figure 34 contains a photograph of the building.

Figure 34: Junaluska Building [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009]

Administration Building – Constructed in 1937


of wood floors with wood stud walls with native stone on the exterior. The interior is

constructed with wood studs and sheet rock walls with single glazed fenestrations. The

51

roof is pitched and is covered with asphalt shingles. The facility is used as office space.

Figure 35 contains a photograph of the building.

Figure 35: Administration Building [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009]

Chickasaw Building – Constructed in 1984




fenestrations. The roof is flat and is covered with built-up tar and gravel. The facility is

used for housing. Figure 36 contains a photograph of the building.

Figure 36: Chickasaw Building [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009]

Creek Building – Constructed in 1984

52


constructed with concrete floors with cement block walls with native stone on the

exterior. The interior is constructed with cement block walls with single glazed

fenestrations. The roof is flat and is covered with built up tar and gravel. The facility is

used as the cafeteria. Figure 37 contains a photograph of the building.

Figure 37: Creek Building [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009]

Recreation Building – Constructed in 1943


constructed with concrete floors with cement block walls with brick veneer exterior. The

fenestrations are single paned. The roof is pitched and is covered with asphalt shingles.

The facility is used for office and recreation rooms. Figure 38 contains a photograph of

the building.

53

Figure 38: Recreation Building [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009]

Chapel – Constructed in 1967




fenestrations. The roof is pitched and flat and is covered with asphalt shingles and rolled

roofing. The facility is used as a chapel. Figure 39 contains a photograph of the building.

Figure 39: Chapel [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009]

54

Sequoyah School – Constructed in 1999


constructed of concrete floors with cement block walls with native stone on the exterior.

The interior is constructed with cement block walls with single glazed fenestrations. The

roof is flat rolled roofing. The facility is used as a chapel. Figure 40 contains a


Figure 40: Sequoyah School [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009]

Alabama Building – Constructed in 1934





for housing. Figure 41 contains a photograph of the building.

55

Figure 41: Alabama Building [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009]

Security Building – Constructed in 1998

The facility has approximately 588 square feet and is a single-story structure constructed

of concrete floors with wood stud walls vinyl siding on the exterior. The interior is

constructed with wood studs and sheet rock walls with double glazed fenestrations. The

roof is flat and is covered with asphalt shingles. The facility is used for an office. Figure


Figure 42: Security Building [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009]

Appendix B contains observations and impressions compiled by the audit team during

and after the audit.

3.5.2 Building Envelope

56

As previously defined in Section 3.4.2, the building envelope is the physical

separation between the interior and exterior environments. There are five major physical

components that make up the building envelope: the foundation, roof, walls, doors, and

the fenestrations or windows (including skylights). The performance of a facility’s

building envelope is dependant on the connections and interactions between these main

components [EPA, 2009]. Each building’s envelope and construction materials are

included with the building description above.

The envelopes for the buildings audited were in fair condition. However, the

buildings, with the exception of the Security Building, have single-pane fenestrations.

These facilities would realize savings of approximately 5% of total energy cost with the

installation of storm windows or double-paned fenestrations [EPA, 2004]. Further, as an

ongoing maintenance procedure, maintenance personnel should periodically check all

doors and fenestrations for weather stripping to minimize outside air infiltration [EPA,

2004].

During the audit in the Administration Building and Iroquis Building attics, only

2 to 4 inches of insulation blown mineral wool was in place. The 2004 Alabama Building

Energy Conservation Code requires R-30 insulation for this type of construction, and the

Department of Energy recommends R-38 for this region of the country. This correlates to

approximately 10 to 12 inches of additional blown fiberglass insulation, respectively. Not

all attics were available during the audit; therefore, attic insulation should be inspected in

each building and the appropriate amount of insulation installed as necessary.

3.5.3 HVAC

57

The buildings at this facility are heated by gas-fired, forced-hot-air heating units.

These units consist of a burner (small unit located at the front), a furnace (in which the air

is heated), and a circulating fan (which distributes the air to the various rooms). Most of

the units appeared to have been in use for many years, and their serviceability is now

questionable.

The buildings are cooled by central air conditioning systems which consist of a

condenser/compressor unit outside the buildings and an evaporator/coil unit and air

distribution system inside the buildings. The air conditioning systems were in operation

at the time of the audits. However, many of the units appear to be old and well beyond

their serviceable life. However, the Sequoyah School is cooled by a chilled water system

which was installed in 2000 and has air handling boxes in each room that receives chilled

water from chillers located outside the building. Maintenance personnel indicated that

they continually have problems with this system. It was also noted that one motor in the

cooling tower was not operating and in need of repair at the time of the audit.

It is recommended that an ESCO be contracted to evaluate the heating and

cooling systems within the facility to propose a strategy for upgrading the systems to be

more efficient and cost effective. However, based on the existing maximum S.E.E.R.s of

10 for the existing units, it is recommended that these units be replaced with heat pump

units that have minimum S.E.E.R.s of 13. Units with this efficiency could produce an

estimated savings of 30% [Energy Star, 2009]. Further, the air conditioning units would

be replaced by heat pumps, saving on natural gas during the winter months. Should these

savings be realized, the replacement project could produce an annual savings of $10,000.

58

The simple payback period could not be calculated because the entire scope of the

replacement project could not be determined during the walk-through audit.

3.5.4 Lighting

Lighting within each building was reviewed and the quantity of lighting in various

areas of the buildings was measured using a lightmeter and recorded in footcandles. A

detailed list of lights per building is found in Appendix C. Lighting in the buildings was

supplied by Sylvania magnetic mechanical ballast with 40-watt bulbs and some

incandescent light fixtures. The lights were evaluated as described in Section 3.4.4, with

the only difference being that the average daily usage was 18 hours for these buildings. In

Table 3, it is estimated that, by retrofitting existing T-12 fixtures for T-8 fixtures with

electronic ballast and providing compact fluorescent bulbs for incandescent bulbs, the

Department of Youth Services would save approximately $10,247 per year. The total cost

to retrofit the fixtures evaluated was calculated at $15,455. The simple payback period

calculated with the Department of Youth Services staff performing the retrofits was

calculated as 1.5 years. The simple payback would most likely be double, or

approximately 3 years, should the work be contracted. Further, it is recommended that the

Department of Youth Services – Chalkville Campus move forward with the retrofits

and/or replacement of the lighting fixtures utilizing in-house staff and make a

commitment to purchase compact fluorescent bulbs instead of incandescent bulbs.

59

Table 3: Lighting Evaluation – Department of Youth Services

Department of Youth Services – Chalkville – Lighting Evaluation Summary

Total Fixtures Usage $/kWh Existing Future

281 Per Day (kWh) 761 377 Per Month (kWh) (30 Days) 22,818 11,310 Per Year (kWh) 275,340 137,602 Cost per Month (kWh) $0.07 $1,698 $841 Cost per Year (kWh) $20,485 $10,238 Total Cost to Retrofits

$15,455 Cost savings per year $10,247

Simple Payback (years) 1.5

3.5.5 Summary

The following list contains cost-saving measures identified during the audit by the

audit team. The recommendations are listed in priority order with the highest potential for

savings listed first:

- Upgrade magnetic ballast and T-12 fixtures with T-8 fixtures with electronic

ballast and replace all incandescent bulbs with compact fluorescent bulbs;

- Replace old air conditioning units with heat pump units that have minimum

S.E.E.R.s of 13; and

- Upgrade single-pane fenestrations with double-pane fenestrations.

As noted in the previous sections, the Department of Youth Services will realize

savings should these recommendations be implemented. Further, it is recommended that

the Department of Youth Services enter into a contract with a ESCO if capital funds are

not available for these recommendations.

60

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Bryce Hospital

The following list contains a summary of recommendations that were sent to

ADECA by the auditing team and are listed with the recommendations with the highest

potential for savings first:

- Develop a plan for addressing problems with the central power plant,

including addressing issues with the steam supply and condensate return

lines, as well as any other heating issues that arise. Savings to be realized

with this recommendation could be up to $300,000 per year;

- Replace existing light fixtures that utilize magnetic ballast and T12

fixtures with fixtures that utilize electronic ballast and T8 bulbs; and

replace existing incandescent bulbs with compact fluorescent bulbs.

Savings to be realized with this recommendation could be up to $42,240

per year;

- Upgrade 150 exit signs with LED light fixtures. Savings to be realized

with this recommendation could be up to $10 per sign per year or

approximately $1,500 per year;

- Upgrade single-pane windows in buildings. Savings was not calculated’

since only four of the fourteen buildings had single-pane windows;

61

- The facility manager should develop an energy conservation plan

following Energy Star’s “Guidelines to Energy Management” [Energy

Star, 2009];

- The facility manager should develop and implement a facility wide

recycling program at a minimum for paper, plastic, and aluminum cans;

and

- Evaluate central chillers and replace units with more efficient models at

the time of replacement.

Bryce hospital has numerous opportunities to reduce its energy consumption and save

money. Table 4 provides a summary of the recommendations and provides an estimated

savings with a potential simple payback period.

Table 4: Bryce Hospital – Summary of Recommendations

62

Since the audits were performed in July 2005, Bryce Hospital was contacted as a

follow-up to the research. It should be noted that the research can be deemed a success

due to the fact that Bryce Hospital did implement one of the recommendations and is

saving money based on the recommendations received through this research. More

specifically, in the summer of 2008, Bryce Hospital spent approximately $1.3 million

dollars decentralizing their steam generation system as previously recommended. This

project has saved Bryce Hospital approximately $300,000 in the first year. Figure 43

below provides a look at how the decentralizing project effected daily consumption of

natural gas beginning on July 8, 2008, when the project was completed. On this date,

natural gas consumption was cut by approximately 45% when compared to the daily

consumption over the previous eight weeks.

Figure 43: Bryce Hospital Natural Gas Consumption

Through further discussions with Mr. Bob White, Director of Engineering at

Bryce Hospital, it was learned that Bryce had advertised a RFP to evaluate ESCOs for

other energy conservation projects but that all other projects had been placed on hold

while negotiations with the University of Alabama to buy the existing hospital are

63

Bryce Hospital - Daily Natural Gas Consumption

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

5/1/

2008

5/8/

2008

5/15

/200

8

5/22

/200

8

5/29

/200

8

6/5/

2008

6/12

/200

8

6/19

/200

8

6/26

/200

8

7/3/

2008

7/10

/200

8

7/17

/200

8

7/24

/200

8

7/31

/200

8

Date

CC

F

underway. White indicated that the property would most likely be sold and that the

existing operations would be relocated. However, if negotiations failed, White indicated

that the ESCO chosen through the RFP process would be hired for performance

contracting.

4.2 Department of Youth Services – Chalkville Campus

The following list contains a summary of recommendations that were sent to

ADECA by the auditing team and are listed with the recommendations with the highest

potential for savings first:

- Replace existing light fixtures that utilize magnetic ballast and T12

fixtures with fixtures that utilize electronic ballast and T8 bulbs, and

replace existing incandescent bulbs with compact fluorescent bulbs.

Savings to be realized with this recommendation could be up to $10,247

per year;

- Replace old air conditioning units with heat pump units that have

minimum S.E.E.R.s of 13, which could provide a savings of up to $10,000

per year, an estimate based on savings of heating and cooling dollars;

- Upgrade single-paned fenestrations to double-paned or add storm

windows and replace any broken windows, i.e., School windows. Savings

to be realized with this recommendation could be up to $9,800 per year;

- The facility manager should develop an energy conservation plan

following Energy Star’s “Guidelines to Energy Management” [Energy

Star, 2009];

64

- The facility manager should develop and implement a facility-wide

recycling program at a minimum for paper, plastic, and aluminum cans;

- Upgrade approximately forty exit signs with LED light fixtures. Savings

to be realized with this recommendation are approximately $500 per year.

The Department of Youth Services – Chalkville Campus has numerous opportunities to

reduce its energy consumption and save money. Table 5 is provided as a summary.

Table 5: Department of Youth Services – Summary of Recommendations

As a follow-up to the research, each facility was contacted, because it had been

four years since the audits were performed. The Department of Youth Services –

Chalkville Campus indicated that they had not performed any energy-related projects

based on this research.

65

4.3 Difference in Facilities

The two facilities are vastly different in terms of the amount of square feet that is

heated and cooled. While both are old facilities, Bryce Hospital buildings average

approximately 50,000 square feet, while Department of Youth Services – Chalkville

Campus buildings average approximately 7,000 square feet. The construction types of the

buildings are different: Bryce buildings are constructed of concrete and cement masonry

products, while the Department of Youth Services – Chalkville Campus buildings are

constructed of wood. However, even with these vast differences, numerous ways to save

energy were identified at both facilities. It should be noted that Bryce Hospital has the

greater potential to save energy due to its larger size and because it can upgrade its

central power plant.

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CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

This research has provided a look into the facilities owned and operated by the

State of Alabama to determine if the facilities are operating efficiently. The research has

shown that state facilities are not operating efficiently due to the age of the facilities, a

lack of staffing, and a lack of other resources. The research has shown the need for

change as it pertains to energy management within state-owned facilities. This change

needs to begin with the state requiring all facilities to develop and keep an energy

conservation plan updated prior to providing funding each year. This plan could be

developed by utilizing the previous mentioned “Guidelines for Energy Management” or

through ADECA. At least one energy management training seminar should be attended

annually by all facility managers and chief financial officers. Further, the state should ban

the purchase of incandescent bulbs for use in state-owned and operated facilities.

Facility managers in the state should actively seek out ways to save energy. One

way this can be done is to follow the direction of ADECA and utilize performance

contracting. ADECA developed a manual titled the “Alabama Performance Energy

Contracting Guide,” which can be accessed through their web page and provides

direction for facilities to utilize performance contracting, especially now during our

current economic downturn. The process begins with the facility issuing a RFP to hire an

ESCO to assist them with energy conservation projects. Responses are received and

reviewed and an ESCO is chosen. The ESCO performs investment-grade audits to

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develop energy conservation projects. The proposed projects are paid for from the

savings in utilities once the project has been completed. Further, the ESCO guarantees

the savings in the contract, and ADECA is available for assistance during all steps of the

process [ADECA, 2009].

68

LIST OF REFERENCES

Alabama Department of Economic and Community Affairs (ADECA) website (2009),available at http://www.adeca.alabama.gov/, accessed November 2009.

Alabama Department of Mental Health website (2009), Available at http://www.mh.alabama.gov/MI/, Accessed September 2009.

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning, 2001 “EnergyStandard for buildings except Low-Rise Buildings,” Standard 90.1, 17-53.

Ahmed, N. (2008), “Energy Crisis: What’s next for America?,” The Gramlinite, PostedJuly 2008. available at www.thegramblinite.com, accessed October 2009.

Department of Commerce, National Climatic Data Center (2009), available atwww.ncdc.noaa.gov, accessed in November 2009.

Department of Energy (DOE), “Energy Savers: Tips on Saving Money and Energy at Home,” Booklet, 1-36, January 2006

Energy Information Administration (EIA), 2009, available at www.tonto.eia.doe.gov,2009, accessed November 2009.

Energy Star 2009, website, available at www.energystar.gov, accessed November 2009.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) website (2009), available at: www.epa.gov, accessed in October 2009.

EPA (2004), “Building Upgrade Manual,” Energy Star, 129-140, (Dec).

Extech Instruments (a), 2004, “User’s Guide Heavy Duty meter Model 407026,” Extech1-8, (Jan).

Extech Instruments (b), 2004, “User’s Guide Mini Hygro Thermo-Anemometer Model45158,” Extech, 1-4, (May).

Extech Instruments (c), 2004, “User’s Guide Power Clamp Meter Model 380940,”Extech, 1-8, (May).

Google Earth website 2009, available at www.earth.google.com/, accessed September2009.

69

http://www.earth.google.com/

http://www.epa.gov/

http://www.energystar.gov/

http://www.tonto.eia.doe.gov/

http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/

http://www.thegramblinite.com/

http://www.mh.alabama.gov/MI/

http://www.adeca.alabama.gov/

Ingnatyuk, N. N., and V. P. Golubchenko, 1995. “Energy Audits Are a Necessary Step toEnergy Conservation,” Teploenerg 6: 56-57.

Microsoft Bing Maps 3D website 2009, available at www.bing.com/maps, accessedSeptember 2009.

Mongabay website 2009, available at www.mongabay.com, accessed August 2009.

Oakton Instruments, 2004, “Operating Manual InfraPro 3 Non-Contact Thermometer,”Oakton, 1-18.

Shetye, H, 2006. “Energy Audits of State Buildings in Alabama,” University of Alabama at Birmingham: 47-68.

South Florida Water District website, available at www.sfwmd.gov, accessed August2009.

TAC website (2009), available at www.tac.com, accessed in November 2009.

Thurman, Al. (2002). Plant Engineers and Managers Guide to Energy Conservation,1-24, 57-68, 165-185.

Turner, W. C. (2005). Energy Management Handbook: 5 th Edition, 2-38, 359-367.

Wulfinghoff, D. R. (2000). “The Modern History of Energy Conservation: AnOverview for Information Professionals,” Electronic Green Journal, 13. Retrieved online. Available at: www.egj.lib.uidaho.edu/egj13/wulfinghoffl.html

70

http://www.egj.lib.uidaho.edu/egj13/wulfinghoffl.html

http://www.tac.com/

http://www.sfwmd.gov/

http://www.mongabay.com/

http://www.bing.com/maps

APPENDIX A

TECHNICAL FACILITY PROFILE

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Appendix A

TECHNICAL FACILITY PROFILE

Instructions for preparation of the technical facility profile(s) by the building owner for

inclusion in the Request for Proposals

INSTRUCTIONS FOR PREPARATION OF THE TECHNICAL FACILITY PROFILE(S)

BY THE BUILDING OWNER FOR INCLUSION IN THE

REQUEST FOR PROPOSALS

OVERVIEW

The Energy Service Companies will need a description of your facilities to evaluate the opportunity for a successful energy performance contract. It is impractical to supply every technical detail available in the RFP. It is suggested that you be prepared to respond to requests for additional data from individual ESCOs. The RFP will contain a brief description of your facilities and a list of any energy retrofit projects you wish to be investigated and evaluated through this project. You should also be prepared to provide the data in Section VII upon request by individual ESCOs.

SECTION I: GENERAL FACILITY DATA

Please use additional pages as required.

1. Name of Building Adolescent

2. Address of Building 200 University Blvd , Tuscaloosa , Al 35201

3. Primary Use Patient care

4. Building Operator Alabama Department of Mental Health Phone: (334)-353-9487 (Mr. Eric Johnson)

5. Building Engineer Bob White Phone: (205)-759-0324

6. Building Manager David Bennett Phone : (205)-759-0750

7. Year constructed 1988

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8. Briefly describe any major changes to building operation or structure during the last four years which significantly affected annual building energy use. What was done? What were the effects on energy use?

No major modifications to building have been made during last four years.

9. Describe any major change planned to occur during the next five years, which could significantly affect annual energy use. What change? Anticipated effects?

Building should be modified to have a package boiler system installed. Lighting fixtures should be upgraded with new electrical ballasts and high efficiency lighting (e.g., compact fluorescent tubes).

SECTION II: OPERATING DATA

1. Please describe the typical hours of operation for your facility. Include the general summer and winter temperature setpoints for your facility, and if night setback is done, what your target temperature is.

24 hours/day; 7 days/week.

2. Please describe the manufacturer(s), age, type and condition of the HVAC control system(s) used in the building(s).

Heating to building is supplied by the main steam plant. Building receives chilled water from the central chiller plant. Heating and cooling is accomplished through individual induced air units above the dropped-tile ceiling. Heating is accomplished through hot water coils in the induced fan coil units. Cooling is accomplished by the large air handling units in the mechanical room in the center of the building from chilled water from the central chiller plant.

A listing of the HVAC-related equipment in this building is summarized below:

26 power induction units: 6 units at 1/15 HP, 14 units at ⅛ HP, 2 units at ½ HP, and 4 units at ¼ HP

Two chill water pumps at 5 HP each (1750 rpm)

Two hot water pumps at 2 HP each (1750 rom)

A condensate return unit

CRU-1, 1.5 HP (duplex)

Five hot water heaters: 4 have 1/20 HP motors, 1 has ⅛ HP motor

Five air handling units: AHU-1 (15 HP); AHU-2 (1.5 HP); AHU-3 (1.5 HP); AHU-4 (1.5 HP); AHU-5 (1.5 HP)

Two hot water converters

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3. If you have an operating EMS controlling your building, please list the manufacturer, year installed and operating conditions.

Not applicable; pneumatic temperature controls.

SECTION III: PHYSICAL DATA

1. Give the total square footage of conditioned space. If the total areas which are heated and cooled differ in size, please describe their respective sizes.

15,595 ft2.

2. Briefly describe the predominant wall and roof construction. Also describe the type and condition of existing windows.

Block exterior walls with brick veneer, hip roof with metal roofing, however, roof construction not inspected

SECTION IV: ENERGY AND/OR WATER CONSUMPTION DATA

Please summarize utility consumption and costs over the last three years. If you are buying contract gas, give your monthly price history, if available, on a separate sheet for your cost of gas. Please attach copies of utility rate schedules which apply to your building.

Data provided was for 1-2 years; natural gas, electrical usage, and water usage are each read off a common meter for the facility. Natural gas is purchased from Alagasco. Electricity is supplied by Alabama Power. Water is supplied by the City of Tuscaloosa.

Utility bills are metered campus wide from one central meter making it impossible to identify utility usage and cost for each building on campus. Utility costs campus wide are summarized in Table 1 showing utility cost and natural gas usage (expressed in thousands of cubic feet) for the 21-month period of September 2003 through May 2005. A review of the data contained in Table 1, estimated on two separate years (June to May), reveals the following:

For the period of June 2004 – May 2005, the total cost for natural gas was $786,026.94, compared with an estimated cost of $708,868.53 over the previous year, an increase of $77,158.41 or a 9.8% increase in cost.

For the period of June 2004 – May 2005, the quantity of natural gas consumed was 77,893 x 103 ft3, compared to an estimated 97,672.67 x 103 ft3 over the previous year, a reduction of 19,779.47 x 103 ft3 or an increase of 25.4%.

This analysis indicates that the price of natural gas significantly increased during the latter year, despite reducing the amount of natural gas purchased for the facility by nearly 25.4%.

Electricity-drawing equipment at the boiler plant includes four pumps (two on fill tanks and two pumps on the boiler), the blower on the boiler system, a window air conditioning unit, and limited lighting. The electrical usage on these equipment is a small fraction of the overall

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electrical usage campus wide. Utility bills are metered campus wide from one central meter’ making it impossible to identify electrical usage for each building on campus.

Data summarizing the electrical usage at Bryce are provided in Tables 2 and 3. The reductions in energy usage are thought to be due to closure of the buildings 1-North and the Kidd facility (Buildings 33, 34, 35, and the round dining room) in January 2005. Those buildings used window air conditioning units to cool the building. Additionally, the package boiler units which supply some of the heat on campus are shutdown during the summer months (during the past 2½ years). Thus, the reductions in energy usage ranging from 6% to 9% are ascribed primarily to consolidation of the patient accommodations in the various buildings.

SECTION V: ENERGY SYSTEMS DATA

Please provide as much of the following information as is available.

1. Briefly describe the major type(s) of HVAC system(s) serving your building (e.g..; terminal reheat, multizone, variable air volume, etc.). Indicate the main fuels used to operate the heating and cooling systems.

The cooling system uses electricity for the chillers and fans, and the central power plant use snatural gas as the primary fuel for producing steam for heat and electricity for the fans.

2. Estimate the percentage of total area lighted by fluorescent ballasts and bulbs, and incandescent bulbs. Estimate the approximate annual hours of operation for each type of lighting. If you have a significant amount of HID lighting, please describe it in similar terms.

a. 48 nos. 2’ x 4’, 3-lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser

b. 33 nos. 2’ x 4’, 2-lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser

c. 2 nos. 2’ x 4’, 4-lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser

c1. Same as c except not damp location listed

f1. 39 nos. 2’ x 4’, 4-lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser

a, b, c, c1, f1 have F40 WW/RS/WWII lamps.

g. 24 nos. 2-lamp fluorescent strip fixtures: F30 , F40 , F72 WW/RS/WMII

j. 17 nos. 4’, 2-lamp fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser hinged and latched from either side. F40 WW/RS/WMII lamps

k. 4 nos. 2’ x 2’, 2-lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser

k2. 51 nos. 2’ x 2’, 2-lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser hinged and latched from either side.

Both k and k2 have F40 CW/U/6/WMII.

Table 4 summarizes the lighting fixtures contained in the Bryce Mental Health Hospital buildings; the majority of the lighting fixtures involve fluorescent lighting.

3. Briefly describe any laundry or food facility which you operate.

N/A.

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4. Briefly describe any major labs or medical equipment you operate.

N/A.

5. Describe your domestic water heating, distribution, and control system(s).

Water heater uses steam from the central power plant to produce hot water.

6. Please describe any other energy consuming equipment or facilities which contribute significantly to your annual energy consumption (e.g., incinerator, pool, etc.).

N/A.

SECTION VI: IMPROVEMENT OPPORTUNITIES

1. Briefly describe any serious equipment, operating, or comfort problems in your building(s). Identify any major mechanical, control, or electrical systems scheduled for replacement during the next five years.

Chiller system at central chiller plant is more than 10 years old and will need to be replaced within the next few years; when system is replaced, an energy management system should be incorporated for its control. Reader should refer to the overall facility recommendations.

2. Briefly list any major energy conservation options identified by a previous analysis of your building.

In 2004, York Corporation provided recommendations for replacing two 20-ton condensers on the Administration Building and two 20-ton package units that would serve other buildings on-site. Additionally, Johnson Controls performed an energy assessment on the Bryce facility in ~2003; recommendations from that assessment are summarized in Table 5.

3. Please describe any building improvements that you would like to investigate during this project.

Management should look at lighting retrofits along with upgrades to the central chillers and power plant.

SECTION VII: ADDITIONAL SITE DATA PROVIDED UPON ESCO REQUEST

(IF AVAILABLE)

1. Two sample utility bills (winter and summer) for each fuel type used in the last three years.

Natural gas, water, and electricity costs were summarized above (all these are one central meter).

2. A more detailed schedule of major mechanical equipment including age, replacement history manufacturer, size, capacity, hours of operation, and areas served.

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Heating to building is supplied by the main steam plant. Building receives chilled water from the central chiller plant. Heating and cooling is accomplished through individual induced air units above the dropped-tile ceiling. Heating is accomplished through hot water coils in the induced fan coil units. Cooling is accomplished by the large air handling units in the mechanical room in the center of the building from chilled water from the central chiller plant.

The chiller system at the central chiller plant is more than 10 years old and will need to be replaced within the next few years; when system is replaced, an energy management system should be incorporated for its control.

3. Copies of any previous technical analysis or recommendations of energy conservation opportunities that have been for your building.

Previous energy assessments and recommendations have been provided to Bryce from Johnson Controls and York Corporation; copies of those reports are available from Bob White at Bryce. A summary of the energy conservation measures recommended by John Controls, Inc., is provided in Table 5 at the end of this building report.

4. Detailed documentation related to your energy management system.

Not applicable; no real energy management system currently in place.

5. Current rate schedules for each type of fuel/energy used.

Information on the natural gas usage and rates, electricity usage and rates, and water usage and rates are available from Bob White at Bryce from Alagasco, Alabama Power Company, and the Tuscaloosa Water Department.

Table 1. Summary of Natural Gas Cost and Usage at Bryce Mental Health Facility.

Month/Year Cost, ($) Usage, (103 ft3)May, 2005 58,511.82 5,610.40

April, 2005 69,876.13 6,343.40

March, 2005 88,726.65 8,834.00

February, 2005 84,916.22 8,457.40

January, 2005 94,066.44 9,498.20

December, 2004 106,102.84 9,232.30

November, 2004 92,569.15 8,291.60

October, 2004 53,597.14 5,827.40

September, 2004 34,668.50 4,075.00

August, 2004 30,803.43 3,722.30

July, 2004 25,470.67 3,402.50

June, 2004 46,717.95 4,598.70

May, 2004 47,765.42 6,513.70

April, 2004 54,485.66 7,859.40

March, 2004 62,713.75 8,994.80

February, 2004 69,085.46 9,422.30

January, 2004 74,873.40 10,082.90

December, 2003 67,859.97 10,035.50

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November, 2003 52,343.94 8,005.70

October, 2003 37,128.86 6,902.70

September, 2003 65,394.94 5,437.50

Total over 21 months 1,317,678.34 151,147.70

Average Cost/Month, ($) 62746.59 ---

Average Cost/Year, ($) 71,710.39 ---Average Usage/Month, (MM btu) --- 7,197.51Average Usage/Year, (MM btu) --- 8,225.73

Table 2. Average Kilowatt Usage of Electricity at Bryce Hospital

Time Period Average Kilowatt Usage 2003 2004 2005

July September 2.478 2.349 ---October December 1.738 1.703 ---

January March --- 1.738 1.577April June --- 2.094 1.967

Table 3. Average Percent Reduction in Energy Usage over Previous Year.

Time Period Average Kilowatt Usage Reduction, (%) 2003 2004 2005

July September --- 5.206 ---October December --- 2.014 ---

January March --- --- 9.264April June --- --- 6.065

Table 4. Lighting Fixture Inventory in the Bryce Mental Hospital Buildings.

Number of Fixtures

Description

Admissions Building131 Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, lay-in, 2 lamps/fixture, with

⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 40-watts48 Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, lay-in, 2 lamps/fixture, with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 40-watts

170 Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, lay-in, 3 lamps/fixture, with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 40-watts


121 Rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 100-watts251 Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, 3 lamps/fixture, 40-watts157 Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, 3 lamps/fixture, 40-watts11 High-pressure sodium fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box, 1 lamp/fixture, 50-watts

74 Recessed twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 13 watts

78

11 High pressure sodium fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box, 1 lamp/fixture, 100-watts

15 Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 70-watts11 Recessed twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 13-watts70 Twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 40 watts70 Recessed twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, 1 lamp/fixture, 7-watts30 Twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 26-watts

209 Recessed twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, 3 lamps/fixture, 40-watts13 Twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 40-watts5 Rapid-start fluorescent fixtures (under overhead cabinets), outlet box, 1 lamp/fixture, 30-watts

119 Fluorescent ceiling fixtures (LED),outlet box24 Surface rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixtures, 2 lamps/fixture, 40-watts

122 Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, 3 lamps/fixture, 40-watts32 Recessed twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 26-watts

Adolescent Building48 2' x 4'-3"; 3 lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser; hinged and latched from either side; energy efficient ballast; lamps: F40 WW/RS/WWII; damp location noted.B73

33 2' x 4'-3"; 2 lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser; hinged and latched from either side; energy efficient ballast; lamps: F40 WW/RS/WWII.2 2' x 4'-3"; 4 lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser; hinged and latched from either side; energy efficient ballast; lamps: F40 WW/RS/WWII; damp location noted.6 2' x 4'-3"; 4 lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser; hinged and latched from either side; energy efficient ballast; lamps: F40 WW/RS/WWII.

39 2' x 4'; lamp recessed fluorescent fixture (flanged troffer) with prismatic acrylic diffuser; energy efficient ballast; lamps: F40 WW/RS/WWII

24 2 lamp fluorescent fixture. High-gloss baked white enamel finish. Pressure lock lamp holders; energy efficient ballast; lamps: F30, F40, F72 WW/RS/WWII.

17 1' x 4' lamp fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser. Hinged and latched from either side; lamps: F40 WW/RS/WWII.4 2' x 2', lamp recessed fluorescent fixture (flanged troffer) with prismatic acrylic diffuser; hinged and latched from either side. Lamps: F40 CW/U/6/WMII.

51 2' x 2', lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser. hinged and latched from either side; lamps: F40 CW/U/6/WMII.

24 2 lamp incandescent surface drum with white opal glass diffuser, suitable for damp locations. Lamps: 2 60-watt bulbs.

33 Universal mounted exit sign; exit sign shall be wall or ceiling mounted, single or double faced and directional arrows. Tamper proof screws. Lamps: Two 8W T5.4 2' x 2'; 2-lamp recessed fluorescent security fixture, ⅛" high impact prismatic acrylic lens over ¼" clear polycarbonate and continuous hold

down 14 gauge steel frame. Tamper proof screws. Lamp: F40 CW/U/6/WMII.

Chiller Building

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16 2' x 4', 120 V fluorescent fixturesEducation Center

194 2' x 4'; 3 lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser and return air housing; hinged and latched from either side; energy efficient ballast; Lamps: F40 WW/RS/WWII.

42 2' x 4'; 2 lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser and return air housing; hinged and latched from either side; energy efficient ballast; Lamps: F40 WW/RS/WWII.4 2' x 4'; 4 lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser and return air housing; hinged and latched from either side; energy efficient ballast; Lamps: F40 WW/RS/WWII.4 1' x 4' lamp fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser. Totally enclosed extruded prismatic acrylic lens. Injection molded reinforcing acrylic end plate. Energy efficient ballast. Lamps: F40 WW/RS/WMII.

24 2 lamp fluorescent fixture. High-gloss baked white enamel finish. Pressure lock lamp holders. Energy efficient ballast; Lamps: F30, F40, F72 WW/RS/WMII.

20 1' x 4', 2 lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser, hinged and latched from either side. Energy efficient ballast, suitable for damp location, return air housing. Lamps: F40 WW/RS/WMII.

15 2' x 2', 2 lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser, hinged and latched from either side, return air housing. Lamps: F40 CW/U/6/WMII.

15 Recessed fluorescent downlight with fresnel lens, 120V ballast, high

power factor ballast, 0.94 PF, suitable for damp locations. Lamp: F13 DTT/27K

10 Recessed incandescent downlight with black microgroove baffle,120V ballast, lamp: 100 W A19.

20 Low bay industrial luminaire; 120 V ballast; Lamp: 250 W metal halide.40 Low bay industrial luminaire with quartz restrike system; 120 V ballast. Lamp: 250 W metal halide

16 Universal mounted exit sign; exit sign shall be wall or ceiling mounted, single or double faced and directional arrows. Tamper proof screws. Lamps: Two 8W T5.1 2' x 2'; 2-lamp recessed fluorescent security fixture, ⅛" high impact prismatic acrylic lens over ¼" clear polycarbonate and continuous hold


Engineering Office22 1' x 4', 120 V fluorescent fixtures10 2' x 4', 120 V fluorescent fixtures21 U6, 120 V fluorescent fixtures

Harper Center105 Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, lay-in, 2 lamps/fixture, with

⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 40-watts56 Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, lay-in, 2 lamps/fixture, with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 40-watts


210 Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, lay-in, 4 lamps/fixture, with

80

⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 40-watts7 Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixture, 1 lamp/fixture, 150-watts78 Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 30-watts

255 Recessed twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 13-watts127 Recessed twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 26-watts10 High pressure sodium fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box, 1 lamp/fixture, 50-watts

70Recessed twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 120-V, 13-watts

15 Recessed high pressure sodium fluorescent ceiling fixture, 1 lamp/fixture, 100-watts4 Rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 100-watts80 Pendant fluorescent fixture, 2- and 4-lamps/fixture, T8 lamps, 32-watts19 Lay-in rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 40-watts71 Recessed twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 13-watts, damp location noted

51 Recessed twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, lay-in, 1 lamp/fixture, 9-watts6 Recessed twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 13-watts

146 Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 40-watts81 Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, 1 lamp/fixture, 150-watts

108 Rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, 6'-6", outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 40-watts

26 Rapid-start fluorescent fixtures (under overhead cabinets), outlet box, 1 lamp/fixture, 30-watts2 Rapid-start fluorescent fixtures (under overhead cabinets), outlet box, vertical slot, 1 lamp/fixture, 30-watts

57 Surface fluorescent ceiling fixtures (LED), 2 lamps/fixture, 30-watts2 Surface rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixtures, 2 lamps/fixture, 40-watts4 Surface high pressure sodium fluorescent fixture (at canopy), 1 lamp/fixture, 70-watts

26 Surface twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixtures, outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 13-watts3 Incandescent fixtures, outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 60-watts37 Fluorescent fixture, 1 lamp/fixture, 150-watts13 Ceiling fan with light kit and pendant, incandescent light, outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 100-watts

2-North Building

20Recessed fluorescent downlight with dropped polycarbonate lens, 120 V; for

damp locations24 Surface fluorescent strip with wire guard; 120 V16 Stem mounted fluorescent strip22 Wall mounted fluorescent, 4' long, 120 V, Daybrite No. A5240514 Under cabinet fluorescent lens fixture, 120 V.75 Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 4', lay-in, flush steel door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens; 120 V.

194 Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 4', lay-in, flush steel door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens; 120 V.

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6 Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 1' x 4', lay-in, flush steel door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens; 120 V.

9Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 4', flange, lay-in, flush steel door

with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens; 120 V.168 Recessed 2' x 4' lay-in, furnished with American Louver No. 99-2448 silver

paracube louver.60 Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 2', lay-in, flush steel door with ⅛' K-12 clear acrylic lens, 120 V; 3 socket wired separately.

13 Wall mounted fluorescent, 3' long, 120 V, Daybrite No. A520W80 Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 4', lay-in, flush steel door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens; 120 V.6 Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 2', lay-in, flush steel door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens; 120 V.

64 Wall mounted fluorescent 2'-long, 120 V; Daybrite No. A5220W.2 Surface mounted vapor tight fluorescent fixture, 4'-0", for wet location; 120 V; Daybrite No. WR41241

41 Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, with two 1-lamp ballasts.32-East

53 Patient over bed light, 4' surface mounted fluorescent up and down lens fixture, with continuous light divider, 120-V, 35-watts

10 Wall mounted high pressure sodium fixture with shock resistant glass refractor, wire guard, and photocell; 120-V; 70-watts

119 Recessed fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 4', lay-in, regressed aluminum door with ⅛", K-12 clear acrylic lens, 120-V, 35-watts

35 Recessed fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 4', lay-in, recessed aluminum door with ⅛", K-12 clear acrylic lens, two single lamp ballasts, 120-V, 35-watts6 Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 2', lay-in, regressed aluminum door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 120-V, 40-watts

22 Surface mounted fluorescent strip fixture, 4'-0", with wire guard; 120 V; 35-watts7 Stem mounted fluorescent strip fixture, 4' with wire guard, stem bottom of fixture, 9' above finished floor, 120-V, 35-watts6 Wall mounted fluorescent fixture, up and down lens with stainless steel finish, 120-V, 30-watts1 Surface mounted fluorescent fixture, 4'-0", with wraparound lens; 120 V; 40-watts5 Wall mounted fluorescent fixture, stainless steel finish, 120-V4 Recessed fluorescent lens fixture, 1' x 4', flange regressed aluminum door

with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 120-V, 35-watts3 Recessed fluorescent lens fixture, 1' x 4', flange regressed aluminum door

with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, with two single lamp ballasts, 120-V, 35-watts

25 Recessed fluorescent lamp fixture, 2' x 4', flange regressed aluminum door, with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 120-V, 35-watts

22 Recessed fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 4', flange regressed aluminum door,

with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, and two single lamp ballasts, 120-V, 35-watts

17 Surface mounted incandescent porcelain lamp holder with plastic guard, 120-V, 150-watts

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55Surface mounted 4' fluorescent wraparound lens fixture, vandal proof, weather-

proof, 120-V, 35-watts44 Exit light, ceiling mounted, furnished with luminaire, double face with arrows

on signs, wired for two circuits, red letters, 120-V5 Exit light, ceiling mounted, furnished with luminaire, double face with arrows

on signs, wired for two circuits, red letters, 120-V34-East

48 Patient over bed light, 4' surface mounted fluorescent up and down lens fixture, with continuous light divider, 120-V, 35-watts3 Wall mounted high pressure sodium fixture with shock resistant glass refractor, wire guard, and photocell; 120-V; 70-watts8 Recessed fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 4', lay-in, regressed aluminum door with ⅛", K-12 clear acrylic lens, 120-V, 35-watts4 Recessed fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 4' lay-in, regressed aluminum door with ⅛", K-12 clear acrylic lens, two single-lamp ballasts, 120-V, 35-watts

20 Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 2', lay-in, regressed aluminum door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 120-V, 35-watts7 Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 2', lay-in, regressed aluminum door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 120-V, 40-watts

2Stem mounted fluorescent strip fixture, 4'-0", with wire guard; 120-V, 35-watts

2 Stem mounted fluorescent strip fixture, 4'-0", with wire guard; stem bottom of fixture 9' above finished floor, 120-V, 35-watts

36-East (Medical)717 Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixtures, 3 lights/fixture, 4', 32-watts28 Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixtures, 3 lights/fixture, 4', 32-watts33 Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixtures, 3 lights/fixture, 4', 32-watts2 Fluorescent ceiling fixtures, outlet box, 3 lights/fixture, 4', 32-watts36 Fluorescent fixtures, above mirror, outlet box, 3 lights/fixture, 4', 32-watts4 Fluorescent fixtures, above mirror, outlet box, 3 lights/fixture, 4', 32-watts24 Fluorescent fixtures, arch/headwall elevation, outlet box, 4 lights/fixture, 4',

32-watts20 Fluorescent fixtures, under cabinet, outlet box, 2 lights/fixture, 4', 32-watts15 Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixtures, 2 lights/fixture, 4', 13-watts6 Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixture, 1 light/fixture, 175-watts5 Recessed fluorescent lens fixture, 2 lights/fixture, regressed aluminum door, outlet box, 25-watts1 Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixture, 1 light/fixture, 4', 120-V, 25-watts1 Fluorescent fixtures, above door, outlet box, 1 light/fixture, 4', 25-watts18 Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lights/fixture, 4', 120-V, 25-watts4 Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lights/fixture, 4', 120-V, 8-watts7 Recessed ceiling flood light fixture, 1 light/fixture, 120-V, 150-watts4 Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixtures, 1 light/fixture, 150-watts2 Wall mounted fluorescent fixture, 2 lights/fixture, outlet box, 25-watts12 Fluorescent ceiling fixtures, outlet box, 2 lights/fixture, 4', 25-watts1 Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixture10 Fluorescent ceiling fixtures, outlet box, 2 lights/fixture, 4', 32-watts2 Incandescent lamp, 3 lights/fixture, outlet box, 120-V, 100-watts40 Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box

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10 Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box

Table 5. Energy Conservation Measures Recommended for Bryce Hospital by Johnson Controls, Inc.

RecommendationNo.

FacilityImprovement

Description

1 Lighting Retrofits

Lighting savings can be achieved with the installation of new lighting technologies such as electronic ballast, LED lamps, reflectors, and better lighting computer-aided design.

2 Water Conservation

Replacing older fixtures (toilets, urinals, faucet aerators) with new low flow technology. This will reduce water consumption, energy consumption, and maintenance.

3 Boiler Project Option 1: The existing boilers at this facility have surpassed their expected service life and the existing boiler in operation has been modified with a smaller burner. Johnson Controls could investigate the installation of new boilers in a new boiler house location. The study would include the addition of a boiler combustion management system and the replacement of an underground steam pipe that is failing. Option 2: Install new steam or hot water boilers to serve one or more buildings depending on the location of the building and existing piping. This would increase the number of boilers on campus to be serviced and require new water heaters (gas or electric). Option 3 would be a combination of some facilities being served steam from the steam plant and some facilities having individual boilers installed. This would include new water heaters (gas or electric).

4 Chiller Project Johnson Controls, Inc., proposed to install two new chillers of adequate capacity at each building (TRU 1-N) and BRU 2-N).

5 Building Automation

The current outside controls associated with the campus are stand-alone systems in each building or simple thermostat controls which can not manage energy usage in this campus. Upgrading the campus to a single EMS platform will expand the control and management of the campus mechanical systems.

6 Chemical Water Treat-ment Alterna-

tives

Johnson Controls, Inc., can evaluate many technologies to determine the best method for treating the water on the condenser water side of the cooling plant and the treatment of the steam boilers. A combination of new technologies can

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promote better efficiency of the chiller and boiler operation by removing scale, reducing the amount of harmful chemicals used in the system, and reducing the amount of water reinjection.

Other Facility Improvement Measures7 Steam Trap

ReplacementFurther study would be required to survey each steam trap and formulate the energy savings in replacing the steam trap with a properly selected steam trap or an alternate condensate return system.

8 Roofing Upgrades

Further study would be required to investigate the best replacement/upgrade of existing roofs on campus that may be nearing the end of their useful life. New reflective coating technology would prevent leaks that are caused by expansion and retraction of the current roofing structure.

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APPENDIX B

OBSERVATIONS AND IMPRESSIONS – BRYCE HOSPITAL

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APPENDIX B

OBSERVATIONS AND IMPRESSIONS – BRYCE HOSPITAL

Site Visit July 5th and July 6, 2005

Real Opportunities for Energy Conservation Measures

Water leakso Roof shingle repairs 2 years ago are now beginning to leak againo Water main

Old 600 HP boilero Leaking steam pipeso No condensate returno $90K/month gaso Leaking roof impacted electrical disconnectso Need at least 30 psig steam lines or lines filled with condensateo Reduced pressure from 60 to ~33 psig saved $20K/month (achievable only

during summer months)o Prior owner/prison, but bought from junkyard for $2Ko Bryce-outstanding preventative maintenanceo Water softener + boiler preheater + chemical treatmento Passed stringent annual insurance inspection – prolonged tube lifeo Blowdown water environmental permit reviewo If “too cold,” must shut heating to west side to adequately heat east side

bldgs.o Delta P 33 psig 20 psig at Harpero Boiler plant has four boilers, but only one operational

Central chiller serves education, adolescents, and Kidd Bldgs.o Seimens has chillers and controls contract

Maintains 5-year plan with annual updates Package Systems Chillers/Hot Water ESCO

o Southern Companyo Johnson Controlo Proposals

Admissions Building piping too small for hot watero ESCO wants 100 HP steam boilero Bryant does not favor this

Bryce favors moving 300 HP boiler (20-year-old excellent condition system) from MR to MI

87

Put the Kidd package boilers into patient care buildings Package boilers need modification

o won’t arc in high humidity conditionso Boiler flame eye may fog up

Main administration building planned to be maintained Review all old lighting Review demand charges Insulate roof ducts Review window air condition use (Kidd) Municipal solid waste

o Waste-to-energy Boiler disposition Insulation Ventilation in the five target buildings

o Check temperature in mixing boxeso Hot water heat exchanger

MR 300 HP boiler moved to MI Leaking underground storage tank in project

o Fumes detected in elevator shaft in 1No Storage tank near gas pump; buried line

Life safety code (JCS)o Vocational rehab

Five buildings targeted for continued useo Tend to be newer buildings

Replaced failed window AC with heat pumps New Admissions Bldg. was leaking; attempted landmark status – did not achieve

landmark status – roof is in very bad condition Bryce is considering decentralized boiler systems

o Split east from westo East on packaged boilers/west on main boiler

Vandals – get security cameras Typical remodeling included lighting, plumbing, and dropped ceilings $1M asbestos abatement central boiler plant (abandon in place and encapsulate) Overhead line leak due to dielectric union contraction. Difficult to tell whether

leak due to roofing vs. unions. When hot, doesn’t leak; when cold, leaks. Over torquing suspected, new high torque gaskets on order.

Institutional Impediments to Energy Conservation Measures

Montgomery takes 6 months to approve Some requests “lost”

Recent/Ongoing and Approved Activities

2 heating/cooling package systems from Partlow to Admin Bldg.

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Data needed for programming purposes in Montgomeryo Direct fund by ADECA or other state agencyo ESCO performance based contracting

Requested Materials and Information

All electric, gas, and water usage/cost data MSW usage/cost data Recycling opportunities Red bag (medical) waste

Planned Focus for Moving Forward

Focus on five buildings to be kept active: education, adolescents, 2N, Harper, and Admissions

Review steam distribution systemo Consider isolating bad section (e.g., plug lines)o Use 300 HP from MR to service planned active west area where new

underground distribution lines have been installed.o Move package system from planned decommissioned buildings to active east

side buildingso Add small steam and hot water generators as needed

Consider use of economizer to recovery boiler stack energy Review Bryce 8 facility improvements/ESCO proposals

Building Inspection Notes and Observations

General Some have reheats in areas such as conference rooms

o 48oF air is heated to 72oF ± 2oF Need temperature indicators in all buildings No boiler stack heat recovery in any unit.

Boiler Plant Plant had four boilers, only one was operational 600 HP York Shipley boiler, built in 1982

o 300 HP burner installed Bryce has changed operating pressure from 60 psig to 30 psig achievable only

during summer months Water usage data collected for 23 period: ~750 gallons used equating to ~270,000

btu/hr Leaking underground steam lines; some areas have had new piping systems

installed (east side), whereas piping system on west side has not been replaced

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(and has known leakage). – Suggest having boiler specialist conduct leak tests to verify.

Data collected on various temperature measurements on boiler + relative humidity Building contains asbestos Building blowdown may require pretreatment and/or discharge permit; currently

discharging to storm drain

Education Bldg.Mechanical Room:

Chiller pumps from Lincoln Electric Hot water supplied from central steam plant; steam produced by hot water

generator @ 112oC; condensate pipe @ 98oCMain building:

Ballast of magnetic type Data collected on foot candles, temperature, relative humidity, CO2, air flow (see

Table 1) Two sections (adult and adolescent) – data collected on both sections Gymnasium used high intensity discharge sodium lamps – data collected on light

intensity (see Table 2 on lighting inventory)

Adolescents Bldg.Main Mechanical Room (Hot Water Tank Room):

Data collected on temperatures, relative humidity, and foot candles (see Table 1)Main building:

Light covers, smoke detectors, etc. covered with Plexiglas to prevent vandalism Data collected on temperatures, relative humidity, and foot candles (see Table 1)

Harper Center Computer management control center

New Admissions Computer management control center

Bldg. 32 (Alice Kidd) Window A/C to back up weak uninsulated roof ducts Window units in admin as well

Bldg. 34 East: PK Gasified boiler 700K btu/hr Adco boiler of Birmingham installed 5 such units throughout Bryce $1.3M covered the 5 PK boilers, 1 house with 2 boilers; + 1 100-HP boilerBoiler by round cafeteria: Columbia 100 (50?) HP boiler operates @ 25-150 psi, produces 2.1M btu/hr;

usually operate @ 25 psiInside Bldg. 34 East (patient area):

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Observed heat vs. chiller mixing air handler 12 patient A/C window units @ 12K btu/hr each;

6 office A/C window units @ 5K btu/hr each;2 main foyer & nursing station A/C window units @ 24K btu/hr each – contained heat strips20 A/C units total for building; A/C in every room.

Double thermopane windows in foyer. Although this bldg. was vacant, lights and air handling were operating. Ballast spot checked and are of magnetic type.

Bldg.36 (Medical Bldg) Lights were T8’s New ballast (electronic) by flicker test Data collected in bldg regarding temperature, humidity, foot candles, CO2, and air

vent velocity (see data table) – See Table 1

Chiller Bldg adjacent to Bldg. 36 (Medical Bldg.) 3 chillers in bldg; can operate two at a time. Chiller 1 was pulling 160 amps Forced draft cooling tower; ~5oC temperature difference Leaking compressor cooling water recirculation pumps Chiller No.1: York Millenium Water Chilling System, Model No. YSCBCBS1-

CGC (2 pass system) Data collected regarding T, pump rpm (see Table 1)

1-N Thermostats on return air

Table 1. Data Obtained from Preliminary Energy Audits of Bryce Mental Hospital Buildings.

Room Description Temperature Relative Humidity,

(%)

Lighting, Other(foot

candles)Boiler Plant:Boiler room Wall 28.7oC 67

Cold water line

26.8oC

Boiler wall Boiler flange

39.2oC

160oC 145oC (by

steam outlet)

91

Flange near bottom

89.3oC

View port Stack near

top125oC

Steam pipe 42.3oC- with

insulation112oC

Steam gauge

37oC

120oC

Education Building – Main Building:Foyer 74.3oF

(23.5oC)38 25 – 26 Mechanical

ballasts used

Hallway Vent 64oF (vent) (17.8oC)

Hallway 72oF (22.2oC) 35Adult Classroom

Vent 66.5oF (19.2oC)

43 Air velocity:

110 ft/min 72.3oF (purple

wall) ~22.4oC Air

velocity:Classroom 74.5oF (white

wall) ~23.6oC47 391 ft/min

(vent)A

dolescent Classroom (Room 141)

Vent 23.2oC Classroom 22.9oC 25; 50 under

bank of lights; 75 with 2½ banks of

lightsDuct Return 23.7oC

Inlet 23.4oC

Wall 21.7oC

Education Building – Mechanical Building (outside main building):Mechanical Room

Chiller T: 3oC Steam line: 112oCCondensate

line:98oC

Adolescents Building:Entrance area

23.8oC 11 – 12 (two-bulb fixtures)

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Hallway 46 Light covers and

smoke detectors

are covered with

plexiglasR

eception room

Vent 18.0oC 46 Room 26.0oC

Hallway 22.5oC 42 (with no diffuser)

Adolescents Building (main mechanical room):H

ot water tank room

Room 60 Large tank 33.7oCCondenser

tank40.0oC

Hot water return

Steam line 35.7oCSteam return

37.8oCDuct 39.7oC

(uninsulated)Low

Pressure line

32.2oC

115.3oC (uninsulated)

Building 36 East (Medical)

Outside BuildingOffice 59 – 61

(vent) Air

velocity:

Hallway 78.3oF 59

2.6 knotsAir

Velocity:

Foyer

(25.7oC)

58 93

1.0 knots78.4oF

(25.8oC)Air

Velocity:

Chiller Building (next to

140 (under double light)

1.8 knots

115 (under single light)

93

Building 36 East):

35 (by wall)

Chiller room

Outlet from chiller

29.3oC

1775 rpm (on

nameplate) 1783.4 rpm

(measured)21.1oC

Cooling tower

21.7oC

Inlet: 25.1oC

Engineering Building:

Outlet: 20.6oCIn tower:20.1oC

Outside T:21.8oC

Conference room

Air Vent 18.6oC

14 (with win-dows

only)

Mechanical ballasts

usedXerox

machine Energy

Star:11 amps start-up

0.8 amps run-ning2.5 – 9.5

amps with energy

savings on

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Table 2. Lighting Fixture Inventory in the Bryce Mental Hospital Buildings.

Number of Fixtures

Description

Admissions Building131 Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, lay-in, 2 lamps/fixture,

with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 40-watts48 Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, lay-in, 2 lamps/fixture, with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 40-watts



121 Rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 100-watts251 Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, 3 lamps/fixture, 40-

watts157 Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, 3 lamps/fixture, 40-

watts11 High-pressure sodium fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box, 1 lamp/fixture, 50-watts

74 Recessed 2 tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 13-watts11 High-pressure sodium fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box, 1 lamp/fixture, 100-watts

15 Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2- land 4-amps/fixture, 70-watts11

Recessed twin-tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 13-watts70 Twin-tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 40-

watts70 Recessed twin-tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, 1 lamp/fixture, 7-watts30 Twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 26-

watts209

Recessed twin-tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, 3 lamps/fixture, 40-watts13 Twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 40-

watts5 Rapid-start fluorescent fixtures (under overhead cabinets), outlet box, 1 lamp/fixture, 30-watts

119 Fluorescent ceiling fixtures (LED), outlet box24

Surface rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixtures, 2 lamps/fixture, 40-watts122 Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, 3 lamps/fixture, 40-

watts32

Recessed twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 26-wattsAdolescent Building

48 2' x 4'-3"; 3 lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser; hinged and latched from either side; energy efficient ballast; lamps: F40 WW/RS/WWII; damp location noted.B73

33 2' x 4'-3"; 2 lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser; hinged and latched from either side; energy-efficient ballast; lamps: F40 WW/RS/WWII.2 2' x 4'-3"; 4 lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser; hinged and latched from either side; energy efficient ballast; lamps: F40 WW/RS/WWII; damp location noted.6 2' x 4'-3"; 4 lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic

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diffuser; hinged and latched from either side; energy efficient ballast; lamps: F40 WW/RS/WWII.

39 2' x 4'; lamp recessed fluorescent fixture (flanged troffer) with prismatic acrylic diffuser; energy efficient ballast; lamps: F40 WW/RS/WWII

24 2 lamp fluorescent fixture. High-gloss baked white enamel finish. Pressure lock lamp holders; energy efficient ballast; lamps: F30, F40, F72 WW/RS/WWII.

17 1' x 4' lamp fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser. Hinged and latched from either side; lamps: F40 WW/RS/WWII.4 2' x 2', lamp recessed fluorescent fixture (flanged troffer) with prismatic acrylic diffuser; hinged and latched from either side. Lamps: F40 CW/U/6/WMII.

51 2' x 2', lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser. hinged and latched from either side; lamps: F40 CW/U/6/WMII.

24 2 lamp incandescent surface drum with white opal glass diffuser, suitable for damp locations. Lamps: 2 60-watt bulbs.

33 Universal mounted exit sign; exit sign shall be wall or ceiling mounted, single or double faced and directional arrows. Tamper proof screws. Lamps: Two 8W T5.4 2' x 2'; 2 lamp recessed fluorescent security fixture, ⅛" high impact prismatic acrylic lens over ¼" clear polycarbonate and continuous hold


Chiller Building16 2' x 4', 120 V fluorescent fixtures

Education Center194 2' x 4'; 3 lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic

diffuser and return air housing; hinged and latched from either side; energy efficient ballast; Lamps: F40 WW/RS/WWII.

42 2' x 4'; 2 lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser and return air housing; hinged and latched from either side; energy efficient ballast; Lamps: F40 WW/RS/WWII.4 2' x 4'; 4 lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser and return air housing; hinged and latched from either side; energy efficient ballast; Lamps: F40 WW/RS/WWII.4 1' x 4' lamp fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser. Totally enclosed extruded prismatic acrylic lens. Injection molded reinforcing acrylic end plate. Energy efficient ballast. Lamps: F40 WW/RS/WMII.

24 2 lamp fluorescent fixture. High gloss baked white enamel finish. Pressure lock lamp holders. Energy efficient ballast; Lamps: F30, F40, F72 WW/RS/WMII.

20 1' x 4', 2 lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser, hinged and latched from either side. Energy efficient ballast,

suitable for damp location, return air housing. Lamps: F40 WW/RS/WMII.

15 2' x 2', 2 lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser, hinged and latched from either side, return air housing. Lamps: F40 CW/U/6/WMII.

15 Recessed fluorescent downlight with fresnel lens, 120V ballast, high

power factor ballast, 0.94 PF, suitable for damp locations. Lamp: F13 DTT/27K

10 Recessed incandescent downlight with black microgroove baffle,120V ballast, lamp: 100 W A19.

20 Low bay industrial luminaire; 120 V ballast; Lamp: 250 W metal halide.40 Low bay industrial luminaire with quartz restrike system; 120 V ballast.

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Lamp: 250 W metal halide16 Universal mounted exit sign; exit sign shall be wall or ceiling mounted,

single or double faced and directional arrows. Tamper proof screws. Lamps:

Two 8W T5.1 2' x 2'; 2-lamp recessed fluorescent security fixture, ⅛" high impact prismatic acrylic lens over ¼" clear polycarbonate and continuous hold


Engineering Office22 1' x 4', 120 V fluorescent fixtures10 2' x 4', 120 V fluorescent fixtures21 U6, 120 V fluorescent fixtures

Harper Center105 Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, lay-in, 2 lamps/fixture,

with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 40-watts56 Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, lay-in, 2 lamps/fixture, with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 40-watts


210 Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, lay-in, 4 lamps/fixture, with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 40-watts7 Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixture, 1 lamp/fixture, 150-watts78 Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 30-watts

255Recessed twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 13-watts

127 Recessed twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 26-watts10 High pressure sodium fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box, 1 lamp/fixture, 50-watts

70 Recessed twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 120-V, 13-watts

15 Recessed high pressure sodium fluorescent ceiling fixture, 1 lamp/fixture, 100-watts4 Rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 100-watts80 Pendant fluorescent fixture, 2- and 4-lamps/fixture, T8 lamps, 32-watts19 Lay-in rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 40-watts71 Recessed twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 13-watts, damp location noted

51 Recessed twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, lay-in, 1 lamp/fixture, 9-watts

6 Recessed twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 13-watts

146 Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 40-watts

81 Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, 1 lamp/fixture, 150-watts

108 Rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, 6'-6", outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 40-watts

26 Rapid-start fluorescent fixtures (under overhead cabinets), outlet box, 1 lamp/fixture, 30-watts2 Rapid-start fluorescent fixtures (under overhead cabinets), outlet box, vertical slot, 1 lamp/fixture, 30-watts

57 Surface fluorescent ceiling fixtures (LED), 2 lamps/fixture, 30-watts

97

2Surface rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixtures, 2 lamps/fixture, 40-watts

4 Surface high pressure sodium fluorescent fixture (at canopy), 1 lamp/fixture, 70-watts

26 Surface twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixtures, outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 13-watts3 Incandescent fixtures, outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 60-watts37 Fluorescent fixture, 1 lamp/fixture, 150-watts13 Ceiling fan with light kit and pendant, incandescent light, outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 100-watts

2-North Building20 Recessed fluorescent downlight with dropped polycarbonate lens, 120 V; for damp locations

24 Surface fluorescent strip with wire guard; 120 V16 Stem mounted fluorescent strip22 Wall mounted fluorescent, 4' long, 120 V, Daybrite No. A5240514 Under cabinet fluorescent lens fixture, 120 V.75 Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 4', lay-in, flush steel door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens; 120 V.

194 Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 4', lay-in, flush steel door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens; 120 V.6 Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 1' x 4', lay-in, flush steel door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens; 120 V.9 Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 4', flange, lay-in, flush steel door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens; 120 V.

168 Recessed 2' x 4' lay-in, furnished with American Louver No. 99-2448 silver paracube louver.

60 Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 2', lay-in, flush steel door with ⅛' K-12 clear acrylic lens, 120 V; 3 socket wired separately.

13 Wall mounted fluorescent, 3' long, 120 V, Daybrite No. A520W80 Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 4', lay-in, flush steel door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens; 120 V.6 Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 2', lay-in, flush steel door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens; 120 V.

64 Wall mounted fluorescent 2'-long, 120 V; Daybrite No. A5220W.2 Surface mounted vapor tight fluorescent fixture, 4'-0", for wet location; 120 V; Daybrite No. WR41241

41 Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, with two 1-lamp ballasts.32-East

53 Patient over bed light, 4' surface mounted fluorescent up and down lens fixture, with continuous light divider, 120-V, 35-watts

10 Wall mounted high pressure sodium fixture with shock resistant glass refractor, wire guard, and photocell; 120-V; 70-watts

119 Recessed fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 4', lay-in, regressed aluminum door with ⅛", K-12 clear acrylic lens, 120-V, 35-watts

35 Recessed fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 4', lay-in, recessed aluminum

door with ⅛", K-12 clear acrylic lens, two single-lamp ballasts, 120-V, 35-watts

6 Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 2', lay-in, regressed aluminum door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 120-V, 40-watts

22 Surface mounted fluorescent strip fixture, 4'-0", with wire guard; 120 V; 35-watts7 Stem mounted fluorescent strip fixture, 4' with wire guard, stem bottom of fixture, 9' above finished floor, 120-V, 35-watts6 Wall mounted fluorescent fixture, up and down lens with stainless steel

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finish, 120-V, 30-watts1 Surface mounted fluorescent fixture, 4'-0", with wraparound lens; 120 V; 40-watts5 Wall mounted fluorescent fixture, under cabinet, stainless steel finish,

120-V4 Recessed fluorescent lens fixture, 1' x 4', flange regressed aluminum

door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 120-V, 35-watts3 Recessed fluorescent lens fixture, 1' x 4', flange regressed aluminum

door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, with two single lamp ballasts, 120-V, 35-watts

25 Recessed fluorescent lamp fixture, 2' x 4', flange regressed aluminum door, with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 120-V, 35-watts

22 Recessed fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 4', flange regressed aluminum

door, with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, and two single lamp ballasts, 120-V, 35-watts

17 Surface mounted incandescent porcelain lamp holder with plastic guard, 120-V, 150-watts

55 Surface mounted 4' fluorescent wraparound lens fixture, vandal proof, weather-proof, 120-V, 35-watts

44 Exit light, ceiling mounted, furnished with luminaire, double face with arrows on signs, wired for two circuits, red letters, 120-V

5 Exit light, ceiling mounted, furnished with luminaire, double face with arrows on signs, wired for two circuits, red letters, 120-V

34-East48 Patient over bed light, 4' surface mounted fluorescent up and down lens fixture, with continuous light divider, 120-V, 35-watts3 Wall mounted high pressure sodium fixture with shock resistant glass refractor, wire guard, and photocell; 120-V; 70-watts8 Recessed fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 4', lay-in, regressed aluminum door with ⅛", K-12 clear acrylic lens, 120-V, 35-watts4 Recessed fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 4' lay-in, regressed aluminum

door with ⅛", K-12 clear acrylic lens, two single-lamp ballasts, 120-V, 35-watts

20 Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 2', lay-in, regressed aluminum door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 120-V, 35-watts7 Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 2', lay-in, regressed aluminum door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 120-V, 40-watts2 Stem mounted fluorescent strip fixture, 4'-0", with wire guard; 120-V,

35-watts2 Stem mounted fluorescent strip fixture, 4'-0", with wire guard; stem bottom of fixture 9' above finished floor, 120-V, 35-watts

36-East (Medical)717 Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixtures, 3 lights/fixture, 4', 32-watts28 Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixtures, 3 lights/fixture, 4', 32-watts33 Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixtures, 3 lights/fixture, 4', 32-watts2 Fluorescent ceiling fixtures, outlet box, 3 lights/fixture, 4', 32-watts36 Fluorescent fixtures, above mirror, outlet box, 3 lights/fixture, 4', 32-

watts4 Fluorescent fixtures, above mirror, outlet box, 3 lights/fixture, 4', 32-

watts24 Fluorescent fixtures, arch/headwall elevation, outlet box, 4

lights/fixture, 4', 32-watts20 Fluorescent fixtures, under cabinet, outlet box, 2 lights/fixture, 4', 32-

watts15 Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixtures, 2 lights/fixture, 4', 13-watts6 Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixture, 1 light/fixture, 175-watts

99

5 Recessed fluorescent lens fixture, 2 lights/fixture, regressed aluminum door, outlet box, 25-watts1 Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixture, 1 light/fixture, 4', 120-V, 25-watts1 Fluorescent fixtures, above door, outlet box, 1 light/fixture, 4', 25-watts18 Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lights/fixture, 4', 120-V, 25-watts4 Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lights/fixture, 4', 120-V, 8-watts7 Recessed ceiling flood light fixture, 1 light/fixture, 120-V, 150-watts4 Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixtures, 1 light/fixture, 150-watts2 Wall mounted fluorescent fixture, 2 lights/fixture, outlet box, 25-watts12 Fluorescent ceiling fixtures, outlet box, 2 lights/fixture, 4', 25-watts1 Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixture10 Fluorescent ceiling fixtures, outlet box, 2 lights/fixture, 4', 32-watts2 Incandescent lamp, 3 lights/fixture, outlet box, 120-V, 100-watts40 Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box10 Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box

100

APPENDIX C

OBSERVATIONS AND IMPRESSIONS – DEPARTMENT OF YOUTH SERVICES

101

APPENDIX C

OBSERVATIONS AND IMPRESSIONS – DEPARTMENT OF YOUTH SERVICES

Site Visit – July 26, 2005

Contacts: Met with Sandra Douglas and Mike Burr at the Chalkville campus. Mike’s contact information: phone: 680-8586; fax: 680-8587

Concerns identified by Mike Burr for Chalkville campus: Gymnasium currently has no air conditioning. Cooling tower on school – inefficient and prone to operational problems. Logistics of retrofits if approved. Aging equipment throughout facility. Walk-in freezer in Creek Bldg. – have had problems with the compressor. Lexan windows are for security; are they energy efficient or is there an

alternative? Wide array of equipment (different types of hot water heaters, heating systems,

A/C systems, etc.). Mike and Sandra identified need to have additional maintenance staff trained in HVAC system operations.

General Information about Site:

18 different buildings at site; floor plans were provided for each building. 3 shifts of rotating staff Number of employees at site: ~120 Number of female students: ~85 Capacity ~125 students. Site shut down for 2 weeks at Christmas time and 1 week around July 4 (students

still reside on campus). Mike identified that a dormitory building (cottages) could be vacated for

renovation activities by moving students to another building during the renovation; renovation of the dining facility would require greater coordination and scheduling.

All bulbs are fluorescent bulbs unless otherwise noted. Facilities are a mixture of gas and electric powered heating. Kitchen units are undersized for their capacity. During inclement weather, students are either taken by van to the dining hall, or if

severe weather conditions, the food can be brought to them in their residence halls

102

Windows are single-paned throughout facility; predominant windowing in student facilities is of Lexan (1/4-inch) – mandatory to prevent potential breakage by residents (students). Alabama Bldg. uses glass windows. School also has glass windows; several windows noted to have severe spider cracks on them.

Cooling tower (behind school library) was installed ~2000. It has three blowers; fan has torn apart, valve was replaced. The breaker has blown several fuses.

School is used all year long. Interested in what it would cost to aid condition the gymnasium No real recycling program, although Mike Burr promotes on a limited basis

Buildings Visited on Energy Audits with the Alabama Department of Youth Services (Chalkville campus)

Campus Buildings1. Iroquois Bldg.2. Gymnasium3. Junaluska Bldg.4. Administration Bldg.5. Chickasaw Bldg.6. Creek Bldg. (dining hall)7. Recreation8. Chapel9. Sequoyah School10. Alabama Bldg.11. Security Bldg.

Iroquois Bldg.

Observations: Three air conditioners on roof (same type) are 5-6 years old; one closest to front

of bldg. had compressor problems – not cooling well; Model No. 48TJF004-311QA, RLA – 18

Outside data gathered:o Outside temperature ~91.7oFo CO2 ~ 303 ppmo Bldg employs old T12 fluorescent bulbs; could replace 40 watt bulbs with

34 watt bulbs.o HVAC not working in front portion of bldg.

Cosmology/Hair dressing room (used 4 days/week)o 3 fluorescent lights (2 2-bulb; 1 4-bulb); 40W eacho Mechanical ballasts on light fixtureso 3 hair dryer machines o 2 cutting stations with light bars (4 incandescent lights)o 1 site specific/use hot water heater (40-gallon capacity)o Electric fan with louvers o Room Data:

103

Light intensity: 74.9 fc17.1 fc (under 4 bulb)35.3 fc (under no bulbs)21.6 fc (under no bulbs)

CO2: 286 ppm 92.2oF Relative humidity: 46%

Laundry (Utility) Roomo 2 sets of washer / dryer comboso Heavy duty dryer : Whirlpool – Model No. GCEM2900JQ0; Serial No.

MK3601105o Washer: Whirlpool – Model No. GCAM2701JQ0; Serial No. CK3001029o Washer : GE Select 7 cycle heavy duty, extra large capacity o Dryer: Hotpoint – Model No. NUL33E81W; Serial No. 20714269Wo 1 light fixture (2 fluorescent bulbs; casing broken)o All exit signs are old – need to be replacedo Room Data:

CO2: 739 ppm 92oF Relative humidity: 51% 74.9 fc (under 2 bulbs)

Front Hallwayo Old exit signso 3 light fixtures with 2 bulbs/fixtureo Room Data:

28.3 fc (under 2 bulbs) 21.6 fc (under no bulbs)

Classroom No.1o Each fluorescent light was controlled by a separate switch o 4 light fixtures with 2 bulbs/fixture = 8 bulbso Contains a refrigerator and microwave oveno Room Data:

CO2: 400 ppm 91.6oF 29.6oC (wall temperature) 32oC air vent No.1 33.4oC air vent No.2 41.0 fc (no bulbs) 41.5 fc (all bulbs on)

Classroom 2 (Training Room)o 4 bulbs per fixture * 2 fixtureso Light bulbs: rapid start 34-watt fluorescent bulbs (F40/DX/ss – 34 watt)o Room Data:

CO2: 317 ppm 90.1oF

104

36 fc (lights off) 53 fc (lights on)

Dining Roomo 19 incandescent bulbs along wallo 15 fluorescent bulbs o 16 100-watt incandescent bulbs in 4X4 array (by fireplace)o Room Data:

64 fc (all lights on) ventilation: most vents were non operational 25.7oC on return air; 20.8oC on best vent Relative humidity: 47% air conditioner: 250 fpm

Two Offices (4 fluorescent bulbs each) Main Office (8 bulbs total; 2 bulbs are incandescent)

o Room Data: 25.7oC (return air) 20.8oC (air vent) 250 fpm

Bedroom (2 double fixtures with 2 bulbs each 100 watt)o Room Data:

16 fc vent in bedroom 18.7oC relative humidity: 47% 250 fpm

Bedroom (1 fixture with 1 incandescent bulb:100 watt)o 13 fc

Other Roomso 4 incandescent bulbs

Bathroom (at right rear of building)o Renovated in 2004o Old mechanical ballasts o 6 2-bulb fixtures (fluorescent)o Room Data:

71, 40, 75, 86 fc CO2: 370 84.9oF

Bathroom No. 2 o 4 fixtures with 2 bulbs each

Main Bedroom Hallway (Common Area)o 8 fixtures with 4 bulbs (fluorescent) o 9 incandescent 100 watt bulbs, 2 burned out (concave mirrors to focus

light)o 2 halogen lights up time-out areaso Hallway Data:

43, 11, 39 fc under incandescent lights

105

Additional Notes:o Attic Area: looked at through opening, but did not enter – ~2 to 3 inches

of blown fiberglass insulation present.o All ventilation is passive (ridge vents and gable vents)o Old boiler that has not been used since 1991, at leasto 2 additional on-site water heaters located in basement

Gymnasium (built in 2000)

No air conditioning 16 light fixtures: sodium 5 overhead heaters 2 large fans with 2 louvers on the opposite side R19 insulation below roofing Large open A-frame truss roof Room Data:

CO2: 208-230 ppm 89.2oF Relative humidity: 60% 250 fpm 15, 15, 13, 14 fc

Junaluska Bldg.

Old mechanical ballasts and exit signs Hallway

o 4 compact U-tube fluorescent bulbs o Room Data:

16, 12 fc CO2: 680 ppm 89.2oF

Dining room/storageo 9 light fixtures with 2 U-tube fluorescent bulbso Electric steam table when food needs to be brought to students during

inclement weathero Old electric stoveo Freezer and refrigeratoro Room Data:

56 fc Kitchen

o 4 light fixtures (40-watts each)

o Room Data: Relative humidity: 70%

106

School Roomo 4 bulbs (40-watts each)o Room Data:

Relative humidity: 43% Counselor Room

o 4 bulbs Recreation/classroom area

o 6 fixtures with 2 u-tube fluorescent bulbso 2 ceiling fanso Room Data:

24 fc Mechanical room

o Hot water heater (replaced recently): 100 gallon; 1150 BTU hrRudd hot water heater (natural gas heated)

o 5 furnaces/air handlers; 1990-1983 100,000 btu 190,000 btu 84,000 btu 65,000 btu 54,000 btu

o Room Data: hot water = 46.1oC cold water = 35.4oC Blended water = 37.4oC Exhaust lines air = 29-32oC CO2: 418 ppm 88.4oF 35 fc Relative humidity: 60%

o 2 – 2 fluorescent bulbs 42 inches long Bedrooms (14)

o 1 incandescent bulb/roomo 1 light bulbo Room Data:

Relative humidity: 40% Reception/Foyer (Common Area)

o 2 ceiling fanso 12 2 U-tubes per fixtureo 12 2 bulb incandescent fixtures

Administration Bldg.

1 st Floor : Orientation room

o Old mechanical ballasts

107

o 8 bulbs (40-watts each)o Room Data:

45 fc CO2: 545 ppm 88.8 F Relative humidity: 39% 26.5oC (wall) 16oC (air vent)

Hallwayo 8 light bulbso Room Data:

40.1 fc under light 21.7 fc away from source CO2: 575 ppm 88.3oF

Kitcheno 1 incandescent bulb

Bathroomo 2 fluorescent bulbso Room Data:

18.5 fc 16.3oC in vent 19.8oC on wall

Officeo 4 fixtures of 2 fluorescent bulbs (48 inches)o Copier, Dell computer and fax were Energy Star ratedo Room Data:

15.7oC in vent overhead vents need cleaning, lots of dust 26.1oC on wall 14.1oC in vent No.2 83.6oF Relative humidity:54% CO2: 449 ppm

Offices (left-side middle)o 4 bulbs/officeo Employees informed us there was only one thermostat and that they are

constantly uncomfortable (hot or cold). Office

o 6 bulbso Room Data:

600 fpm Mail Room

o 2 bulbs Bathroom

108

o 1 incandescent bulb Office left front center

o 8 bulbs Hall/foyer

o 2 incandescent bulbs Office – right side

o 8 bulbso Room Data:

14.1oC – vent 21.6oC – wall

Bathroomo 1 incandescent bulb

Office – right side centero 4 bulbs

Stairwello 4 2ft fluorescent bulb fixtureso Stairwell Data

21.2 fc on lower landing 31.9 fc on top landing CO2: 970 ppm 83.3oF

2 nd Floor : Upstairs hallway

o 4 20-watt bulbso Hallway Data:

21.4 fc 19.4oC in vent 24.9oC on wall

Upstairs office o 4 60-watt fluorescent bulbs 96 inches long (F96/T12/cw/ew)o 2 15-watt incandescent bulbs above fireplace o Room Data:

CO2: 368 ppm 83.3oF

Clothes stock room (attic area)o 4-6 inches blown fiberglass insulation o Ventilation is very poor (all passive)o Room Data:

Storage way: 95 fc under light 88.4 fc under second light 10.3 fc under incandescent light CO2: 373 ppm 84.0oF

3 Goodman air conditioning units outside building:o 2 Goodman – RLA 14.1 (2001)

109

o 1 Goodman – RLA 28.2o Insulation on Freon line is in poor condition

Chickasaw Bldg.

Lounge and foyer (front common area)o 26 2-bulbso Room Data:

73.6 fc with all lights on 1 incandescent bulb in each bedroom: 4.8 fc Relative humidity: 50% 15.4oC (air vent) 23.7oC (wall)

o Exit signs use 2 15-watt bulbs Dining room

o 8 fixtures with 2 U-tube fluorescent bulbso 4 light fixtures in the pit area 2 U-tube fluorescent bulbso Room Data:

CO2: 267 ppm 84.5oF

Service Kitcheno 4 fixtures with 2 4-ft tubes (40 watts each) per fixtureo Room Data:

CO2: 265 ppm 84.2oF

Linen cabineto Room Data:

28.1 fc CO2: 450 ppm 81.8oF

Building has 3 air conditioning units and 1 heater.o Air conditioning units:

2 Goodman (2001) – RLA 12.8 and 15.4; 140,000 btu/hr and unavailable

1 Carrier (2003) – RLA 16; 90,000 btu/hro Heating system (hot water heater):

Rheem (purchased October 1995) – 91 gallons This building recycles aluminum cans.

Note this building is equipped with a sprinkler system (only building on site) for fire safety.

Creek Bldg. (Dining Hall)

Dining Hall

110

o 24 bulbs (40 watts each)o Roof leaks (minor)o Room Data:

26.6 fc CO2: 338 ppm 86.7oF 19.4oC (air vent) 24.6oC (wall) Relative humidity: 47%

Chillero Chiller Data:

8.8oC on wall 6.3oC on vents 42oF on gauges outside

Freezero 2 incandescent bulbso Freezer Data:

-6.6oC on fan -1.1oC on wall

Kitcheno 17 light fixtures (4 incandescent bulbs each, 40 watts each)o 2 ovens, 4 stoveso Kitchen Data:

CO2: 292 ppm 80.1oF Relative humidity: 88%

o used garland burners/ ovenso Frymastero Hobart ovenso Exhaust vents were very unclean

Dry Storage o 16 lights (40-watts each)o Storage Room Data:

CO2: 448 ppm 80.3oF 24.3oC on wall Relative humidity: 70% 800 fps air velocity

Dishwashero During wash operation 152oFo Rated at 150-160oFo Rinse cycle 160oF set at 140-150oFo Cycle was 50 seco 40 sec on wash and 10 sec on rinseo could wash up to 9 dinner trays per cycle

111

Recreation

Recreation Officeo 4 lights (96-inches long)o Room Data:

Relative humidity: 47% Group room

o Old mechanical ballastso 2 fixtures; 1 with 2 fluorescent bulbs 4-ft longo Room Data:

17.5 fc 15.6oC in vent 23.7oC on wall CO2: 505 ppm 84.4oF

Officeo 2 lights (40 watts each)o Room Data:

Relative humidity: 50% Hallway

o Filters on return air need replacement (dirty)several holes in ceiling Recreation Area

o 8 light fixtures with 2 4-ft long fluorescent bulbso Room Data:

11.8oC in air vent 20.8oC on wall CO2: 420 ppm 80.7oF

Attic areao Contains 2-3 inches of blown fiberglass insulation (per Mr. Burr)

2 air conditioning units; Goodman – RLA 15.4 (1996)

Chapel

20 incandescent fixtures above pulpit built in 1967 main congregation area ,

o 10 overhead fixtures with 4 bulbs per fixture o 52 incandescent bulbs totalo water leaks around rear stained glass windowo Chapel Data:

1.9 fc with lights on CO2: 354 ppm 82.8oF

112

25.6oC (return air) 25.2oC (wall) 19.2oC (air vent)

Restroomo 1 incandescent bulb

Hallwayo 2 incandescent bulbs

Mechanical Roomo 3 air conditioners: RLA 15.4, Model No. CK60-36

Sequoyah School

Class room o 9 fixtures 4 bulbs 48-inches long fluorescent

Hallwayo Old magnetic ballasts

Restroom o 2* 4 tubes per fixture ( 6 bulbs on, fluorescent) o Room Data:

4 tube: 69.1 fc 2 tube: 35 fc CO2: 730 ppm

Chillers handle the whole building Separate air handler for each classroom Library

o New electrical ballastso 18 fixtures ( 4 fluorescent bulbs per fixture)o 92 bulbs totalo Room Data:

120 fc Cooling tower outside (middle blower not working) Compact U-tubes used in hallway Attic area has ~16 inches of insulation (R19) Air handlers: Carrier, Model No. 50HQA0425

Alabama Bldg.

Used for “orientation” only, not a regular dorm 4 air handlers Hallway

o 2 4-tube fixtures o Room Data:

38.9, 67.1 fc under lights 15.2, 22.7oC in air vents 22.5oC on wall

Bedrooms

113

o 1 incandescent 100-watt bulbo Room Data:

44 fc Time-out room

o 3 fluorescent x 2 lights (40-watts each) + 4 incandescent bulbso 1 floodlight outside time-out roomo Clinic window air leak – fluorescent x 2 lights (40-watts each)o Room Data:

Relative humidity: 46%

Security Bldg.

Flat roof; leaks 4 light fixtures with 2 fluorescent bulbs per fixture Old mechanical ballasts Room Data:

49.2 fc under lights large hole (2*2 ft) in ceiling CO2: 642 ppm 86.1oF Relative humidity: 38% 26.8oC on wall 10.8oC in air conditioner vent (wall unit, 12000 btu per hour) 600 fpm air velocity

114

Additional Information:

Data collected during the preliminary energy audits at the facility are summarized in Table 1.

Room Description

Temperature

Relative Humidity, (%)

Lighting, Other

(foot candles)

Iroquois Building:O

utside of building

91.7oF (33.2oC)

Three 3.5-ton Carrier

air conditioning units on roof

Hair Styling

Room

92.2oF (33.4oC)

1840 lumens (under 4 bulbs)

Use T12 fluorescent bulbs; use hot water heater in

room380 lumens in non-lit

area

233 lumens in other

non-lit area

Laundry Room

92.0oF (33.3oC)

1 light fixture with

2 fluorescent

bulbsM

ain Part of Building

Building uses old exit signs with fluorescent

bulbsC

lassroom No.1

91.6oF (33.1oC)

Each light fixture is separately controlled32.0oC in air

vent

115

33.4oC in other air vent

29.6oC on wall

Classroom

No.2

Training room

90.1oF in room

(32.3oC)

36 (with lights off)

Uses 4 bulbs/ fixture

(Sylvania F40 DXSS) rapid start,

34 W bulbs); 2 fixtures

53 (with lights on)

Dining Area

25.7oC (return air)

Has 15 wall fluorescent bulbs; has

16 100-watt bulbs in fire place area;

Air velocity: 250 ft/min

in vent; Most air vents did

not appear to work20.8oC (in

air vent)B

edrooms 18.7oC in air

vent Use 2

double light fixtures; Use 4 bulbs total of 100-watts

each; Air velocity in vent: 250

ft/min

116

Bathroom

84.9oF (29.4oC)

71 – 86 Renovated in 2004, has

6 double fluorescent

light fixtures;

other bath-room had 4

fixturesM

ain Hallway 8 fixture

with 4 bulbs/fix-ture; had 9

incandescent 100-watt bulbs (2

were burned out) – have mirrors to

focus light; have old boiler in basement (not used

since at least 1991).

Gymnasium: Inside

gymnasium

28.3oC (on wall)

16 light fixtures; 5 heaters; 2

large fans; 2 louvers on opposite

wall;

30.1oC (on louvers)

117

R19 insulation

on roof

89.2oF on other wall (31.8oC)

Junaluska Building:Main

building Uses

mechanical ballasts and old fluores-

cent exit signs

Hallway 89.2oF (31.8oC)

Uses 4 short fluorescent

bulbs in hall-way fixtures;

also three double U-

tube fluorescent

bulbsDining Room

Has 6 light fixtures with

2 U-tube bulbs/

fixture; have steam table when need

to have food from dining hall brought

in (due to bad

weather)

Administration Building:M

echanical Room

Room 88.4oF (31.3oC)

Hot water heater has 91-gallon capacity (1150

btu/hr); 46.1oC

118

five air conditioning units were installed between 1983 and 1990; Has two 2-bulb fluorescent

fixtures (42-

Hot water heater

Cooler water

35.4oC

Blended water (sent

to building)

37.4oC

Exhaust lines sent

to building

29 – 32oC

Orientation

Room

88.8oF (31.6oC)

45 Uses mechanical

ballasts

Hallway 88.3oF (31.3oC)

21.7 40.1

(directly under lights)

Bathroom 19.8oC on wall

18.5

16.3oC in air vent

Office Office equipment included Xerox

machine, Dell

computer, fax

machine

26.1oC (wall)

54 Uses 4 fluorescent

bulbs/fixture (~4-ft long); overhead air vents need cleaning

(lots of dust)14.1oC (vent)

119

All were

83.6oF (room)

(28.7oC)

Stairwells 83.3oF (28.5oC)

21.2 Uses 4 double-bulb fluorescent

light fixtures;

Very stuffy in stairwells

31.9 (on up-stairs landing)

Upstairs

Hallway

19.4oC in room;

24.9oC on wall

Upstairs Office

83.3oF (28.5oC)

Uses four 96-inch

fluores-cent bulbs (60-watts); two

15-watt incandescen

t bulbs above

fireplaceC

lothes Stockroom

84.0oF (28.9oC)

95; 88.4 directly

under lights

Has 4-6 inches of

blown fiberglass

insulation in

120

attic area; Very stuffy in attic area

10.3 under incandesce

nt bulbs

Chickasaw Building:1

4 rooms for students

This building is equipped

with a sprinkler

system (the only

building on campus)

Has 3 furnace units (2

140,000-btu and 1

90,000-btu unit)

purchased in 2003; recap-tion area has

2 ceiling fans

Hallway Has 12 double U-

tube fluorescent

bulbs and 10 double

incandescent bulb

fixtures

Lounge/foyer

73.6 (with lights on)

Exit signs use two 15-

watt incandescen

t bulbs

121

Bedroom 4.8 Has one incandescent light/room

Dining Room

84.5oF (29.2oC)

8 light fixtures with

2 U-tube fluorescent lights/fixtur

e; 4 light fixtures in

pit area

Service

Kitchen

84.2oF (29.0oC)

Four light fixtures with

two 4-ft tubes/ fixture

Linen Cabinet

81.8oF (27.7oC)

28.1

Creek Building:

Dining Room

86.7oF (30.4oC)

Chiller Room

8.8oC (wall)

6.3oC (fans)

42oF (gauge) = 5.6oC

Freezer -6.6oC (fan)

1.1oC (wall)

122

Kitchen Kitchen has

Garland oven/

burners, Frymaster,

Hobart ovens

80.1oF (26.7oC)

Exhaust vents are

very dusty and need to be cleaned

Storage area for canned

goods

80.3oF (26.8oC)

24.3oC (wall)

Dishwashing

area

152oF (wash) Wash cycle operates in 150-160oF

range; rinse cycle

operates in 140-150oF

range

(66.7oC)

Recreation Building:G

roup room/ lounge

15.1oC (vent)

17.5 Two light fixtures, one with two 4-

ft fluorescent bulbs, and one with four 4-ft

fluorescent bulbs (only 2 bulbs in fix-ture)

23.7oC (wall)

84.4oF (room)

(29.1oC)

123

Hallway Filters in return air vent need replace-

ment; very dirty.

There are holes in the ceiling tiles.

Recreational

area

11.8oC (vent)

Eight light fixtures with two 4-foot fluorescent

bulbs

20.8oC (wall)

80.7oF (room)

(27.1oC)

Chapel:Chapel (built

in 1967)Main room 82.8oF

(28.2oC) 1.9 (with

overhead lights on)

20 light fixtures over

chancel area; 10 overhead

light fixture in chapel

with 4 light bulbs each;

25.6oC Leaks around rear stained glass

windows

124

Return air 25.2oC

Wall 19.2oC

Air vent

Sequoyah School:Classrooms Chiller

handles whole

building with air handling

boxes

Nine light fixtures with 4 x 4 arrays

Restroom Four fluorescent

tubes/fixture; one with 4 tubes, and 1

with 2 work-ing

tubes.Library 120 Uses new

electronic ballasts; 18

light fixtures with

4 fluorescent

bulbs/fixtureAlabama Building:

Used for

orientation; not used as

regular dormitory

Vent 15.2 – 22.7oC

38.9; 67.1 under lights

Uses two 4-tube light fixtures

Wall 22.5oC

Restroom 84.1oF (28.9oC)

50.9 under lights

Has one light fixture

with 4 fluorescent

lamps

125

Bedrooms Has one 100-watt incandes-cent bulb

Security Building:M

ain office area

26.8oC (wall)

49.2 (under lights)

Has a flat roof that

leaks; large hole in ceiling.

10.8oC (air conditioner)

Four light fixtures with

2 fluorescent

bulbs/fixture;

86.1oF (room)

Mechanical ballasts

(30.1oC)

126

Gibbs, Vance 2

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