Gianpiero Dalla Zuanna - migrants and natives two separate populations or one new population
-
Upload
migrationpolicycentre -
Category
Presentations & Public Speaking
-
view
624 -
download
5
Transcript of Gianpiero Dalla Zuanna - migrants and natives two separate populations or one new population
Migrants and natives:
two separate populations or one new population?
The case of immigrants’ children in Italy
Gianpiero Dalla Zuanna, University of Padua
Alessandra Minello, European University Institute
Crude rate of net migration plus
adjustment Per 1 000
inhabitants
Migrants in Europe
Source: OECD 2012
Migration to Italy A triumphant growth
Census
Registry update
Inter-census simulation
Statistical data 2002-2015
Migrants in Italy
8.2% of the residing population
Source: ISTAT
, ,
,
,
,
5 015 437
4 790 405
4 027 627
1 334 889
356 159
Newborns by parents’ migration status Italy, 1999-2014
Number of acquisition of the Italian citizenship, 2002-2014
Signals of a change…
Total
Both Italian parents At least one foreign parent
Both foreign parents
Thousands Thousands
Source: ISTAT
0 5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000
0-19
20-39
40-59
60-79
80+
Italy 2050 Italy 2015
10 million less 300 thousand less every year
4 million more 115 thousand more every year
Italy needs migrants… UN Prospects
x 1,000 Level of education Low High Total Age 65 512 220 732 Age 20 113 454 567 20 / 65 0.2 2.1 0.8
The replacement of Italian job market in 2015:
Quantitative and qualitative imbalance
Source: ISTAT
Characteristics of the migrants in Italy
They come to Italy to stay…
A strong integration policy is essential to realize (again) the ideas of national anthem, written in 1840s to support the
union of the several Italian micro-states: “di fonderci insieme già l'ora sonò!” “It's really time to join together!”
Our focus is on children…
Census
Registry update
Inter-census simulation
Statistical data 2002-2015
Migrants in the Italian school system
Source: Miur
Preschool Primary School Low secondary school Upper secondary school
1.7 % S. Y. 2001/2002
9.0 % S. Y. 2013/2014
Not still able to cover class divergencies, not even for Italians (Low social mobility)
Migrants in the Italian school system
Contribution of the Italian society and the educational system to assimilation:
Italian school system is not discrimitating between classes before age 15. Italian school is public and free. Ghettos are almost absent and all immigrants are not concentrated into banlieu or specific neighbourhood.
Fast assimilation
• Quantitative survey (Questionnaire)
• National sample: 48 provinces, schools with high presence of migrants (>10% North and Center, >3% South)
• Students fill out the questionnaire • Same questionnaire in every school • Comparison between Italians and children of
immigrants
• Big numbers: 10,000 children of immigrants, the same number of Italians
• The results of a more extended survey performed by Istat in 2014, following a similar metodology, will be presented in few weeks
ITAGEN2 survey: 2006
Minello, Dalla Zuanna 2014 Source: Itagen2
Educational expectations: High School (%) Meeting Italian friends outside of school (%)
Educational expectations, economic resources, social interactions
Last year
10 years
5-9 years
1-4 years
Born in Italy
Low Medium High
In order to be succesfull you need
to be religious: % by time of arrival
and level of education of the parents (Italians)
Women need to
find the right men, to get married and
having a nice family:
% of agreement by time of arrival and level of education
of the parents (Italians)
Children of immigrants
Italians
Children of immigrants Italians
Source: Itagen2
Multinomial ordinal logistic regression models with random intercept: number of desired children
Minello, Dalla-Zuanna, Pierobon, forthcoming
-0,5
-0,4
-0,3
-0,2
-0,1
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
Time of arrival: 10 and more
Time of arrival: 5 to 9 Time of arrival: less than 5
Mean number of sibligns of the Italian
schoolmates
Mean number of desired children by migration status (time of arrival)
Fertility intentions
Source: Itagen2
Persisting gap in human capital
Immigrant-natives differentials in reading and mathematics skills among 2nd graders in Italian primary schools (INVALSI 2009-10).
(Azzolini 2015)
Immigrant-natives differentials in reading and mathematics skills
Children of immigrants C.I.
Children of immigrants
C.I.
“Excellent” grade: % by migration
status and level of education of the
parents
“Excellent” grade: % by migration
status and language spoken at home
Italy vs Europe
Source: PISA data 2009 in Entorf 2015
Math scores Reading scores
Source: PISA data 2012, OECD
• One or two populations?
• One, because the assimilation process is very rapid
• Two, because of the persisting gap in human capital. However, the traditional social class differences are still present also for Italians.
• Fast assimilation can, as a paradox, be negative: if expectations are not fulfilled, resentment grows.
• Necessity of a reduction of the gap, due to diversities in social background and tongue.
• Additional school hours, additional extra activities, in order to close the gap. Simple but essential answers to important questions.
Conclusions
Thanks for your attention!