GI BLEEDING AND FOREIGN BODIES - Chicago SGNA€¦ · after hours •Pediatric ... •Banding cap...
Transcript of GI BLEEDING AND FOREIGN BODIES - Chicago SGNA€¦ · after hours •Pediatric ... •Banding cap...
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D E A N N S I L A S M D
GI BLEEDING AND FOREIGN BODIES
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OBJECTIVES
• Understand current endoscopic methods for management of GI bleeding• Injection• Thermal• Mechanical
• Combination
• Management and classification of anticoagulants & anti-platelet agents
• Appropriate use of pharmacologic agents to control bleeding
• Discuss signs and symptoms of esophageal foreign bodies
• Describe the criteria for endoscopic intervention with esophageal foreign bodies
• Describe the endoscopic equipment used for management of GI bleeding and foreign bodies
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ER/ON CALL
• Communicate• Starts with initial phone call
• What type of case
• Expected plan & equipment
• Be Prepared• Anticipate the unexpected
• Know your equipment• Be familiar with accessories BEFORE procedure
• Pre-procedure simulation
• You may have more experience than MD
• Sedation plan
• Don’t forget the airway!
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FOREIGN BODIES
• Most common reason at our institution for coming in
after hours
• Pediatric (6 mo-5 yrs)
• Non food
• Adult
• Food
• Non food
• Typically in patients with
psychiatric disease, prisoners,
developmentally delayed, intoxicated
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FOREIGN BODIES
• Natural history
• 80 to 90% pass spontaneously• If already in stomach, most will pass
• Exceptions : 6 cm long
>2.5 cm diameter?
• 10 to 20% require endoscopic management
• May be higher with intentional ingestions
• < 1% will require laparoscopic or open surgical
intervention
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PEDIATRIC FOREIGN BODIES
• 80% of all Foreign Body cases occur in children
• Age range: 6 mo.– 5 yrs.
• 96,806 cases (2008)*
• 98% unintentional
• Most common:• Buttons
• Pen or bottle caps
• Marbles
• Coins
• Disk batteries (i.e. used in watches and calculators)
*www.aapcc.org
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FB SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
• Sialosis
• Dysphagia
• Odynophagia
• Sensation of the foreign body• Location of symptom, does not accurately locate anatomic location of FB
• Respiratory symptoms including wheezing, stridor
• Neck swelling, neck tenderness, crepitus
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CRITERIA FOR ENDOSCOPIC INTERVENTION
Emergent
(Immediate EGD)
• Complete
esophageal
obstruction
• Disc batteries in
esophagus
• Sharp objects in
esophagus
Urgent
(EGD within 24 hrs)
• Esophageal FB – not
obstructed, not
sharp
• Objects > 6 cm long
• Magnets within
endoscopic reach
Gastrointest Endosc 2011,73: 1085-1091
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CRITERIA FOR ENDOSCOPIC INTERVENTION
• Non urgent endoscopy vs observation
• Coins in esophagus
• Gastric objects > 2.5 cm in diameter
• Most gastric FB pass spontaneously
• Disk/cylindrical batteries in stomach
• Remove if don’t resolve in 24-48 hrs
Gastrointest Endosc 2011,73: 1085-1091
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FOREIGN BODY MANAGEMENT
• Adjunctive agents – not recommended• Meat tenderizer
• Carbonated beverages
• Promotility agents, i.e. metoclopramide
• Lubricating agents, i.e. mineral oil
• Avoid trial of liquids in ER• May delay sedation
• Glucagon• Relax smooth muscle
• Little evidence of efficacy
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FOOD BOLUS IMPACTION
• Typical foods: • Meat (steak, chicken, beef, pork,
hotdogs)
• Some fruits and vegetables
• Fish/Fish bones
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FOOD BOLUS IMPACTION
• Underlying esophageal pathology common• Schatzki’s ring
• Eosinophilic esophagitis
• Achalasia
• Anastomotic stricture
• Peptic stricture
• Esophageal web
• Tumor
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ENDOSCOPIC TECHNIQUES
• Piecemeal Removal
• En-bloc Removal
• Push Technique
• ASGE Guideline – 2002 -recommended not to push into stomach without evaluating esophagus distal to obstruction
Eisen, GM et al. Gastrointest Endosc 2002
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FOOD BOLUSPUSH TECHNIQUE
Pro
• Faster
• Reliably effective
• Carefully push/slide
scope between
mucosa and bolus
• No perforations in 2
studies (N=375)
Con
• Potential for
esophageal injury
with unknown distal
anatomy
Vicari JJ et al. Gastrointest Endosc 2001,
Longstreth GF et al. Gastrointest Endosc 2001
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FOREIGN BODY PROTECTOR HOOD
Intubation /
capture position
Retrieval /
extubation position
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AIRWAY PROTECTION
• Consider intubation for
• Inability to handle secretions
• Proximal esophageal FB
• Difficult to remove objects
• Multiple objects
• Pediatric
• Should it be used for all cases of UGI FB?
• ASGE states conscious sedation is appropriate for “most
adult cases of FB ingestion”
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ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION
Pros
• Airway protection
• Excellent relaxation
• More controlled procedure
• Personal experience suggests better outcome
• Anesthesiologist
Cons
• Logistical issues
• Expense
• Anesthesiologist
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OVERTUBE
• Allows multiple passes of scope
• Piecemeal removal
• Protects esophagus
• Sharp objects
• Aids removal of large objects
• Pull into overtube then remove
• Airway protection
• Not as effective as intubation
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OVERTUBE TECHNIQUE
• Overtube/Scope passed as one unit
• Proper size of overtube
• Avoid gap between scope
and overtube
• Reduces mucosal pinch injuries
• Some overtubes have caps to
minimize leak
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EQUIPMENT LIST
• Retrieval nets
• Overtubes in both esophageal and gastric lengths
• Polypectomy snare
• Polyp grasper
• Rat tooth forceps
• Alligator forceps
• Dormier basket
• Banding cap
• Foreign body protector hood
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RETRIEVAL NETS
• Fully enveloping
• Protective, pouch-like design
• Assures capture
• Minimizes risk to patient airway
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Retrieval basket Snare
Graspers Rat tooth forceps Alligator
forceps
ADDITIONAL DEVICES
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SHARP AND POINTED OBJECTS
• In esophagus a medical emergency
• Immediate endoscopic removal
• In stomach or proximal duodenum
• Endoscopic removal
• Negative radiologic exam
• Endoscopic evaluation
• “leading points puncture, trailing points do not”
• Orient the pointed end so it is trailing distally during extraction
• May have to push into stomach to turn
• Remember to protect the esophagus/airway
• Foreign body hood
• Overtube
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ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE OF UNUSUAL FB MANAGEMENT
• 23 yo healthy F had “bagel stuck in throat”
• Tried to dislodge with plastic fork
• Inadvertently swallowed fork
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FOREIGN BODY MANAGEMENTSUMMARY
• Treatment plan
• Airway Protection
• Clear secretions• Suction available
• Relaxation• Personal experience suggests easier procedures with GA
• Push/Slide by technique• Debulking / debriding needed in some food bolus cases
• Be gentle
• HAVE THE RIGHT ACCESSORIES• Know how to use them
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UGI BLEEDING: EPIDEMIOLOGY
• 100/100,000 US
• >300,000 hospitalizations/yr
• $2.5 billion
• Average LOS =5.7 days
• Mortality 5%• No significant change despite advances in care
• Increasing age and co morbidity of pts
• 80% bleeding stops spontaneously• Endoscopic therapy is primary treatment modality
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CLINICAL FEATURES: GI BLEEDING
• Hematemesis
• Confirms UGI bleeding
• Present in about 50% of UGI bleeding
• No role for NG tube for diagnosis
• Triage
• Non clearing red blood = poor prognosis
• May empty stomach in preparation for endoscopy
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CLINICAL FEATURES: GI BLEEDING
• Rectal bleeding
• Upper or lower sources
• Melena
• Primarily from upper source (70%)
• 30 cc blood to produce black stool
• 8 hours to turn black
• Blood in stool
• Maroon, red, dark red
• Primarily lower GI bleeding
• 10% of “LGI bleed” are UGI bleeding
• Role of NGT/EGD
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PRE ENDOSCOPY PLANNING
• Resuscitate – Good IV access, transfusions, oxygen
• Protect airway – Massive bleeding, long procedure
• Correct coagulopathy• Appropriate location & staff
• ICU vs OR vs GI lab
• Equipment ready before you need it• Scope - therapeutic• Epinephrine• Clips• Cautery/probes• Bands• Irrigation
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ENDOSCOPY CART SUPPLIES
• Therapeutic/Standard
Scopes
• Bite Blocks (peds/adults)
• Forceps, Snares
• Injection needles, bipolar
probe, bands, clips
• Overtube
• Cautery/APC/Pump
• Lavage kit
• Specimen Containers
• Sedatives
• Airway devices
• Ambu, endotracheal
tubes
• Suction
• Patient & Scope
• Crash cart available
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ENDOSCOPY
• After stabilization
• EGD - 95% sensitive in finding bleeding site• Therapy in 25% of patients
• Early endoscopy leads to • Risk stratification
• ICU vs. non-ICU vs. Home
• Therapeutic capabilities
• Reduced transfusion/surgery requirement
• Reduced LOS & cost
• No documented mortality benefit
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ENDOSCOPY
• Adequate visualization mandatory• Inadequate clearance of fundic pool – more transfusion,
surgery, LOS, and mortality
• Role of erythromycin?• 3 mg/kg (250 mg) x 1 30-90 min prior to egd
• Clears stomach of blood
• Improves successful hemostasis
• Reduces need for additional interventions
• H2O2 ?• May improve visualization through blood
• Second look endoscopy not necessary in most cases
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UGI BLEEDING: ETIOLOGY
• PUD• DU – 30%
• GU – 25%
• Gastritis – 10%
• Portal hypertension – 10%• Varices
• Gastropathy
• Esophagitis – 5%
• MWT – 5%
• AVM’s – 5%
• Tumors – 5%
• Dieulafoy’s lesion – 1%
• Aortoenteric fistula -<1%
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ENDOSCOPIC PREDICTION OF BLEEDING RISK
(STIGMATA OF RECENT HEMORRHAGE)
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ENDOSCOPIC PREDICTORS OF REBLEEDING
0102030405060708090
100
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an B
ase
Flat S
pot
Adher
ent C
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Visib
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WHAT IS A VISIBLE VESSEL?
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SCHEMATIC OF BLEEDING VESSEL
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ADHERENT CLOTS – WHAT TO DO?
• 1989 –NIH
Consensus
conference – leave
them alone
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Bleau B. Gastrointest Endosc
2002;56:1 Jensen D.
Gastroenterology 2002;123.407
REBLEEDING RATES WITH ADHERENT CLOT
34.3%
4.6%
35.3%
00%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Mayo Clinic UCLA CURE
Medical Endoscopic
Caveat – data with high dose IV PPI also suggests reduced bleeding
with adherent clots
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Laine, L. N. Engl J Med
1987;316:1613
SUCCESS OF ENDOSCOPIC THERAPY
Sham N=23 MPEC (N=21)
Hemostasis 2 (13%) 19 (90%) p<.0001
Transfusion 5.4 2.4 p< .002
Hosp Stay 7.2 4.4 p<.005
Mortality 3 (13%) 0 NS
Cost $7,550 $3,420 p<.001
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WHO TO TREAT?
Stigmata
• Active bleeding
• Non-bleeding VV
• Adherent clot
• Flat spot
• Clean Base
Endoscopic Rx
Yes
Yes
Probably
No
No
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HOW TO TREAT?ENDOSCOPIC THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS
• Injection
• Dilute epinephrine
• Saline
• Cyanoacrylate
• Thermal (contact)
• Bipolar probe
• Monopolar
• Heater probe
• Radiofrequency ablation
• Thermal (non contact)
• APC
• Mechanical• Hemoclips
• Band Ligation
• Endoloop
• Combination Therapy
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INJECTION
• Simple low cost technique
• Reduce blood flow by tamponade
• Vasoconstriction• Epinephrine 1:10,000 – 1:100,000
• Sclerosants• Ethanolamine
• Polidocanol
• Ethanol
• Tissue Adhesives• Fibrin glue
• Thrombin• N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (Histoacryl)
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INJECTION THERAPY
• Dilute epinephrine• 1:10,000-100,000• Tamponade, vasoconstriction, improved
platelet aggregation• Initial hemostasis – near 100%
• Rebleeding -15-30%• Less rebleeding if combined with other Rx• Do NOT use as sole technique!
• Technique• Inject multiple sites around bleeding point• Easier injection with smaller syringes• More is better – up to 30 cc
• Potential for tachycardia and arrhythmias
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CONTACT THERMAL THERAPYMULTIPOLAR OR BIPOLAR
• Applied perpendicularly or tangentially
• Compress vessel, then coagulate • Coaptive coagulation
• Endpoint – obliteration of vessel, cessation of bleeding
• Not effective for vessels > 3 mm
• Tissue adherence – irrigation may prevent
• Larger (10 Fr) probes more effective than smaller probes
• Rebleeding up to 30%
• Improved results with combo Rx
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COMBINATION THERAPY
• Injection first
• Fluid may reduce risk of perforation or cautery injury
• Single device available
• Most studies show combination therapy more
effective than injection alone
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HEMOSTATIC CLIPS
• First developed in 1975• Performance improving rapidly
• Sometimes difficult to place• Posterior bulb, high on lesser curve
• Which device to use? No Comparison Data
• Value of rotatable clips?
• Direct tissue opposition• Better in coagulopathy?
• Less tissue damage
• < 2 mm vessel
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Bjorkman D. Gastrointest
Endosc 2004; 60: 1
URGENT VS ELECTIVE EGD
• 93 pts
• Urgent (< 3 hrs) vs Elective (< 48 hrs)
• More high risk lesions in urgent group
• Similar LOS
• Timing of EGD did not influence outcomes
• OP management recommended in 40%
• Only done in 40%!
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Tai CM. Am J Emerg Med
2007, 25:273 Targownik LE
Can J Gastroenterol 2007
21:425
EMERGENT VS URGENT EGD
• Emergent (< 8 hr) vs Urgent (8-24 hr)
• Retrospective
• More therapy in emergent group
• Outcomes no different
• LOS, rebleeding, transfusions, surgery, death
• Use emergent (ie middle of night) egd in selective
cases only!
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HEMOSTATIC SPRAY
• Developed from battlefield/traumatic applications
• Non contact, non mechanical
• Powder sprayed onto bleeding site
• Precise localization NOT necessary
• May be revolutionary advance in endoscopic
hemostasis
• Not available
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VARICEALBLEEDING
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VARICEAL HEMORRHAGE: MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
• Octreotide
• 50 microgram bolus, 50 microgram/hr infusion
• Start if diagnosis suspected
• Minimal side effects
• Safer than vasopressin +/- nitrates
• Continue 72-96 hours
• Initial control = EGD/EVL
• Antibiotics
• All cirrhotics with GI bleed should receive abx
• Mortality Improvement
• Reduce SBP risk
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VARICEAL HEMORRHAGE: ENDOSCOPIC THERAPY
• Variceal Ligation• Effective control of bleeding
• Eradication
• Safer than sclerotherapy
• Post ligation ulcers
• PPI prophylaxis post EVL
• May be more difficult than ES with active bleeding
• Sclerotherapy
• Glue• Cyanoacylate –Gastric varices
• Sengstaken-Blakemore tube• Historical interest only
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VARICEAL LIGATION
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LIGATION TECHNIQUE
• Endoscopically locate
the varices
• Begin with the most distal
varix and proceed
circumferentially to
proximal
• Press ligating unit against
varix
• Suction to “Red Out”
• Continue to suction and
• Deploy band
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GI BLEEDING: PHARMACOLOGIC THERAPY
• Acid Suppression• Goal pH >6• optimal platelet & coag factor function• inactivate proteolytic digestion of fibrin clot by pepsin
• PPI• Benefit only demonstrated in PUD
• Reduced rebleeding
• Reduced surgery
• No reported tolerance
• H2RA’s• Cannot provide necessary pH increase• Tolerance• No role in UGI bleed
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IV PPI THERAPY FOR BLEEDING PUD
6.7
3.54.2
22.5
7.5
10
0
5
10
15
20
25
Bleeding Surgery Death
Recu
rren
t B
leed
ing
Ulc
ers
,
Su
rgery
, an
d D
eath
Wit
hin
30 D
ays
(%)
Omeprazole Placebo
245 high risk patients, endoscopic therapy
IV Omeprazole (80 mg bolus, 8 mg/hr x 72 h) vs placebo
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PPI VS PPI + EGD
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Omep/Sham
EGD
Omep/EGD
Rebleeding
156 High risk ulcers – NBVV or adherent clot
Omeprazole 80 IV bolus + 8 mg/hr x 72 hr
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CLOPIDOGREL VS ASA/PPI
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Clopidogrel ASA/PPI
% Recurrent Bleed
320 pts prior ASA bleed, H. pylori neg
Clopidogrel 75 mg/d vs. ASA 80 mg + esomeprazole 20 mg bid
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ANTICOAGULANTS/ANTI-PLATELET AGENTS
• Warfarin
• Heparin
• Dabigatran
etexilate (Pradaxa)
• Rivaroxaban
(Xarelto)
• Apixaban (Eliquis)
• Aspirin/NSAID’s
• Clopidogrel
• Ticlodipine
• Dipyramidole
• Glycoprotein IIB/IIIa
inhibitors
• Tirofiban (Aggrastat)
• Eptifibatide (Integrilin)
• Abciximab (ReoPro)
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NEW ANTICOAGULANTS
Dabigatran (Pradaxa)
• Thrombin inhibitor
• Prevents more strokes than coumadin
• No INR monitoring
• Prolongs PTT
• 1/3 have GI side effects
• 150 mg BID• Stop 1-2 d for elective
scopes
• 3-5 d with renal insufficiency
• No reversal agent
Rivaroxaban (Xarelto)• Factor Xa inhibitor• Once daily• Similar efficacy to
warfarin• No reversal agent
Apixaban (Eliquis)• Factor Xa inhibitor• BID• More effective than
warfarin with less bleeding
• No reversal agent
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NEW ANTIPLATELET AGENTS
Ticagrelor (Brilinta)
• 90 mg BID
• Used with ASA 81 mg
• Reversible binding
to platelet receptor
• Stop 5 days
Prasugrel (Effient)
• 10 mg daily
• w/ASA 81-325 mg
• Stop 7 d
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ASGE RECOMMENDATIONPROCEDURE RISKS
High Risk
• Polypectomy
• Colon 1-2%
• Gastric 4%
• Sphincterotomy 2%
• Esophageal dilation ?
• EUS w/FNA 1%
• PEG 1-2%
• Variceal therapy ?
Low Risk
• Diagnostic
• colon, EGD, EUS,
ERCP
• Biopsy
• ERCP w/stent
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RISK OF THROMBOEMBOLISMASGE GUIDELINES
High Risk
• Afib w/valvularheart disease
• Mitral mechanical
• Any mechanical valve with prior event
• Stop warfarin 3-5 d, bridge with LMWH
• Don’t stop ASA
Low Risk
• DVT
• Afib w/o valvularheart disease
• Bioprosthetic valve
• Aortic mechanical valve
• Stop warfarin 3-5 d
• Don’t stop ASA
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ANTI-PLATELET AGENTS
• No guidelines available
• Most common recommendation• Stop clopidogrel 7-10 d
• Do not stop ASA
• Recent reports suggesting safe to continue
• What to do – I have no idea
• Takes 3-5 days to reach full effect
• GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors• Eptifibatide & tirofiban – effect resolved in 4 hr
• Abciximab – lasts up to 24 hr
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HEPARIN
• Heparin
• Stop 6 hrs prior to procedure
• LMWH
• Stop 8-12 hours prior
• When to restart
• Individualized
• Most suggest immediately
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ANTICOAGULANT /ANTI-PLATELETTAKE HOME MESSAGE - 2013
• Trend is to avoid stopping anti thrombotic therapy
• Avoid thromboembolic risk
• Take slight procedural related bleeding risk
• No studies have demonstrated increased post procedural bleeding in pts on ASA
• Increased malpractice risk for stopping therapy
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APPROACH TO GI BLEEDING:SUMMARY
• Urgent endoscopy not necessary in most
• Resuscitate, stabilize, & treatment plan
• Early endoscopic evaluation & therapy
• Most lesions can be identified, and treated
• Don’t use injection alone
• Combination therapy better than single technique
• Hemoclips are an effective alternative to combination
therapy
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SUMMARY
• Appropriate management of anticoagulation
• Pay attention to potential thromboembolic complications
• Pharmacologic therapy• IV PPI drip x 72 hrs in high risk lesions
• Oral PPI adequate in most
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ADDITIONAL READING
Management of ingested foreign bodies and food
impaction
GastrointestEndosc 2011,73: 1085-1091.