GHG Inventory report for Electricity generation and...

cBalance Solutions Pvt. Ltd – Electricity GHG Inventory Report

GHG Inventory report for Electricity generation and consumption in

India

2009-10

cBalance Solutions Pvt. Ltd.

cBalance Solutions Pvt. Ltd: Electricity GHG Inventory Report

Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION 3

1.1 STATE OF THE POWER SECTOR IN INDIA (2009-10) 3 1.2 STATE WISE CONTRIBUTION IN ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND CONSUMPTION 4

2. SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY 4

3. RESULTS: 6

3.1 STATE WISE EMISSION FACTOR OF ELECTRICITY 6 3.2 STATE WISE END USER CONSUMPTION EMISSION FACTOR OF ELECTRICITY 8 3.3 STATE WISE AT&C LOSSES AND EMISSION FACTORS FOR AT&C LOSSES 9 3.4 STATE WISE CONTRIBUTION IN ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND EMISSION FROM ELECTRICITY

GENERATION 10

4. CONCLUSION 11

5. REFERENCES 12

6. GLOSSARY 12


1. Introduction This report presents state wise emission factors for electricity generation as well as their respective AT&C losses. To enable accurate calculation of emissions by end users in each state the two factors are also combined to present an emission factor for end user consumption of electricity in each state in India. This report, brought out by cBalance Solution Pvt. Ltd., also highlights comparative emissions of all states taking into account each ones specific emission factor which with further analysis can be used as a tool for progressive national policy making in order to help India achieve its goal of 20-25% emissions reduction from 2005 levels by 2020.

1.1 STATE OF THE POWER SECTOR IN INDIA (2009-10)

Though the total ex-bus energy availability increased by 8.0% over the previous year and the peak met increased by 7.5%, there were still significant shortages in the country both in terms of both energy and peaking availability as given below:

Energy (MU) Peak (MW)

Requirement 8,30,594 1,19,166

Availability 7,46,644 1,04,009

Shortage 83,950 15,157

% shortage of requirement 10.10% 12.70%

The energy requirement registered a growth of 6.9% during the year against the projected growth of 8.2% and Peak demand registered a growth of 8.5% against the projected growth of 8.2%.


1.2 State wise contribution in electricity generation and consumption

About 50% of states & union territories are not self sufficient in electricity generation and are dependent on others states to fulfill their requirements.

Maharashtra is highest generator and consumer of electricity with Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu close behind. Chhattisgarh exports the largest amount of electricity at 4941 GWh while Tamil Nadu imports 4046 GWh which is the highest in the country.

2. Scope and Methodology The data is sourced from CEA reports and calculations are done as outlined in the IPCC 2006 guidelines.

Calculation of Adjusted Electricity Generation Emission factor (kgCO2e/kWh)

𝑬𝟏 + 𝑬𝟐 − 𝑬𝟑

𝑻𝟏= 𝑹𝟏

Where,

E1 = Emission from fossil fuels used for electricity generation (kgCO2e)

E2 = Emission from electricity imported from other states (kgCO2e)

E3 = Emission from electricity exported to other states (kgCO2e)

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Sates & U.Ts

Electricity Generated 2009-10

Net Consumption 2009-10


T1 = Total electricity consumed by state (kWh)

R1 = Adjusted Electricity Generation Emission factor (kgCO2e/kWh)

Fossil fuel electricity generation technologies include coal, thermal, Gas turbine generation and Diesel Generators.

Emissions from renewable energy technologies are considered to be zero.

Calculation of AT&C Losses Emission Factor (kgCO2e/kWh)

𝑻𝟏 × 𝑹𝟏 × 𝑷𝟏

𝑻𝟐= 𝑹𝟐

Where,

T1 = Total electricity generated by state (kWh)

T2 = Total electricity consumed by state (kWh)

R1 = Adjusted electricity generation emission factor of state (kgCO2e/kWh)

P1 = % of AT&C losses in the state (AT&C loss percentage of total electricity generated in state)

R2 = AT&C Loss Emission Factor (kgCO2e/kWh)

Calculation of End User Specific emission factor (kgCO2e/kWh)

𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 = 𝑬𝑭

Where,

R1 = Adjusted electricity generation emission factor of state (kgCO2e/kWh)

R2 = AT&C Loss Emission Factor of state (kgCO2e/kWh)

EF = End user specific emission factor (kgCO2e/kWh)


3. Results:

3.1 State wise Emission Factor of Electricity

Total Electricity Generated (All Sources)

1

AT&C Loss % (Excluding Aux.

Power Consumption)

2

Emission Factors (Generation based)

A) Emission Factor for End-User Consumption with adjusted Import & Export of Electricity

B) Emission Factors for AT&C Losses

Combined Emission Factor for End-User Consumption (A+B)

GWH GWH (kgCO2e/kWh) (kgCO2e/kWh) (kgCO2e/kWh) (kgCO2e/kWh)

All India 795176 25 0.89 0.89 0.30 1.19

South Grid 207995 19 0.90 0.90 0.35 1.25

NEWNE Grid 555418 28 0.85 0.85 0.19 1.04

State/U.T.'s

Haryana 18105 31 0.87 0.91 0.37 1.27

Himachal Pradesh 4138 21 0.00 0.21 0.05 0.26

Jammu & Kashmir 3988 67 0.00 0.28 0.52 0.81

Punjab 28630 23 0.68 0.76 0.21 0.97

Rajasthan 26572 30 0.79 0.87 0.34 1.21

Uttar Pradesh 25936 33 1.05 1.11 0.50 1.61

Uttarakhand 6392 25 0.00 0.09 0.03 0.12

Delhi 4597 22 0.69 0.84 0.21 1.05

Chandigarh3 0 23 0.00 1.03 0.28 1.30

Central Sector (NR) 101894 0.66

Northern Region (NR) 220251 30 0.70

Gujarat 54129 23 0.73 0.81 0.21 1.02

Madhya Pradesh 19670 38 0.98 1.08 0.60 1.68

Chhattisgarh 24518 19 1.03 1.13 0.23 1.37

Maharashtra 72807 25 0.88 0.97 0.29 1.26

Goa 398 17 0.40 0.60 0.11 0.71

D.& N. Haveli4 0 11 0.00 0.76 0.09 0.84

Daman & Diu 0 17 0.00 0.76 0.14 0.90

Central Sector (WR) 82952 0.76

Western Region (WR) 254475 26 0.83

Andhra Pradesh 51758 18 0.63 0.76 0.14 0.91

Karnataka 37385 19 0.49 0.59 0.11 0.70

Kerala 8090 20 0.07 0.11 0.02 0.13

Tamil Nadu 44259 18 0.82 0.95 0.18 1.13

Lakshadweep 29 12 1.01 1.20 0.13 1.33

Pondicherry 227 12 0.67 0.86 0.10 0.96

Central Sector (SR) 55460 0.96

Southern Region (SR) 197208 19 0.72

1 Data Source : CEA – All India Electricity Statistics – General Review 2011 2 Data Source : CEA – All India Electricity Statistics – General Review 2011

3 Chandigarh is exporting more quantity than total generation so on the conservative principal assumed that one State whatever is importing within that it is consuming electricity embedded with higher emission. 4 Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu Electricity GHG EF (except AT&C Loss GHG EF) is same because it has been calculated on combined level due to non availability of quantity of exported and imported electricity.


Bihar 915 44 1.12 1.23 0.86 2.10

Jharkhand 5687 22 1.21 1.33 0.34 1.68

Orissa 7287 37 0.51 0.58 0.31 0.88

West Bengal 33637 18 0.97 1.08 0.22 1.29

DVC 14879 20 1.02 1.13 0.25 1.38

A.& N.Islands 232 20 0.59 0.65 0.14 0.79

Sikkim5 164 39 0.00 0.66 0.38 1.04

Central Sector (ER) 51898 1.14

Eastern Region (ER) 114699 27 1.03

Assam 1883 33 0.63 0.84 0.37 1.21

Manipur 20 55 0.04 0.75 0.81 1.56

Meghalaya 589 39 0.00 0.26 0.15 0.42

Nagaland 99 57 0.00 0.64 0.77 1.41

Tripura 675 36 1.03 1.13 0.56 1.69

Arunachal Pradesh 234 48 0.00 0.06 0.05 0.11

Mizoram 103 54 0.01 0.32 0.33 0.65

Central Sector (NER) 4939 0.36

North Eastern Region (NER) 8543 39 0.43

The following results stand out from the above table:

1. Jharkhand has the highest emission factor for generation at 1.21 kgCO2e/kWh and also the highest emission factor after adjusting for import and export of electricity which is 1.33 kgCo2e/kWh

2. Bihar has the highest AT&C losses in the system due to which it has the highest emission factor for AT&C losses which is 0.86 kgCO2e/kWh. This also results in it having the highest emission factor for end user consumption of electricity at 2.1 kgCO2e/kWh.

3. The average India electricity generation emission factor is 0.89 kgCO2e/kWh and average India AT&C loss emission factor is 0.30 kgCO2e/kWh.

4. States that import electricity are liable for the corresponding proportion of emissions of each state from where electricity is imported. Hence some states like Sikkim, Assam, Manipur, Nagaland in particular appear to be “dirtier” i.e. their emission factors are quite high because they are importing electricity from states which have a high electricity generation emission factor.

5 Sikkim is exporting more quantity than total generation so on the conservative principal assumed that one State whatever is importing within that it is consuming electricity embedded with higher emission.


3.2 State wise end user consumption emission factor of electricity

Graph 1: State wise end user electricity emission factor

In the above graph we can see almost 45% of states have an end user emission factor that is higher than the India avg. emission factor of electricity generation.

In many cases we can see that states have a low adjusted emission factor for generation but due to high AT&C losses their end user emission factor is higher than the India avg. emission factor. This point is illustrated in detail in the graph below.

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B) Emission Factors for AT&C Losses (kgCO2e/kWh)

A) Emission Factor for End-User Consumption with adjusted Import & Export of Electricity (kgCO2e/kWh)Combined Emission Factor for End-User Consumption (A+B) (kgCO2e/kWh)

States & Union territories

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India Avg. - 1.19 kgCO2e/kWh


3.3 State wise AT&C losses and emission factors for AT&C losses

Graph 2: State wise AT&C % losses and AT&C loss emission factors

As shown above the India average AT&C % loss is 25%. Also there is a big variation in the % losses between the grids specifically such as the South grid and NEWNE grid.

Highest AT&C % loss of 67% is recorded from Jammu & Kashmir and the lowest one recorded from D.&N. Haveli which is 11%.

About 40% states have higher AT&C system losses than the India average which points to a huge potential to save electricity with up gradation of technology and proper maintenance of transmission and distribution systems. It is also noticeable that states with difficult terrain such as hills and forests have higher AT&C losses than other states.

Another important fact visible in the graph above is that the AT&C loss emission factor is not only dependant on the quantum of losses but also on the source of electricity generation. Hence a state with low AT&C losses but “dirtier” sources of electricity generation could still have an AT&C emission factor higher than that of a state with higher losses but cleaner sources of generation. For e.g. Arunachal Pradesh has extremely high losses of about 47% but since most of its electricity is generated through hydel power its AT&C factor is less than 0.1 kgCO2e/kWh. Whereas Jharkhand has losses of only about 23% but its AT&C emission factor is about 0.3 kgCO2e/kWh since most of its electricity is generated from coal.

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AT&C %Loss (Excluding Aux. Power Consumption)

AT&C Loss Emission Factors (kg CO2e/kWh)


3.4 State wise contribution in electricity generation and emission from electricity generation

Graph 3: State wise % contribution in total electricity generation and % contribution in total emission from generation of electricity (all sources)

In the above graph we can see that a majority i.e. 23 states and UT’s contribute less than 1% each to India’s generation and emission stock. The majority generators are Maharashtra, & Gujarat and they are responsible for 9.2% and 6.8% of generation stock and 10.2% and 6.3% of emissions respectively.

Karnataka also has the lowest percentage of emissions of 2.9% with respect to it percentage of generation stock of 4.7% while Uttar Pradesh has the highest percentage of emissions of 4.3% over its percentage contribution to the generation stock at 3.3%.

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States, U.T.'s & Central sector region wise

All India Total Electricity Generation - 795176 GWHAll India Total Emission form Electricity Generation - 628 Million tonnes

% contribution in total electricity generation% contribution in total emission from generation (All sources)


4. Conclusion A majority of emissions from the power sector are due to usage of coal as a primary medium for electricity generation (68%). There is a large potential to reduce emissions through usage of better quality of coal, more efficient technologies as well as moving to cleaner technologies such as thermal, hydro, solar etc. But these scenarios depend on various factors such as cost, geographical location, availability of raw materials etc and hence are hard to predict.

Gross Production

2009 AT&C

Losses AT&C %

Loss

Contribution to Total Emission

from AT&C Losses

TWh TWh % Million tonnes

CO2e

World 20129.8 1688.3 8.4

India 763.4 193.8 25.4 172

India with world avg. AT&C Loss Factor 763.4 64.1 8.4 57

Potential Saving of Million Tonnes of CO2e 115

But as shown earlier, states with relatively clean generation technologies still have quite a poor end user emission factor due to major AT&C losses. This is a “low hanging fruit” opportunity for states to drastically improve their quality of electricity and emission factors. For e.g. if all states whose AT&C losses lie below the India avg. of 25% move up to atleast the average, an emission reduction of approximately 15 MTCO2e is possible. In the best case scenario if all states improve their efficiency of AT&C to the world average of 8.4% phenomenal savings of 115 MTCO2e are possible which is a reduction of about 67% of emissions due to AT&C losses. These steps can go a long way in helping India achieve its goal of 20-25% reduction in emissions over 2005 levels by 2020.


5. References In addition to the data gathered in research, the report has been compiled from the following additional resources:

1. Data Source : CEA – All India Electricity Statistics – General Review 2011

2. IPCC Guidelines 2006

3. https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CDUQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cea.nic.in%2Farchives%2Fgod%2Flgbr%2F1011.pdf&ei=qd3IUISZC4ztrQft24HQDA&usg=AFQjCNE3TCnijwMufqRLyIqvzRt5ceuY0A&bvm=bv.1355272958,d.bmk

6. GLOSSARY

AT&C Loss Aggregate Technical and commercial Losses

CEA Central Electricity Authority

DVC Damodar Valley Corporation

GWh Giga Watt Hour (equivalent to 1 Million unit of Electrical Energy)

IPCC Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change

KWH Kilo Watt Hour

MU Million Units

MW Mega Watt (equivalent to 1000 Kilo Watt)

NEWNE North East West North Eastern

UT Union Territory

https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CDUQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cea.nic.in%2Farchives%2Fgod%2Flgbr%2F1011.pdf&ei=qd3IUISZC4ztrQft24HQDA&usg=AFQjCNE3TCnijwMufqRLyIqvzRt5ceuY0A&bvm=bv.1355272958,d.bmk




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